en_tn/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv

Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
EXO	front	intro	b4pp			0		# Introduction to Exodus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Exodus<br><br>1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)<br>    * First genealogy (1:1–6)<br>    * Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)<br>    * Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)<br>    * Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)<br>    * Second genealogy (6:14–27)<br>    * Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)<br>    * The plagues (8:1–11:10)<br>2. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)<br>3. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)<br>    * The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)<br>    * Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)<br>4. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)<br>    * Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)<br>    * The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)<br>    * The covenant described (20:18–23:33)<br>    * The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)<br>    * Design of the Dwelling and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; dwelling functions (25:1–31:18)<br>    * The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)<br>    * The covenant described again (34:1–35)<br>    * Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)<br>    * The cloud (40:34–38)<br><br>### What is the book of Exodus about?<br><br>Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.<br><br>The book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the Dwelling. The Dwelling was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the book of Exodus?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?<br><br>Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was a very powerful nation in the region at that time, but Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and that they should worship him.<br><br>### How does the book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?<br><br>The book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the Jewish Passover?<br><br>The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued Israel from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br><br>### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?<br><br>The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel about what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they would honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the Dwelling.<br><br>### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” ([19:6](../19/06.md) ULT)?<br><br>Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different from all the other nations of the world; the other nations worshiped many false gods.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>This phrase is used many times in the Old Testament to introduce Yahweh’s speech. Your team should pick a standard translation. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more.<br><br>### Pharaoh’s stubborn heart<br><br>Between chapters 4 and 14, there are 18 cases where Pharaoh’s heart is described as strong (11x), heavy (6x), or hard (1x), and one case where the Egyptians’ hearts are described as strong. These are metaphors for being stubborn, that is, being unwilling to obey Yahweh or even to do what is clearly in his own and Egypt’s best interest. Many cultures have similar metaphors, but not all will use the same body part. Within these cases, six times there is a neutral description that Pharaoh was stubborn, without saying anyone made him so ([7:13](../07/13.md), [7:14](../07/14.md), [7:22](../07/22.md), [8:19](../08/19.md), [9:7](../09/07.md), [9:35](../09/35.md)); three times Pharaoh makes himself stubborn ([8:15](../08/15.md), [8:32](../08/32.md), [9:34](../09/34.md)); and ten times Yahweh makes Pharaoh/the Egyptians stubborn ([4:21](../04/21.md), [7:3](../07/03.md), [9:12](../09/12.md), [10:1](../10/01.md), [10:20](../10/20.md), [10:27](../10/27.md), [11:10](../11/10.md), [14:4](../14/04.md), [14:8](../14/08.md), [14:17](../14/17.md)).<br><br>### Why are the details of the construction of the Dwelling in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?<br><br>In Exodus 25–32, God describes exactly how the Dwelling was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35–40 in the description of the actual construction. This showed that the people were careful to do exactly as God commanded.<br><br>### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Most, but not all, of the events in the book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.<br><br>### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?<br><br>The book of Exodus presents God as living in the Dwelling among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with the Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
EXO	1	intro	cj55			0		# Exodus 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Genesis.<br><br>- v. 1-7: Jacob’s family grows<br>- v. 8-22: Pharaoh oppresses the Israelites and tries to limit the Israelites’ growth<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Israel’s growth<br><br>Israel grew in number. This was the beginning of God’s fulfilling his promises to Abraham. It also caused the Pharaoh to worry that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians, with the result that the Egyptians would be unable to defend themselves against so many people. Pharaoh tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>- “All of the descendants of Jacob were 70 in number”<br>This number included both Jacob’s children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.<br>- Starting from verse 7, the terms **Hebrews** and **sons of Israel** both refer to the Israelite nation or people group.<br>- God blesses the Hebrew midwives for lying to the wicked Pharaoh. Translators should not attempt to hide this. They showed that they feared God by disobeying a wicked order in order to preserve the lives of God’s people. They “acted wisely toward him” (or shrewdly, see [1:10](../01/10.md)) by lying to foil Pharaoh.<br>- Pharaoh is a specifically Egyptian word for their kings (and queens).
EXO	1	1	h51f	writing-background		0		Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	1	1	fxbx	figs-go	הַ⁠בָּאִ֖ים…בָּֽאוּ	1		The words translated as **came in** could also be translated as “went in.” Use whichever form is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	1	1	e65z	translate-names	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל…יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1		**Jacob** and **Israel** are two names for the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	1	1	g89k	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בֵית֖⁠וֹ	1	household	Here, **house** refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	5	uk67	figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֗י כָּל־נֶ֛פֶשׁ יֹצְאֵ֥י יֶֽרֶךְ־יַעֲקֹ֖ב שִׁבְעִ֣ים נָ֑פֶשׁ	1	household	Here, **lives** refers to people (specifically, men); **going out of the loins of Jacob** is a reference to these people as being in his seed or semen and produced through his sexual acts–therefore meaning they are his descendants. See also Hebrews 7:9-10. Alternate translation: “And all the male descendants of Jacob numbered 70.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	6	sh42	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֤מָת	1		They did not die immediately. Jacob and his sons spent the rest of their lives in Egypt and died there. If necessary, use a transition word that conveys that some time passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	1	6	g5qg	translate-kinship	וְ⁠כָל־אֶחָ֔י⁠ו	1	all his brothers	**All his brothers** includes ten older brothers and one younger brother. If your language has different words for those, you can say, “his ten older brothers and his younger brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	1	7	c368	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1		This is the first of many times in this book that **sons of Israel** refers to the Israelite nation or people. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” or “And the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	7	c7ep	figs-doublet	פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ	1		All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	1	7	uo65		פָּר֧וּ…וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ…וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1		Compare your translation of **fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled** here to Genesis 1:28, 9:1, 9:7, and especially Genesis 35:11 where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel.
EXO	1	7	nk2l	figs-metaphor	פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ	1	were fruitful	The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit and causing new plants to grow around them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	1	7	x97m	figs-abstractnouns	בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	were fruitful	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	7	r2f1	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	the land was filled with them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	1	7	e110	figs-idiom	בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1		Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	1	7	piq4	writing-pronouns	אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	with them	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	1	8	eu8y	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם	1		This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	1	8	d20y	writing-participants	מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ	1		The story begins with the new king. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	8	t6jd	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	arose over Egypt	Here, **Egypt** refers to the place and the people of Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And a new king began to rule over the Egyptians and the country of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	8	dnkw	figs-metonymy	לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף	1		Here, **Joseph** refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	9	aku3	figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֗ה	1		**Behold** draws special attention to what is about to be said. Use a way of drawing people’s attention that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	1	9	x65i	figs-possession	עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	his people	The people whom the king rules over and who are also part of his group (probably shared ethnicity, tribe, or clan) rather than the Israelite group are spoken of as if they belonged to the king. This is an instance of the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	1	9	t7s1		עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		There is some ambiguity as to whom exactly Pharaoh was addressing. It could have been: (1) the people who lived in Egypt, the Egyptians or (2) some group of “his people” like his advisors, generals, nobles, or friends and family. Even if option 1 is meant, it is quite possible that he actually spoke to some smaller group of representatives, as in option 2.
EXO	1	9	jik8		מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1		Use a way that is natural in your language to compare non-specific sizes of groups of people. Alternate translation: “and much greater than us”
EXO	1	9	njuf	figs-quotemarks	הִנֵּ֗ה	1		Beginning from **behold** and extending to the end of [verse 10](../01/10.md) is a direct quotation of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	10	hiq4	figs-exclusive	נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה…שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔י⁠נוּ…בָּ֖⁠נוּ	1	let us	The word **us** is inclusive and refers to the king and his people, the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	1	10	wkvf	grammar-collectivenouns	ל֑⁠וֹ…יִרְבֶּ֗ה…וְ⁠נוֹסַ֤ף…הוּא֙…וְ⁠נִלְחַם…וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה	1	let us	Here, **him, he**, and **himself** refer to the Israelite people. The pronouns agree grammatically with the singular “people” in the original. This occurs in many places in Exodus. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	1	10	il4u	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙	1		The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1-2 happen, then 3-5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	1	10	jc1h		וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	leave the land	Alternate translation: “and he leaves Egypt”
EXO	1	11	y2mi		שָׂרֵ֣י	1	taskmasters	**Overseers** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work.
EXO	1	11	o926		מִסִּ֔ים	1		Here the plural means groups. Alternative translation: “work crews”
EXO	1	11	l9lj		לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠סִבְלֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	to oppress them with hard labor	Alternate translation: “to force the Israelites to do hard work for the Egyptians”
EXO	1	11	pkz4		עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1	store cities	These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe”
EXO	1	11	dy34	figs-possession	עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1		The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. Alternate translation: “cities for storing things”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	1	12	c1fy	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְ⁠כֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ	1		This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	1	12	pdfk	figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יָּקֻ֕צוּ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **dread** in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	12	qgzz	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in their country. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the growing Israelite population” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	13	j1q6	figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	1	made…work rigorously	Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	14	mx6v	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּי⁠הֶ֜ם	1	made their lives bitter	The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if their daily lives were bitter food that was difficult to eat. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And they made their lives very difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	1	14	jre2	figs-abstractnouns	בַּ⁠עֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	14	cuq7	translate-unknown	בְּ⁠חֹ֨מֶר֙	1	mortar	Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	1	14	h5dx	translate-unknown	וּ⁠בִ⁠לְבֵנִ֔ים	1		**Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	1	14	gzq7		אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ׃	1	All their required work was hard	See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard”
EXO	1	14	ct02	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ…בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1		Here, **they** and **them** refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	1	14	acj5	writing-pronouns	חַיֵּי⁠הֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם…עָבְד֥וּ	1		Here, **their** and **they** refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	1	14	tqyl	figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	1		See how you translated **rigor** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	15	yoaj	writing-newevent		0		This sentence introduces a new event in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	1	15	hhw1		לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת	1	midwives	**Midwives** were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby.
EXO	1	15	h8f8	translate-names	שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה	1	Shiphrah…Puah	**Shiphrah** and **Puah** are women’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	1	15	h59t	writing-participants	שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה	1		The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	16	t8f5		וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1		In the UST, the phrase and **the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [verse 15](../01/15.md) (ULT) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. Having two speech verbs may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said words twice, you may leave one off.
EXO	1	16	zfcv	figs-youdual	בְּ⁠יַלֶּדְ⁠כֶן֙…וּ⁠רְאִיתֶ֖ן…וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן	1		The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	1	16	h3mb	figs-metonymy	עַל־הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	1	on the birthstool	Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it was associated with birth. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the birthing process” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	16	nms7	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָ⁠חָֽיָה	1		These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at **if**) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at **then**). Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations connected to instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	1	17	gy7k	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠תִּירֶ֤אןָ	1		**But** introduces a contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	1	18	y9g5		לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֔ת	1	midwives	Women whose work is to help other woman give birth to a baby are called **midwives**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	18	y73k	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate this quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	1	18	q1sy		מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1	Why have you done this, and let the baby boys live?	Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?”
EXO	1	18	o97u	figs-youdual	עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן	1		This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	1	19	qbvy	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	1		The midwives give a reason, **the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women**, and then they expand on that reason, **for they are lively** (or energetic), with the result that **before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	19	cxu1	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1		Here, **midwives said** means that a midwife spoke representing the thoughts of the group. It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	1	19	wl8h		הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1		These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	20	eh25		לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1	midwives	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	20	fj18	writing-background	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב הָ⁠עָ֛ם וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	midwives	This sentence gives background information about the events at the time. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	1	20	h133	figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב…וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	The people increased in numbers	These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	1	20	eo1p	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1		This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	de53	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1		This is the reason for what God did. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	pbve	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים	1		This describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a specific statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	jx9c		בָּתִּֽים	1	he gave them families	Alternate translation: “households”
EXO	1	22	ld1j	figs-explicit	כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ	1	You must throw every son…into the river	This order was given in order to drown the male Hebrew children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must dispose of each new baby boy in the river so he will drown” or “Drown each baby boy in the river when he is born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	1	22	a6b2	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְ⁠כָל־עַמּ֖⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1		From **You shall** to the end of the verse is a direct quote of Pharaoh’s speech. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw every baby boy into the river, but to let every girl live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	1	22	stag	figs-youdual	תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ…תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1		The uses of the word **you** here refer to all the Egyptians. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	2	intro	rwf3			0		# Exodus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-10: Moses’ birth and early life<br>- v. 11-15: Moses’ attempted intervention and flight<br>- v. 16-22: Moses settles in Midian<br>- v. 23-25: God sees the Israelites’ plight<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br><br>At the end of the chapter, God begins to relate to the Israelites based on his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Identification of participants<br><br>* Moses is the only participant named in most of this chapter. This is because many of the participants play very minor roles and because this part of the story is focusing on Moses’ life.<br><br>### Moses’ heritage<br><br>In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh’s daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. <br><br>### Ironic situations<br><br>* While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, God used Pharaoh’s own daughter to save Moses.<br>* Moses believes he is meant to be the rescuer of his people, but they reject him. Ultimately, Moses was correct, but the people rejected him at this point (see Acts 7).
EXO	2	1	wvj9	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1	Now	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	1	riy7	writing-participants	אִ֖ישׁ…בַּת	1		These are new participants. They remain unnamed until [Exodus 6:20](../06/20.md) where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	1	mp7m	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי	1		Here, **took a daughter** is an idiom for marrying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	2	2	s49k		ט֣וֹב	1		Alternative translations: “pleasing” or “fine”
EXO	2	2	q4c0	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶא…וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנֵ֖⁠הוּ	1		Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	2	2	j2es	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה	1		3 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	2	3	t2gj	translate-unknown	תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא	1	papyrus basket	The **ark** is a basket made from a tall grass (**papyrus reeds**) that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	tn3y	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת	1	sealed it with bitumen and pitch	You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and she daubed it with bitumen and with pitch to keep water from getting into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	2	3	wpb6	translate-unknown	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה	1	sealed	This means that she applied a waterproof coating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	ym3k	translate-unknown	בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר	1	bitumen	This is a sticky black substance made from oil. It can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “with tar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	v825	translate-unknown	וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת	1	pitch	This is a sticky brown or black substance that can be made from tree sap. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	y8gq	translate-unknown	בַּ⁠סּ֖וּף	1	reeds	These **reeds** were a type of tall grass with wide blades that formed a flat surface when woven together. They grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	4	av8b		וַ⁠תֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1	at a distance	This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language.
EXO	2	4	uf14	figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1		This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	2	4	ruvb	translate-kinship	אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ	1		Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	2	4	z1cy	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠דֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is her purpose in being close by. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	2	5	m3i0	figs-go	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד	1		**Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	5	y26h	writing-participants	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙	1		The **daughter of Pharaoh** is introduced here as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	5	jjke	writing-participants	וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1		These women are introduced here as new participants; however, they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	5	im0d	figs-metaphor	עַל־יַ֣ד הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1		Here, **hand** is a metaphor for side or, as relating to a river, shore. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you can simply translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	2	5	bi7s		וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1	her attendants	These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her.
EXO	2	5	am7g	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תִּקָּחֶֽ⁠הָ	1		It is not clear who is meant by **she** here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter remains the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	2	6	g9n6	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	Behold	The word **behold** signals the surprising information that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	2	6	tyub	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔י⁠ו	1		The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language, it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby ([verse 2](../02/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	2	6	jg0d	figs-quotemarks	מִ⁠יַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	7	x5ja		וְ⁠קָרָ֤אתִי לָ⁠ךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת	1		This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not yet have a plan for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission, the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here.
EXO	2	7	d7aj		מֵינֶ֔קֶת…וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק	1	nurse	Here, **nursing** or **to nurse** means to feed with milk from the breast.
EXO	2	7	tqq9	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק לָ֖⁠ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠יָּֽלֶד	1		This is the purpose of the sister’s proposal. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “And she could nurse the infant for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	2	8	ab1m	figs-go	לֵ֑כִי…וַ⁠תֵּ֨לֶךְ֙	1		The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	9	u554	writing-participants	לָ֣⁠הּ	1		The child’s mother is reintroduced as a participant. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. Alternative translation: “to the baby’s mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	9	mogg		שְׂכָרֵ֑⁠ךְ	1		This refers to payment that Pharaoh’s daughter would give to the mother in exchange for her service of nursing the baby.
EXO	2	9	hqsa	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח…וַ⁠תְּנִיקֵֽ⁠הוּ	1		The mother’s acceptance of the deal is implied. You could make it explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	2	10	zj8h	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יִגְדַּ֣ל הַ⁠יֶּ֗לֶד וַ⁠תְּבִאֵ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	she brought him	**And the child grew older** marks an unspecified amount of time. He would have stayed with his mother at least until he was weaned (no longer feeding on his mother’s milk). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	2	10	j7n1		וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן	1	he became her son	Alternate translation: “and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter”
EXO	2	10	h7to	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become **as a son to her**. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separation between these events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	2	10	nh2m		מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1	Because I drew him from the water	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’”
EXO	2	10	ityq	figs-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1		**For** begins a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she drew him out of the water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	11	tyol	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י ׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם וַ⁠יִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1		A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	2	11	p7gx	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י ׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗	1		This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	11	uy39	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1		The UST supplies a probable location that he **went out** from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	11	swn3		מַכֶּ֥ה אִישׁ־עִבְרִ֖י	1	striking a Hebrew	Alternate translation: “hitting a Hebrew” or “beating a Hebrew”
EXO	2	12	m9bn	figs-merism	וַ⁠יִּ֤פֶן כֹּה֙ וָ⁠כֹ֔ה	1	He looked this way and that way	These two opposite directions have the combined meaning of “everywhere.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “He looked all around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	2	12	rmgn	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּךְ֙	1		The context makes clear that Moses struck the Egyptian hard enough or repeatedly until Moses killed him. Consider using a word that indicates a deadly blow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	2	13	qn45	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֙	1	He went out	See how you translated this in [Exodus 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	13	wqrm	translate-ordinal	הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1		The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	2	13	rgn1	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֛ה	1	behold	Here, **behold** shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. You can use a word in your language that will give this meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	2	13	i4d6		לָֽ⁠רָשָׁ֔ע	1	the one who was in the wrong	Based on Moses’ question, this means the aggressor or the man wrongfully attacking his neighbor. Alternate translation: “the man who was guilty of starting the fight”
EXO	2	14	qb2n	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָֽׂמְ⁠ךָ֞ לְ⁠אִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	Who made you a leader and judge over us?	The man is not asking a question, he is using this question to rebuke Moses for intervening in the fight. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not our leader and have no right to judge us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	14	k6s5	figs-irony	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1	Are you planning to kill me as you killed that Egyptian?	The man used a question here to be sarcastic. Alternate translation: “We know that you killed an Egyptian yesterday. You had better not kill me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EXO	2	14	l62d	figs-rquestion	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1		Again, the man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do you think you can kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	14	d2ja		הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר	1		Alternate translation: “Are you planning to kill me” or “Are you threatening to kill me”
EXO	2	14	lyqh	figs-aside	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1		**Certainly the thing is known** was likely something Moses said to himself, that is, he thought it to himself rather than speaking to the men in front of him. If this would be confusing in your language, you might introduce it as a thought. Alternate translation: “and thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	2	14	vfw5	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַ⁠דָּבָֽר	1		It may be clearer to present what was likely a thought Moses had as an indirect quotation. Alternative translation (as indirect quotation): “because he thought that everyone knew what he had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	15	yutr		וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֣ג אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1		Pharaoh most likely delegated this task. Alternative translation: “and he sought to have Moses killed” (note that the passive form will not work in every language)
EXO	2	15	l5rc	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י	1		His **face** means his presence. Alternate translation: “from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	2	15	otsl		וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב…וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב	1		In Hebrew, these are the same verb. In English, they could be translated as “settle,” which can mean to dwell in a certain place, but it can also mean to lower one’s body into a seated position. This could mean: (1) Moses lived in Midian. He sat by this well one day. This may have been the well for the town he lived in. (2) Moses lived in Midian. His home was by this well. (3) Moses was a wanderer. He was in Midian and sat by this well when the next event occurred.
EXO	2	16	shg5	writing-background	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1	Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters	This sentence is background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	2	16	pjzc	writing-newevent	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1		This sentence marks a scene transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene, so you may want to make your transition before that, as is done in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	16	cfe5	writing-participants	בָּנ֑וֹת	1		The **daughters** are new participants. Use the natural form in your language for introducing new characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	16	sm8f	figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣אנָה	1		The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate motion word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	16	esdm	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֣בַע	1		7 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	2	16	i2jh		וַ⁠תִּדְלֶ֗נָה	1	drew water	This means that they brought up water from a well.
EXO	2	16	g1e6	translate-unknown	הָ֣⁠רְהָטִ֔ים	1	troughs	The **troughs** were long, narrow, open containers for animals to eat or drink out of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	17	k5yc	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ	1		A group of **men came**. They may not have been far away before coming and driving the women away. Use an appropriate form of moving verb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	17	zksv	writing-participants	הָ⁠רֹעִ֖ים	1		These are new characters only seen briefly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	17	z17m	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יָּ֤קָם	1	helped them	Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	2	18	omzv	figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֕אנָה	1		The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use either come or go, whichever is more natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	18	t78y	translate-names	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1		**Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	18	juqu	writing-participants	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1		The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new character starting here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	18	lukb	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	18	hq6y	figs-go	בֹּ֖א	1		Alternative translation: “in returning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	19	w57e		אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י	1		Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses.
EXO	2	19	hvb4	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1		Here, **hand** figuratively refers to the power, control, or actions of the shepherds. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “from the strength of” or “from the harm of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	2	19	a7v2	figs-idiom	דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙	1		This expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	2	20	x9yb	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אַיּ֑⁠וֹ לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	Why did you leave the man?	These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	20	mb8w	writing-pronouns	ל֖⁠וֹ	1		Here, **him** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	2	20	hal8	figs-synecdoche	לָֽחֶם	1		Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternative translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	2	21	zvr1		וַ⁠יּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	Moses agreed to stay with the man	Alternate translation: “Moses agreed to live with Reuel”
EXO	2	21	y3q7	translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֥ה	1	Zipporah	**Zipporah** is Reuel’s (Jethro’s) daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	22	l3xg	figs-quotemarks	גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1		Only this portion is a quotation. As a possibility for clarity, the UST includes both speech events as one quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	22	f76m	translate-names	גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם	1		His name, **Gershom**, sounds somewhat like the Hebrew for “a stranger here.” You may consider using a footnote to explain that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	22	q7d8		גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	resident in a foreign land	Alternate translation: “stranger in a foreign land”
EXO	2	23	fjkt	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֩ בַ⁠יָּמִ֨ים הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֜ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם וַ⁠יָּ֨מָת֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		This introduces a new section and series of events. A large amount of time went by. According to Stephen’s sermon in Acts 7:30, Moses was in Midian 40 years. Alternative translation: “This is what happened during the many days Moses was in Midian. The king of Egypt died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	23	ym88	writing-background		0		Verses 23-25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	2	23	csg2		וַ⁠יֵּאָנְח֧וּ	1	groaned	They **groaned** because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: “sighed deeply”
EXO	2	23	x84a	figs-personification	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל שַׁוְעָתָ֛⁠ם אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	their pleas went up to God	The **plea** of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and God heard their pleading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	2	24	sja4	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙	1	God called to mind his covenant	This a common biblical way of saying that God thought about what He had promised. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “and God recalled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	intro	n6ze			0		# Exodus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is one conversation in which Yahweh begins to commission and send Moses to rescue the Israelites.<br><br>This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### God’s holiness<br><br>God is so holy that people can not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Yahweh<br><br>The name Yahweh is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. Yahweh is probably related to the phrase “I am” which he tells Moses in verse 14. Some translations use all capitals to set this apart: “I AM.” Great care must be taken in translating the phrase “I am that I am.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Participants<br><br>“The angel of Yahweh,” “Yahweh,” and “God” all appear to be speaking to Moses and interacting with him from the burning bush. Furthermore, God says that his name is “I AM.” (See note above on Yahweh and I AM.) Yahweh and God are the same, while there is speculation about who the angel of Yahweh is.
EXO	3	1	gqvh	writing-newevent	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה	1		This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	3	1	oqcr	writing-background		0		Verse 1 provides immediate background context, setting the scene for Moses’ interaction with Yahweh. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	3	1	l7x6	figs-possession	כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. **Jethro** is a **priest** who serves the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	1	v97t	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א אֶל	1		Alternate translation: “and he arrived at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	1	p27s	figs-possession	הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled, and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called **the mountain of God** in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already somehow associated with God’s presence or worship before Moses went there with the flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	2	p0nt		וַ֠⁠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛י⁠ו בְּ⁠לַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠סְּנֶ֑ה	1		This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening.
EXO	3	2	x5ci		יְהֹוָ֥ה	1	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
EXO	3	2	d3tf	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה הַ⁠סְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠הַ⁠סְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֻכָּֽל	1	behold	The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that what follows is a surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	3	2	jmz0	figs-metonymy	אֻכָּֽל	1		Here, **being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	3	fpww	figs-quotemarks	אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַ⁠סְּנֶֽה	1		This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	3	jbue	figs-abstractnouns	אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	4	ue8v		יְהוָ֖ה…אֱלֹהִ֜ים	1		These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh.
EXO	3	5	prv9	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔י⁠ו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא	1	set apart	This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. If it would be more natural in your language, you could put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	6	sxk8		אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob”
EXO	3	6	fgym	figs-quotemarks	אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1		This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the direct quotation with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	6	l5sy		אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	your father	This could mean (1) “your father,” if it means “your father,” then it refers to Moses’ own father (2) “your ancestor,” if it means “your ancestor,” then the phrases following it clarify who “your father” refers to: it refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In most cases, it will be best to translate it as “your father,” i.e. Amram, Moses’ father.
EXO	3	6	lfbb	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ פָּנָ֔י⁠ו כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔א מֵ⁠הַבִּ֖יט אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1		Reason: **for he was afraid from staring toward God** Result: **And Moses hid his face** If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [Exodus 33:20](../33/20.md))
EXO	3	7	nl33	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues through the end of [verse 10](../03/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	7	xoz0	figs-idiom	רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי	1		The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. Here, “see” is repeated in Hebrew. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **seen** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	7	tpk0	figs-possession	אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		There are two possessives here: (1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. (2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	7	nbft	figs-abstractnouns	עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	7	p3tx	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1		Here, **faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	7	xx7r		נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1	taskmasters	Alternate translation: “his oppressors”
EXO	3	7	ofxt		כִּ֥י	1		Here, **surely** is intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
EXO	3	7	mfn2	grammar-collectivenouns	נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו…מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people.”) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	7	hkcj	figs-possession	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of **anguish.** Your translation should express that they are deeply distressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	7	ui28	figs-explicit	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		It is implied that they are deeply distressed because they are treated badly as slaves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	3	7	zth8	figs-abstractnouns	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	8	a1yv	grammar-connect-logic-result		0		Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	8	xy36	figs-go	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד	1		God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this phrase means that his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	8	nahb	grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ…וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮	1		Here, **him** refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	8	bi4e	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1		Someone’s **hand** is a common Biblical metaphor for power and control. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	8	djbz	figs-possession	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם	1		This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of **the hand**, which means power. The Egyptians used their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	8	mqyp	figs-parallelism	אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, **to a good and wide land** and **to a land flowing with milk and honey** are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, **good** and **wide** are in parallel with each other, and **milk** and **honey**are in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand upon one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism, and each part of the statement should be translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	3	8	xs87	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	8	pxy8	figs-metaphor	אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	a land flowing with milk and honey	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. If this metaphor makes sense in your language, you may translate it. If your language has metaphors that mean a land is good for producing healthy livestock and good crops, you may consider using those. If neither is the case, you may translate the meaning. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	8	dtz9		זָבַ֥ת	1	flowing with	Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of”
EXO	3	8	q94i	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב	1	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	8	l1as	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	9	a2kf	figs-parallelism		0		This verse parallels [verse 7](../03/07.md). Yahweh is restating that the Israelite’s plight has gotten his attention. This creates emphasis and connection to what Yahweh will do with what Moses will do as Yahweh’s appointed leader. If this repetition would confuse your readers consider a paragraph break at the start of this verse to separate the two parallel statements or use some other strategy of emphasis and connection that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	3	9	tp2v	figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֛ה	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	3	9	uup9	figs-personification	צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me	Here, **the cry** is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	3	9	gwou	figs-abstractnouns	רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַ⁠לַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **oppression** in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	10	y4m1	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה	1		**And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	11	y8cr	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠כִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt?	Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	3	12	xugf	figs-youdual	תַּֽעַבְדוּ⁠ן֙	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	13	lqms	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠אָמַרְתִּ֣י לָ⁠הֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠אָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣⁠י מַה־שְּׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1		Moses presents God with a hypothetical situation here. The three events (**go, say, say**) are part of one hypothetical event. You should translate this in a way that makes it clear that this is a future, not-yet-real event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	3	13	jq42		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now”
EXO	3	13	e03n	figs-go	בָא֮	1		In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	13	m9uy	figs-quotesinquotes	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	13	ru0a	figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	13	bkei	grammar-connect-logic-result	מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶֽם	1		Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	14	cli8		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	God said to Moses, “I AM THAT I AM.”	This is God’s response to Moses’ question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’”
EXO	3	14	b6vk		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	I AM THAT I AM	This could mean: (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live.
EXO	3	14	s62u		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה	1	I AM	Languages that do not have an equivalent to the verb “am” may need to render this as “I LIVE” or “I EXIST.”
EXO	3	14	t745		וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1		This indicates that God is still speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
EXO	3	14	vigc	figs-quotesinquotes	אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	15	ubw7		וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
EXO	3	15	i6lg	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). This section contains four levels of quotations as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	15	l962	figs-quotesinquotes	יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם וְ⁠זֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖⁠י לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent you to them. This is his name forever, and this is his memorial from generation to generation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	15	d91k	figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	15	ixcb	figs-merism	לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1		The repetition of **generation** is indicating “to each and every generation” which figuratively means “for all people at all times.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	3	16	ec3v	figs-quotemarks	יְהוָ֞ה	1	General Information:	This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It contains a third-level quotation that begins at “I have certainly” and also continues to the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	16	usas	figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	16	xqy9		אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites’ ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
EXO	3	16	dvsz	figs-quotemarks	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1		This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation that is within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second-level and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	16	efhh	figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1		The word translated **attended** often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	16	p258	figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1		Here, **attended** is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **attended to** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	16	fv77	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	I have indeed observed you	The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	16	q4en	figs-activepassive	הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי	1		The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	3	16	johw	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1		The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	eloj	figs-quotemarks		0		If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	17	c54k	figs-quotesinquotes	אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְ⁠כֶם֮ מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1		This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	17	r8mg	figs-idiom	אַעֲלֶ֣ה	1		Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	17	x1o0	figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י	1		See how you translated **affliction** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “from being afflicted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	17	wyvt	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1		Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	pwn5	figs-metaphor	אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	a land flowing with milk and honey	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	17	za9l		זָבַ֥ת	1	flowing with	Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of”
EXO	3	17	rtr5	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב	1	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	msf8	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	18	cy2z	figs-idiom	וְ⁠שָׁמְע֖וּ לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	1		**Listen** often means “hear and do/obey.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “And they will pay attention to your voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	18	j24k	writing-pronouns	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ…אַתָּה֩	1	They will listen to you	Here, **your** and **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	3	18	w742	figs-synecdoche	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	1		This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	3	18	r74o	figs-possession	וְ⁠זִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	18	eep7	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1		**Israel** is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	18	ot9r	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֗יִם	1		Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptian nation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	18	idp7	figs-youdual	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם	1	General Information:	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	18	i47o	figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ…נֵֽלֲכָה…וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָ֖ה	1		These instances of **us** are exclusive; they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	3	18	d85b	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת	1		Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	3	19	qf46	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠לֹ֖א בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	unless his hand is forced	The word **hand** is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. There are two further difficulties: (1) Whose hand (power) is being referred to, (2) does the negative mean “not unless” or “not even?” Possible meanings include: (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the **hand** belongs to Pharaoh (2) “only if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not unless” for the negative (3) “not even if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not even” for the negative (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	20	nuzx	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י	1		God says this will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I will send out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	20	yds5	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִ⁠י֙	1	I will reach out with my hand and attack	Here, **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	20	dzsp	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		**Egypt** refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	20	c9a3		מִצְרַ֔יִם…בְּ⁠קִרְבּ֑⁠וֹ	1		Here, **him** refers to Egypt as a collective.
EXO	3	20	g0i9	figs-abstractnouns	נִפְלְאֹתַ֔⁠י	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	20	sqmt	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן	1		Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	3	20	ay53	writing-pronouns	יְשַׁלַּ֥ח	1		Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	3	20	awxs	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	21	btwc	figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן…בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		**In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	21	hfrr	figs-possession	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	21	s45u		הָֽ⁠עָם־הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1		Alternate translation: “you”
EXO	3	21	uz3c	figs-youdual	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן…תֵלְכ֖וּ	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	21	wymx	figs-go	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן…תֵלְכ֖וּ	1		Alternate translation: “leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	21	j9qz	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א…רֵיקָֽם	1		The double negative, **not … emptily** is used to mean “full.” If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “[go] with many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	3	21	kt7b	figs-litotes	לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם	1	will not go empty-handed	Here Yahweh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “you will go with your hands full of good things” or “you will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	3	22	w2av		וּ⁠מִ⁠גָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔⁠הּ	1	any women staying in her neighbors’ houses	The word, **sojourning** means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations which make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that would be best.
EXO	3	22	fmfu	figs-youdual	וְ⁠שַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠נִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם	1		Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	22	h38j	figs-quotemarks	מִצְרָֽיִם	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s word which started in [verse 15](../03/15.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	intro	kap5			0		# Exodus 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-17: Moses hesitates to obey so Yahweh gives Moses signs to prove his commission<br>- v. 18-28: Moses goes back to Egypt<br>- v. 29-31: Moses and Aaron meet with the Israelite leaders and tell them what Yahweh said<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>### Quotations<br><br> * There is a difficult transition between [4:4](../04/04.md) and [4:5](../04/05.md) because the quotation stops in the middle to inject a bit of narrative. When it resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md),the sentence seems incomplete (even if merged directly with the quotation fragment in [4:4](../04/04.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])* Yahweh’s instructions to Moses are complex, and there are up to four levels of quotations in this chapter. Translators will need to decide if some of these need to become indirect quotations (if that is possible in their language) and take great care to use the proper quotation markings in the proper locations.<br><br>### Order of events<br><br>* The order of events is not always clear. In [4:14](../04/14.md) Yahweh tells Moses that Aaron is coming to meet him, but Yahweh telling Aaron to go meet Moses in the wilderness is not recorded until [4:27](../04/27.md).<br>* The timing of the events in [4:18](../18/.md)\\-[4:27](../04/27.md), especially verses 18-19 and 27 in relation to the rest of the events of the chapter, is unclear.<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>The first of over 400 occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh occurs in [4:22](../04/22.md). It occurs ten times in the book of Exodus; nine of these are between chapters 4–11. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leader that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider.<br><br>### Yahweh’s attempt to kill someone<br><br>The encounter recorded from [4:24](../04/24.md) to [4:26](../04/26.md) is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:<br><br>* To whom do the pronouns refer? Masculine pronouns are used throughout the section, but there are two possible antecedents, Moses (who is not named in the narrative) and Zipporah’s son (who was presumably also Moses’ son, but this is how he is referred to in this text. For why, see below on why Yahweh did this). Most commentators believe the pronouns refer to Moses.<br>* Circumcision is described in fairly graphic detail. Different cultures will need to approach this differently. Some may have terms for circumcision, while others may be comfortable translating mostly literally, and others will need to use euphemisms or other strategies to translate. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br>* The meaning of the phrase **a bridegroom of blood** (ULT) is unknown.<br>* Why did Yahweh attack Moses? Many commentators conclude that Moses had neglected to circumcise one of his sons because it displeased Zipporah, and Yahweh was holding Moses responsible before he returned to lead the Israelites (who should have been circumcised). When Zipporah repented by circumcising the son herself and touching the foreskin to Moses’ feet, Yahweh relents. These conclusions should help inform translation but should not be made explicit in the text.<br><br>## Study Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Children of God<br><br>This chapter introduces the concept that Israel, the people group, is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])<br><br>### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over how Pharaoh has an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4-14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	4	1	j4yg		וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֔אמֶר	1	if they do not believe	Here, **answered and said** is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. Alternate translation: “Moses answered”
EXO	4	1	b3xv	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠הֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔⁠י וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	1	pq8x	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י	1		See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	1	neto	figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	4	1	fu2x		וְ⁠הֵן֙	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.”
EXO	4	2	qmvk	writing-pronouns	אֵלָ֛י⁠ו…וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1		Here, **him** and **he** refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	3	zycd	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1		Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	4	g6bk		וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1	take it by the tail	Alternate translation: “and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail”
EXO	4	4	bzmp	grammar-connect-time-sequential	שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1		This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [verse 5](../04/05.md), and there is more discussion there about how to translate the quotation resumption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	4	m86n		וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מַטֶּ֖ה	1	became a staff	Alternate translation: “and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff”
EXO	4	5	l4tn	figs-quotemarks	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1		This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [verse 4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	5	m4fk	figs-ellipsis	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1		This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	4	5	zbfr	writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם	1		Here, **them** and **their** refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	5	oqi5	writing-pronouns	אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	5	jr8m		אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
EXO	4	6	ep52	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	behold	This word, **behold**, is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	4	6	pw7g	figs-simile	כַּ⁠שָּֽׁלֶג	1	as white as snow	The word **like** (ULT) or “as” (UST) here is used to compare how Moses’ hand looked. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something very white. You may need to make the whiteness explicit. Alternate translation: “that made it look white like wool” or “that made it look white like the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	7	prr9	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1		This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	4	8	well	figs-personification	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֣ת הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הָ⁠אַחֲרֽוֹן	1		Here each **sign** is spoken of as if it had a **voice** with which it could speak. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	4	8	gxlg	writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1		Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	8	lsb3		לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1	pay attention	Alternate translation: “they do not acknowledge … then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept … then they will accept”
EXO	4	9	q82r	writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּ⁠ן֙	1		Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	9	jsvb	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֔⁠ךָ	1		See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	10	t8i9		בִּ֣י	1		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. Alternate translation: “Please”
EXO	4	10	w12a		לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	have never been eloquent	Alternate translation: “I have never been an excellent speaker, not now, not before”
EXO	4	10	opes		אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים	1		This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly.
EXO	4	10	pk0l	figs-merism	גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1		These phrases simply mean “in the past.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	4	10	wsl4	figs-123person	עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1		Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you could make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	4	10	bv64	figs-doublet	כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּ⁠כְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	I am slow of speech and slow of tongue	These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	4	10	zm3y	figs-metonymy	לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	slow of tongue	Here, **tongue** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	11	ks2m	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽ⁠אָדָם֒	1	Who is it who made man’s mouth?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Is it not I, Yahweh, who created the human mouth and the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	11	e1y6	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר	1	Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make people able to speak or hear or to see or to be blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	11	uq7j	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה	1	Is it not I, Yahweh?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	12	kkr1	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔י⁠ךָ	1	I will be with your mouth	Here, **mouth** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	13	brer		בִּ֣י	1		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in [verse 10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “Please”
EXO	4	13	s8nl		שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּ⁠יַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח	1		In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission.
EXO	4	13	y4a7	figs-synecdoche	בְּ⁠יַד	1		This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	4	14	uy2v	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה	1		This means that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	14	ifax	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	14	okko	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הַ⁠לֵּוִ֔י	1		Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	14	e0js	translate-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	4	14	y5ed	figs-idiom	דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר	1		In Hebrew, the word **speak** is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling, so the meaning of the repetition was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it; otherwise, translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	14	c51y		הִנֵּה	1		Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here.
EXO	4	14	ettp	figs-go	יֹצֵ֣א	1		Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language, the required form of go or come may vary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	4	14	tfsa	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׂמַ֥ח	1		Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	14	ew4h	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	he will be glad in his heart	Here, **heart** refers to inner thoughts and emotions. If the heart is not a body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	15	u97f	figs-metaphor	הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	put the words to say into his mouth	Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	15	q9cf	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠עִם־פִּ֔י⁠הוּ	1	I will be with your mouth	The word **mouth** here represents Moses’ and Aaron’s choice of words. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And I will be with you as you speak and with him as he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	15	v57x	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם…תַּעֲשֽׂוּ⁠ן	1	with his mouth	These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one or, if not, use a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	4	16	mnsp	figs-simile	לְ⁠פֶ֔ה	1		This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth because he will be the one to actually vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him to say. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the one to say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	16	gn5v	figs-simile	תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥⁠וֹ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	you will be to him like me, God	The word **like** here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	17	hm47	figs-explicit	הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1		Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by **this staff**, he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in [verse 2](../04/02.md) and with which God told him to do a miracle in [verses 3-4](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	18	j2ix	writing-participants	יֶ֣תֶר	1		Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	18	cbop	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ	1		Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	4	18	b6mf	translate-kinship	חֹֽתְנ֗⁠וֹ	1	father-in-law	This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. If your language uses a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father use the one for wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	4	18	wlit	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1		Here, **he** refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	18	g1h1	writing-pronouns	ל⁠וֹ֙	1		Here, **him** refers to Jethro. Alternate translation: “to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	18	urt0	figs-metonymy	אַחַ֣⁠י	1		Here the term **brothers** refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	18	gq2g	figs-idiom	וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֖ה הַ⁠עוֹדָ֣⁠ם חַיִּ֑ים	1		Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	18	yay3	translate-blessing	לֵ֥ךְ לְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1		This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
EXO	4	19	wwr8	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙	1		The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	19	clfj		הַֽ⁠מְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1		This means they were seeking to end his life, that is, to kill him.
EXO	4	20	fua6	figs-extrainfo	בָּנָ֗י⁠ו	1		Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. It is not necessary to make this explicit here, if it would confuse your readers you could add a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
EXO	4	20	zi5m	figs-123person	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		It is clear from [verse 24](../04/24.md) and [25](../04/25.md) that Moses’ family went with him. If this is confusing in your language, you may need to change from **he** to “they” **returned**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	4	20	a1s5	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		After the incident on the road in verses [24-26](../04/24.md). Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md), which says that Moses sent them back, so it may be better to make a translation similar to the UST, which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s **toward** is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	20	f26l	figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		The phrase **the staff of God** refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in [verse 17](../04/17.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	20	m4uj	figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		The book describes this staff as **the staff of God** because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power or power from Moses or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, first God told Moses to do something with the staff, then Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	21	lva8	figs-quotemarks	בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֙	1		This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It contains up to fourth-level quotations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	21	oajf		רְאֵ֗ה	1		Most translations and interpretations of the verb **see** take it to mean something like “see that you do.”
EXO	4	21	paos	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ	1		Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	21	kdsb	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1		This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so he can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	21	ovma	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק	1		Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast between what might normally be expected and what will actually happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says Pharaoh will do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	4	21	uvoh	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1		This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	21	uudz	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	22	ftde		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase, **Thus says Yahweh**, used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider.
EXO	4	22	teyy	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	4	22	kud7	figs-quotemarks	בְּנִ֥⁠י בְכֹרִ֖⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃	1		This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	22	gr2d	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ֥⁠י	1		Yahweh expresses his affection for the Israelites by calling them his **son**. Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	22	pt4n	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Israel is my son	The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	4	22	nbn7	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “The Israelites are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	23	syar	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי	1		This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (If you chose to translate “Thus says Yahweh” as an indirect quote, this will be a third-level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	23	yyuo	figs-quotations	וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗י⁠ךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֖ן	1		The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	4	23	k7mh	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ⁠י֙	1	you have refused to let him go	Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as **my son.** See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation, which is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	23	u825	figs-pronouns	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי…לְ⁠שַׁלְּח֑⁠וֹ	1		The pronouns **he** and **him** agree with “son.” What you use may depend on how you translated son in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
EXO	4	23	ot2b		הִנֵּה֙	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this”
EXO	4	23	re11		בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn	Here, **your son** refers to the actual son of Pharaoh.
EXO	4	23	ubcw	figs-quotemarks	בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּכֹרֶֽ⁠ךָ	1		After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations end, bringing a complete close to all quotations that started in verses [21](../04/21.md) and [22](../04/22.md). If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers: third level, second level and first level. In English, it looks like **” ’ ”** (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	24	sp6h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֥י	1	Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him	This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	24	p820	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣⁠הוּ…הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	1		Here, it is not clear who **him** refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	24	qeo5	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ	1		Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	25	m1la	translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1	Zipporah	**Zipporah** is the name of Moses’ wife. See how you translated it in [2:21](../02/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	4	25	sftg	writing-participants	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1		**Zipporah** is introduced here as a new character. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	25	a36h	translate-unknown	צֹ֗ר	1	flint knife	This was a flake or a sharp piece of a hard gray rock that was used as a knife.. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	4	25	nkxn	translate-unknown	עָרְלַ֣ת	1		The**foreskin** is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	4	25	l6sr	figs-euphemism	לְ⁠רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו	1	to his feet	It is possible that the word **feet** may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	4	25	b2t3	figs-metaphor	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	1	you are a bridegroom to me by blood	The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “You are related to me by this blood” or “You are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	26	ceqk	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1		God **relented** as a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	26	o4zt	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1		Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh relented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	26	k136	writing-pronouns	מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1		As in [4:24](../04/24.md), **him** could refer to either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	26	r8hj	figs-quotations	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים	1		This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again; rather, the quotation refers back to her statement in [4:25](../04/25.md). Use a form from your language for quoting a portion of what someone previously said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	4	26	abmg	figs-quotemarks	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַ⁠מּוּלֹֽת	1		It is not clear if the quotation includes **because of the circumcision** or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude **because of the circumcision**, and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	27	xk6b	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1	Yahweh said to Aaron	You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	27	qxpc	writing-participants	אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1		**Aaron** is introduced as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	27	wy4n	figs-possession	בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	at the mountain of God	See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	4	27	tfn2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק	1		This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	4	28	ad9x		שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ…צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1		These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty.
EXO	4	28	b429	writing-pronouns	שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ…צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1	he had sent him to say	Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Yahweh, and **him** refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses … Yahweh commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	4	29	y8o3	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1		This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	30	bm2x	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	in the sight of the people	Here, **before the eyes** means he did the signs so they could see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	30	x1v3		הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md).
EXO	4	31	glp2		הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md).
EXO	4	31	q1er		פָקַ֨ד…בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	had observed the Israelites	Alternate translation: “saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
EXO	4	31	g83a	translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ	1	they bowed their heads	This action was an expression of thankful worship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	5	intro	kea2			0		# Exodus 05 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-5: Moses gives Pharaoh Yahweh’s message<br>- v. 6-21: Pharaoh makes the Israelites work harder<br>- v. 22-23: Moses asks Yahweh why things went badly
EXO	5	1	q0zv	writing-newevent	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		The time phrase, **and afterward**, marks a transition in the narrative. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternative translation: “After that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	1	q9kn	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	After these things happened	It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited before they went to see Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	5	1	cudx	figs-go	בָּ֚אוּ	1		In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	5	1	tsnv	writing-participants	פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	1	jarm	figs-quotemarks	כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There is a second-level quotation fully contained within this portion which is addressed elsewhere. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	1	lu3i		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	5	1	u2vt		וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ	1	festival for me	This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. Alternative translation: “so they can worship me with eating and drinking”
EXO	5	2	v4c1	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	Why should I…let Israel go?	The result here is exactly as God has said; therefore, a contrastive transition word is reasonable but not required, given the immediate human context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	2	lqwt		מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ לְ⁠שַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1		This is not a rhetorical question, though Pharaoh may have spoken with contempt. Pharaoh would have considered himself a god. The Egyptians had several gods, and most people groups were assumed to have their own gods. Therefore, Pharaoh had truly not heard of Yahweh (who has just revealed his name to Moses).
EXO	5	2	wpff	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Here the nation is spoken of as an individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	5	2	c653	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	listen to his voice	Here, **his voice** represent the words God spoke. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	2	ma6b		וְ⁠גַ֥ם	1		This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely”
EXO	5	3	dt39	figs-123person	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1		It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	5	3	y9ip		אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים	1	God of the Hebrews	This term, **The God of the Hebrews**, is also used for Yahweh, the Israelites’ God.
EXO	5	3	kclj	figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה…וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָה֙…יִפְגָּעֵ֔⁠נוּ	1		Here, **us** (or “we” in UST) refers to the Hebrew people (the Israelites). It excludes Pharaoh and his people. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	5	3	gfs5	figs-metonymy	בֶ⁠חָֽרֶב	1	or with the sword	Here, **sword** represents war or an attack by enemies. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “cause our enemies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	4	kl1i	figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠מַּֽעֲשָׂ֑י⁠ו	1	why are you taking the people from their work?	Pharaoh uses this rhetorical question to express his anger toward Moses and Aaron for taking the Israelites away from their work. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Stop distracting the people from doing their work!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	4	fiw9	figs-youdual	לְכ֖וּ לְ⁠סִבְלֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		This **your** could refer to Moses and Aaron, or it could mean “all you Israelite people.” The second meaning is more likely. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	5	xm4z	grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
EXO	5	5	nqbe	figs-aside	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה הֵן־רַבִּ֥ים עַתָּ֖ה עַ֣ם הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠סִּבְלֹתָֽ⁠ם	1		This statement by Pharaoh may have been him commenting to himself, or he may have only thought this statement silently; either way, it led to his next actions. If this would be confusing in your language, consider stating it in a way that clarifies that his statement or thoughts here impacted his next actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	5	5	todi		הֵן	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say.
EXO	5	5	c53k	figs-youdual	וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם	1		Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one, or if not, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	6	ar9m		וַ⁠יְצַ֥ו פַּרְעֹ֖ה…אֶת־הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים בָּ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת־שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1		Pharaoh may have sent a messenger or messengers to the taskmasters and officers or spoken to one or a few representatives of them at his court rather than speaking to them directly. Alternative translation: “And … Pharaoh gave an order to the taskmasters among the people and officers. He said,”
EXO	5	6	zd4m		הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. These are probably the same as the “overseers” of labor gangs from [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md), but here the term is harsher. Alternative translation: “oppressors”
EXO	5	6	gsdx		שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו	1		**Officers** were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters.
EXO	5	6	dxih		לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1		Here, **saying** is a way of introducing a direct quotation in Hebrew; most translations can omit it without harm.
EXO	5	7	k6io	figs-youdual	לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּ⁠ן	1		This command was given to multiple people; if your language distinguishes between singular and plural forms when giving commands, make sure this is a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	7	p9nx	figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם	1	you must no longer give	This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “as you used to do” or “as was done previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	8	izkf	figs-youdual	תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	8	ro25	translate-unknown	הַ⁠לְּבֵנִ֜ים	1		**Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building. See how you translated in [1:14](../01/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	5	8	dlzx	figs-idiom	תְּמ֤וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם֙	1		This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	9	xca1	figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּ⁠דִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר	1		Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “and not listen to words that are lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	10	ozzn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֨צְא֜וּ	1		This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	10	x4bi		נֹגְשֵׂ֤י	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [5:6](../05/6.md).
EXO	5	10	zvxx		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		This is the same quotation introduction as is used when Yahweh gives a direct command. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	5	10	c12s	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		It might be helpful in some languages to translate **thus says Pharaoh** as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	5	10	mkom	figs-quotesinquotes	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי	1		This is the beginning of a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 11. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the start of a quotation within a quotation. However, you could also translate this as an indirect quote. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	5	10	ad73	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן	1		The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between **I** and **you.** Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	10	si2e	figs-metonymy	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן	1		Pharaoh uses **I** to refer to his ownership and commands. Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants to take straw that belonged to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “My servants will no longer give you my straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	10	gb4d	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	I will no longer give you	**You**is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	11	ewg6	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ	1		The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between **I** and **you.** See the previous verse. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	11	xe4i	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֗ם	1	you can find…your workload	Here, **you** is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	11	w918	figs-rpronouns	אַתֶּ֗ם…לָ⁠כֶם֙	1	You yourselves must go	The repetition of **you** (as **your**) emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	5	11	g5vb	figs-doublenegatives	כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵ⁠עֲבֹדַתְ⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר	1	your workload will not be reduced	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	5	12	s9dk	figs-hyperbole	בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	throughout all the land of Egypt	This is a generalization used to show the extra effort Israel made to meet Pharaoh’s demands. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many places. Alternate translation: “to many places throughout Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	5	12	q7y7	translate-unknown	קַ֖שׁ	1	stubble	**Stubble** is the part of a plant that is left over after harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	5	13	th6x		וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
EXO	5	13	ikkf	writing-participants	וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1		The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	13	a5ja		דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמ֔⁠וֹ	1		**Day by day** means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task”
EXO	5	14	h4uo		נֹגְשֵׂ֥י	1		**Taskmasters** are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
EXO	5	14	unbc	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	14	eq22	figs-rquestion	מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם לִ⁠לְבֹּן֙ כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	Why have you not produced all the bricks required of you…in the past?	The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	14	oh6o	figs-youdual	כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1		Here, **you** and **your** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	14	emq7	figs-synecdoche	לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	cried out	Here, **you** and **your** do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have your teams not finished their required” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	5	14	liz8	figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1		This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Here it specifically refers to the time before the Egyptians stopped giving the Israelites straw. See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	14	zklg		גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1		This time expression refers to more recent days, ones since the Egyptians stopped providing the straw to the Israelites.
EXO	5	15	bk9h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1		This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	15	thlj	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1		You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	5	15	m2nz	figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	5	16	yeql	figs-activepassive	תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	16	qp5j	figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ…עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1		Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	5	16	hsa6	writing-pronouns	אֹמְרִ֥ים	1	they are still telling us, ‘Make bricks!’	Here, **they** refers to the Egyptian taskmasters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	5	16	m0go		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה	1		**And behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows.
EXO	5	16	xrly	figs-activepassive	עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ מֻכִּ֖ים	1		The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	16	ff2k	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠חָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1		The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	5	16	l7sn		וְ⁠חָטָ֥את	1		Alternate translation: “but it is the wrongdoing of”
EXO	5	17	cw5u	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם…אַתֶּ֣ם	1		These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	17	zlkc	figs-exclamations	נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים	1		Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	5	17	a8o2	figs-quotemarks	נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1		Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	18	x9j7	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠תֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	18	z6wt	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֑ם…תִּתֵּֽנּוּ	1		Here, **you** means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	19	x6pp	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִ⁠לִּבְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	5	19	l9d2	figs-rpronouns	אֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	when they were told	Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	5	19	j6f9		וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ…אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1		Alternate translation: “knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves to be in danger, because the king said”
EXO	5	20	ve3z	writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙	1	palace	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	20	s9d2	writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙…לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם	1		Here, **they** and **them** refer to the officers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	5	21	kv0v		יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1		The Israelite officers used this form to curse Moses and Aaron.
EXO	5	21	vfit	figs-youdual	עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1		**You** refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	21	j3zp	figs-metaphor	הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗⁠נוּ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	you have made us offensive	The Egyptians responded to the Israelites the same way they would respond to a foul odor. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you have caused Pharaoh and his servants to hate us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	5	21	d592	figs-metonymy	חֶ֥רֶב בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	have put a sword in their hand to kill us	Here, **a sword into their hand** is a metonym for “a reason in their mind.” The Israelites are afraid that the Egyptians will feel that they are doing the right thing if they kill the Israelites, because Moses and Aaron are making demands to the king and because the Egyptians view the Israelites as lazy and dangerous. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “them a reason to think they would be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	22	g4d5	figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה זֶּ֖ה שְׁלַחְתָּֽ⁠נִי	1	Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people?	This question shows how disappointed Moses was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. He is expressing that he thinks God has caused the opposite of what he promised to happen. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I thought you sent me to rescue them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	23	v2k2	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	to speak to him in your name	Here, **in your name** indicates that Moses delivers Yahweh’s message. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “for you” or “your message for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	23	fzir	figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַצֵּ֥ל לֹא־הִצַּ֖לְתָּ	1		In Hebrew, **rescued** is repeated for emphasis. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	6	intro	we5k			0		# Exodus 06 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-13, 28-30: Yahweh repeats his commissioning of Moses after the bad events recorded in chapter 5<br>- v. 14-27: Genealogy of Moses and Aaron<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Repetition of events:<br><br>Most of the content of this chapter is very similar to the events and dialogue in chapters 3-4. For consistency, translators should consult the decisions they made there while keeping in mind that this narrative is not exactly the same. Also, verses 10-12 and verses 28-30 are very similar to each other. These events are probably a recommissioning of Moses. After his first encounter with Pharaoh went very poorly and the Israelites seem to reject God, Yahweh reminds Moses of his promises and power.<br><br>### Referring to God<br><br>A name for God (**Yahweh**) and a title for God (**El Shaddai**) are mentioned in this chapter ([6:2](../06/02.md)\\-[6:3](../06/03.md)). The precise meaning of El Shaddai is not known, but most scholars think it means something like “almighty.” Translators who have worked on Genesis may find confusing the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not know Yahweh as the name of God.<br><br>### Other possible translation difficulties:<br><br>With little explanation, a large portion of the chapter is devoted to the genealogy of Moses and Aaron. Some of the people in the genealogy lived much longer than is normal for humans today. If translators are not familiar with the lengths of people’s lives in the early days of the world (as recorded in Genesis, especially chapter 5), this may cause confusion.<br><br>## Study Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Promised Land<br><br>According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. Their home is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### God and his people<br><br>In verse 7, note the mention of a very important biblical theme of God being “your God” and the special relationship that his people have with him.
EXO	6	1	ip5i	figs-quotemarks	עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	1	lu95	grammar-connect-time-sequential	עַתָּ֣ה	1		This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	6	1	ece6	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	my strong hand	Here, **hand** is a metonym for power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	1	utnn	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1		It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options include: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions) (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out) (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1), which is the most common interpretation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	1	vdno	figs-parallelism	כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	6	1	sdon		מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
EXO	6	2	wse5	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו	1		There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	6	3	l81y	translate-transliterate	בְּ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י	1	I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob	**El Shaddai** is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
EXO	6	3	m27p	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	I was not known to them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	6	3	e36z		וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1		This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them”
EXO	6	4	zxvc	figs-quotations	לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1		This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	6	4	gkkc	figs-parallelism	אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽ⁠הּ	1		These two phrases mean similar things. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents” or “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	6	5	l3yc		נַאֲקַת֙	1	groaning	Here, **groaning** means making sad sounds because of pain and suffering.
EXO	6	5	aiey		וָ⁠אֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽ⁠י	1		**I have remembered my covenant** means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise”
EXO	6	6	rgh0	grammar-connect-logic-result	לָ⁠כֵ֞ן	1		God is now telling Moses to deliver a message to the Israelites of what God is going to do because of everything that he said in verses 2-5. The reason-result relationship is strongly marked here, so translations should make sure to use a connector that marks verse 6-8 as a result of verses 2-5. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	6	yv14		לָ⁠כֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל	1	say to the Israelites	This is a command from Yahweh to Moses. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Moses to say to the Israelites”
EXO	6	6	we3z	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙	1		Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	6	oqnw	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֨חַת֙ סִבְלֹ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians made the Israelites do. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	6	6	xyn4	figs-metaphor	בִּ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה	1		Here, **arm** is a figurative way of referring to Yahweh’s power, influence, and capacity for action. **Outstretched** means that he is using that power. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “by my great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	6	6	efx1		וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1		Here, the term **judgments** refers to the plagues that God is about to send to harm Egypt and the Egyptians. Each plague is a response to Pharaoh’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “and by [greatly] harming the Egyptians”
EXO	6	7	o3lb	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֥ם…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם…וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם…אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1		Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	7	xsdh	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	6	8	h9ho	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙…לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1		Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	8	g9ru	translate-symaction	נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י	1	I swore	This is an action that signifies making an oath. Raising the hand may not have the same meaning in your culture, so you may need to use a different symbolic oath-taking action in your translation or simply translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	6	8	i3vj		מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה	1		This means the Israelites will own the land. Alternate translation: “as your own land”
EXO	6	9	aalj	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה	1		In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	9	eph2		מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ	1		Here, the people’s **spirit** is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope”
EXO	6	10	tpw4		לֵּ⁠אמֹֽר	1		This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural.
EXO	6	11	fxf2	figs-quotations	וִֽ⁠ישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This statement tells Moses what to discuss with Pharaoh. Some languages may need to covey this information as a direct quotation. Be careful to change the third-person pronouns to second-person pronouns if you do this. Alternate translation: “and say, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	6	12	h7o0	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by the words **before the face of Yahweh**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	12	iiui		הֵ֤ן	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
EXO	6	12	k7hl	figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	If the Israelites have not listened to me, why will Pharaoh listen to me, since I am not good at speaking?	Moses asked this question in hopes that God would change his mind about using Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Since the Israelites did not listen to me, neither will Pharaoh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	6	12	lj51	grammar-connect-logic-result	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	12	k3br	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם	1		This is a metaphor that means that Moses was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude; your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And I do not speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	6	13	janr		וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ⁠ם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1		This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, **command** could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites; thus **to** could be translated as “for” or “regarding.” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh”
EXO	6	14	hh3z	writing-background		0		Verses 14-27 are background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	6	14	h195	figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֣י	1	the heads of their fathers’ houses	Here, **heads** refers to the original leaders of the clan. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ancestors of ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	14	wv89	translate-names	רְאוּבֵ֜ן…יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל…חֲנ֤וֹךְ וּ⁠פַלּוּא֙ חֶצְר֣וֹן וְ⁠כַרְמִ֔י…רְאוּבֵֽן	1	Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	15	c1ni	translate-names	שִׁמְע֗וֹן יְמוּאֵ֨ל וְ⁠יָמִ֤ין וְ⁠אֹ֨הַד֙ וְ⁠יָכִ֣ין וְ⁠צֹ֔חַר וְ⁠שָׁא֖וּל…שִׁמְעֽוֹן	1	Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	16	k64h	translate-names	לֵוִי֙…גֵּרְשׁ֕וֹן וּ⁠קְהָ֖ת וּ⁠מְרָרִ֑י…לֵוִ֔י	1	Gershon…Merari	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	16	m36f	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	137 years old	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	17	alm8	translate-names	גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְ⁠שִׁמְעִ֖י	1	Amram…Uzziel	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	18	gzm3	translate-names	קְהָ֔ת עַמְרָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְהָ֔ר וְ⁠חֶבְר֖וֹן וְ⁠עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל…קְהָ֔ת	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	18	qu41	translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	133 years old	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	19	p5sz	translate-names	מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּ⁠מוּשִׁ֑י	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	20	ni1l	translate-names	עַמְרָ֜ם…אַהֲרֹ֖ן…מֹשֶׁ֑ה…עַמְרָ֔ם	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	20	o5gb	translate-names	יוֹכֶ֤בֶד	1		This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	20	mh02	translate-kinship	דֹּֽדָת⁠וֹ֙	1		Here the term **his aunt** specifically means his father’s sister. If your language uses a different term that is specific in this way, translators should use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	6	20	ti6q	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	137 years	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	21	f3yr	translate-names	יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָ⁠נֶ֖פֶג וְ⁠זִכְרִֽי׃	1	Izhar…Korah…Zichri	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	22	n7cl	translate-names	עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְ⁠אֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְ⁠סִתְרִֽי	1	Uzziel…Mishael…Sithri	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	23	n1xh	translate-names	אַהֲרֹ֜ן…עַמִּינָדָ֛ב…נַחְשׁ֖וֹן…נָדָב֙…אֲבִיה֔וּא…אֶלְעָזָ֖ר…אִֽיתָמָֽר	1	Nadab…Ithamar	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	23	kww9	translate-names	אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע	1	Nadab…Ithamar	This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	24	rkz9	translate-names	קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְ⁠אֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַ⁠אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	24	i6o7	translate-names	הַ⁠קָּרְחִֽי	1		This was the name of the clan of people descended from Korah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	25	zvg2	translate-names	וְ⁠אֶלְעָזָ֨ר…אַהֲרֹ֜ן…פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙…פִּֽינְחָ֑ס	1	Phinehas	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	25	fck8	figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֛י	1	These were the heads of the fathers’ houses	Here, **heads** represents family leaders. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “These were the leaders of the families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	26	ft6y	translate-unknown	עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	by their groups of fighting men	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. Alternate translation: “by their groups” or “by their divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	6	27	o7xp	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠הוֹצִ֥יא	1		This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	6	28	xssl	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠י֨וֹם	1		This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	6	30	zyqs	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he spoke before **the face of Yahweh**. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	30	nf3w	figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְ⁠אֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖⁠י פַּרְעֹֽה	1	I am not good…why will Pharaoh listen to me?	Moses asks this question hoping to change God’s mind about sending him. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Behold, I am not a good speaker. Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	6	30	y4g2		הֵ֤ן	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
EXO	6	30	vzhq	figs-metaphor	אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם	1		This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I always fail to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	intro	r9we			0		# Exodus 07 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-9: The end of Yahweh’s re-sending of Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh<br>- v. 10-13: Pharaoh’s first refusal, the sign of the snakes<br>- v. 14-25: First plague: the Nile turns to blood<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Miracles<br><br>When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh’s men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard, strong, or heavy in this chapter. This means that he was not willing to obey Yahweh’s instructions.<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter Include:<br><br>- Moses as God to Pharaoh<br>- A number of difficult terms: prophet, signs, wonders, miracles, sorcerers, magicians, magic, judgments, canals, reservoirs<br>- The use of “heart” to refer to the seat of will and emotion<br>- Up to third-level quotations
EXO	7	1	r18p	figs-quotemarks	מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [verse 5](../07/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	1	gy1t		רְאֵ֛ה	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	7	1	dn1s	figs-metaphor	נְתַתִּ֥י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	I have made you like a god	This means Moses would represent the same authority to Pharaoh as God did to Moses. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	1	z163	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֥ן אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ יִהְיֶ֥ה נְבִיאֶֽ⁠ךָ	1		This phrase compares Aaron to a prophet, because Aaron will actually be the one who proclaims to Pharaoh what Moses tells him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron your brother will act like your prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	2	l44v	translate-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	7	2	hdwo	figs-quotations	וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		Some languages may need to make this a direct quotation. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. See what you did in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	7	2	p9p7		מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
EXO	7	3	adsq	figs-metaphor	אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **hard**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. **hard** here. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	3	vtt1	figs-doublet	אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖⁠י	1	many signs…many wonders	The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	7	4	ar0l	figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶם֙	1		Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	7	4	e2kv	figs-metonymy	יָדִ֖⁠י	1	put my hand on	The words **my hand** represent God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	4	b6h8	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		Here, **on Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	4	nilu		אֶת־צִבְאֹתַ֜⁠י אֶת־עַמִּ֤⁠י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1		These phrases refer to the Israelites in three different ways; they do not refer to three different groups of people. Here, **armies** is the same word translated “hosts” in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “the armies of my Israelite people”
EXO	7	5	cg3n	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠יָדְע֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1		This is the result of God rescuing the Israelites. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	7	5	npd6	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠נְטֹתִ֥⁠י אֶת־יָדִ֖⁠י עַל	1	reach out with my hand on	This phrase represents God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	5	dguc	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠הוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠תּוֹכָֽ⁠ם	1		The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	7	6	iii5	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ…עָשֽׂוּ	1		This repetition emphasizes the statement. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	7	7	liir	writing-background		0		This verse contains background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	7	7	g7i5	translate-numbers	שְׁמֹנִ֣ים…שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים	1	Aaron eighty-three years old	Alternate translation: “eighty … eighty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	7	7	zoou	figs-idiom	בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה…בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1		The phrase **a son of**, followed by a number and then **years**, is an idiom that refers to their age. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	8	pwph	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea. The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	8	p2kf		לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1		Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST.
EXO	7	9	jt9z	figs-quotations	כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1	When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Do a miracle,’ then you will say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh, so that it may become a snake.’	The two quotations in this verse could be stated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “When Pharaoh tells you to do a miracle, then you will tell Aaron to take his staff and throw it down before Pharaoh so that it may become a snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	7	9	r0tp	figs-quotemarks	קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. The second level may either end after **Pharaoh** or at the end of the verse. If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	9	p3xh		לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1		Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST.
EXO	7	9	ms5o	figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1		These pronouns are plural, referring to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	7	9	ogk9	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה	1		Although **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses and Aaron are to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so that Pharaoh can see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	10	ehm9	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1		This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	10	kv93		עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1		Here, **his servants** does not refer common servants but probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court.
EXO	7	11	mqde		לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֖ים וְ⁠לַֽ⁠מְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים…חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1		Here, **magicians** probably describes both **wise men and sorcerers** rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term.
EXO	7	12	m4uw		אִ֣ישׁ	1	swallowed up	Alternate translation: “magician”
EXO	7	12	u6np		וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע	1	swallowed up	Alternate translation: “ate up” or “devoured”
EXO	7	12	m0kw	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹ֖ן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1		This is a surprising and amusing twist which was not what the magicians expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	7	12	prnp	figs-personification	מַטֵּֽה…מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1		It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word **staff** as “snake,” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say (because it is not living) that a staff swallowed or ate something. It may also may not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once they have been transformed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	7	13	g42f	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	13	wekf		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST.
EXO	7	14	d27r	figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Pharaoh’s heart is hard	Now Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs **heavy** here. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	14	qiyx	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	15	ecby		הִנֵּה֙	1		**Behold** is used to draw attention to information that follows.
EXO	7	15	c5np		יֹצֵ֣א הַ⁠מַּ֔יְמָ⁠ה	1	when he goes out to the water	There are various theories as to what Pharaoh would go down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation.
EXO	7	16	yqp7		וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	Say to him	Alternate translation: “Say to Pharaoh”
EXO	7	16	uvxe	figs-possession	אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָ⁠עִבְרִים֙	1		Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	7	16	d16q	figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻ֖⁠נִי בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה	1		This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	16	cwox		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1		Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated.
EXO	7	17	j1ev		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	strike the water	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	7	17	mywj	figs-quotesinquotes	בְּ⁠זֹ֣את	1		This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 18. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. It is possible that the third-level quotation actually ends before or after **Behold,** in which case, in the rest of the quote **I** refers to Moses, not Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	17	jjm3		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. Alternate translation: “Look at this”
EXO	7	18	bsjn	grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠בָאַ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1		His warning,**the river will stink**, will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	7	18	nx0q	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לִ⁠שְׁתּ֥וֹת מַ֖יִם	1		This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternative translation: “in order to find water to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	7	18	rgl0	figs-rpronouns	וְ⁠נִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		Here, **themselves** refers back to the subject (**the Egyptians**) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Use a natural form in your language to show that the Egyptians are both subject and object. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians will exhaust the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	7	18	grwh	figs-quotemarks	מִן־הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands ends. Depending on your decisions about the embedded quotation levels, you may have up to three levels of quotations that need to be closed here. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	19	ysi7	figs-merism	עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣⁠ם ׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵי⁠הֶ֣ם וְ⁠עַל־אַגְמֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠עַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1		This list is meant to expand on and reinforce the idea of all of the water in Egypt. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations of the blood are not limited to these specific places, but to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	7	19	wxp2		בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ	1	throughout all	Alternate translation: “in every part of”
EXO	7	19	msxp	figs-possession	וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים וּ⁠בָ⁠אֲבָנִֽים	1		This possessive show composition. Alternate translation: “and in containers made from wood and in containers made from stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	7	20	zy18	figs-explicit	בַּ⁠יְאֹ֔ר	1	in the river	If it would be helpful to your readers, the name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	7	20	mj8v	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1		This means in their sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	22	n7kr	translate-unknown	חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1		See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	7	22	qdc7	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	22	sbic		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you translated this in [7:13](../07/13.md), where the same sentence appears.
EXO	7	23	atdk	figs-idiom	וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖⁠וֹ גַּם־לָ⁠זֹֽאת	1		This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	24	m6zn	figs-hyperbole	כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם	1	All the Egyptians	The word **all** here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. However, it does indicate that all the Egyptians who wished to drink water had to dig or had to have dug for them. Alternate translation: “many of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	7	25	bn5h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א	1		A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	25	gjyb	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים	1		This means seven days later. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	25	dg56	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1		Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	8	intro	ww1y			0		# Exodus 08 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-15: Second plague: frogs<br>- v. 16-19: Third plague (first that magicians cannot imitate): gnats<br>- v. 20-32: Fourth plague: flies<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>- the exact insects in plagues 3-4 are not certain; translation teams will need to decide what insects they can use for each<br>- Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy, that is, he determines to be proud and resist Yahweh twice in this chapter<br>- the Israelites’ sacrifices are spoken of as an abomination to the Egyptians, but it is not specified how or why that is<br><br>### Lifting up the hand and staff:<br><br>In the next few chapters, God will instruct Moses or Aaron or both to raise his hand or staff or both hand and staff. The narrative will then record who will raise his hand or staff or both. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand, and the narrative may say that Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit, and they can both be mentioned, or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently.
EXO	8	1	tf7b	figs-quotations	בֹּ֖א	1		This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	1	v6ll		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	8	1	lndc	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה	1		Here, **Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	8	1	kure	figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּ֥ח	1		This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	8	2	s7y1	figs-ellipsis	לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ	1		What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	8	2	aei8		הִנֵּ֣ה	1		Here, **behold** is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out”
EXO	8	3	vgby	figs-merism	בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠עַל־מִטָּתֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠בֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠תַנּוּרֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠מִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	4	okok	figs-quotemarks		0		Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	5	ley6	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1		It may be helpful to translate this first quotation indirectly to avoid having two levels of quotations in this verse. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to say to Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	5	dqsb	figs-quotemarks	נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים וְ⁠הַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a second-level direct quotation if you chose to make **Say to Aaron** a direct quotation. In that case, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	5	ejcx		יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	5	z19q	figs-merism	עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים	1		This list is meant to convey the idea of all the water in Egypt where frogs might live. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations are not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. This is made clear in [8:6](../08/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	6	wf3a	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙	1		It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	nrbq	figs-explicit	יָד֔⁠וֹ	1		It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	j1w7	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶת־יָד֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל מֵימֵ֣י	1		Aaron would not have been able to reach his hand over all the water in Egypt. He likely stretched his hand over some nearby portion of the Nile, symbolizing all the water of Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	8	6	drmg	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙	1		[Verse 3](../08/03.md) has specified from where the frogs will come. Here it is implied, but if it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	rxze	grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ	1		There were so many frogs that the text uses the collective singular. If that would be misunderstood in your language, you may simply use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	6	j83d	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙ הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ וַ⁠תְּכַ֖ס אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This means that there were frogs everywhere in Egypt. The image is like that of a blanket smothering the entire country. (Or more directly, like one giant, nation-sized frog sitting on top of the entire land). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	7	n02y	translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1		See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	8	mhn3		וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1	Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron	Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron” or “And the king summoned Moses and Aaron”
EXO	8	8	nfe3	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		It is implied that Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh between the time when he called them and when he spoke to them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and after they came, he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	8	tx3t	figs-quotations	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠יָסֵר֙ הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖⁠נִּי וּ⁠מֵֽ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1		In some languages you may have to make the content of Pharaoh’s prayer to Yahweh a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation markings if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh saying, ‘Please take away the frogs from Pharaoh and from his people.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	8	qku4	figs-hypo	וַ⁠אֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠יִזְבְּח֖וּ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1		This promise is conditional on the frogs going away. Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Once the frogs are gone, I will let the people go, and they may sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	8	9	khfd	figs-irony	הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַ⁠י֒	1		Moses speaks with false humility here. He is ironically pointing out Pharaoh’s powerlessness before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You can choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EXO	8	9	g0lu	figs-merism	לְ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּֽ⁠לְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔…מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּתֶּ֑י⁠ךָ	1		These lists mean “for everyone” and “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that Moses will ask for a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	10	ofw3	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּי־אֵ֖ין כַּ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		This knowledge is the goal of Yahweh’s granting a respite from the frogs. In some languages you may need to place this at the end of [verse 11](../08/11.md), after Moses says the frogs will leave. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	10	d1wp	figs-exclusive	אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **our** refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	11	zwqo	figs-merism	מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּ֣תֶּ֔י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1		This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as was its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	12	jjv2		שָׂ֥ם	1		Alternate translation: “Yahweh had set”
EXO	8	12	nxyi	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֛ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן	1		A minor scene shift occurs here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	13	rwe1	figs-merism	מִן־הַ⁠בָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠שָּׂדֹֽת	1		This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	14	a03n		חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם	1		Literally, the Hebrew says “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big the piles of frogs were.
EXO	8	15	lv2n	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	he hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md), but note there that the state of Pharaoh’s heart is reported, whereas here Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	15	b47h		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	just as Yahweh had said that he would do	Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had said Pharaoh would do”
EXO	8	16	cikq	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮	1		A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	16	s5gh	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1		**Say to Aaron** starts a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it may be helpful to translate one of the parts as an indirect quotation so that you do not have to have two levels of quotations here. See the UST. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to tell Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	16	joxz		נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠הַ֖ךְ	1		This is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment.
EXO	8	16	kpr5		מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔	1		This refers to Aaron’s staff. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	16	w5el	translate-unknown	לְ⁠כִנִּ֖ם	1		We do not know exactly what this word means. It is probably a tiny (as in dust-particle size), biting insect. You should choose a different insect here than the one in the next plague ([8:21](../08/21.md)-8:31). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	17	l9wj		וַ⁠יֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1		Again, this is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs, **stretched** and **struck**, that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the [previous verse](../08/16.md).
EXO	8	17	l784		יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	17	nhgt	translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם…כִנִּ֖ים	1		Again, we do not know what this term refers to for certain, so see how you translated it in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	17	grs3	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	8	17	grg5	figs-hyperbole	כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ…בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This extraordinary statement with the repeated **all** is used to emphasize the extent and severity of the plague. If this would be unnatural in your language use a natural way to communicate that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	8	18	wga0	translate-unknown	הַ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֛ם	1		See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	18	ii85	translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנִּ֖ים…הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם	1		See how you translated this term in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	18	mnj5	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	8	19	kcs9	translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּים֙	1		See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	19	lk2k	figs-synecdoche	אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא	1	This is the finger of God	The words “finger of God” represent the power of God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the powerful work of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	8	19	z1w2	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	19	rp3i	writing-pronouns	אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם	1		Here, **them** may refer to the magicians or to Aaron and Moses. Alternate translation: “to the magicians’ warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	8	19	gjgg		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST.
EXO	8	20	j5n8		וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	stand in front of Pharaoh	Alternate translation: “and present yourself to Pharaoh”
EXO	8	20	frfn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	20	syv2	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	20	vnym		הִנֵּ֖ה	1		**Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles, it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	8	20	uypa	figs-quotations	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This phrase opens a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	20	eqd2		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	Let my people go	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	8	20	a7l7	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֥ח	1		This phrase opens a second-level direct quotation which continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md), unless you made **thus says Yahweh** an indirect quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	20	fgl3	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻֽ⁠נִי	1		This is the purpose of the people being let go. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so they can serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	21	hitq		הִנְ⁠נִי֩	1		The expression **behold me!** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	8	21	hwcl	grammar-collectivenouns	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1		Here, **the swarm** is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of flying, biting insects traveling in a group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	21	l5z7	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1		Here, **the swarm** probably refers to the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	21	foli	figs-merism	בְּ⁠ךָ֜ וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֧י⁠ךָ וּֽ⁠בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֛ וּ⁠בְ⁠בָתֶּ֖י⁠ךָ…בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙…וְ⁠גַ֥ם הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה	1		This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the flies’ location is not limited to these specific places but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	22	mv8w	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב	1	General Information:	This is the goal of Yahweh treating the land of Goshen differently. Alternate translation: “by keeping the swarm from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	22	apum	grammar-collectivenouns	עָרֹ֑ב	1		This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md). Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	22	qb9h	translate-unknown	עָרֹ֑ב	1		These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	22	refq	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	22	a28h		אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		Here, **am** could be connecting **I** and **Yahweh** or it could be connecting **I, Yahweh** and **in the middle of the land**. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land”
EXO	8	23	oxr5	figs-abstractnouns	פְדֻ֔ת	1		This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	8	23	tf4j	translate-textvariants	פְדֻ֔ת	1		Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the [previous verse](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “a division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
EXO	8	23	u4gs		עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
EXO	8	23	rg2c		עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1		Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians”
EXO	8	23	tb24	figs-quotemarks	לְ⁠מָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃	1		After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in [8:20](../08/20.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	24	gw3c	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1		The UST supplies a brief sentence filling in the gap between Yahweh’s command to Moses and the onset of the plague. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly to make the progression of events clear. Alternate translation: “Moses obeyed the instructions Yahweh gave him, and Pharaoh responded as Yahweh had said he would. And Yahweh did so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	24	lk5s	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1		There is a minor scene change here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	24	ut0f	translate-unknown	עָרֹ֣ב	1		There are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	24	dg0k	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙	1		Some languages may need to translate this as “going” rather than “coming.” Alternate translation: “and … went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	8	24	tmcf	figs-merism	בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1		This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	24	nd6e	figs-activepassive	תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1	the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	8	24	ngue	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	25	e7l0	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א	1		This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	8	25	gj2w	figs-youdual	לֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1		Here, **your** is plural. It could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron; otherwise use a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	8	26	e9wk		תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם…תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם	1		We do not know what about their sacrificing was an **abomination** to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause.
EXO	8	26	idkt	figs-exclusive	נִזְבַּ֖ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ…נִזְבַּ֞ח…יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	26	i7dy	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1	will they not stone us?	Moses asks this question to show Pharaoh that the Egyptians would not allow the Israelites to worship Yahweh by making a sacrifice repugnant to them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “they will certainly stone us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	8	26	gy7d	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	right before their eyes	The express **before their eyes** is a figurative way of saying “where they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	27	ju3u	figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֖ךְ…וְ⁠זָבַ֨חְנוּ֙…אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ…אֵלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	28	qxes	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙…אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶם֙…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	8	28	mla2		אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙	1		Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
EXO	8	28	hnud	figs-idiom	הַרְחֵ֥ק…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ	1		In Hebrew, **far** is repeated to emphasize (with **not**) that they are absolutely not to go too far. If your language does not use repeating words like this, express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	8	29	h94t		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this”
EXO	8	29	jirm	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֗ב	1		These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	29	yvcl	figs-123person	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה…פַּרְעֹה֙	1		Moses may be using the third person to refer to Pharaoh to show respect, because the king appears to be relenting. If use of the third person is not a way of showing respect in your culture or is not a valid way of addressing an individual at all, you may need to change the form. Alternate translation: “from you … you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	8	29	la3z	figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֥י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֖⁠וֹ	1		This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	29	bf85	figs-doublenegatives	אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְ⁠בִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	you must not deal deceitfully any more by not letting our people go	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	8	29	hh4q		רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל	1	But you must not deal deceitfully	Alternate translation: “But you must not deceive us” or “But you must not lie to us”
EXO	8	30	tull	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1		There is a minor scene shift here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	31	rj50	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1		These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	31	iyhn	figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֣י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	31	mb4r	figs-hyperbole	לֹ֥א נִשְׁאַ֖ר אֶחָֽד	1		This extreme statement emphasizes how thoroughly Yahweh removed the insects from the land. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that emphasizes thoroughness or complete lack of the swarm. Alternate translation: “There was not a single one of these insects left in the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	8	32	sb5l	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֤ד פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Pharaoh hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	intro	hqw8			0		# Exodus 09 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-7: Fifth plague (first that does not affect Israelites): disease kills livestock<br>- v. 8-12: Sixth plague: boils<br>- v. 13-35: Seventh plague: hail<br>- v. 27-35: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>- animals are affected in both the fifth and seventh plagues, in the fifth, the word is specifically related to domestic animals (livestock) while the word used in the seventh is more general
EXO	9	1	se3f	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙	1	General Information:	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fifth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	1	p1oj	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains two additional levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	1	fo4o	figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠דִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		You may want to translate the second-level quotation beginning with **Thus says Yahweh** as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and say to him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	9	1	w0lg		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	9	1	x4bd		עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
EXO	9	2	l7ld	figs-parallelism	כִּ֛י אִם־מָאֵ֥ן אַתָּ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ וְ⁠עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מַחֲזִ֥יק בָּֽ⁠ם	1	if you refuse to let them go, if you still keep them back	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “If you continue refusing to let them go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	9	3	fltr		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		The word **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “look out”
EXO	9	3	ume2	figs-metonymy	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה הוֹיָ֗ה בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙	1	then Yahweh’s hand will be on your cattle	Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power to afflict their animals with disease. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Then the power of Yahweh will afflict your livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	3	cjt9	figs-123person	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה	1		This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **the hand of Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	3	tn3z	figs-youdual	בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙	1	on your cattle	While the word **your** here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	9	3	v8ur	figs-merism	בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽ⁠חֲמֹרִים֙ בַּ⁠גְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1		This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	9	3	m1fk	grammar-collectivenouns	בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר…וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1		These (**cattle** and **flock**) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	3	f5sr	figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֥ד	1		Here the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	4	x12r	figs-123person	יְהוָ֔ה	1		This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the [previous verse](../09/04.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	4	lp3t	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Israel’s cattle	Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	4	u60c	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		Here, **Israel** is used as a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	4	fs25	figs-metonymy	מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Egypt’s cattle	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the livestock of the Egyptian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	4	k5rx		דָּבָֽר	1		Alternate translation: “animal”
EXO	9	4	xk5d		מִ⁠כָּל־לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Alternate translation: “which belongs to any of the sons of Israel”
EXO	9	5	vqz2		וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם יְהוָ֖ה מוֹעֵ֣ד	1	fixed a time	Alternate translation: “And Yahweh made an appointed time”
EXO	9	5	w8gk		לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1		This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does.
EXO	9	5	pxb1	figs-123person	יְהוָ֛ה	1		Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	6	gt3n	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה	1		It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	6	cx5i	figs-hyperbole	כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה	1	All the cattle of Egypt died	This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	9	6	gy7t	figs-metonymy	מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	cattle of Egypt	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	6	i0bl	figs-litotes	וּ⁠מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד	1		Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	7	md84		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֗ה	1	behold	Again, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “and listen”
EXO	9	7	rtny	figs-litotes	לֹא־מֵ֛ת מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־אֶחָ֑ד	1		Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “every single one of the Israelites’ livestock was alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	7	kkuc	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	7	sfor	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Here, **Israel** is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	7	j51j	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יִּכְבַּד֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	his heart was stubborn	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “But Pharaoh was defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	8	brm6	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮	1	kiln	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the sixth plague scene. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	8	luhg	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶם֙…חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1		**You** and **your** refer to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use dual form (if you have one) or plural forms (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	9	8	ydar		קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1		Alternate translation: “Each of you fill both your hands with”
EXO	9	8	u5wn		פִּ֖יחַ כִּבְשָׁ֑ן	1		Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace”
EXO	9	8	gk7f	grammar-collectivenouns	פִּ֖יחַ	1		Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	8	gu1v		הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יְמָ⁠ה	1		Alternate translation: “toward the sky”
EXO	9	8	p795	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1		The phrase **before the eyes of Pharaoh** means in his sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh” or “so Pharaoh sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	9	d2v3	translate-unknown	לִ⁠שְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת	1	fine	To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	9	jlh0	figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֜ם	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	10	wdcn	grammar-collectivenouns	פִּ֣יחַ	1		Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	10	dp3l		פִּ֣יחַ הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֗ן	1		Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
EXO	9	10	ufpn	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Here, **before the face of Pharaoh** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” or “and stood in the presence of Pharaoh” See how you translated a similar statement in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	10	xmbw		הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1		Alternate translation: “toward the sky” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
EXO	9	10	jhzb	translate-unknown	שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ	1		To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	10	rdo3	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	11	jrc3		הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֗ים…בַּֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם	1		See how you translated **magicians** in [7:11](../07/11.md).
EXO	9	11	dxsx	figs-metonymy	לַ⁠עֲמֹ֛ד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1		Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	11	k9uu	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין	1		Here, **the face of** means the presence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	11	lpmq	translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין…הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֔ין	1		To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only **boils** is used, without the description (“bursting blisters”) that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	12	p5m5	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This phrase means that it was God who made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	13	ifs8	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	13	zmrt	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1		Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	13	dxww	figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	9	13	hsl6		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	9	14	z68b	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י	1		Here it is implied that Pharaoh will again not let God’s people go. **For** is expressing the result, that is, God’s response to Pharaoh’s disobedience to the command immediately preceding. You may need to insert this as in the UST or choose a contrastive conjunction. Alternate translation: “Otherwise,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	9	14	n6wq	figs-synecdoche	אֲנִ֨י שֹׁלֵ֜חַ אֶת־כָּל־מַגֵּפֹתַ⁠י֙ אֶֽל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֔	1	on you yourself	Here, **to your heart** is a synecdoche that means that even Pharaoh will be hurt by the plagues. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am about to send all my plagues against you personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	9	15	f056	figs-hypo	כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר וַ⁠תִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the [next verse](../09/16.md). Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	9	15	a3l8	figs-metonymy	שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛	1	reached out with my hand and attacked you	Here, **my hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I could have used my power to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	15	hgfx	figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר	1		Here, **a plague** is spoken about as if it were something that could be used to hit someone. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and caused you and your people to suffer from a plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	16	kwks	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠אוּלָ֗ם בַּ⁠עֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑⁠י וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ׃	1		The statements from **to show** to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, **However, for this reason I appointed you: in order** in a way that connects with the [previous verse](../09/15.md) in an action-goal manner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	9	16	nec7	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	so that my name may be proclaimed throughout all the earth	Here, **my name** represents Yahweh’s reputation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and so that people everywhere will know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	17	h3ed	figs-metaphor	עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	lifting yourself up against my people	Pharaoh’s opposition to letting the Israelites go to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he were raising himself up as a barrier to them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You are still blocking my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	17	sdav	figs-rpronouns	מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל	1		Here, Pharaoh is both the subject and object of the sentence. Translate this in a way that conveys that (1) Pharaoh is making Pharaoh (himself) proud and (2) this is metaphorically expressed as Pharaoh making Pharaoh (himself) the obstacle in the Israelites’ way to freedom (as discussed in the previous note.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	9	17	r1wv		מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל	1		Here, **you** is Pharaoh.
EXO	9	17	zfhb		בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1		Here, **my people** are the Israelites.
EXO	9	18	fnd2		הִנְ⁠נִ֤י	1	Listen!	Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the important thing I am about to tell you”
EXO	9	18	pmy0		כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת…אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙	1		Alternate translation: “at this time. There has never been anything like this”
EXO	9	19	fduj	figs-metonymy	שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1		The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	19	eo52		וְ⁠יָרַ֧ד עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם הַ⁠בָּרָ֖ד	1		Alternate translation: “and the balls of ice will drop on”
EXO	9	19	x4ja	figs-gendernotations	כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֨ם	1		Here, **man** means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	19	itlv		וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֜ה	1		Here, **and beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	19	f80e	figs-explicit	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1		The people and animals **will die** because they will be fatally injured by the hail. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the hail will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	19	g90p	figs-quotemarks	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1		Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	20	dp8j	figs-explicit	הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙	1		As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	20	p3nz		הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה מֵֽ⁠עַבְדֵ֖י פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they believed that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared Yahweh’s warning”
EXO	9	21	dvwv	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל	1		Here, **set his heart** means he believed or thought something was true. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	21	bzqy	figs-metonymy	דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1		Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they did not believe that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	22	vtfl	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	22	zwvk		יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	9	22	h9cr	figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֣ם	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	22	r0g4		הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֗ה	1		Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	23	o8zy		מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	9	25	vnpj	figs-merism	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		Here, **from man to beast** is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	9	25	ft0o	figs-gendernotations	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “from people” or “from mankind” or “from humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	25	apbl		בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	27	fu9c	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֣ח פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	to summon	A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	27	sh1x		חָטָ֣אתִי	1		Some commentators suggest translating **sinned** more literally, that is “missed the mark,” because Pharaoh is probably not admitting a moral failure, but instead, admitting that he misjudged.
EXO	9	27	joxy		הַ⁠צַּדִּ֔יק…הָ⁠רְשָׁעִֽים	1		Many commentators suggest that Pharaoh is using these terms in a narrow, legal sense and only referring to this instance. That is, he is saying something like “I’ve lost this round in court.” See UST.
EXO	9	27	wag1		וְ⁠עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		Here, **my people** refers to the Egyptians.
EXO	9	28	r0cs	figs-litotes	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לַ⁠עֲמֹֽד	1		Here Pharaoh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “really, I will let you go”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	29	ajz3		וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Moses said to him	Alternate translation: “And Moses said to Pharaoh”
EXO	9	29	b787	translate-symaction	אֶפְרֹ֥שׂ אֶת־כַּפַּ֖⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	spread my hands out to Yahweh	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	9	30	tn94	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	honor Yahweh God	This phrase is shifted to the beginning of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
EXO	9	30	srx4	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה	1		Here, **face** means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	31	pcwg	writing-background	0			This and the next verse give background information so that the destruction caused by the later plagues can be understood by the reader. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	9	31	p1v8	translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֥ה…וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֖ה	1	flax	**Flax** is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	31	lzar	translate-unknown	אָבִ֔יב	1		This means the seeds at the top of the barley stalk were developing but still green. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	31	xnvj		גִּבְעֹֽל	1		Alternate translation: “was flowering”
EXO	9	32	jmq3	translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠כֻּסֶּ֖מֶת	1	spelt	**Spelt** is a kind of wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	33	fa2j	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖י⁠ו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	spread out his hands to Yahweh	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	9	34	ke5k	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ	1	hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. This time his servants do the same. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	34	nz0e		וַ⁠יֹּ֣סֶף לַ⁠חֲטֹ֑א	1		This statement is from the author’s perspective. Therefore, unlike in [9:27](../09/27.md), **sin** should be translated with the word your language uses for “sin.”
EXO	9	34	ooed		וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ ה֥וּא וַ⁠עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1		Alternate translation: “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did also” or “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did the same”
EXO	9	35	yxt8	figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	The heart of Pharaoh was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	35	x0kn	figs-metaphor	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה	1		This is similar to [9:12](../09/12.md). In this case, what Yahweh said is figuratively spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in [9:30](../09/30.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had told Moses to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	intro	s5g1			0		# Exodus 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>The text does not specify, but some time seems to have passed between chapters nine and ten (see 9:31-32 and 10:5).<br>- v. 1-20: Eighth plague: locusts<br> - v. 16-20: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last<br>- v. 21-29: Ninth plague: darkness
EXO	10	1	w4pw	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants	This means God made Pharaoh and his servants stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were **heavy.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md), but note that the metaphor is slightly different here. Alternate translation: “for I have caused Pharaoh and his servants to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	2	zg4c		הִתְעַלַּ֨לְתִּי֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	various signs	Alternate translation: “I mocked Egypt”
EXO	10	3	pm8p	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of [10:6](../10/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	10	3	u3mq	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	10	3	vze4		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	10	3	cicf	figs-metonymy	עַד־מָתַ֣י מֵאַ֔נְתָּ לֵ⁠עָנֹ֖ת מִ⁠פָּנָ֑⁠י	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Particularly, it means the presence of his judgment (the plagues). Alternate translation: “Until when will you refuse to be humble when I judge you” or “Until when will you refuse to be humble before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	4	ge67		הִנְ⁠נִ֨י	1	listen	Here, **behold me** adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “beware”
EXO	10	4	uwtp	grammar-collectivenouns	אַרְבֶּ֖ה	1		Here, **locust** is a singular noun referring to the group as one. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	5	zu5r	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠רְאֹ֣ת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	hail	These parallel statements have a similar meaning. They are used to emphasize the great number of locusts that are coming. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	10	5	rdav		וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1		Alternate translation: “And it will cover the land from sight”
EXO	10	5	oj3i	grammar-collectivenouns	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙…וְ⁠אָכַ֣ל…וְ⁠אָכַל֙	1		Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust” in the previous verse. Insects are often referred to without gender in English, but you will need to use whatever number, gender, or noun class is required in your language to agree with the word for “locust” that you used in the [previous verse](../10/04.md). See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	6	ir5l	figs-hyperbole	מִ⁠יּ֗וֹם הֱיוֹתָ⁠ם֙ עַל־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	nothing ever seen	Here, **on the earth** could either mean “on the planet” or “on the land” (Egypt). Either way, the entire phrase is meant to emphasize an extremely long time, with the intended meaning being “never.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	10	6	ma0o	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּ֥פֶן	1		[Verse 3](../10/03.md) says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	7	xn8j	figs-rquestion	עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֔שׁ	1	How long will this man be a menace to us?	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We must not let this man continue to cause trouble for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	10	7	jqbh	figs-gendernotations	הָ֣⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1		Here, **men** may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In [verse 10](../10/10.md) the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in [verse 11](../10/11.md) he specifically says that the men can go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	10	7	xdm5	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠טֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Do you not yet realize that Egypt is destroyed?	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	10	7	c6pr	figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	that Egypt is destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	8	bu1x	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְ⁠אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	8	fzsv		מִ֥י וָ⁠מִ֖י	1		Alternate translation: “Who all”
EXO	10	9	fnnl	figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֑ךְ…נֵלֵ֔ךְ	1		**We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	10	hjc9		יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠אֶֽת־טַפְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	if I ever let you go and your little ones go	**May Yahweh be with you** is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not a blessing here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go”
EXO	10	10	w8x4	figs-metonymy	רְא֕וּ כִּ֥י רָעָ֖ה נֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		The phrase **for evil is before your faces** could either be a warning from Pharaoh that Moses’ actions will lead to evil for the Israelites, or it could mean that Pharaoh thinks the Israelites plan something that he considers evil. **Faces** is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translations: “I see that you plan evil” or “Be careful! Your actions will have bad consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	11	pkm4		הַ⁠גְּבָרִים֙	1	Then Moses and Aaron were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence	This interjection clarifies who may go. Alternate translation: “the leaders”
EXO	10	11	vdjk	figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “from his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	12	kchn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	10	12	gjfx		יָדְ⁠ךָ֜	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	12	qikq	grammar-collectivenouns	בָּֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1		**Locust** is a collective singular noun referring to the group as one. See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	12	gzwa	grammar-collectivenouns	וְ⁠יַ֖עַל…וְ⁠יֹאכַל֙	1		Here, the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	13	xqsz		מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	13	vee8		ר֥וּחַ קָדִים֙	1		The wind blew from east to west.
EXO	10	13	syz2	grammar-collectivenouns	הָ⁠אַרְבֶּֽה	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	14	kuuu	grammar-collectivenouns	הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֗ה…אַרְבֶּה֙	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	15	b3h5	grammar-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס…וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל	1	so that it was darkened	Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	15	xszc		וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָ⁠אָרֶץ֮	1		See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md).
EXO	10	15	ill1	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־פְּרִ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹתִ֖יר הַ⁠בָּרָ֑ד וְ⁠לֹא־נוֹתַ֨ר כָּל־יֶ֧רֶק בָּ⁠עֵ֛ץ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		These parallel statements reinforce one another. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	10	16	ty9f	figs-youdual	אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, **you** and **your** are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	17	tsve		שָׂ֣א	1		Alternate translation: “take away”
EXO	10	17	ttog		אַ֣ךְ הַ⁠פַּ֔עַם…רַ֖ק	1		Pharaoh could either be desperate and using **just this once … only** to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted, or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in [10:10](../10/10.md)). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way of making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request.
EXO	10	17	kd6d	figs-youdual	אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	this time	Here, **your** is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	17	doeg	figs-metonymy	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1		The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people, because there would be no crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	17	nn2b	figs-explicit	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	take this death away from me	The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there would be no crops. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	18	p9hz		וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א	1		Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:16](../10/16.md), so some translations will need to say that they both left.
EXO	10	19	xhsv		רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד	1		Alternate translation: “a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west”
EXO	10	19	mdp5		וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא֙ אֶת־הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	picked up the locusts	Alternate translation: “and it moved the locust upward”
EXO	10	19	zhcu	grammar-collectivenouns	הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה…אַרְבֶּ֣ה	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	19	q8aj	grammar-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יִּתְקָעֵ֖⁠הוּ	1		Here, the first **it** refers to the wind; the second **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	20	dw1d	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	21	x6xk	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	10	21	utyz		יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	21	m38s	figs-metaphor	מִצְרָ֑יִם וְ⁠יָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ	1	darkness that may be felt	This is a somewhat puzzling construction which describes the darkness. Most English translations take it as a passive, which restated actively means, “people will feel the darkness,” meaning metaphorically what is expressed in different ways in the UST and the alternate translation here. Another option is to view the Hebrew verb form as causative and translate as such: “and the darkness will cause people to feel,” meaning people will have to feel where they are going because they will not be able to see. A final option would be a personification of darkness such that the darkness gropes around, filling in every place in the land. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Egypt, an extremely oppressive darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	22	z4ge		יָד֖⁠וֹ	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	22	vbzj	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת	1		Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	10	23	jmd8	figs-metonymy	לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗י⁠ו	1		This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their **brother**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	23	o572	figs-gendernotations	אִ֣ישׁ…אִ֥ישׁ	1		Here, **man** refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	10	23	qstu	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת	1		Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	10	24	vp7b	figs-youdual	לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ…צֹאנְ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠בְקַרְ⁠כֶ֖ם…טַפְּ⁠כֶ֖ם…עִמָּ⁠כֶֽם	1		Every instance of **you** and **your**, as well as the imperative verb forms in this verse, are plural. They refer to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	25	rsr4	figs-metonymy	גַּם־אַתָּ֛ה תִּתֵּ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1		The construction here is difficult. Based on context, Moses is probably not saying that Pharaoh needs to provide his own animals to the Israelites. He is asking Pharaoh to let the Israelites take their own animals with them. **Give in our hands** means to take with them, by whatever means, which may include holding a rope in the hand to lead the animals or any other means of herding the animals. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	25	cj78	figs-metonymy	זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1		Here, **sacrifices and burnt offerings** refers to the animals of their flocks and herds that they must take. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “animals for sacrifices and burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	25	bjy0		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **do** means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God”
EXO	10	25	ixo7	figs-exclusive	בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ…וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ…אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	26	k0pi	figs-exclusive	מִקְנֵ֜⁠נוּ…עִמָּ֗⁠נוּ…נִקַּ֔ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ…נֵדַ֗ע…נַּעֲבֹד֙…בֹּאֵ֖⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we, our,** and **us** each refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	26	ys4v	figs-activepassive	לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	26	v9uc	figs-synecdoche	פַּרְסָ֔ה	1	a hoof	Here the word **hoof** refers to the entire animal. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	10	26	uiom		שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1		The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (see [3:1](../03/01.md), especially [3:12](../03/12.md), and [4:27](../04/27.md)), which would take three days of travel to reach (see [3:18](../03/18.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md)).
EXO	10	27	n588	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	27	mv8t		וְ⁠לֹ֥א אָבָ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלְּחָֽ⁠ם	1	he would not let them go	Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh would not consent to let them go”
EXO	10	28	di6g	figs-rpronouns	הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗	1		Here, the listener, Moses, is both the subject and object of the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	10	28	eza9	figs-idiom	הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗	1		This is an idiom. Pharaoh is not telling Moses literally to keep looking at himself. Alternate translation: “Be careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	10	28	lcz2	figs-explicit	תָּמֽוּת	1	Be careful about one thing	Pharaoh means he will have Moses killed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	28	te45	figs-synecdoche	פָּנַ֔⁠י…פָנַ֖⁠י	1	you see my face	Here, **face** refers to the whole person. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	10	29	h1jf	figs-idiom	כֵּ֣ן דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ	1	You yourself have spoken	With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: “What you have said is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	10	29	rg18	figs-synecdoche	פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		Here, **face** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	11	intro	pu3u			0		# Exodus 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting\r<br><br>Chapter 11 is a transition point in the book. The previous nine plagues (in their three sequences of three) have come to an end and the last plague, the death of the firstborn, is about to occur, along with the Passover and the Exodus itself. It is difficult to know if the events in chapter 11 all are recorded in the order in which they happened. For translation, you should follow the order of the text if it will not confuse your readers.<br><br>It may be helpful to think that after the end of chapter 10, Yahweh spoke to Moses immediately, before he actually left Pharaoh’s presence (v. [1](../11/01.md)-[2](../11/02.md)). [Verse 3](../11/03.md) is a comment suggesting that the Egyptians will be willing to do as the Israelites are told to ask them to do in [v. 2](../11/02.md). In verses [4](../11/04.md)-[7](../11/07.md) Moses gives Pharaoh and his officials a message from Yahweh that Yahweh is giving to Moses right at that moment. At the end of [v. 8](../11/08.md) Moses leaves Pharaoh’s presence (completing the interaction from the [end of ch. 10](../10/28.md)). [Verse 9](../11/09.md) may either be Yahweh telling Moses what is going to happen, or it could be part of the summary that occurs in [v. 10](../11/10.md). Verse 10 summarizes what has happened in chs. 5-10 (especially the plagues in chs. 7-10) in preparation for the great last plague.
EXO	11	1	hrom	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:2](../11/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	1	eqeb	grammar-connect-time-sequential	כְּ⁠שַׁ֨לְּח֔⁠וֹ…יְגָרֵ֥שׁ	1		These verbs (**lets go** and **drive away**) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	11	1	iocd		כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ	1		The wording here is very forceful. Use strong words, forms, or phrasing when you are translating.
EXO	11	1	i87h	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	he will let you go from here	Each occurrence of the word **you** in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	11	2	t14c		נָ֖א	1		Here, **now** conveys urgency, indicating that Moses should speak soon, without delaying for other things. If you have a way of giving a command that shows that it is important for someone to do it quickly, it would be better to translate in that way than in a way that means “now” in a time sense (versus earlier or later).
EXO	11	2	nlsk		בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1		Alternate translation: “so the people hear you” or “when all the people are listening”
EXO	11	2	jl6w		כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1		These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry.
EXO	11	2	ddej		וְ⁠יִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔⁠הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1		[Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions; see how you translated there.
EXO	11	3	x83s	figs-aside	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם׀ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1		In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	11	3	hng9	figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under God’s judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	3	orq6	figs-idiom	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	3	s5zy		וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		[Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there.
EXO	11	4	kpb5		כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	midnight	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	11	5	hv8k		בְּכוֹר֮…מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר	1	All the firstborn … the firstborn of Pharaoh … the firstborn of the slave girl … the firstborn of the cattle	The “firstborn” always refers to the oldest male offspring.
EXO	11	5	k42h	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	who sits on his throne	This is a merism. First, two extremes are mentioned: the highest of society (**Pharaoh, who sits on his throne**) and the lowest (**the slave girl who is behind the mill**). Then the animals (**beasts**) are added making it a three-item list of parts of society and even the economy to show the totality of the coming judgment. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	11	5	hr1x		אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם	1	who is behind the handmill grinding it	Alternate translation: “who is grinding at the handmill” or “who is behind the handmill grinding grain”
EXO	11	6	hui7	figs-merism	אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְ⁠כָמֹ֖⁠הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף	1		This phrase uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	11	7	b60a	figs-idiom	לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ…לְשֹׁנ֔⁠וֹ	1		This means to make an unfriendly noise. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will not growl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	7	t61i	figs-youdual	תֵּֽדְע֔וּ⁠ן	1		Here, **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	11	7	fl78		אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:4](../09/04.md).
EXO	11	8	hoft	translate-symaction	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1		This does not mean to bow for worshiping. **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	11	8	l678	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1		**They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If this action would not mean the same thing in your culture, you may need to make the reason they are bowing explicit. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to me to beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	11	8	njx8	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠רַגְלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		Here, the people are figuratively pictured as below Moses, which means they are his followers. The reference to **feet** also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	11	8	ria5	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א	1	After that I will go out	This means that Moses and the Israelites will leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “After that I will leave here” or “After that I will go out from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	11	8	milu	figs-idiom	בָּ⁠חֳרִי־אָֽף	1		This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	10	h5g7	writing-endofstory	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּפְתִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9 - see the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
EXO	11	10	um4u	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	intro	fd2f			0		# Exodus 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br>1. Instruction v. 1-28<br>   * v. 1-20: Yahweh gives instructions<br>        * v. 1-11: how to eat this Passover<br>        * v. 12-13: description of the plague<br>        * v. 14-20: directions for future celebration of Passover<br>    * v. 21-28: Moses repeats Yahweh’s instructions to Israelites<br>2. Narrative v. 29-42: Passover and Exodus<br>3. Instruction v. 43-49: which foreigners may eat Passover<br>4. Summary Narrative v. 50-51<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Unleavened bread<br><br>The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])<br><br>### Ethnic segregation<br><br>The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues:<br><br>### Passover<br><br>### Pronoun usage<br><br>In the long quotation (verses 3-20) that Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron to convey to the Israelites, he speaks of them in the third person (“they must”) in [verses 3](../12/03.md)–4 and [verses 7](../12/07.md)–8 and to them in the second person (“you must”) for all the rest of the instruction. Some languages may need to keep the pronoun person consistent throughout the quotation.<br><br>### You plural<br><br>In this chapter, almost every occurrence of “you” or “your” is plural. Each one refers to all the Israelites. Those that are not will be marked. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form throughout unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	2	z785	figs-quotemarks	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים	1	For you, this month will be the start of months, the first month of the year to you	The start of this verse is the beginning of a direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 20](../12/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	12	2	gtgb	figs-parallelism	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1		These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	12	2	uy4w	translate-hebrewmonths	רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	the first month of the year	The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	3	lv6s	figs-youdual	דַּבְּר֗וּ	1		The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	3	jjw0		וְ⁠יִקְח֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְ⁠בֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1		This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household”
EXO	12	3	d1f5		שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1		Alternate translation: “one lamb per house”
EXO	12	3	qzct		שֶׂ֥ה…שֶׂ֥ה	1		The word **lamb** literally means “of the flock,” and it could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses **lamb** (a young sheep), because [verse 5](../12/05.md) specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as either sheep or goat, whichever would be most familiar.
EXO	12	4	xzn3	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אִם־יִמְעַ֣ט הַ⁠בַּיִת֮ מִ⁠הְיֹ֣ת מִ⁠שֶּׂה֒	1	If the household is too small for a lamb	This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	4	o258		וּ⁠שְׁכֵנ֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠קָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠מִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת	1		The phrase **by the number of people** helps to clarify which sort of **neighbor near to his house** the Israelite should choose. They should count their own household and another household and try to have a group that is the right number to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor who lives near him and whose family is the right size to share a lamb with”
EXO	12	4	fu2g	figs-gendernotations	אִ֚ישׁ	1	the man and his next door neighbor	Here **man** refers to each person, whether man, woman, or child. Alternate translation: “each family member” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	6	lz76		בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם	1	twilight	This refers to the time of evening after the sun has set but while there is still some light.
EXO	12	7	cjt7		עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַ⁠בָּ֣תִּ֔ים	1	on the two side doorposts and on the tops of the doorframes of the houses	Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” or “on the top and sides of the frame around the door into the house”
EXO	12	8	uxn6		מְרֹרִ֖ים	1	bitter herbs	These are edible but strong-tasting leaves, seeds, and other parts of plants.
EXO	12	9	ny3a		אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨⁠נּוּ֙ נָ֔א	1	Do not eat it raw	Alternate translation: “Do not eat the lamb or goat uncooked”
EXO	12	11	ks7d		חֲגֻרִ֔ים	1	belt	Here, **belts** are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist.
EXO	12	11	nzw2		וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠חִפָּז֔וֹן	1	eat it hurriedly	Alternate translation: “And you must eat it quickly”
EXO	12	11	r789	figs-explicit	פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	It is Yahweh’s Passover	**It** refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	12	sa5n	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1	I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	12	13	tywz	figs-abstractnouns	לְ⁠מַשְׁחִ֔ית	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	12	13	bnoe	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָ⁠כֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	13	ox3l	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	12	14	fa9q		וְ⁠הָיָה֩ הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1		Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application.
EXO	12	14	usns	translate-hebrewmonths	הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1		Here, **this day** means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	15	xsb9		אַ֚ךְ	1		Alternate translation: “Surely” or “Indeed”
EXO	12	15	i9n3	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	that person must be cut off from Israel	The metaphor **cut off** could mean: (1) the person must leave. Alternate translation: “he must be sent away” (2) the person is no longer an Israelite. Alternate translation: “he will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” (3) the person must die. Alternate translation: “he must be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	15	enw3	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		As noted in the previous note, the metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	15	eqzu	grammar-collectivenouns	מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		**Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	12	16	bzj6	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	an assembly that is set apart to me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	16	cb1r	figs-abstractnouns	מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ…מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	an assembly that is set apart to me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	12	16	o3oh	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙…וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1		If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	16	l7pj	figs-activepassive	כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	No work will be done on these days	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	16	qr65	figs-activepassive	ה֥וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֖⁠וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	That must be the only work that may be done by you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which must be the only work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	17	r3qj	translate-unknown	צִבְאוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	armed group by armed group	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	12	18	v7g9	translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1		If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen … until day twenty-one of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	18	l57q	translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1		If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	18	m475	translate-hebrewmonths	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	the fourteenth day in the first month	This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	18	uss3	translate-hebrewmonths	י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	the twenty-first day of the month	This is near the middle of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	19	aej1	figs-activepassive	שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּ⁠בָתֵּי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	no yeast must be found in your houses	This means there should not be any yeast in their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Note that the UST more accurately conveys the meaning here, as the alternate translation in this note could be understood to mean that you must simply hide the yeast very well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh must not find any yeast in your houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	19	vy72	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	must be cut off from the community of Israel	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	19	cwvs	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	21	y9qt	writing-newevent		0	summoned	A new scene begins at this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	12	22	qwv1	translate-unknown	אֲגֻדַּ֣ת אֵז֗וֹב	1	hyssop	**Hyssop** is a woody plant with small leaves that can be used for sprinkling liquids by dipping the leaves in the liquid and then shaking them or brushing them over the target. If this plant is unknown, you can use a descriptor phrase. Alternate translation: “part of a plant with small branches and many leaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	12	22	c1cf		אֶל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁקוֹף֙ וְ⁠אֶל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֔ת	1	the top of the doorframe and the two doorposts	Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
EXO	12	22	vdlj	figs-gendernotations	לֹ֥א…אִ֥ישׁ	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	23	uu61	figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פָסַ֤ח יְהוָה֙ עַל־הַ⁠פֶּ֔תַח	1	pass over your door	Here the word **door** implies the entire house. This means that God will spare the Israelites in houses with blood on the door frames. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will pass over the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	12	23	onpu		עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְ⁠עַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֑ת	1		Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
EXO	12	24	v7z5		הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	this event	These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
EXO	12	24	bzm0	figs-youcrowd	לְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **you** and **your** are singular but they refer to the whole nation. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	24	ch73	figs-gendernotations	וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **sons** includes everyone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	25	l8ls		הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	this act of worship	Here, **this service** refers to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
EXO	12	26	hbh4	figs-gendernotations	בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1		Here, **your sons** refers to all children, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	26	odj0	figs-quotesinquotes	אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם…מָ֛ה הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ⁠כֶֽם	1		After **you**, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	12	27	t779	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אֶת־בָּתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ הִצִּ֑יל	1	He set our households free	This means that Yahweh spared the Israelites’ firstborn sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He did not kill the firstborn sons in our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	28	r5cj		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ	1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron	Alternate translation: “everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do”
EXO	12	29	rvg9			0		The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with **and so it happened,** which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: **firstborn** is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. **Night** is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31. **Got up/get up** is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both **Pharaoh** and **the captive** are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up; note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point.
EXO	12	29	zm1l	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	at midnight	This phrase indicates that there was no person or household excluded from Yahweh’s judgment. It both speaks of extreme parts of society and then makes this into a list by including the animals. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on the throne and the firstborn of the captive who was in the house of the pit and the firstborn of everyone in between was struck; even all the firstborn of the beasts were struck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	12	29	uj6u		בְּכוֹר֮…מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר	1	all the firstborn in the land of Egypt…all the firstborn of cattle	In these usages, **firstborn** always refers to the oldest male offspring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 11:5](../11/05.md).
EXO	12	29	g9z1		עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר	1	the firstborn of the person in prison	Alternate translation: “to the firstborn of people in the house of the pit” This refers to prisoners in general and not to a specific person in prison.
EXO	12	30	gt4w	figs-doublenegatives	כִּֽי־אֵ֣ין בַּ֔יִת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מֵֽת׃	1	for there was not a house where there was not someone dead	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “because someone was dead in every house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	12	31	j8k5	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם…כְּ⁠דַבֶּרְ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	33	j5u4	figs-explicit	כֻּלָּ֥⁠נוּ מֵתִֽים	1	We will all die	The Egyptians were afraid that they would die if the Israelites did not leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “We will all die if you do not leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	34	diw8	figs-activepassive	מִשְׁאֲרֹתָ֛⁠ם צְרֻרֹ֥ת בְּ⁠שִׂמְלֹתָ֖⁠ם עַל־שִׁכְמָֽ⁠ם	1	Their kneading bowls were already tied up in their clothes and on their shoulders	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They tied up their bread-making bowls in their clothes and placed them on their shoulders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	36	nvmo	figs-idiom	אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֛ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	12	37	n1ha	translate-names	מֵ⁠רַעְמְסֵ֖ס	1	Rameses	**Rameses** was a major Egyptian city where grain was stored. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	12	37	u81l	translate-numbers	כְּ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֨וֹת אֶ֧לֶף	1	They numbered about 600,000 men	Alternate translation: “about six hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	39	pva6	figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֗יִם	1	they had been driven out of Egypt	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because the Egyptians had driven them out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	40	qsi5	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	430 years	Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	41	d8yh	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	430 years	Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	41	xlf4	translate-unknown	צִבְא֥וֹת	1	Yahweh’s armed groups	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	12	42	w6mj		לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה שִׁמֻּרִ֛ים לְ⁠כָל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	all the Israelites throughout their people’s generations	Alternate translation: “for all the sons of Israel throughout their generations to observe for Yahweh”
EXO	12	44	n9wn		וְ⁠כָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ	1	every Israelite’s slave	Alternate translation: “But any slave of an Israelite”
EXO	12	44	qabi	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔⁠וֹ אָ֖ז	1		This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	12	44	jqs8	figs-yousingular	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה	1		Here **you** is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	12	46	j242	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠בַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל	1	The food must be eaten in one house	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat it in one house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	46	iovj	figs-youcrowd	לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא	1		Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	48	j7ob	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וְ⁠כִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְ⁠עָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַ⁠יהוָה֒	1		This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner; the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	12	48	va2p	figs-youcrowd	אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜	1		Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	48	h7k9	figs-activepassive	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר	1	all his male relatives must be circumcised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone must circumcise all males in his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	48	n3fz	grammar-connect-logic-goal	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְ⁠אָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠עֲשֹׂת֔⁠וֹ	1		The sojourner will be circumcised in order to **draw near to keep** the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	12	48	hi4z	figs-metonymy	כְּ⁠אֶזְרַ֣ח הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	the people who were born in the land	Here, **land** refers to Canaan—which is the land that the Israelites will soon live in. The expression **a native of the land** means a person who is a native Israelite. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “those who are Israelites by birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	12	48	f9ti	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠כָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	no uncircumcised person may eat	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	12	51	e3z3		וַ⁠יְהִ֕י בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶם הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	12	51	tyj3	translate-unknown	צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	by their armed groups	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	13	intro	g9qi			0		# Exodus 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instruction <br>    - v. 1-2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn  <br>    - v. 3-10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14-20](../12/14.md) and [24-27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites  <br>    - v. 11-13: More details on setting apart the firstborn  <br>    - v. 14-16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations<br>2. Narrative  <br>    - v. 17-22: Some details of the exodus<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>* There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>* There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.<br>* Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.<br>* It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and cloud that lead the Israelites.
EXO	13	2	de3u	figs-quotemarks	קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨⁠י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖⁠י הֽוּא	1	Set apart to me…every firstborn male	This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	13	3	en1s	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים	1	the house of slavery	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	3	yjy5	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1	Yahweh’s strong hand	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	3	c6ee	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל חָמֵֽץ	1	No bread with yeast may be eaten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	4	y1f3	translate-hebrewmonths	הָ⁠אָבִֽיב	1	the month of Aviv	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	13	5	x89s		וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה כִֽי־יְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֡ה אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ…וְ⁠עָבַדְתָּ֛ אֶת־הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את בַּ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	you must observe this act of worship	When the Israelites live in Canaan, they must celebrate the Passover on this day each year. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:25](../12/25.md).
EXO	13	5	u37l	figs-metonymy	לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	5	ueej		אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		The same description occurs in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it.
EXO	13	6	vwy9	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֥ת	1	For seven days	Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	13	6	mde6	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1		If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	13	7	n41m	figs-activepassive	מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל	1	Bread without yeast must be eaten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat unleavened bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	zm8p	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1		Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	13	7	le33	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְ⁠ךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ	1	no bread with yeast may be seen among you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you may not have any bread with yeast among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	c9kr	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר	1	No yeast may be seen with you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You may not have any yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	dmv1		בְּ⁠כָל־גְּבֻלֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	within any of your borders	Alternate translation: “inside any of the borders of your land”
EXO	13	8	qum9	figs-quotesinquotes	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר זֶ֗ה עָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠צֵאתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	On that day you are to say to your children, ‘This is because of what Yahweh did for me when I came out of Egypt.’	The quotation can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “on that day that this is because of what Yahweh did for you when you came out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	13	9	p21h	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This will be a reminder for you on your hand, and a reminder on your forehead	This phrase compares the Festival of Unleavened bread to two different types of physical reminders that help people not forget something important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	13	9	s7zg	figs-metaphor	לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗	1	a reminder for you on your hand	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie around their hands to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your hand as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	9	mru4	figs-metaphor	וּ⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	a reminder on your forehead	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie on their foreheads to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and like something you tie around your head as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	9	b6ny	figs-metonymy	לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠פִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	so the law of Yahweh may be in your mouth	Here, **in your mouth** refers to the words that they speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “so you may always be speaking of the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	9	w5rm	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	strong hand	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	10	rxel	figs-merism	מִ⁠יָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָ⁠ה	1		Alternate translation: “for all time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	13	11	e886	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠לַֽ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	11	iqh5		וּ⁠נְתָנָ֖⁠הּ לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	when he gives the land to you	Alternate translation: “when he gives the land of the Canaanites to you”
EXO	13	12	mqgs		וְ⁠הַעֲבַרְתָּ֥	1		This is a deliberate word-play with [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) and [Exodus 12:23](../12/23.md) because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine.
EXO	13	13	lwv5	figs-explicit	בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה…וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Every firstborn of a donkey	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make explicit that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	13	13	ew26		לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה	1		Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
EXO	13	14	s8cm	figs-quotesinquotes	כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְ⁠ךָ֥ בִנְ⁠ךָ֛ מָחָ֖ר לֵ⁠אמֹ֣ר מַה־זֹּ֑את וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	When your son asks you later, ‘What does this mean?’ then you are to tell him	The first quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when your son asks you later what this means, then you are to tell him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	13	14	qr7q	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֗ד	1	strong hand	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “With his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	14	rcz7	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	the house of slavery	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	15	fgvg	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְ⁠שַׁלְּחֵ⁠נוּ֒	1		If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were **hard.** Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	15	atxz	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague, nothing was exempt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	13	16	bse4	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה לְ⁠אוֹת֙ עַל־יָ֣דְ⁠כָ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠טוֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	become a reminder on your hands, and a reminder on your forehead	This expresses two ways to remember the importance of the Passover event. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 13:9](../13/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	13	16	xfag	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1		Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “with his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	17	uxjh	writing-background		0		Verses 17-19 provide background information about the Israelites process of leaving Egypt. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	13	17	cv8n	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1		This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	13	17	pum6	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠לֹא־נָחָ֣⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא	1		The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	13	17	upop	figs-hypo	פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָ⁠עָ֛ם בִּ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְ⁠שָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1		In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	13	18	c4tw		וַ⁠חֲמֻשִׁ֛ים	1		The meaning of this term (**by fives**) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle,” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army”
EXO	13	19	cxyk		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Joseph’s bones.
EXO	13	19	dnlp		פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛⁠י מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1		This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this.
EXO	13	20	qob9		מִ⁠סֻּכֹּ֑ת וַ⁠יַּחֲנ֣וּ בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1		Alternate translation: “from a place named Succoth, and they camped at a place named Etham”
EXO	13	20	xq5d	translate-names	בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1	camped at Etham	**Etham** was possibly located south of the route heading toward the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	13	21	yi2p	figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֨ם	1		Here, **before their faces** means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	21	jnv8		בְּ⁠עַמּ֤וּד עָנָן֙…בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ	1	pillar of cloud…pillar of fire	The possessive here indicates characteristic. The **cloud** and **fire** looked like a **pillar**. Alternate translation: “in a cloud that looked like a pillar … in a fire that looked like a pillar” or “in a pillar-shaped cloud … in a pillar-shaped fire”
EXO	13	21	nr02		לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם	1		Alternate translation: “to be light for them”
EXO	13	21	i7yl	grammar-connect-logic-result	אֵ֖שׁ לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם לָ⁠לֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה	1		They could travel either by day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	13	22	iiuj		עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְ⁠עַמּ֥וּד הָ⁠אֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה	1		See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
EXO	13	22	qxks	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Here, **from the face of the people** means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	intro	jq4u			0		# Exodus 14 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This whole chapter is the record of an important event in the history of Israel known as the “parting of the sea of reeds (Red Sea).”<br>Throughout this chapter and chapter 15, the word “sea” is used. Exodus 13:18 and 15:22 show that this is the sea of reeds (Red Sea). Since the text does not explicitly say that though, the ULT will only say “sea.” In your translation, it may help people to be more specific than the text if just using “sea” is confusing.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s chariots<br><br>These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
EXO	14	2	b5qq	figs-quotemarks	דַּבֵּר֮	1		This verse begins a direct quote which continues into [verse 4](../13/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	2	mb4e	translate-names	פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת…מִגְדֹּ֖ל…בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1	Pi Hahiroth…Migdol…Baal Zephon	These are locations on Egypt’s eastern border. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	14	2	ue2o	figs-quotations	בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְ⁠יַחֲנוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠יָּ֑ם לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1		The portion after **that** could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	2	c9r8	figs-youdual	תַחֲנ֖וּ	1	You are to camp	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	14	3	c81b	figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	Pharaoh will say about the Israelites, ‘They are wandering in the land. The wilderness has closed in on them.’	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh will say that the Israelites are confused in the land, and the wilderness has closed in on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	3	tz6j	figs-personification	סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	The wilderness has closed in on them	Pharaoh speaks of **the wilderness** as a person who has trapped the Israelites. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “It is as if the wilderness is closing in on them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	14	4	dv62	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠חִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮	1	I will harden Pharaoh’s heart	This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	4	tw2m		וְ⁠רָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֒	1	he will pursue them	Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh will pursue the Israelites”
EXO	14	4	d5x1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה	1	I will get honor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	4	a7m2	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ	1		Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	4	dms1	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן	1	So the Israelites camped as they were instructed	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what **they did** explicitly. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites turned and camped as Yahweh had instructed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	14	5	t4cn	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּד֙ לְ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	When the king of Egypt was told	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then someone told the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	5	it5s		בָרַ֖ח	1	had fled	Alternate translation: “had run away”
EXO	14	5	k67b	figs-metonymy	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	the minds of Pharaoh and his servants turned against the people	Here, **heart** refers to their attitudes toward the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants changed their attitude about the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	5	go8u	figs-activepassive	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	5	wljw		אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1		Alternate translation: “against the Israelites”
EXO	14	5	v236	figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠עָבְדֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	What have we done? We have released Israel from serving us.	They asked this question to show they thought they had done a foolish thing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We should not have let the Israelites go free from working for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	5	dnj3	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	7	ry11	translate-numbers	שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת	1	He took six hundred chosen chariots	Alternate translation: “six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	14	7	g2d9		וְ⁠שָׁלִשִׁ֖ם	1		The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men”
EXO	14	8	a1r1	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “And Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	8	doa5		בְּ⁠יָ֥ד רָמָֽה	1		Alternate translation: “boldly” or “defiantly”
EXO	14	9	x9x0		כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠פָרָשָׁ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֵיל֑⁠וֹ	1		It is unclear exactly what the groupings are here. **Horses of the chariots** (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and **horsemen** could be two groups or two references to the same group. **Army** could mean another group, perhaps on foot (see [15:19](../15/19.md)), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render **horses of the chariots** as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of [v. 23](../14/23.md)). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his foot soldiers”
EXO	14	9	q0jo	writing-pronouns	אוֹתָ⁠ם֙	1		Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	14	9	sb7x	translate-names	פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת…בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן	1	Pi Hahiroth…Baal Zephon	These are places on Egypt’s eastern border. See how you translated them in [Exodus 14:2](../14/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	14	10	s1xa	figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב	1	When Pharaoh came close	Here, **Pharaoh** represents the entire Egyptian army. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh and his army approached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	14	10	vyp9		וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֜ם	1		Alternate translation: “and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back”
EXO	14	10	qcy1		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	they were terrified	Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to alarming information that follows. Use a word, phrase, or structure in your language that indicates that the next information is very alarming.
EXO	14	11	vzw5	figs-rquestion	הַֽ⁠מִ⁠בְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖⁠נוּ לָ⁠מ֣וּת בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר	1	Is it because there were no graves in Egypt, that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness?	The Israelites ask this question to express their frustration and fear of dying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There were plenty of graveyards in Egypt for us to be buried in. You did not have to take us into the wilderness to die!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	11	x4n2	figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠הוֹצִיאָ֖⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	Why have you treated us like this, bringing us out of Egypt?	The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have endangered us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	12	itb2	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹא־זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤י⁠ךָ בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙	1	Is this not what we told you in Egypt?	The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	12	ix25	figs-quotations	בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ וְ⁠נַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	We said to you, ‘Leave us alone, so we can work for the Egyptians.’	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the portion following **saying** as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could serve the Egyptians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	13	phy1	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠רְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	14	13	rrd4		לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם	1	provide for you	This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever”
EXO	14	14	vcdc	figs-rpronouns	יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם	1		The form **Yahweh himself** emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	14	14	hx1f		תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּ⁠ן	1		Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight”
EXO	14	15	a727	figs-rquestion	מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Why are you, Moses, continuing to call out to me?	Moses apparently had been praying to God for help, so God uses this question to compel Moses to act. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not call out to me any longer, Moses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	16	stla		הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠נְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֛	1	divide it in two	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding **hand** and **staff**.
EXO	14	16	t3e4		וּ⁠בְקָעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	divide it in two	Alternate translation: “and divide the sea into two parts”
EXO	14	17	z5ub		וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י הִנְ⁠נִ֤י	1	Be aware	Here, **behold me** is an expression meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Yahweh is drawing attention to his next actions. Alternate translation: “Look at what I will do”
EXO	14	17	qd3l	figs-metaphor	מְחַזֵּק֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	I will harden the Egyptians’ hearts	This means that God will make them stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause the Egyptians to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	17	asz9		וְ⁠יָבֹ֖אוּ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	so they will go after them	Alternate translation: “so that the Egyptians will go into the sea after the Israelites”
EXO	14	17	hjyh	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	so they will go after them	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	17	asfq	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה	1	so they will go after them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	18	ytnm	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י	1	so they will go after them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	18	cji1	figs-ellipsis	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י בְּ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	so they will go after them	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	19	hsih	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה…מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	so they will go after them	Here, **face** means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	19	m1do		עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙	1	so they will go after them	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
EXO	14	19	ysv9	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	so they will go after them	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	20	jyz2	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	so one side did not come near the other	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	20	c4u5		וַ⁠יְהִ֤י הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ וַ⁠יָּ֖אֶר אֶת־הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	so one side did not come near the other	Alternate translation: “And the cloud became dark on one side and light on the other side all night”
EXO	14	21	qbzp		וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָד⁠וֹ֮ עַל־הַ⁠יָּם֒	1	east wind	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	21	dfx5		בְּ⁠ר֨וּחַ קָדִ֤ים	1	east wind	An **east wind** originates in the east and blows towards the west.
EXO	14	21	f9zh	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּבָּקְע֖וּ הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	the waters were divided	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh divided the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	24	iz9t	translate-unknown	בְּ⁠אַשְׁמֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠בֹּ֔קֶר	1	He caused panic among the Egyptians	This is the last third of the night. It is approximately the three hours before sunrise. Alternate translation: “very early in the morning” or “in the time before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	14	24	kjg9		בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ וְ⁠עָנָ֑ן	1	He caused panic among the Egyptians	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
EXO	14	24	zyp4		מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם…מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	He caused panic among the Egyptians	Alternate translation: “the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians”
EXO	14	25	qzkw	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Their chariot wheels were clogged	Here, **the face of Israel** means the presence of Israel. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	26	p5ds	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו׃	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to reach out with his hand over the sea so that the waters would come back onto the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	26	pw8g		נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	26	d46y	writing-pronouns	עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	Here, **his** refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots and on Pharaoh’s horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	14	27	wn3q		וַ⁠יֵּט֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה אֶת־יָד֜⁠וֹ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֗ם	1	The Egyptians fled into the sea	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	27	cosa	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙	1	The Egyptians fled into the sea	Here, **before the face of** means “before the occurrence of.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “before it was morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	27	h64r	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְנַעֵ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Yahweh drove the Egyptians	Here, Yahweh is pictured as acting toward the Egyptians as if they were dirt or dust on his clothing that he shakes to be rid of them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh threw the Egyptians back into the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	28	o9qo	figs-litotes	לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד	1	Yahweh drove the Egyptians	This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	14	30	zvbe	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	out of the hand of the Egyptians	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	30	e2lf	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	out of the hand of the Egyptians	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the Egyptians’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	30	p5zw		עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	on the seashore	Alternate translation: “on the land along the edge of the sea”
EXO	14	31	o1oc	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	on the seashore	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	31	np6s	figs-metonymy	אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֣ד הַ⁠גְּדֹלָ֗ה	1	on the seashore	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	intro	ni4b			0		# Exodus 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>Verses 1b-18 and 21b of chapter 15 are poetry. They are a song of praise to Yahweh because he defeated and destroyed the Egyptian army ([Exodus 14:26-28](../14/26.md)). Translating poetry should be done by someone who is a skilled poet in the target language. Because the forms of poetry are so different in different languages, a translation that is good poetry in the target language may seem very different from the original poem. The structure may look quite different. The poet will be well served by looking at the entire poem from multiple perspectives. He will need to know the meaning of the poem, the themes and discourse structure of the poem, and the feelings that the poem is supposed to create in the reader at each point (UST, tNotes). He will need to understand how that was accomplished by the original form and structure (ULT). Then he will need to compose the translated poem using forms and structures that have the same or similar meaning, themes, discourse elements, and feelings in his own language. Unlike in many other places, most notes in this chapter will not advise towards expressing meaning in non-figurative ways or combining parallel phrases as that advice would be too simplistic for handling poetry.<br><br>### Structure<br><br>This song follows a basic AB structure which is given to us in verse 1b-c and 21b-c:<br><br>* A - praise to Yahweh - he is magnificent (expressed in various words)<br>* B - because he defeats our enemies<br><br>The song can be divided into three major sections, each of which is patterned as: AB(a)b. Each section starts with an AB portion which is characterized by fewer verbal forms (especially the A portion). The section then elaborates on each. Note that there are other possible analyses of the structure of the poem.<br><br>Here is an outline of the structure according to this model:<br><br>* Section 1 (see alternate breakdown below):<br>* 1b: A “Let me sing to Yahweh, for he has triumphantly triumphed;”<br>* 1c: B “the horse and the one riding it he threw into the sea.”<br>* 2-3: a<br>* 4-5: b<br>* Section 2:<br>* 6a: A<br>* 6b: B<br>* 7a: a “And in the abundance of your majesty”<br>* 7a-10: b “you overthrow those who rise up against you … ”<br>* Section 3:<br>* 11: A<br>* 12: B<br>* 13a: a (possibly) “In your covenant loyalty”<br>* 13a-17: b<br>* 18: finale<br><br>Alternate breakdown of section 1: it is possible to view 1b-c as the introduction and divide verse 2 such that:<br><br>* 2a: A “Yah is my strength and my song”<br>* 2b: B “and he has become my salvation”<br>* 2c-3: a<br>* 4-5: b<br><br>### Themes:<br><br>There are several images and themes that are throughout the song as well as some that are throughout an individual section.<br><br>* “High” versus “low”: Yahweh is high, while his enemies are low.<br>* The following words are all related to the idea of being high or rising up: **triumph** ([v1](../15/01.md)), **exalt** ([v2](../15/02.md)), **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v11](../15/11.md)), **majesty** ([v7](../15/07.md)), and **the mountain of** \\[Yahweh’s\\] **possession** ([v17](../15/17.md)). In the last case, Yahweh’s people are brought to a high place with him.<br>* In contrast, his enemies are low. Note in [verse 7](../15/07.md), Yahweh overthrows those who **rise up against** \\[him\\]. Ideas of being low are as follows: **sank** ([v4](../15/04.md), [v10](../15/19.md)), **deeps** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **descended into the depths** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **melted away** ([v15](../15/15.md)), and **fall on them** ([v16](../15/16.md)).<br>* The strength of Yahweh in [verses 2](../15/02.md), [6](../15/06.md), and [13](../15/13.md).<br>* The effectiveness of Yahweh’s hand versus the enemy’s hand. Yahweh’s hand (and arm) is effective in [verses 6](../15/06.md), [12](../15/12.md), [16](../15/16.md), and [17](../15/17.md) but the enemy’s hand is ineffective despite his boasting in [verse 9](../15/09.md).<br>* There is parallel imagery near the end of each section. The enemy is compared three times by simile to a heavy, inert object. In [verses 5](../15/05.md) and [16](../15/16.md) that is a **stone**, in [verse 10](../15/10.md) that is **lead**.<br>* More parallel imagery occurs at the end of sections one ([v5](../15/05.md)) and two ([v10](../15/10.md)): that of the enemy sinking in the water and being covered by it.<br>* In sections two and three the water ([v8](../15/08.md)) and the other peoples ([v16](../15/16.md)) are made still by Yahweh.<br>* Section two begins and ends with **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v10](../15/10.md)) and that word is picked up in the beginning of section three ([v11](../15/11.md)).<br>* In section two ([v9](../15/09.md)), the enemies seek to **dispossess** (or disinherit) the Israelites; in section three ([v16](../15/16.md)), the Israelites come to live in the land of Yahweh’s **possession** (or inheritance).<br>* In [verse 11](../15/11.md), three themes for the third section are introduced. These are each expanded on in that section.<br>* **Holiness** occurs again in [verses 13](../15/13.md) and [16](../15/16.md)<br>* **Fear** is vividly described in [verses 14-16](../15/14.md) (shake, terror, panic, trembling, melted away, dread)<br>* Yahweh **does miracles** to protect and build a home for his people<br>* [Verses 14-16a](../15/14.md) are a chiasm, a complex parallel structure where concepts are repeated in reverse order:<br>* A: 14a: peoples (nations) *become* afraid<br>* B: 14b: *inhabitants* of Philistia are afraid<br>* C: 15a: *rulers* of Edom are afraid<br>* C’: 15b: *rulers* of Moab are afraid<br>* B’: 15c: *inhabitants* of Canaan are afraid<br>* A’: 16a: people *become* afraid<br>* In section three, there is another parallel structure:<br>* [v13](../15/13.md): you led this people => [v16](../15/16.md): your people pass by<br>* v13: this people you redeemed => v16: this people you acquired (or purchased or ransomed)<br>* v13: you led them to the home => [v17](../15/17.md): you will bring them … \\[to\\] the place … you made<br>* v13: of your holiness => v17: the Holy Place<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### The Israelite’s discontent<br><br>In [verse 24](../15/24.md) the word **murmur** is introduced for the first time. This is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers.<br><br>### Yahweh’s laws<br><br>In verses [24-26](../15/24.md), there is an introductory revelation of the requirement that Israel keep the covenant by obeying the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
EXO	15	1	kw29	figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	1	bpyj		גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	Alternate translation: “he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted”
EXO	15	1	f6ue	figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea	Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	1	cr5u	figs-genericnoun	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	the horse and its rider	This refers to many or all of the Egyptian horses and riders that were chasing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the horses and their riders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
EXO	15	1	ex3p		וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	rider	Here, **rider** could either refer to a person who sits on a horse or who travels in a chariot that a horse is pulling.
EXO	15	2	pb23	figs-metaphor	עָזִּ֤⁠י…יָ֔הּ	1	Yahweh is my strength	Moses is expressing the help that he gets from Yahweh by equating Yahweh with **strength**. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s strengthening help. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is the one who gives me strength” or “Yah is the strong one who protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	2	vk6l	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זִמְרָת֙ יָ֔הּ	1	song	Moses calls Yahweh his **song** because Yahweh is the one he sings about or because Yahweh causes him to sing. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh being a song of joy. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is … the one I sing about” or “Yah … makes me sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	2	kbv7	figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לִ֖⁠י לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָ֑ה	1	he has become my salvation	Moses calls Yahweh his salvation because Yahweh saved him. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s saving power. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and he has saved me” or “and he is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	2	rgtu	figs-parallelism	זֶ֤ה אֵלִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠אַנְוֵ֔⁠הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖⁠י וַ⁠אֲרֹמְמֶֽ⁠נְהוּ	1	he has become my salvation	These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language, you can translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	3	p1d5	figs-metaphor	יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה	1	Yahweh is a warrior	Moses calls Yahweh a **man of war** because he powerfully fought against the Egyptians and won. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	4	pc8d	figs-parallelism	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם וּ⁠מִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖י⁠ו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְ⁠יַם־סֽוּף	1	He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	4	p8w6	figs-metaphor	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea	Moses sings about Yahweh causing the sea to cover Pharaoh’s chariots and army as if Yahweh had thrown them **into the sea.** If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “He has made Pharaoh’s chariot riders and army drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	5	yefe	figs-parallelism	תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑⁠מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃	1	they went down into the depths like a stone	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them because they had descended into the depths like a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	5	nqe4	figs-simile	יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן	1	they went down into the depths like a stone	This comparison is that just ***like a stone*** does not float but sinks to the bottom of the sea, the enemy soldiers sank to the bottom of the sea. Alternate translation: “they went down into the deep water like a stone sinking to the bottom of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	6	jx52	figs-parallelism	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃	1	Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	6	x1fz	figs-metonymy	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power	Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious; Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful; Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	6	rmd4	figs-metaphor	תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	has shattered the enemy	Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be **shattered** like glass or pottery. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	i2x4	figs-parallelism	תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	those who rose up against you	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	7	kmv4	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	those who rose up against you	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	15	7	nd3t	figs-metaphor	קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	those who rose up against you	Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as **rising up against** him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	kst4		חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You sent out your wrath	Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury”
EXO	15	7	glq7	figs-personification	תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You sent out your wrath	Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally **heat**) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You act according to your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	7	a5x7	figs-metaphor	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ׃	1	it consumed them like stubble	Moses speaks of God’s wrath as if it were fire that could completely burn up things. His enemies were completely destroyed like **stubble** in a fire. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “it completely destroys your enemies like a fire that burns up straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	guap	figs-simile	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	By the blast of your nostrils	Here the enemies (or **those who rise up against** Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devours the enemy as if they were stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	8	ic8v	figs-personification	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	By the blast of your nostrils	Moses speaks of God as if God had a nose, and he speaks of the wind as if God blew the wind from his nose. Alternate translation: “You blew on the sea and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	8	qg9g	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים	1	By the blast of your nostrils	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blast from your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	15	8	tguh	figs-parallelism	נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	By the blast of your nostrils	These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	8	uevt	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	By the blast of your nostrils	The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a **heart**. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	9	d8nk	figs-activepassive	תִּמְלָאֵ֣⁠מוֹ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י	1	my desire will be satisfied on them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy my desire on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	15	9	lu0e		תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	my hand will destroy them	The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated **dispossess** could also mean “possess” or “inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to **plunder** earlier in the verse or to recapturing them as slaves or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen or to keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see [verse 17](../15/17.md) regarding where Yahweh will bring his people) or something else is not so clear. It could also refer to taking away their life and breath. **Dispossess** was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them” or “my hand will kill them”
EXO	15	9	sm77	figs-metonymy	תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	my hand will destroy them	Here **hand** is used figuratively of the Egyptians’ power (that is, their military strength). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will dispossess them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	10	yrj5	figs-metaphor	נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְ⁠רוּחֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	But you blew with your wind	Moses spoke about God making the **wind** blow as if God **blew** the wind through his nose or mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “But you made the wind blow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	10	f7d3	figs-simile	צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽ⁠עוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים	1	sank like lead in the mighty waters	**Lead** is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how quickly God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	11	wq2s	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־כָמֹ֤⁠כָה בָּֽ⁠אֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Who is like you, Yahweh, among the gods?	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	15	11	pp57	figs-rquestion	מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖⁠כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא	1	Who is like you,…doing miracles?	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	15	11	uhfj	figs-abstractnouns	נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	Who is like you,…doing miracles?	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	15	12	cid8	figs-metonymy	יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔	1	with your right hand	The phrase **right hand** represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	12	bkg2	figs-metaphor	נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You reached out with your right hand	Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God **reached out** with his** hand**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	12	g7bv	figs-personification	תִּבְלָעֵ֖⁠מוֹ אָֽרֶץ	1	the earth swallowed them	Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with its mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devours them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	13	cvea	figs-parallelism	נָחִ֥יתָ בְ⁠חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְ⁠עָזְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	the earth swallowed them	These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	13	znbr	figs-abstractnouns	קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	the earth swallowed them	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	15	14	qlpy	figs-parallelism		0	tremble	Verses 14-16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	14	zi1m	figs-explicit	יִרְגָּז֑וּ⁠ן	1	tremble	This means to shake with fear. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	14	uqf7	figs-personification	חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת	1	terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia	Moses speaks of **anguish** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	15	qyix	figs-personification	אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖⁠מוֹ רָ֑עַד	1	terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia	Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	15	ya48	figs-metaphor	נָמֹ֕גוּ	1	will melt away	Moses uses the phrase, **melted away,** to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	16	nk67	figs-doublet	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	Terror and dread will fall on them	**Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	15	16	kbt5	figs-metaphor	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	Terror and dread will fall on them	**Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	16	t2yp	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠גְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	Because of your arm’s power	Yahweh’s **arm** represents his great strength. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	16	umm7	figs-simile	יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּ⁠אָ֑בֶן	1	they will become as still as a stone	This could mean: (1) “they will be silent like stone” or (2) “they will be motionless as stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	17	n5i5	figs-explicit	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙	1	You will bring them	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where God would bring them explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will take your people to Canaan and plant them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	17	u26j	figs-go	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ	1	You will bring them	Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than **bring.** Alternate translation: “You will take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	15	17	t6wg	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר	1	plant them on the mountain	Moses speaks about God giving his people the land to live in as if they were a plant that God was planting. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you will settle them on the mountain of” or “and you will let them live on the mountain of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	17	p7kb		בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	the mountain of your inheritance	This refers to Mount Zion in the land of Canaan.
EXO	15	17	ie26	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	of your inheritance	Moses speaks about God promising to give his people **the mountain** forever as if he were giving it to them as an inheritance. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “on the mountain that you have given them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	17	ytz3	figs-metonymy	כּוֹנְנ֥וּ יָדֶֽי⁠ךָ׃	1	that your hands have built	The phrase **your hands** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “that you have built by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	18	ue6p		יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְ⁠עֹלָ֥ם וָ⁠עֶֽד	1	that your hands have built	Alternate translation: “Yahweh reigns forever and ever”
EXO	15	20	gam2	translate-unknown	הַ⁠תֹּ֖ף…בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים	1	tambourine	A **tambourine** is a hand-held musical instrument like a small drum that also has pieces of metal around the side that make a metallic rattling sound when shaken. Alternate translation: “timbrel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	15	20	hut1	figs-hyperbole	וַ⁠תֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠הָ בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים וּ⁠בִ⁠מְחֹלֹֽת	1	tambourine	Here, **all** may be a generalization; it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	15	21	f6m3	figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	21	hvu1	figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	The horse and his rider he has thrown into the sea	Miriam sang about God causing the **sea** to cover and drown the **horse and the one riding it** as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	22	iw9n	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	Moses led Israel	The word **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Moses led the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	15	22	c7pe	translate-names	מִדְבַּר־שׁ֑וּר	1	wilderness of Shur	We do not know the exact location of this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	23	a9pv	translate-names	מָרָ֔תָ⁠ה	1	Marah	We do not know the exact location of **Marah**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	24	n64m		וַ⁠יִּלֹּ֧נוּ הָ⁠עָ֛ם עַל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה	1	complained to Moses and said	Murmur is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Alternate translation: “And the people complained against Moses” or “And the people grumbled at Moses”
EXO	15	26	l2hx	figs-123person	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	the voice of Yahweh your God	Yahweh is speaking about his own voice. Alternate translation: “to my voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	15	26	oh8c	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	the voice of Yahweh your God	Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	26	sq5x	figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֤ר בְּ⁠עֵינָי⁠ו֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה	1	do what is right in his eyes	The **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and do what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	15	26	bgcf	figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְ⁠מִצְוֺתָ֔י⁠ו	1	do what is right in his eyes	The **ear** represents listening, and listening represents obeying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	15	26	m4cn	figs-idiom	כָּֽל־הַ⁠מַּֽחֲלָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֤מְתִּי בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֹא־אָשִׂ֣ים עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	I will put on you none of the diseases	God speaks of causing people to have diseases as putting diseases on them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will not cause any of you to have the diseases that I cause the Egyptians to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	15	27	did8	translate-names	אֵילִ֔מָ⁠ה	1	Elim	**Elim** is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	27	p64y	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֣ים	1	seventy	Alternate translation: “and seventy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	16	intro	nkd7			0		# Exodus 16 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br>This entire chapter is the story of the Israelites complaining about food and Yahweh providing food. Verses 22-30 introduce the Sabbath.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Complaints<br><br>After complaining about the water, the Israelites complained that they had less food than in Egypt. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Prohibition against storing food<br><br>The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, that Yahweh provided to them. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Sabbath<br><br>This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Bread as food<br><br>Yahweh speaks of the food that he will send as if it were bread. The manna he gave them was perhaps not literally bread. The Israelites would eat this food every day, just as they had eaten bread every day before this. Alternate translations: “food” or “food like bread” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/bread]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Chronology<br><br>[Verses 34](../../exo/16/34.md)-36 are written from a much later perspective. Translators will need to find a way to show that this portion gives background information from a much later point (at least 40 years).<br><br>### Box of the Covenant<br><br>Related to the chronology issue, although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably an editorial comment made after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br><br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	16	1	gw67	translate-names	סִ֔ין	1	wilderness of Sin	The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	16	1	h44x	translate-hebrewmonths	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	on the fifteenth day of the second month	This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	16	1	u2aq	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	on the fifteenth day of the second month	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 15 of month 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	2	h938	figs-hyperbole	וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל	1	The whole community of Israelites complained	Here, **all** is a generalization. Alternate translation: “And many of the community of the sons of Israel murmured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	16	2	nx6f		וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ	1	complained	Alternate translation: “And … spoke angrily”
EXO	16	3	nwy6	figs-hypo	מִֽי־יִתֵּ֨ן מוּתֵ֤⁠נוּ	1	If only we had died	This is a way of saying that they wished that they had died. It is a hypothetical past statement. Translate it in a way that makes it clear that this did not actually happen. Alternate translation: “We wish that we had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	16	3	g1n1	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יַד־יְהוָה֙	1	by Yahweh’s hand	The phrase **the hand of Yahweh** represents Yahweh’s action. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	16	4	kls5	figs-metaphor	מַמְטִ֥יר לָ⁠כֶ֛ם לֶ֖חֶם מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	I will rain down bread from heaven for you	God speaks of food coming **down from heaven** as if it were rain. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “make bread come down from heaven like rain” or “make bread fall to you from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	16	4	yew5		בְּ⁠תוֹרָתִ֖⁠י	1	my law	Alternate translation: “in my instruction”
EXO	16	5	p1f6		וְ⁠הָיָה֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י וְ⁠הֵכִ֖ינוּ	1	It will come about on the sixth day, that they	Alternate translation: “It will happen on the sixth day that they will prepare” or “On the sixth day they will prepare”
EXO	16	5	cl74	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י	1	on the sixth day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	5	t5il		מִשְׁנֶ֔ה	1	twice	two times
EXO	16	7	zb21	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה כִּ֥י תלונו עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Who are we for you to complain against us?	Moses and Aaron used this question to show the people that it was foolish to complain against them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We are not powerful enough for you to complain against us.” or “It is foolish to complain against us, because we cannot do what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	8	pn4e	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה	1	Who are Aaron and I?	Moses used this question to show the people that he and Aaron did not have the power to give them what they wanted. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Aaron and I cannot give you what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	8	vdr8	figs-explicit	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה לֹא־עָלֵ֥י⁠נוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כִּ֥י עַל־יְהוָֽה	1	Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh	The people were complaining against Moses and Aaron, who were Yahweh’s servants. So by complaining against them, the people were really complaining against Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your complaints are not really against us; they are against Yahweh, because we are his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	16	9	pqgo	figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ	1	Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh	There are two layers of quotations here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, “Approach” or “And Moses told Aaron, “Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	16	10	q4ax		וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. The important event here is the people seeing Yahweh’s glory. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	16	10	b6rp		וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	behold	The word **behold** here shows that the people saw something extraordinary.
EXO	16	13	aas8		וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	It came about…that	This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the events. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	16	13	eu1x	translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׂלָ֔ו	1	quails	The word **quail** means a type of small, plump game bird. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	14	k5lb	translate-unknown	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	like frost	**Frost** is frozen dew that forms on the ground. It is very fine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	14	jern	figs-simile	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	like frost	The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like. Alternate translation: “flakes that looked like frost” or “flakes that were fine like frost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	16	16	gotf		אִ֖ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	omer	Alternate translation: “according to how much each will eat”
EXO	16	16	fqp9	translate-bvolume	עֹ֣מֶר	1	omer	2 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	16	16	mnwy		עֹ֣מֶר לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠אָהֳל֖⁠וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ	1	omer	Alternate translation: “take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent”
EXO	16	19	v499	figs-genericnoun	אִ֕ישׁ אַל	1	omer	**A man** refers to people in general, not to one particular man. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “No one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
EXO	16	20	itjo		וַ⁠יָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים	1	omer	Alternate translation: “and it decayed with worms”
EXO	16	21	jd5t		אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	omer	Alternate translation: “everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed”
EXO	16	22	nrx8	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. Verses 16:22-30 tell about what the people did concerning the manna on the sixth and seventh days of the week. If your language has a way for marking this as a new part of the story, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	16	22	xk6x	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֗י	1	on the sixth day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	22	zj1u		מִשְׁנֶ֔ה	1	twice	Alternate translation: “two times as much”
EXO	16	22	f4j9		לֶ֨חֶם֙	1	bread	This refers to the **bread** that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
EXO	16	23	wc4a		שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	a solemn rest	Alternate translation: “is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh”
EXO	16	23	cqjd	figs-abstractnouns	שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ	1	a solemn rest	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	16	24	y4d9		וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ	1	did not become foul	Alternate translation: “And it did not smell rotten”
EXO	16	25	pr1p		כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה	1	today is a day reserved as a Sabbath to honor Yahweh	Alternate translation: “today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working”
EXO	16	26	jv77	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֧וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֛י	1	but the seventh day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	27	qf14		וְ⁠לֹ֖א מָצָֽאוּ	1	they found none	Alternate translation: “but they did not find any manna”
EXO	16	28	e1vx	figs-rquestion	עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws?	God used this question to scold the people because they did not obey his laws. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You people still do not keep my commandments and laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	28	q41d	figs-youcrowd	מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם	1	General Information:	Yahweh speaks to Moses, but the word **you** refers to the people of Israel in general. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	16	28	vnq7		לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	to keep my commandments and my laws	Alternate translation: “to obey my commandments and my laws”
EXO	16	29	p22l	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יְהוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠שַּׁבָּת֒	1	Yahweh has given you the Sabbath	Yahweh speaks about teaching people to rest on the Sabbath as if the **Sabbath** were a gift. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have taught you to rest on the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	16	29	dt58	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֖י…בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי	1	sixth day…two days…seventh day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6 … on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	29	y8wf		לֶ֣חֶם	1	bread	This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
EXO	16	29	x6gh		יוֹמָ֑יִם	1	bread	Alternate translation: “for 2 days”
EXO	16	31	r1a5	translate-unknown	כְּ⁠זֶ֤רַע גַּד֙ לָבָ֔ן	1	coriander seed	**Coriander** is an herb also known as cilantro. People eat both the leaves and seeds. People dry the seeds, grind them into a powder, and put it in food to add flavor. Alternate translation: “like a small white seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	31	vrl4		כְּ⁠צַפִּיחִ֥ת	1	wafers	**Wafers** are very thin biscuits or crackers.
EXO	16	33	ggba	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	wafers	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	16	34	x9vr	writing-background		0	wafers	Verses 34-36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the **Covenant**, which has not been given yet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	16	34	jzcz	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עֵדֻ֖ת	1	wafers	Here, **face** figuratively represents being near the **Covenant.** Alternate translation: “near the Covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	16	36	g8ns	translate-bvolume	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah	An **omer** and an **ephah** are both units of dry measurement. An ephah is approximately equal to a bushel, and an omer is one-tenth of an ephah. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	16	36	a9uh	translate-fraction	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah	For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	17	intro	f12q			0		7# Exodus 17 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-7: the Israelites complain and Yahweh gives them water<br>- v. 8-16: Israel defeats Amalek in battle<br><br>## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people’s rhetorical question shows their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br><br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with the act of sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Naming<br><br>As in the last couple of chapters, places and things are named for what happens in that location. In this chapter is Massah (which means “test”), Meribah (“arguing”), and an altar named “Yahweh is my Banner,” because Yahweh will be at war with the Amalekites forever.
EXO	17	1	jzz5	writing-newevent	וַ֠⁠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל	1	wilderness of Sin	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	17	1	h1li	translate-names	סִ֛ין	1	wilderness of Sin	The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 16:1](../16/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	1	e7jv	figs-metonymy	עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	wilderness of Sin	Here, **mouth** refers figuratively to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	1	j1fm	translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִ֔ים	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** means “the resting place,” a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	2	hr9b	figs-rquestion	מַה־תְּרִיבוּ⁠ן֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י מַה־תְּנַסּ֖וּ⁠ן אֶת־יְהוָֽה	1	Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh?	Moses uses these questions to scold the people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you speaking against me? And why are you trying to test whether Yahweh is able to give you what you need?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	17	3	cz24	figs-rquestion	לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ הֶעֱלִיתָ֣⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם לְ⁠הָמִ֥ית אֹתִ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־בָּנַ֥⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מִקְנַ֖⁠י בַּ⁠צָּמָֽא	1	To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?	The people use this question to accuse Moses of wanting to kill them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt? Did you bring us here to cause us and our children and animals to die because we have no water to drink?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	17	6	nspc	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ	1	To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?	Here, **before your face** means “in front of you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	7	x5an	translate-names	מַסָּ֖ה	1	Massah	**Massah** is a place in the desert whose name means “testing” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	7	hw7y	translate-names	וּ⁠מְרִיבָ֑ה	1	Meribah	**Meribah** is a place in the desert whose name means “complaining” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	7	m55e		אִם־אָֽיִן	1	Meribah	In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case.
EXO	17	8	nyt1	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	Rephidim	A new scene begins here which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	17	8	pu7i	figs-metonymy	עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Rephidim	**Amalek** and **Israel** both refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual by simply using the name of the ancestor. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	8	hi3u	grammar-collectivenouns	עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Rephidim	**Amalek** and **Israel** are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	17	8	srdq	writing-participants	עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	Rephidim	**Amalek** or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	8	rv14	translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִֽם	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** was the name of a place in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	9	dscc	writing-participants	יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙	1	Rephidim	**Joshua** is a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Later he becomes a major character, but not really in the book of Exodus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	10	ca3g	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־ל⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְ⁠הִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	So Joshua fought Amalek	**Joshua** represents himself and the Israelites that he led into battle. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And, as Moses instructed, Joshua and the men he chose fought against the Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	17	10	wy51	translate-names	וְ⁠ח֔וּר	1	Hur	**Hur** was the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	10	itcx	writing-participants	וְ⁠ח֔וּר	1	Hur	**Hur** is a new participant in the story, which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	11	x5ex	figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠גָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…וְ⁠גָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק	1	Israel was winning…Amalek would begin to win	The words **Israel** and **Amalek** represent the fighters from those groups. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite fighters were winning … the Amalekite fighters would begin to win” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	17	12	hxt8	figs-idiom	וִ⁠ידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים	1	hands became heavy	The author writes of Moses’ arms becoming tired as if his **hands became heavy**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And Moses’ arms became tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	17	12	js2p		מִ⁠זֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד	1	hands became heavy	Alternate translation: “one on one side, and one on the other”
EXO	17	13	plp3	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב	1	with the sword	The **sword** represents battle. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in combat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	14	c5rl	figs-metaphor	מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק	1	I will completely blot out the memory of Amalek	God speaks of destroying Amalek as if he were removing people’s memory of Amalek. When a group of people is completely destroyed, there is nothing to remind people about them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy Amalek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	17	14	jm77	figs-metonymy	עֲמָלֵ֔ק	1	Amalek	The Amalekites are referred to by naming their ancestor. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	14	n42j	figs-hyperbole	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	Amalek	This phrase makes an intentionally broad image and represents all people everywhere. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all people everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	17	15	fneg		נִסִּֽ⁠י	1	Amalek	A **banner** is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon”
EXO	17	16	lr14		כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ	1	Amalek	The Hebrew here is very difficult, and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: (1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? (2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? (3) What is the meaning of the Hebrew preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah”
EXO	17	16	sw1q		מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה בַּֽ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	Amalek	This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun **war** as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek”
EXO	18	intro	t8g2			0		# Exodus 18 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-12: Jethro visits Moses and hears all that Yahweh has done<br>- v. 13-27: Jethro observes Moses and advises him to set up a subsidiarity leadership structure; Moses does so<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Leadership lessons<br><br>Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties<br><br>### Order of events<br><br>The timing of the events in [verse 2](../18/02.md) is not clear and, whatever their timing, may be difficult to translate. The question: Is Jethro’s **taking** Zipporah related to the past event of Moses sending her back to him at some otherwise unmentioned point in time, or is Jethro’s **taking** related to his coming to meet Moses in [verse 5](../18/05.md).<br><br>### Verse 11<br><br>[Verse 11](../18/11.md) is difficult in the original and requires interpretation.<br><br>### God and Yahweh<br><br>In this chapter, God, who is named Yahweh in much of the rest of the book, is mostly referred to as God instead of by his name as is usual. Translations should not suggest that they are not different beings.<br><br>### Kinship: Father-in-law<br><br>Jethro is the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may make a distinction between that and a woman’s father-in-law. If that is the case, note it in verses: 1-2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])<br><br>### Participant reference<br><br>Jethro is often referred to simply as the father-in-law of Moses in this chapter. He is also named explicitly (referred to by name) an unusually high number of times (it would be more usual to have more pronouns referring to him). Frequent use of his name is likely to emphasize his familial ties and authority (or honored status). Some languages may need to alter the way he is referred to for naturalness or to convey the same sense of familial ties and authority (or honored status).
EXO	18	1	nl86	translate-kinship	חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Moses’ father-in-law	The label, **father-in-law of Moses** refers to the father of the wife of Moses. If your language uses a different term for a man’s father-in-law than for a woman’s father-in-law, choose the appropriate one here. Note the use of this term also in verses: 2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. Alternate translation: “the father of the wife of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	18	2	zw6h		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח יִתְרוֹ֙ חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶת־צִפֹּרָ֖ה אֵ֣שֶׁת מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	took Zipporah, Moses’ wife	This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah.
EXO	18	2	chy6	figs-explicit	אַחַ֖ר שִׁלּוּחֶֽי⁠הָ	1	after he had sent her home	This is something Moses had done earlier. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “after Moses had sent her home to her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	3	khs1		וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֣י בָנֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	and her two sons	This is the ending of the sentence that begins with the words **Jethro … took Zipporah** in [verse 2](../18/02.md). This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah and her two sons to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah and her two sons.
EXO	18	3	k4mb	translate-names	גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם	1	Gershom	**Gershom** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “foreigner.” See [2:22](../02/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	18	4	xi35	translate-names	אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר	1	Eliezer	**Eliezer** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “God is the one who helps me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	18	4	z2km	figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠חֶ֥רֶב פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Pharaoh’s sword	The phrase **from the sword of Pharaoh** represents being killed by Pharaoh or Pharaoh’s army. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from being killed by Pharaoh” or “from being killed by Pharaoh’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	5	zzab		וּ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו	1	where he was camped	Alternate translation: “with his sons”
EXO	18	7	s5p2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק־ל֔⁠וֹ	1	bowed down, and kissed him	These were symbolic acts that were the normal way that people showed great respect and devotion in that culture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	18	8	rkq2	figs-metonymy	עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	for Israel’s sake	The word **Israel** represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “in order to help the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	8	a1ra	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠תְּלָאָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מְצָאָ֣תַ⁠ם	1	all the hardships that had come to them	Moses writes of **hardships** happening to them as if hardships had discovered where they were. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “all the hardships that had happened to them” or “how they had many hard experiences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	9	wp1p	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרָֽיִם	1	the hand of the Egyptians	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians were doing to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	10	nrv7	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֣ד פַּרְעֹ֑ה…מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת יַד־מִצְרָֽיִם	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians and from the power of Pharaoh … from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians and Pharaoh were doing to you … from what the Egyptians were doing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	11	kmk7		כִּ֣י בַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Here, **because of the matter** probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did”
EXO	18	11	ljj6	figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	The most natural referent for **they** is **the gods**, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites (**them**). This would connect back to [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) where Yahweh declares that he is bringing judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	12	voi9	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	13	ni2b	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	18	13	ano2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֣ט	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	18	13	wzea		מִן־הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָ⁠עָֽרֶב	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Alternate translation: “all day”
EXO	18	14	bax5	figs-rquestion	מָֽה־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתָּ֤ה עֹשֶׂה֙ לָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	What is this that you are doing with the people?	Jethro uses this question to show Moses that what he was doing was not good. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing all of this for the people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	18	14	b5wj	figs-rquestion	מַדּ֗וּעַ אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֛ם נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִן־בֹּ֥קֶר עַד־עָֽרֶב	1	Why is it that you sit alone…from morning until evening?	Jethro used this question to show Moses that he was doing too much. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you doing all this for the people? Why are you doing this by yourself, and why are all the people standing around you from morning until evening, asking you to make decisions for them?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	18	14	cfd1	figs-metonymy	אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	you sit alone	The word **sit** here is a metonym for “judge.” Judges would sit while they listened to people’s complaints. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “do you judge alone” or “are you the only one who judges the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	14	tiqs	figs-explicit	נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	you sit alone	The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “petition you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	18	jtd2		נָבֹ֣ל תִּבֹּ֔ל	1	You will surely wear yourselves out	Alternate translation: “You will surely make yourself very tired”
EXO	18	18	h91b	figs-metaphor	כָבֵ֤ד מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	This burden is too heavy for you	Jethro speaks of the hard work that Moses is doing as if it were a physical burden that Moses was carrying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “is too hard for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	19	pug7		אִיעָ֣צְ⁠ךָ֔	1	you advice	Alternate translation: “I will guide you” or “I will instruct you”
EXO	18	19	v8i9	figs-metaphor	וִ⁠יהִ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	God will be with you	Jethro speaks of God helping Moses as if God would be with Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will give you wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	19	w4r8	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֥ אַתָּ֛ה אֶת־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	you bring their disputes to him	Jethro speaks of Moses telling God about their disputes as if they were something that Moses was bringing to God. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you tell God about their disputes” or and “you tell God what they are arguing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	20	w3vf	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתָּ֣ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אֶת־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ יֵ֣לְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ	1	You must show them the way to walk	Jethro speaks of living or behaving like walking. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You must show them how to live” or “You must show them how to behave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	21	p5ap		וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה תֶחֱזֶ֣ה	1	Furthermore, you must choose	Alternate translation: “As for you, search out” or “You must also search out”
EXO	18	21	n936	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	You must put them over people	Jethro speaks of giving them authority over people as putting them over people. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You should select leaders for the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	21	xprc	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	You must put them over people	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Moses is advised to place good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	18	21	d2hv	translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and of tens	This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	18	22	y5n2	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדֹל֙ יָבִ֣יאוּ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	the difficult cases they will bring to you	By **every great situation they will bring to you**, Jethro is recommending that the new leaders should pass the most difficult cases to Moses for him to judge them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the difficult cases they will tell you about” or “when there are difficult cases, they will tell you about them so you can judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	22	u42p	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הָקֵל֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠נָשְׂא֖וּ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	they will carry the burden with you	Jethro speaks of the hard work that they would do as if it were something that they would carry beside Moses and make lighter for Moses by helping him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and lessen your work by having them do the hard work with you” or “and make your work easier by having them help you do the hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	23	wyq4		וְ⁠יָֽכָלְתָּ֖ עֲמֹ֑ד	1	endure	Alternate translation: “then you will not wear yourself out”
EXO	18	23	bt5p		כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖⁠וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1	endure	Here, getting **to their place** could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous, it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony”
EXO	18	25	n2ws	figs-metaphor	רָאשִׁ֖ים עַל־הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1	heads over the people	Moses writes of the leaders of people as if they were the **head** of a body. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “leaders over the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	25	tb18	figs-explicit	אַנְשֵׁי־חַ֨יִל֙	1	capable men	If it would be helpful to your readers, what sort of ability they had can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “men who were able to lead” or “men who were able to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	25	iqn8	translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens	This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” See how you translated this in [Exodus 18:21](../18/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	18	26	abx4		וְ⁠שָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֑ת	1	judged the people in normal circumstances	Alternate translation: “They judged the people most of the time” or “They judged the people in all regular circumstances”
EXO	18	26	z7j4	figs-metaphor	אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠קָּשֶׁה֙ יְבִיא֣וּ⁠ן אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	The difficult cases they brought to Moses	The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They told Moses about the difficult cases” or “When there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	26	ve8h		הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן	1	the small cases	Alternate translation: “easy case”
EXO	19	intro	ck7e			0		# Exodus 19 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br>This chapter consist of a series of Moses going up Mount Sinai, talking to Yahweh, coming down, and talking to the people. He is being the intermediary, carrying messages between Yahweh and the people.<br>- v. 1-2: Arrival at Sinai<br>- v. 3-8: First cycle of Moses going up and down for instruction and response<br>- v. 9-15: Second cycle, people get ready to hear God<br>- v. 16-19: God speaks to the people from the mountain<br>- v. 20-25: Third cycle<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### “A kingdom of priests”<br><br>The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Revealing the law<br><br>The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which shows the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Boundaries between Yahweh and the people<br><br>Moses is told to make the people holy in preparation for meeting Yahweh, then boundaries are set up to keep the people separate from Yahweh, and then the priests are told to make themselves holy. The theme of a holy separation is beginning to be developed that will become much of the law code.
EXO	19	1	r5tj	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י…בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	In the third month…on the same day	This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In the month 3 … on the day 1 of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	19	2	nk51	translate-names	מֵ⁠רְפִידִ֗ים	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:1](../17/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	19	3	kgev	figs-parallelism	תֹאמַר֙ לְ⁠בֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְ⁠תַגֵּ֖יד לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	the house of Jacob, the people of Israel	These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect, as Yahweh’s statement here through [verse 6](../19/06.md) is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	19	4	z9i6	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם	1	You have seen	The word **you** here refers to the Israelites. Yahweh is telling Moses what to tell the Israelites. If your language has a plural form of you, you would need it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	19	4	b7ph	figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אֶשָּׂ֤א אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ עַל־כַּנְפֵ֣י נְשָׁרִ֔ים	1	I carried you on eagles’ wings	God speaks of caring for his people while they traveled as if he were an eagle and carried them on his **wings**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “ how I helped you travel like an eagle that carries her babies on her wings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	5	c767	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹלִ֔⁠י	1	my voice	God’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” or “to my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	5	fh8e		וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑⁠י	1	keep my covenant	Alternate translation: “and do what my covenant requires you to do”
EXO	19	5	ifv6		סְגֻלָּה֙	1	special possession	Alternate translation: “treasure”
EXO	19	6	gm9s	figs-metaphor	לִ֛⁠י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים	1	a kingdom of priests	God speaks of his people as if they were **priests**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “my kingdom of people who are like priests” or “my kingdom of people who do what priests do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	7	c5tq	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	set before them all these words	Moses setting the words before them means that he was telling people things. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he told them all these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	7	xjbb	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	set before them all these words	Here, **face** means the person. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	7	zqk1		כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	all these words that Yahweh had commanded him	Alternate translation: “all that Yahweh had commanded him”
EXO	19	8	ljf5	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֧שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	Moses came to report	If it would be helpful to your readers, where Moses went can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses went back up the mountain to report the words of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	19	8	rwx6	figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	the people’s words	Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	9	ih2h	figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	the people’s words	Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	10	ie7y		וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתָּ֥⁠ם	1	you must set them apart to me	This may mean instruct the people, or it may mean Moses will have a role as well. Alternate translation: “and tell them to dedicate themselves to me” or “and help them to purify themselves for me”
EXO	19	11	tdg9	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י	1	Be ready	Here, **before the eyes** means “so they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	12	d48p		וְ⁠הִגְבַּלְתָּ֤	1	set boundaries	The **boundary** was either a mark or some kind of barrier.
EXO	19	12	hhv5	figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1	set boundaries	A second-level direct quotation begins with **watch**. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in [verse 13](../19/13.md) before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	19	12	xct0		הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּ⁠הָ֖ר וּ⁠נְגֹ֣עַ בְּ⁠קָצֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	set boundaries	Here, the negative command is implied from the **watch yourselves** command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge”
EXO	19	12	kis1	figs-activepassive	כָּל־הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּ⁠הָ֖ר מ֥וֹת	1	Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely put to death any person who touches the mountain” or “You must surely kill anyone who touches the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	19	13	l9ak	figs-metonymy	לֹא־תִגַּ֨ע בּ֜⁠וֹ יָ֗ד	1	such a person	Here, **hand** is a metonym for any part of a person. Alternate translation: “No person shall touch that one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	13	k35k	figs-activepassive	סָק֤וֹל יִסָּקֵל֙ אוֹ־יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	he must certainly be stoned or shot	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly stone or shoot him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	19	13	vw19		יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	shot	This refers to being killed by someone who shoots arrows from a bow.
EXO	19	13	ezpm	figs-go	יַעֲל֥וּ	1	shot	If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so “come up” is valid; however, the people will be the ones moving, so “go up” is valid as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	19	15	bw2p	figs-euphemism	אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁ֖וּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה	1	do not go near your wives	This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “do not sleep with your wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	19	15	z0aq		אִשָּֽׁה	1	do not go near your wives	This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, **woman** was chosen here.
EXO	19	18	m1b5		יָרַ֥ד…יְהוָ֖ה	1	Yahweh descended	Alternate translation: “Yahweh came down”
EXO	19	18	a8p7	figs-simile	כְּ⁠עֶ֣שֶׁן הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֔ן	1	like the smoke of a furnace	This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	19	19	m8ae		הוֹלֵ֖ךְ וְ⁠חָזֵ֣ק מְאֹ֑ד	1	grew louder and louder	Alternate translation: “continued to become louder and louder”
EXO	19	19	f5e6	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠קֽוֹל	1	in a voice	The word **voice** here refers to a sound that God made. This could mean: (1) “by speaking loudly like thunder” or (2) “by speaking” or (3) “by causing thunder to sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	20	zx5p	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֧רֶד…וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל	1	in a voice	You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	19	21	d2qm	figs-metaphor	פֶּן־יֶהֶרְס֤וּ	1	not to break through	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated “set bounds” in [Exodus 19:12](../19/12.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “not to go beyond the boundary” or “not to go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	21	oht2	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠נָפַ֥ל	1	not to break through	Here, **fall** refers to dying. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	19	22	pq8j	figs-metaphor	יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה	1	not to break through	Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** through a boundary. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	23	gagp	figs-quotesinquotes	בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָ⁠הָ֖ר וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	not to break through	This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	19	24	w8lx		לֶךְ־רֵ֔ד	1	get down	Alternate translation: “Go down”
EXO	19	24	bk6p	figs-metaphor	אַל־יֶֽהֶרְס֛וּ	1	break through the barrier	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might **break** down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:21](../19/21.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “must not go beyond the boundary” or “must not go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	24	p1yq	figs-metaphor	יִפְרָץ־בָּֽ⁠ם	1	break through the barrier	Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** forth from him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:22](../19/22.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	intro	x7vt			0		# Exodus 20 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-17: Yahweh gives the Ten Commandments<br>- v. 18-21: the people react<br>- v. 22-26: Yahweh gives a little more explanation about idols and altars<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br><br>Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Form of you<br><br>The singular form of you is used in the commandments; however, the commandments applied to the whole Israelite community. There is both a singular and a corporate aspect to them. You may need to choose between singular and plural if your language makes that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	20	2	qg71	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	house of slavery	Yahweh speaks of **Egypt** as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	3	r9h3		לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽ⁠יַ	1	You must have no other gods before me	Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me”
EXO	20	4	s7n3	figs-merism	וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠מַּ֖יִם מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת לָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	nor the likeness	This list means all created things wherever they are. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	20	4	rkn1	figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה	1	nor the likeness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	20	5	ka3i	writing-pronouns	לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	You must not bow down to them or worship them	Here, **them** refers to carved figures or idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	20	5	hx93	figs-ellipsis	בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	to the third and the fourth generation	Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by **sons**, therefore **third and fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	20	5	s2ia	translate-ordinal	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	to the third and the fourth generation	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “to generations 3 and 4”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	20	6	u9nc	figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠עֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י	1	I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	20	6	oyh7	figs-ellipsis	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים	1	to the third and the fourth generation	Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	20	6	yw38	figs-metonymy	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י	1	to thousands of those who love me	Here, **thousands** may mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “for every generation” or “forever to innumerable people who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	7	o96b		תִשָּׂ֛א…יִשָּׂ֥א	1	take the name of Yahweh your God	To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term.
EXO	20	7	t3k2		לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	take the name of Yahweh your God	Alternate translation: “You must not use the name of Yahweh your God”
EXO	20	7	gcz2		לַ⁠שָּׁ֑וְא…לַ⁠שָּֽׁוְא	1	in vain	Alternate translation: “carelessly” or “without proper respect”
EXO	20	7	sl6g	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙	1	I will not hold guiltless	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. . Alternate translation: “I will certainly consider guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	20	8	kwn7		לְ⁠קַדְּשֽׁ⁠וֹ	1	set it apart	Alternate translation: “to make it holy to me” or “to consecrate it to me”
EXO	20	9	sad1		מְלַאכְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	do all your work	Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood”
EXO	20	10	t1ky	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁעָרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	within your gates	Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	11	vw1f	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֑י	1	on the seventh day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	20	14	wyv9		לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף	1	You must not commit adultery	Alternate translation: “You must not have sex with anyone other than your spouse”
EXO	20	16	zix8		לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְ⁠רֵעֲ⁠ךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר	1	must not give false testimony	Alternate translation: “You must not speak a false report against your neighbor”
EXO	20	17	vt9t		לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד	1	must not covet	Alternate translation: “You must not strongly want to have” or “You must not want to take”
EXO	20	18	nm52		הָ⁠הָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן	1	the mountain smoking	Alternate translation: “the smoky mountain”
EXO	20	18	lmt5		וַ⁠יָּנֻ֔עוּ	1	they trembled	Alternate translation: “and they shook with fear”
EXO	20	18	h53m		וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽ⁠רָחֹֽק	1	stood far off	Alternate translation: “and stood far away”
EXO	20	20	slb8		וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ	1	so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin	Alternate translation: “so that you will honor him and not sin”
EXO	20	20	hocw	figs-metaphor	תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin	Here, **fear** is spoken of as something that could be **above their faces**. This means that they would be continually thinking about honoring God. It is similar to the image in [Exodus 13:16](../13/16.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will live always reverencing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	21	lts1		וּ⁠מֹשֶׁה֙ נִגַּ֣שׁ	1	Moses approached	Alternate translation: “and Moses moved closer,”
EXO	20	23	qm44		אֱלֹ֤הֵי כֶ֨סֶף֙ וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב	1	gods of silver or gods of gold	Alternate translation: “gods made out of silver or gold” or “idols made out of silver or gold”
EXO	20	24	pf1i		מִזְבַּ֣ח אֲדָמָה֮	1	earthen altar	The phrase **an altar of earth** means an altar made of materials from the ground, such as stone, soil, or clay.
EXO	20	24	ge89	figs-metonymy	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	cause my name to be honored	Here, **name** is a metonym for God’s being. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I cause myself to be remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	24	zmc4	figs-activepassive	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	cause my name to be honored	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I choose for you to remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	20	26	qm1b	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְ⁠מַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑⁠י	1	You must not go up to my altar on steps	If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter, you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	20	26	e28y	figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	You must not go up to my altar on steps	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	20	26	h2qd		עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	your nakedness	Alternate translation: “your private parts”
EXO	21	intro	dnd3			0		# Exodus 21 General Notes<br><br>This chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.<br><br>## Structure:<br><br>- 1: Introduction<br>- 2-6: Laws regarding male slaves<br>- 7-11: Laws regarding female slaves<br>- 12-17: Capital crimes<br>- 18-36: Liability laws<br>    * 18-27: Regarding human violence<br>    * 28-36: Regarding damage done by or to animals<br><br>## Translation Issues in this Chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br><br>Throughout the case law, a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” It is followed by a description of the situation; then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br>### Passive construction<br><br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].<br><br>### Daughters sold as servants<br><br>The section from [verses 7-11](../21/07.md) may be somewhat confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife. It seems the two things could be closely related.<br><br>### Ransom payment<br><br>In [verse 30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear.
EXO	21	1	xxf4			0	you must set before them	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters.
EXO	21	1	hhf7		תָּשִׂ֖ים	1	you must set before them	Alternate translation: “you must give” or “you must tell”
EXO	21	1	ddql	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	you must set before them	Here, **faces** figuratively represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	21	2	di5z			0	General Information:	Here Yahweh begins telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	21	2	wj0e	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י	1	General Information:	This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction to chapter 21](../21/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	21	3	ln3r	figs-explicit	אִם־בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ יָבֹ֖א בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ יֵצֵ֑א	1	If he came by himself, he must go free by himself	What **by himself** means can be stated clearly. Some languages require that the additional condition, that he marries while a slave, be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If he became a slave while he had no wife, and if he marries while he is a slave, the master need only free the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	3	pfn3		בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ…בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ	1	by himself	Alternate translation: “alone” or “without a wife”
EXO	21	3	e467		אִם־בַּ֤עַל אִשָּׁה֙ ה֔וּא	1	if he is married	Alternate translation: “if he was married when he became a slave” or “if he came as a married man”
EXO	21	5	yj8x		אָמֹ֤ר יֹאמַר֙	1	plainly says	Alternate translation: “makes a statement, saying”
EXO	21	5	jqh4		לֹ֥א אֵצֵ֖א חָפְשִֽׁי	1	I will not go out free	Alternate translation: “I do not want my master to set me free”
EXO	21	6	vnjk	figs-metonymy	הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	bore his ear through	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See [Exodus 22:8-9](../22/08.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	21	6	z8x1		וְ⁠רָצַ֨ע…אֶת־אָזְנ⁠וֹ֙	1	bore his ear through	Alternate translation: “and … will put a hole in his ear”
EXO	21	6	xpd3		בַּ⁠מַּרְצֵ֔עַ	1	awl	An **awl** is a pointed tool used to make a hole
EXO	21	6	k6ev		לְ⁠עֹלָֽם	1	for life	Alternate translation: “until the end of his life” or “until he dies”
EXO	21	8	lpqh			0	has designated	This verse is the first of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	8	p8se		יְעָדָ֖⁠הּ	1	has designated	Alternate translation: “has chosen her”
EXO	21	8	t2zf	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֶפְדָּ֑⁠הּ	1	he must let her be bought back	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then he must allow her father to buy her back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	8	h7f7		בְּ⁠בִגְד⁠וֹ־בָֽ⁠הּ	1	he has treated her deceitfully	Alternate translation: “since he has deceived her”
EXO	21	9	h9ni			0	he has treated her deceitfully	This verse is the second of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	9	w99z		לִ⁠בְנ֖⁠וֹ יִֽיעָדֶ֑⁠נָּה	1	designates her as a wife for his son	Alternate translation: “he decides that she is the one who will be his son’s wife”
EXO	21	9	suz0		כְּ⁠מִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַ⁠בָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠הּ	1	designates her as a wife for his son	Alternate translation: “he must do to her according to the manner in which daughters are customarily treated”
EXO	21	10	i0xh			0	designates her as a wife for his son	This verse and the next are the third of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	10	rxk4	figs-doublenegatives	שְׁאֵרָ֛⁠הּ כְּסוּתָ֥⁠הּ וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ לֹ֥א יִגְרָֽע	1	he must not diminish her food, clothing, or her marital rights	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “he must give the first wife the same food, clothing, and marital rights she had before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	21	10	np9b	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ	1	or her marital rights	This term only occurs here in the Bible. It probably means things that a husband must do for his wife. Most commentators believe it specifically means having sexual relations with her, possibly so that she can bear children. Alternate translation: “or her right to intimacy” or “or her childbearing rights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	21	12	gks4		מַכֵּ֥ה אִ֛ישׁ	1	strikes a man	Alternate translation: “Whoever attacks a man”
EXO	21	12	su6b	figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	that person must surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly execute that person” or “you must certainly kill that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	13	h4ka		וַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א צָדָ֔ה	1	did not do it with premeditation	Alternate translation: “But if he did not plan to do it” or “But if he did not do it on purpose”
EXO	21	13	gme9	figs-explicit	וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֤י לְ⁠ךָ֙ מָק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנ֖וּס שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	I will fix a place to where he can flee	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the purpose for choosing a place explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will choose a place to which he can run away to be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	14	st5h		בְ⁠עָרְמָ֑ה	1	according to a cunning plan	Alternate translation: “after thinking carefully about it”
EXO	21	14	abx6		תִּקָּחֶ֖⁠נּוּ	1	must take him	The word “him” refers to the one who killed his neighbor.
EXO	21	14	mvpx		לָ⁠מֽוּת	1	must take him	Alternate translation: “to execute him”
EXO	21	15	y3hd	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מַכֵּ֥ה אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever hits his father or mother must surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone hits his father or mother, you must surely put him to death” or “You must surely kill anyone who hits his father or mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	15	qh2j		מ֥וֹת	1	must surely	Alternate translation: “certainly”
EXO	21	16	iu81	figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	that kidnapper must be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill that kidnapper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	17	h8qf	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely kill anyone who curses his father or his mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	17	kvbc		וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל	1	Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death	The word translated **acts contemptuously** means the opposite of “honor” (as in the commandment to honor one’s parents). Alternate translation: “Whoever acts dishonorably toward”
EXO	21	19	c7rv		יָק֞וּם	1	he recovers	Alternate translation: “he gets better”
EXO	21	19	tv0z		וְ⁠נִקָּ֣ה	1	he recovers	Alternate translation: “then … is innocent”
EXO	21	19	xg6c	figs-explicit	שִׁבְתּ֛⁠וֹ	1	the loss of his time	This refers to a situation when someone cannot work to earn money. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the time he could not work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	19	ws14		וְ⁠רַפֹּ֥א יְרַפֵּֽא	1	pay for his complete recovery	Alternate translation: “and for his medical costs” or “and for his costs for healing”
EXO	21	20	te41		תַּ֣חַת יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	as a result of the blow	Alternate translation: “because of the injury” or “because the master hit him”
EXO	21	20	h4eg	figs-activepassive	נָקֹ֖ם יִנָּקֵֽם	1	that man must surely be punished	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly punish that man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	21	r65u	figs-explicit	כִּ֥י כַסְפּ֖⁠וֹ הֽוּא	1	for he will have suffered the loss of the servant	A common view is that the loss of the valuable property, the slave, is itself a punishment. It may be that the master loses the slave for a time and also has to pay for his healing, or it may be that the slave dies after a few days. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that the servant was valuable to his master explicitly. Alternate translation: “because he has already lost his servant who was valuable to him” or “because he has already lost his servant’s work for a time and had to pay for his healing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	22	a6av		וְ⁠יָצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔י⁠הָ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן	1	she miscarries	It is not clear in the passage what happens to the child. The text is simply as in the ULT. Some have taken it to mean that the child dies because of premature birth, and the **serious injury** only relates to the woman. In this case, a fine is imposed for the loss of the child. However, the text could also mean that the child is born safely. A fine is still imposed because of the great danger to the two lives. Then the next few verses give consequences for any injury either to mother or child.
EXO	21	22	w4p3		אָס֑וֹן	1	she miscarries	Alternate translation: “hurt”
EXO	21	22	cn4h	figs-activepassive	עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵעָנֵ֗שׁ	1	the guilty man must surely be fined	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly fine the guilty man” or “the guilty man must pay a fine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	22	v5ye		בִּ⁠פְלִלִֽים	1	as the judges determine	Alternate translation: “what the judges decide”
EXO	21	23	ya82	figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ	1	as the judges determine	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you must take the killer’s life for the murdered person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	24	c5bq	figs-explicit	עַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן	1	an eye for an eye	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the striker’s eye for the injured person’s eye” (and repeated in like manner for each example throughout this and the next verse) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	26	i8cg		אִ֜ישׁ	1	If a man	Here, **man** refers to the owner of a slave.
EXO	21	26	bmc1		תַּ֥חַת	1	in compensation	Alternate translation: “as payment for”
EXO	21	28	sp6w		יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר	1	an ox gores	Alternate translation: “an ox injures with its horns”
EXO	21	28	qk3u	figs-activepassive	סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַ⁠שּׁ֗וֹר	1	the ox must surely be stoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely stone the ox to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	28	q2gv	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֤א יֵאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔⁠וֹ	1	its flesh must not be eaten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must not eat its flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	29	zgll	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	its owner also must be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **its owner was warned** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone warned its owner but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	29	x2y0	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	its owner also must be put to death	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the content of the warning explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner was warned that it gores but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	29	nzn1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גַם־בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו יוּמָֽת	1	its owner also must be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must also kill its owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	30	t5rs	figs-explicit	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠נָתַן֙ פִּדְיֹ֣ן נַפְשׁ֔⁠וֹ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If a payment is required for his life	The text does not specify who will impose a ransom on the ox’s owner. Since other texts indicate that justice is retributive and performed by the dead person’s family, that is one option. Another option is that the judges will impose it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express one of these explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	30	py37	figs-activepassive	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו…יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If a payment is required for his life	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. However, you must make a decision regarding who is imposing the ransom or use an unspecified pronoun, if that is possible in your language (this second option would not make sense in English). Alternate translation: “If the judges impose a ransom on him … they impose on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	31	kg25		יִגָּ֖ח…יִגָּ֑ח	1	has gored	Alternate translation: “it injures with its horns … it injures with its horns”
EXO	21	31	to8k	writing-pronouns	לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	has gored	Here, **him** probably refers to the ox’s owner. Alternate translation: “to the owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	21	32	qzv3	translate-bmoney	כֶּ֣סֶף׀ שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שְׁקָלִ֗ים	1	thirty shekels of silver	In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “30 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote. Alternate translation: “330 grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EXO	21	32	qy0g	figs-explicit	אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר	1	thirty shekels of silver	Because they are to kill the ox, the slave must have died. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If an ox kills a male servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	32	wm9a	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר יִסָּקֵֽל	1	the ox must be stoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill the ox by stoning it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	33	fd4p		יִפְתַּ֨ח…בּ֗וֹר	1	opens a pit	Alternate translation: “uncovers a hole in the ground” or “takes a cover off a hole in the ground”
EXO	21	34	b48a	figs-explicit	כֶּ֖סֶף יָשִׁ֣יב לִ⁠בְעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	repay the loss	The owner must be paid for the loss of his animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must pay the owner for the dead animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	34	ip1n		יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם	1	repay the loss	Alternate translation: “must make restitution”
EXO	21	34	j8qz	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	will become his	The one who paid for the loss of the animal will become the owner of the dead animal and can do what he wants with it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the dead animal will belong to the owner of the pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	35	z9ug		וְ⁠חָצ֣וּ אֶת־כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ	1	divide its price	Alternate translation: “and divide the money” or “and divide the money they receive”
EXO	21	36	fkx2	figs-activepassive	א֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע	1	if it was known	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	36	v64b		נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	a habit of goring in time past	Alternate translation: “the ox had gored other animals before”
EXO	21	36	ix8h	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖⁠נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	its owner has not kept it in	This means that the owner did not keep his ox safely where it could not wander to hurt other animals. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner did not keep it inside a fence” or “and its owner did not tie it securely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	36	dcv2	figs-explicit	שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַ⁠שּׁ֔וֹר	1	he must surely pay ox for ox	The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	intro	f9vb			0		# Exodus 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>This chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. We will not attempt to provide an outline since almost every verse is about a different case.<br><br>## Translation Issues in this Chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br><br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” Then there is a description of the situation, and then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will contain these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br>### Passive construction<br><br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].
EXO	22	1	syx5			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	22	1	onm0	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּ⁠טְבָח֖⁠וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑⁠וֹ	1	General Information:	This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction](../22/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not actually happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	22	1	bc03	translate-numbers	חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה…וְ⁠אַרְבַּע	1	General Information:	Alternate translation: “5 … and 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	22	2	mt43	figs-activepassive	אִם־בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	If a thief is found	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief while he is breaking in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	2	e98x		בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת	1	breaking in	Alternate translation: “while using force to enter a house”
EXO	22	2	gt5f	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֻכָּ֣ה וָ⁠מֵ֑ת	1	if he is struck so that he dies	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	2	fq57		אֵ֥ין ל֖⁠וֹ דָּמִֽים	1	no guilt for murder will attach to anyone on his account	Alternate translation: “no one will be guilty of murdering him”
EXO	22	3	vym5		אִם־זָרְחָ֥ה הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	if the sun has risen before he breaks in	Alternate translation: “But if it is light before he breaks in” or “But if he breaks in and it is after sunrise”
EXO	22	3	c5yl	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִמְכַּ֖ר בִּ⁠גְנֵבָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	he must be sold for his theft	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	4	k926	figs-activepassive	אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא֩ תִמָּצֵ֨א בְ⁠יָד֜⁠וֹ הַ⁠גְּנֵבָ֗ה…חַיִּ֑ים	1	If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	4	g5kg		שְׁנַ֖יִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	pay back double	The meaning of **compensate double** is not entirely clear. Most interpretations follow the UST, that is, two animals total must be given, the stolen one and one more. Some interpret double to mean the thief must pay two animals for every animal that he took, so three total. It would be best to leave double as ambiguous as possible. Alternate translation: “he must compensate twice what he stole”
EXO	22	5	j24t		יַבְעֶר…וּ⁠בִעֵ֖ר	1	If a man grazes his livestock	Alternate translation: “causes to eat plants … and it eats plants”
EXO	22	5	nlxc	grammar-collectivenouns	בְּעִיר֔וֹ	1	If a man grazes his livestock	**Livestock** is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	22	5	jrb3		יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	he must make restitution	Alternate translation: “he must pay back the owner of that field”
EXO	22	6	x6aj	figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ וְ⁠נֶאֱכַ֣ל	1	If a fire breaks out and spreads in thorns	Here, **breaks out** and **consumes** can be stated in active form or in another way that is natural in your language if your language does not use the passive form in this way. Alternate translation: “If someone starts a fire, and it spreads in thorns, and it consumes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	6	i4ma		וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙	1	spreads in thorns	Alternate translation: “and moves along the ground through dry plants”
EXO	22	6	u1pa	translate-unknown	גָּדִ֔ישׁ	1	stacked grain	This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. Alternate translation: “bundled grain” or “harvested grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	22	6	r2cf	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קָּמָ֖ה	1	standing grain	This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: “the grain still growing in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	22	7	jw3v		לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֔ר	1	for safe keeping	Alternate translation: “to watch over it” or “to keep it safe”
EXO	22	7	na9h	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גֻנַּ֖ב	1	if it is stolen	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	7	x2sh	figs-activepassive	אִם־יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	if the thief is found	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	8	lwg5	figs-activepassive	אִם־לֹ֤א יִמָּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גַּנָּ֔ב וְ⁠נִקְרַ֥ב בַּֽעַל־הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת אֶל־הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	come before the judges to see whether	You may need to translate these in an active voice if your language does not use passive in this way. Alternate translation: “If no one finds the thief, bring the owner of the house to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	8	c812	figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	come before the judges to see whether	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [next verse](../22/09.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	8	f774	figs-idiom	שָׁלַ֛ח יָד֖⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	has put his own hand on his neighbor’s property	This is an idiom for stealing. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “he has stolen his neighbor’s property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	22	9	p7ab		דְּבַר…דְּבַר	1		Alternate translation: “dispute of … the dispute of”
EXO	22	9	fgz1		כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	Alternate translation: “This is mine” or “This is my missing property”
EXO	22	9	m31k	figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים…אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	The word used here for **God**, at its most literal, means “great ones.” Here and in the [previous verse](../22/08.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	10	h7ms	figs-activepassive	נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	10	hzow		נִשְׁבָּ֖ה	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	Here, **carried away** means that it is not a thief but a wild animal that takes the ox or sheep away (to eat it). See [verse 12](../22/12.md) for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care.
EXO	22	11	gl7t	figs-activepassive	שְׁבֻעַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה תִּהְיֶה֙ בֵּ֣ין שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם…וְ⁠לָקַ֥ח בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	an oath to Yahweh must be taken by them both	Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh … and the owner must accept that oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	12	yw3w	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִם־גָּנֹ֥ב יִגָּנֵ֖ב מֵ⁠עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	But if it was stolen from him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	13	b313	figs-activepassive	אִם־טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף	1	If an animal was torn in pieces	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	14	h8yw		שַׁלֵּ֥ם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	must surely make restitution	Alternate translation: “must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal”
EXO	22	14	wu3u	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת	1	must surely make restitution	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	15	g3zw	figs-activepassive	אִם־שָׂכִ֣יר	1	if the animal was hired	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	15	r792	figs-explicit	בָּ֖א בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	it will be paid for by its hiring fee	The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	15	f9w9		בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	hiring fee	Alternate translation: “for its rental fee” or “for the money paid to rent the animal”
EXO	22	16	a8s8		וְ⁠כִֽי־יְפַתֶּ֣ה אִ֗ישׁ בְּתוּלָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged	Alternate translation: “If a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to lie with him”
EXO	22	16	th2m		לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	not engaged	Alternate translation: “not promised to be married”
EXO	22	16	g24h	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠שָׁכַ֣ב	1	if he lies with her	Lying with someone refers to having sex. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	22	16	x33y		מָהֹ֛ר יִמְהָרֶ֥⁠נָּה	1	bride wealth	The **bride price** was money paid to the family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
EXO	22	17	y2xz	writing-pronouns	ל֑⁠וֹ…יִשְׁקֹ֔ל	1	him, he	Here, **him** and **he** refer back to the man who seduced the virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	22	19	y3qy	figs-euphemism	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה	1	Whoever lies with an animal	This refers to sexual relations. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	22	19	b807	figs-activepassive	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever lies with an animal	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **be put to death** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	20	n4nh	figs-activepassive	יָֽחֳרָ֑ם	1	Yahweh must be completely destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the sentence): “You must completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	21	kr35		לֹא־תוֹנֶ֖ה	1	wrong a foreigner	Alternate translation: “You must not mistreat” or “You must not cheat”
EXO	22	21	eoa5	figs-explicit	כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	wrong a foreigner	The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed, and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	22	djh3	figs-doublenegatives	כָּל־אַלְמָנָ֥ה וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם לֹ֥א תְעַנּֽוּ⁠ן׃	1	You must not mistreat any widow or fatherless child	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	22	22	v3i8		אַלְמָנָ֥ה	1	widow	Alternate translation: “woman whose husband has died”
EXO	22	22	l2ih		וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם	1	fatherless child	Alternate translation: “or child with no parents”
EXO	22	24	zszz	figs-idiom	וְ⁠חָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔⁠י	1	fatherless child	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	22	24	sx9h	figs-metonymy	בֶּ⁠חָ֑רֶב	1	I will kill you with the sword	To be killed **with the sword** is a metonym that means a person will die violently, perhaps while fighting in a war. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	25	v5je		כְּ⁠נֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	a moneylender	Alternate translation: “like one who lends money”
EXO	22	25	g3ry		לֹֽא־תְשִׂימ֥וּ⁠ן עָלָ֖י⁠ו נֶֽשֶׁךְ	1	charge him interest	Alternate translation: “you must not charge him extra money for borrowing” or “you must not charge him extra money for the loan”
EXO	22	27	wi2m		כְסוּתוֹ֙ לְ⁠בַדָּ֔⁠הּ	1	only covering	Alternate translation: “is his only coat” or “is his only garment to keep him warm”
EXO	22	27	x7zb	figs-rquestion	בַּ⁠מֶּ֣ה יִשְׁכָּ֔ב	1	What else can he sleep in?	This question adds emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	22	28	eel2		אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל	1	You must not blaspheme me, God	Alternate translation: “Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God”
EXO	22	28	tdj6		וְ⁠נָשִׂ֥יא בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר	1	nor curse a ruler	Alternate translation: “and do not ask God to do bad things to your ruler”
EXO	22	29	p8nk	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר	1	You must not hold back offerings	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	22	30	j345	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֤ת	1	For seven days	Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	22	30	m4wq	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁמִינִ֖י	1	the eighth day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	22	31	jjhn	figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּ⁠ן לִ֑⁠י	1	the eighth day	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	23	intro	hk5t			0		# Exodus 23 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>This chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. It also touches on the patterns of life regarding the Sabbaths ([verses 10-12](../23/10.md)) and Festivals ([verses 14-19](../23/14.md)). At [verse 20](../23/20.md) Yahweh begins telling them about their future as they go to and live in the promised land.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Celebrations of feasts and festivals<br><br>The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses, and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
EXO	23	1	we1y			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	23	1	eeoc	figs-abstractnouns	לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	dishonest witness	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **report** and **emptiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	23	1	l4xr		שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	General Information:	Alternate translation: “a false testimony”
EXO	23	1	fu5k	figs-idiom	אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע	1	dishonest witness	Here, to **put your hand with the wicked** means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	1	y1a3	figs-metonymy	עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס	1	dishonest witness	Here, **violence** can also mean “wrong.” Either way, it means to harm another person by committing injustice (violence to justice) by lying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	2	nqz9		וְ⁠לֹא־תַעֲנֶ֣ה	1	nor may you bear witness	Alternate translation: “and you also must not speak”
EXO	23	2	z6ej	figs-metaphor	לֹֽא־תִהְיֶ֥ה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּ֖ים לְ⁠רָעֹ֑ת	1	siding with the crowd	This is a metaphor that describes one’s agreeing with a group of people as if he actually walked behind that group. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You must not do the evil that the crowd wants” or “You must not agree with the majority for evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	2	nuag	figs-ellipsis	לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת…לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	siding with the crowd	The phrase “from justice” is omitted twice but should be understood in both cases. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to turn aside from justice … that turns aside from justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	23	2	tnv2		לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת…לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	pervert justice	Here, **to turn aside** means to do illegal or immoral actions that result in an unjust ruling. Alternate translation: “to pervert justice … that perverts justice”
EXO	23	6	z2al		לֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	Do not thrust aside justice for your poor in his lawsuit	Alternate translation: “Do not decide to treat a poor man unjustly in legal matters”
EXO	23	6	vh76		בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	lawsuit	Here, **in his lawsuit** refers to any matter that a court decides.
EXO	23	7	ljdw	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠דְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק	1	I will not acquit the wicked	Here distance is used figuratively to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	7	c6xl	figs-doublet	וְ⁠נָקִ֤י וְ⁠צַדִּיק֙	1	I will not acquit the wicked	These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with **the wicked** later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	23	7	mf4w		לֹא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע	1	I will not acquit the wicked	Alternate translation: “I will not find the wicked not guilty” or “I will not say that a wicked person is innocent”
EXO	23	8	gh3v	figs-personification	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	bribe blinds…perverts	Here, a “bribe” is described as if it could take action itself that negatively affects justice. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for if you do, an evil person can give money to blind the clear-sighted and to pervert the words of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	23	8	ai37	figs-metaphor	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	bribe blinds…perverts	To **blind the clear-sighted** is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And **perverts the words of the righteous** could mean causes those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causes the judge to give an evil judgment or causes those listening to **the words of the righteous** to choose to act as if they had heard something different. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	9	mzu9		אֶת־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַ⁠גֵּ֔ר	1	the life of a foreigner	Alternate translation: “the feelings of the foreigner”
EXO	23	10	rt7h		תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ	1	its produce	Alternate translation: “the food its plants produce”
EXO	23	10	gjya	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ	1	its produce	Alternate translation: “And 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	11	waxp	translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֞ת	1	unplowed	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “But year 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	23	11	b5q6	translate-unknown	תִּשְׁמְטֶ֣⁠נָּה וּ⁠נְטַשְׁתָּ֗⁠הּ	1	fallow	This means to leave the land fallow, that is, in its natural state, unplowed, unplanted, not used to grow food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	23	11	s4wv	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָֽכְלוּ֙ אֶבְיֹנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	so that the poor among your people may eat	The poor can eat any food that grows on its own in a field that is not cultivated. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so the poor among your people may harvest and eat any food that grows on its own in that field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	12	ij92		שֽׁוֹרְ⁠ךָ֙ וַ⁠חֲמֹרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	your ox and your donkey	Alternate translation: “your work animals”
EXO	23	12	tajk	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֤שֶׁת	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	12	u07q	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	23	12	gpu1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠יִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠הַ⁠גֵּֽר	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the son of your female slave and the sojourner may refresh themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	13	ldn8		תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ	1	Pay attention to	Alternate translation: “Do” or “Obey”
EXO	23	13	va2j	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	These two instructions mean almost the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Be sure never to speak the names of other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	23	13	x5tf	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	These parallel phrases probably mean praying to other gods. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not pray to other gods, never let me hear you do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	13	apnw	figs-metonymy	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	To be **on your mouth** means to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor speak them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	13	s86p	figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also see previous note. Alternate translation: “nor speak them so someone could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	14	ezgh	translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֣שׁ	1	mention the names of other gods	Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	15	bu7n	translate-hebrewmonths	הָֽ⁠אָבִ֔יב	1	Aviv	**Aviv** is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	23	15	i88n	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1	Aviv	Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	15	tx1v	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖⁠י רֵיקָֽם	1	not appear before me empty-handed	Understatement is used here to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must not come to me without a proper offering” or “You must always bring an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	23	16	ybsb		וְ⁠חַ֤ג הַ⁠קָּצִיר֙	1	Festival of Ingathering	Elsewhere this is called the “Festival of Weeks.” See [Exodus 34:22](../34/22.md) and Deuteronomy 16:9 and following.
EXO	23	16	pnx4		וְ⁠חַ֤ג הָֽ⁠אָסִף֙	1	Festival of Ingathering	This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. Alternate translation: “And the Festival of the Ingathering”
EXO	23	16	wgxm	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠צֵ֣את הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֔ה	1	Festival of Ingathering	The phrase **in the exiting of the year** means at the end of the year. The year is pictured as something that is leaving. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “as the year goes out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	17	t5xj	figs-metonymy	יֵרָאֶה֙…אֶל־פְּנֵ֖י הָ⁠אָדֹ֥ן׀ יְהוָֽה׃	1	All your males must appear before the Lord Yahweh	Here, to **appear to the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **To the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	20	bssx	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	mpfy	figs-metonymy	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	Be attentive to him	This means to respect him; **from his face** refers to his person. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Show respect to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	pm7x	figs-activepassive	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	Be attentive to him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	21	p5y3	grammar-connect-logic-result	אַל־תַּמֵּ֣ר בּ֑⁠וֹ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יִשָּׂא֙ לְ⁠פִשְׁעֲ⁠כֶ֔ם כִּ֥י שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ׃	1	Do not provoke him, for he will not pardon	There are two reasons given for the instruction **do not cause bitterness in him**. They are connected in such a way that you could say: “Because my name is within him, he will not forgive your transgressions; therefore, do not cause bitterness in him.” The relation of the **name** and **forgiveness** is not explicit. Alternate translation: “If you provoke him, he will not pardon your sins, for my name is within him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	23	21	p4jv	figs-metonymy	שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	My name is on him	Here, **name** refers to God’s authority. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “he has my authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	gt76	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠שְׁמַ֥ע בְּ⁠קֹל֖⁠וֹ	1	If you indeed obey his voice	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	22	z1gn	figs-metonymy	אִם־שָׁמֹ֤עַ תִּשְׁמַע֙ בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	If you indeed obey his voice	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “if you carefully obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	22	y9bm	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠אָֽיַבְתִּי֙ אֶת־אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠צַרְתִּ֖י אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	an enemy to your enemies and an adversary to your adversaries	These two phrases mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	23	23	x2nh	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒	1		This phrase, **before your face**, means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	24	a1d5	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה כְּ⁠מַֽעֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	You must not…do as they do	The Israelites must not live as the people who worship other gods. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you must not live as the people live who worship those gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	25	t3ir	figs-merism	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠אֶת־מֵימֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	he will bless your bread and water	Here, **your bread and your water** is a merism that means food and drink. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and he will bless your food and drink” or “and he will bless you by giving you food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	23	25	ydl4	figs-123person	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ…וַ⁠הֲסִרֹתִ֥י	1	he will bless…I will remove	Yahweh switched between the first and third pronoun to refer to himself. Here, both **he** and **I** refer to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	23	26	q4gz	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א תִהְיֶ֛ה מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה וַ⁠עֲקָרָ֖ה	1	No woman will be barren or will miscarry her young in your land	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Every woman will be able to become pregnant and give birth to healthy babies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	23	26	i1r9		מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה	1	miscarry	to have a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly, resulting in the death of the baby
EXO	23	26	geqg	figs-idiom	אֶת־מִסְפַּ֥ר יָמֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא	1	miscarry	This is an idiom that means to live a long time. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	27	yps8	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	27	q901	figs-idiom	וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבֶ֛י⁠ךָ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ עֹֽרֶף	1	miscarry	This is an idiom meaning that the enemies will turn and run away (showing the Israelites the backs of their necks). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will make all of your enemies flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	28	t0r1	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ…מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you … from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	28	cg7i	translate-unknown	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה	1	hornets	The **hornet** is a flying insect that can sting people and cause pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	23	28	oocw	grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה…וְ⁠גֵרְשָׁ֗ה	1	hornets	Here, **hornet** is used in the singular but refers to a large group of the flying, stinging insects. **It** agrees in number with **hornet**. It may be necessary to translate as a plural. Alternate translation: “hornets … and they will drive out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	23	29	wfdi	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	29	i9aq	figs-explicit	פֶּן־תִּהְיֶ֤ה הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה	1	or the land would become abandoned	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make the rest of the idea explicit. Alternate translation: “lest the land become desolate because no one would be living in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	30	mne7	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	31	my2e	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	33	d1fp	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ	1	this will surely become a trap for you	This means worshiping other gods will lead the people of Israel to certain destruction, as if they were an animal caught in a hunter’s trap. It could also be saying that leaving the other people around will make it so that the Israelites see the other people’s worship and are lured (like in a trap) into worshiping the other gods, which is a sin against Yahweh. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Worshiping them will surely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	24	intro	b83l			0		# Exodus 24 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>- v. 1-2: Yahweh summons Moses<br>- v. 3-8: Moses reads the covenant and the people accept it; this is ritually marked by sacrifice and sprinkling of blood<br>- v. 9-11: Moses and Israelite elders go up the mountain, see God and eat<br>- v. 12-15: Yahweh summons Moses further up the mountain without the other elders, and he goes<br>- v. 16-18: Description of Yahweh’s glory, and Moses is at the top of the mountain<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>- there are a number of similes used to describe people’s encounter with God<br>- “covenant” appears in a variety of ways<br>- the mountain, the mountain of God, and Mount Sinai are all the same location<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Moses’ covenant<br><br>The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### God’s holiness<br><br>Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a “devouring fire.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	24	1	hji6	writing-newevent		0	Nadab…Abihu	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	1	c97i	translate-names	נָדָ֣ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֔וּא	1	Nadab…Abihu	**Nadab and Abihu** are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	1	zukb	figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֗ה	1	Nadab…Abihu	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	24	1	nm3t	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֖ים	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Alternate translation: “and 70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	1	ymip	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Here, after **bow down,** “to me” is implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you shall bow down to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	2	p06o	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הֵ֖ם	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Here, **they** refers to all the other people mentioned in [verse 1](../24/01.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	24	2	dqnp	figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	24	3	sbc3	writing-newevent		0	with one voice	Verses 3-8 tell of a different scene than the rest of the chapter, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. It seems that there were some preparations needed before Moses and the elders could go up to meet Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	3	nuqr			0	with one voice	See [Exodus 19:8](../19/08.md) for how you translated a very similar event.
EXO	24	3	cg32	figs-idiom	ק֤וֹל אֶחָד֙	1	with one voice	Here, **with one voice** is an idiom that means the people were in complete agreement. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “together” or “in agreement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	24	4	h7gg		תַּ֣חַת הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	foot of the mountain	Alternate translation: “at the base of the mountain”
EXO	24	4	uipf	translate-numbers	וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙…לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר	1	foot of the mountain	Alternate translation: “and 12 … according to the 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	7	c9tm	translate-unknown	סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠בְּרִ֔ית	1	foot of the mountain	Here, **book** does not mean something in our modern format. It was likely a piece of papyrus (an early form of paper made from reeds) or animal skin that rolled up. Alternate translation: “the Covenant he had written down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	24	8	h9ff	figs-explicit	הַ⁠דָּ֔ם	1	Then Moses took the blood	This refers to **the blood** that Moses had put into the bowls. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	8	juxf	figs-explicit	עַ֥ל כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה׃	1	Then Moses took the blood	**These words** refers to what Moses just read aloud to them, that is, Yahweh’s commands. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “which I just read aloud to you and you agreed to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	9	izl5	writing-newevent		0	Nadab…Abihu	A new scene begins with this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. Here the narrative is connected to [verse 2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	9	uz7y	translate-names	נָדָב֙ וַ⁠אֲבִיה֔וּא	1	Nadab…Abihu	**Nadab and Abihu** are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	9	nuq7	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל	1	Nadab…Abihu	The men **went up** the mountain. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	10	ic4s	figs-personification	וְ⁠תַ֣חַת רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו	1	Under his feet	**And under his feet** speaks of God as if he had human feet. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And below where God was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	24	10	q8sn		לִבְנַ֣ת	1	pavement	a hard surface for walking or riding
EXO	24	10	pm87	translate-unknown	הַ⁠סַּפִּ֔יר	1	sapphire stone	A **sapphire** is a gemstone that is blue in color. If there is a blue gemstone that your people are familiar with, you may use it here, as the exact gemstone is not certain. You may also describe it. Alternate translation: “a blue gemstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	24	10	zd6u	figs-simile	וּ⁠כְ⁠עֶ֥צֶם הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠טֹֽהַר	1	as clear as the sky itself	The point of this comparison is the blueness of the tile. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and it was blue like the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	24	11	jds6	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders	Here, **his hand** refers to his judgement. This means that God did not harm the leaders. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God did not harm the Israelite leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	24	11	b398	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders	What would be expected is that they would die if they saw God. The Israelite elders ability to see God and live is unexpected. Be sure your translation conveys that. Alternate translation: “However, he did not send out his hand to the leaders of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	24	12	dx4f	figs-explicit	לְ⁠הוֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	tablets of stone and the law and commandments	This means so that Moses and the other Israelite leaders could teach the laws and commandments to the Israelite people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	13	flw7	writing-participants	וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ	1	with his assistant Joshua	**Joshua** is introduced here again. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	24	13	gv5e		וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ מְשָׁרְת֑⁠וֹ	1	with his assistant Joshua	The word translated **servant** here is usually associated with a higher position, like a government minister. Avoid using a word that implies a lower-class serving role. Alternate translation: “and Joshua his assistant”
EXO	24	14	mhvj	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֤ים אָמַר֙	1	wait for us	The structure of the Hebrew indicates but does not require that this speech by Moses happened before [verse 13](../24/13.md) (hence **had said**). The ULT takes this view, however, for languages where it is hard to express events out of order, the UST reflects the other grammatical possibility and says in [24:13](../24/13.md) that Moses started up the mountain and in [24:15](../24/15.md) that he went the rest of the way up the mountain. Following this, you can view this verse as if Moses paused and gave these final instructions as he was leaving the elders behind, thus keeping a sequential structure. Either approach is permissible by the text, but the approach of the ULT is preferred, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	24	14	qiy4		לָ֣⁠נוּ	1	wait for us	Alternate translation: “Joshua and me”
EXO	24	14	uc7r	translate-names	וְ⁠חוּר֙	1	Hur	**Hur** is a man’s name. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:10](../17/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	14	jyh8		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	Hur	**Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that Moses is about to tell them. It is frequently omitted. If your language uses a statement to draw attention to important information, you should consider using it here. Alternate translation: “Remember”
EXO	24	14	dqhj	figs-idiom	מִי־בַ֥עַל דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	Hur	This is an idiom that means that someone has a legal dispute or complaint. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever has a legal claim” or “Anyone with a law case” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	24	16	j2s5	figs-metonymy	כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה֙	1	Yahweh’s glory	This was the brilliant light of Yahweh’s presence. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the brilliant light showing Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	24	16	sb1o	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	Yahweh’s glory	Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	16	uwdd	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	Yahweh’s glory	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day number 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	24	17	e4n6	figs-simile	כְּ⁠אֵ֥שׁ אֹכֶ֖לֶת	1	like a devouring fire	This means the glory of Yahweh was very large and seemed to burn brightly, like a fire. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like a big fire burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	24	17	k5lj	figs-idiom	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	in the eyes of the Israelites	Their **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents their thoughts or judgment about what they saw. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. See how you translated a similar expression in [15:26](../15/26.md). Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	24	18	h1wy	translate-numbers	אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה	1	forty days and forty nights	Alternate translation: “forty days and forty nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	25	intro	t23a			0		# Exodus 25 General Notes<br><br>## Structure:<br><br>* v. 1-7: Instructions for gifts the Israelites may give to help build the place where they will worship God<br>* v. 8-9: Introductory building instructions<br>* v. 10-22: Instructions for building the Box of the Testimony<br>* v. 23-30: Instructions for building the table<br>* v. 31-39: Instructions for building the lampstand<br>* v. 40: Summary instruction<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>* The tent of meeting and Box of the Testimony are introduced in this chapter.<br>* Translators will need to take special care in translating the concept of atonement.<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues in this Chapter:<br><br>* There are many unfamiliar items in this chapter. Fortunately they are mostly all physical items. Translators will have to try to understand what each item is and translate it into the closest equivalent in their culture. It may be helpful for translators to try to find images depicting some of the items the Israelites were to make.<br>* There are some biblical weights and measurements that translators may not have encountered before.<br>* From [verse 11](../25/11.md) until the end of chapter 30, almost every instruction regarding the construction of the tent of meeting and all the associated items are given with a singular form of “you,” as if Moses himself would make them. However, it is clear and made explicit in [chapter 31](../31/01.md) that certain skilled craftsmen will receive these instructions from Moses and make these items. In some languages you may need to change from second to third person throughout, following the pattern in [25:10](../25/10.md). There are a few exceptions which will have their own note. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]].
EXO	25	2	ygtd	figs-quotemarks	דַּבֵּר֙	1	who is motivated by a willing heart	The beginning of this verse marks the start of a very long direct quote which continues until the end of [Exo 30:10](../30/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	25	2	tktu	figs-quotations	דַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠יִקְחוּ־לִ֖⁠י תְּרוּמָ֑ה	1	who is motivated by a willing heart	In some languages you may have to make **and they shall take a contribution for me** a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation marking if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘You shall take a contribution for me.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	25	2	r5yr	figs-idiom	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִדְּבֶ֣⁠נּוּ לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	who is motivated by a willing heart	This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part may vary. Alternate translation: “who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	25	2	k78q	figs-youdual	תִּקְח֖וּ	1	You must receive	The word **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	25	4	c1qn	figs-explicit	וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	blue, purple, and scarlet material	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	25	4	c958	translate-unknown	וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	scarlet	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	ayup	translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֛ים	1	scarlet	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish in color. It is not clear whether these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	va28	translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	scarlet	The meaning of this word is not known. It may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	d4fa	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּֽים	1	scarlet	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	6	i6gp	translate-unknown	בְּשָׂמִים֙	1	spices	Here, **spices** are things made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	7	mg4f	translate-unknown	אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֕הַם	1	onyx	An **onyx** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	7	c3hk		וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י	1	precious stones	Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “ and treasured gems for”
EXO	25	9	m1np	figs-yousingular	אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	show you in the plans	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	25	9	w4sc		כֵּלָ֑י⁠ו	1	tabernacle	Here, **utensils** is a general term that you could translate by a broad term that could encompass all of the things used in the Dwelling, as described in this and the several following chapters. Alternate translation: “its implements”
EXO	25	9	c9qe	figs-youdual	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	You must make it	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	25	9	tc2k	figs-123person	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	You must make it	Since Moses does not construct these items himself, you may consider shifting the instructions to the third person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they shall make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	25	10	o8dl	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֑ים	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	These trees, **acacias**, are small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	10	cs23	translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֨יִם וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי…וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	10	saf8	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי…וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	12	wbq8	translate-unknown	וְ⁠יָצַ֣קְתָּ לּ֗⁠וֹ אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת זָהָ֔ב	1	cast four rings of gold	Casting rings was a process in which gold was melted, poured into a mold that was in the shape of a ring, and then allowed to cool and harden. If this sort of metal-working process is unknown to your people, you may simply describe it, or use a word meaning “make,” as the UST does. The UST approach is preferred, as the creation process is not in focus here, and it would be cumbersome to include the description in the text. You could use a word meaning “make,” and include the description in a footnote if you are including those and your team feels it is important to understand. Alternate translation: “You shall make four rings of gold by melting the gold and pouring it into molds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	13	i5mc	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֑ים	1	cast four rings of gold	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	15	k67p	figs-parallelism	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	General Information:	These two phrases mean similar things. Yahweh is saying the same thing in two different ways to emphasize how important this command is. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The poles belong in the rings of the box; no one is ever to remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	25	15	aea1	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	General Information:	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as seen in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	17	ast8	translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֤יִם וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to the metric system is: 115 centimeters … 69 centimeters … 69 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	17	c8o7	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	19	b4l9		מִן־הַ⁠כַּפֹּ֛רֶת תַּעֲשׂ֥וּ אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרֻבִ֖ים עַל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	They must be made	This seems to indicate that the cherubim should be formed out of the same piece of gold as the rest of the lid. It may, however, mean that at the end they should be one piece, so the gold should be heated to melting and the lid and cherubim joined together. Alternate translation: “You shall join the cherubim to the atonement lid on its two ends”
EXO	25	22	zu9u	figs-yousingular	לְ⁠ךָ֮…אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜…אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	It is at the ark that I will meet with you	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. If you have been using a plural you for Yahweh’s commands which have been to give to others, make sure you use the singular form of “you” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	25	23	t312	translate-bdistance	שִׁטִּ֑ים אַמָּתַ֤יִם אָרְכּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אַמָּ֣ה רָחְבּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי קֹמָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115 centimeters … 46 centimeters … 69 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	23	a2o9	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	24	f20e			0	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	This verse is almost identical to [25:11](../25/11.md).
EXO	25	25	awi7	translate-bdistance	טֹ֖פַח	1	one handbreadth wide	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **handbreadth** is a measurement of approximately eight centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	25	bit8		לּ֥⁠וֹ	1	frame for it	Alternate translation: “for the table”
EXO	25	27	jdh4	figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים	1	The rings must be attached	Here, **to house the poles** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since the rings are where the poles belong for use when carrying the table, the rings are figuratively in their **house.** If your language has a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it, or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “to be a place for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	25	28	l4fk	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשָּׂא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָֽן	1	so that the table may be carried with them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall carry the table with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	29	nrmp	translate-unknown	קְּעָרֹתָ֜י⁠ו וְ⁠כַפֹּתָ֗י⁠ו וּ⁠קְשׂוֹתָי⁠ו֙ וּ⁠מְנַקִּיֹּתָ֔י⁠ו	1	to be used to pour out drink offerings	We do not know precisely what these dishes were. It is likely that the **plates** were mostly flat dishes for holding the bread that would be on the table. The **pans** may have been shallow bowls or deep plates for holding incense, or they may have been something more like a ladle or spoon. The **pitchers** probably held wine to be poured into the **bowls** for the drink offerings. You will need to translate using the closest word for each such item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	29	v78d	figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻסַּ֖ךְ בָּ⁠הֵ֑ן	1	to be used to pour out drink offerings	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from which the priests will pour out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	30	uth7	figs-metonymy	לֶ֥חֶם פָּנִ֖ים	1	bread of the presence	Here, **faces** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	30	kh7c	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנַ֥⁠י	1	bread of the presence	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	31	kc3q		מִקְשָׁ֞ה	1	hammered gold	Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	25	31	g25l	figs-activepassive	תֵּעָשֶׂ֤ה	1	The lampstand is to be made	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you shall make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	33	i7bh	translate-unknown	מְֽשֻׁקָּדִ֞ים	1	almond blossoms	**Almond blossoms** are white or pink flowers with five petals. (An almond is a kind of nut.) You may want to include a short description as a footnote or in the text (if that is your translation style) the first time this object is encountered. Alternate translation: “shaped like the five-petaled almond flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	35	lk10		וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֡ר תַּחַת֩ שְׁנֵ֨י הַ⁠קָּנִ֜ים מִמֶּ֗⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּר֙ תַּ֣חַת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠קָּנִים֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֕ר תַּחַת־שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠קָּנִ֖ים מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה לְ⁠שֵׁ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠קָּנִ֔ים הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֖ים מִן־הַ⁠מְּנֹרָֽה	1	made as one piece with it	Alternate translation: “There must be a leafy base under the first pair of branches—made as one piece with it, and a leafy base under the second pair of branches—also made as one piece with it. In the same way there must be a leafy base under the third pair of branches, made as one piece with it. It must be the same for all six branches extending out from the lampstand.”
EXO	25	36	r7yz		מִקְשָׁ֥ה	1	made as one piece with it	Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	25	37	dfn6	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הֵאִ֖יר עַל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ	1	for them to give light from it	Here, **face** figuratively represents the location of the lampstand. Alternate translation: “so they shine light near it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	39	ff5p	translate-bweight	כִּכָּ֛ר	1	one talent	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A talent weighs about 33 kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	25	40	y081	figs-explicit	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	All the items described in this chapter are included in what Moses is told to **see and make**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and make everything I have described” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	25	40	gyte	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	Here, **see** relates to observing or overseeing. Essentially, Yahweh is telling Moses to be careful as he observes the pattern on the mountain and as he sees the craftsmen of Israel working on these items, so that they are made correctly. Alternate translation: “Observe carefully and work exactly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	40	l7je	figs-activepassive	אַתָּ֥ה מָרְאֶ֖ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	intro	emw7			0		# Exodus 26 General Notes<br><br>- The sacred tent has four layers (from inside to out): linen, goats’ hair, tanned rams’ skins, and fine leather.<br>- There are multiple different curtains described using three different Hebrew words: one sort of curtains to make the walls of the tent ([verses 1-13](../26/01.md)), another to separate the Holy Place and Most Holy Place (also known as Holy of Holies) ([verses 31-34](../26/31.md)), and another for the entrance of the sacred tent ([verses 36-37](../26/36.md)). If there are words in your language that would make a distinction between these sorts of hanging cloths, it would be appropriate to make a distinction in your translation.<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.<br>- v. 1-30: Instructions for constructing the exterior of the sacred tent<br>    * v. 1-6: Inner covering<br>    * v. 7-14: Outer covering layers<br>    * v. 15-30: Wooden framework<br>- v. 31-35: Instructions for arranging the interior of the sacred tent<br>- v. 36-37: Instructions for hanging the entrance curtain<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### The tent of meeting<br><br>This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the box would be stored. This would eventually become the Dwelling.  (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	26	1	ks8r	figs-yousingular	תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה	1	You must make	Yahweh is speaking to Moses, so the word **you** is singular. Yahweh probably expected Moses to tell someone else to do the actual work, but Moses would be the one responsible for seeing that the work was done correctly. Alternate translation: “, tell a craftsman to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	26	1	vre7		וּ⁠תְכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	curtains	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	26	1	xvs7	translate-unknown	וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	scarlet wool	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	1	ni5d	translate-unknown	שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר	1	scarlet wool	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	1	n2vm		חֹשֵׁ֖ב	1	craftsman	a person who is skilled in making beautiful objects by hand
EXO	26	2	dkr6	translate-bdistance	שְׁמֹנֶ֤ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	twenty-eight cubits…four cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 12.9 meters … 184 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	3	ba6w	figs-activepassive	חֲמֵ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֗ת תִּֽהְיֶ֨יןָ֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠חָמֵ֤שׁ יְרִיעֹת֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	Five curtains must be joined to each other…must also be joined to each other	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Join five of the curtains each to another, and join five of the curtains each to another.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	4	ghz8		תְּכֵ֗לֶת	1	one set	Alternate translation: “blue yarn” or “blue cloth”
EXO	26	4	wdum	translate-ordinal	הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ת…הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	one set	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	26	4	d0sl		בַּ⁠חֹבָ֑רֶת	1	one set	Alternate translation: “in one set of five curtains”
EXO	26	4	gjt1		בַּ⁠מַּחְבֶּ֖רֶת הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	one set	Alternate translation: “in the other set of five curtains”
EXO	26	5	nkr7	figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	one set	This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	26	6	sns4		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֕יתָ חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים קַרְסֵ֣י זָהָ֑ב וְ⁠חִבַּרְתָּ֨ אֶת־הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֜ת אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙	1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops (verses 4 and 5) to hold the curtains together.
EXO	26	6	k12s	figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙	1	clasps	This is the same idiom as in the previous verse, meaning together. Alternate translation: “to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	26	6	b242		אֶחָֽד	1	clasps	Alternate translation: “as though it were one piece”
EXO	26	7	jeaz		לְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל	1	eleven	This refers to an outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “for an outer tent”
EXO	26	7	t7t3	translate-numbers	עַשְׁתֵּי־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה	1	eleven	Alternate translation: “eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	8	p423	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁים֙…אַרְבַּ֣ע…לְ⁠עַשְׁתֵּ֥י עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה	1	thirty…four	Alternate translation: “thirty … four … eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	8	v7i1	translate-bdistance	שְׁלֹשִׁים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 13.8 meter … 184 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	9	kb9x	figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֖וּל פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	cubits	Here, **face** is probably referring to the entrance of the tent. The opening for the protective tent and the sacred tent would have been coordinated so they were in the same place. Alternate translation: “in front of the entrance of the tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	26	9	q3og		הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	cubits	As in [verse 7](../26/07.md), **the tent** refers to the outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “the outer tent”
EXO	26	10	etf7			0	loops	See how you translated a very similar text in [Exodus 26:4](../26/04.md).
EXO	26	11	cq36	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָסִים֙	1	clasps	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	12	hftk	translate-fraction	חֲצִ֤י	1	clasps	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	26	13	k4ci	translate-bdistance	וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֨ה…וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֤ה	1	cubit	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	14	kii8	translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	a covering of ram skins dyed red, and another covering of fine leather	The meaning of this word, **sea cows**, is not known. It may refer to a water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	14	yz3v	translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֑ים	1	dyed red	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	15	y85l	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָשִׁ֖ים	1	frames	Here, **frames** refers to open wooden structures made to hold the curtains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	15	tw2h	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֖ים	1	frames	The **acacias** are relatively small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	16	k4b7	translate-numbers	עֶ֥שֶׂר…וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	Alternate translation: “10 … 1.5 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	16	z2rv	translate-bdistance	עֶ֥שֶׂר אַמּ֖וֹת…וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6 meters … 69 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	16	p3av	translate-fraction	וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	26	17	zwfj	translate-unknown	יָד֗וֹת	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	Here, the term **tenons** means a part of the wood sticking out from the rest of the frame so that it can be put into a hole in another object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	17	xf6s	figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” See how you translated this in [26:5](../26/05.md). Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	26	19	c9id		אַדְנֵי־כֶ֔סֶף	1	silver bases	The **bases of silver** were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place and off the ground.
EXO	26	19	o357	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֨י אֲדָנִ֜ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֤רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָד֙ לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י יְדֹתָ֔י⁠ו וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֧י אֲדָנִ֛ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֖ד לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֥י יְדֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. This same phrasing occurs again in [verse 21](../26/21.md) and [verse 25](../26/25.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame for its two tenons, and then two bases under the next frame for its two tenons, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	21	rlcf	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	25	cbpl	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	25	p2wu	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם…אֲדָנִ֑ים…אֲדָנִ֗ים…אֲדָנִ֔ים	1	silver bases	The **bases** were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the frame in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	26	fc8p	translate-unknown	בְרִיחִ֖ם	1	crossbars	The **crossbars** are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	29	ji1j		בָּתִּ֖ים לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם	1	for them to serve as holders for the crossbars	Alternate translation: “which will hold the crossbars” or “because they will hold the crossbars”
EXO	26	29	nq3m		לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם	1	crossbars	The **crossbars** are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
EXO	26	30	csf9	figs-activepassive	הָרְאֵ֖יתָ בָּ⁠הָֽר	1	you were shown on the mountain	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	31	yqi6			0	General Information:	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	26	33	p2yq	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָסִים֒	1	clasps	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	33	x28l	figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים	1	clasps	Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the Most Holy Place” or “the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	26	34	u3tu	figs-possession	בְּ⁠קֹ֖דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים	1	clasps	Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely holy, as in, the holiest of the holy places. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the Most Holy Place” or “in the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	26	35	lv9e		הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָן֙…הַ⁠מְּנֹרָה֙	1	The table must be on the north side	This is the **table** Yahweh told Moses how to make in [25:23-30](../25/23.md) and the **lampstand** he told him how to make in [25:31-39](../25/31.md).
EXO	26	36	tiz7			0	The table must be on the north side	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	26	36	rr16		תְּכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	blue, purple, and scarlet material	This could mean: (1) “yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple, and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	26	36	f6td	translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֑ר	1	fine twined linen	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	36	r2fy	translate-unknown	רֹקֵֽם	1	an embroiderer	Alternate translation: “a person who sews decorative designs into cloth” or “a person who embroiders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	37	av60			0	an embroiderer	See how you translated very similar instructions in [verse 32](../26/32.md).
EXO	27	intro	x4f7			0		# Exodus 27 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.<br>- v. 1-8: Instructions for constructing the altar<br>- v. 9-19: Instructions for constructing the outer curtain walls forming the courtyard around the sacred tent<br>- v. 20-21: Instructions for the lampstand<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### The tent of meeting<br><br>This chapter gives specific instructions regarding building the courtyard area around the Dwelling containing the altar where priests made sacrifices to Yahweh.<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>- The verb **make** at the beginning of [verse 9](../27/09.md) is the only verb from verses 9-18. Some languages may be able to translate a clause chain this long without additional verbs. Others (including English), will need to supply at least a minimum number of verbs (ULT) or quite a few verbs (UST) for naturalness.<br>- There continue to be a number of possibly unknown terms, still all tangible objects.
EXO	27	1	s8qy	translate-bdistance	חָמֵשׁ֩ אַמּ֨וֹת…וְ⁠חָמֵ֧שׁ אַמּ֣וֹת…וְ⁠שָׁלֹ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת	1	cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 2.3 meters … 2.3 meters … 138 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	4	hsq3		מִכְבָּ֔ר	1	grate	The **grate** is a frame of crossed metal bars for holding wood when burning.
EXO	27	4	vlau		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ עַל־הָ⁠רֶ֗שֶׁת אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת נְחֹ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ל אַרְבַּ֥ע קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	grate	You may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles when translating this verse. See [Exo 25:12](../25/12.md), [Exo 25:26](../25/26.md), and [Exo 25:27](../25/27.md).
EXO	27	5	c5em	figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֣ה אֹתָ֗⁠הּ תַּ֛חַת כַּרְכֹּ֥ב הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֖חַ מִ⁠לְּ⁠מָ֑טָּה וְ⁠הָיְתָ֣ה הָ⁠רֶ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ד חֲצִ֥י הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ	1	You must put the grate under the ledge of the altar	The grate was placed inside the altar. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	27	7	b3yx	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הוּבָ֥א אֶת־בַּדָּ֖י⁠ו	1	The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall put its poles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	8	ecmh	figs-123person	הֶרְאָ֥ה	1	The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it	Here, **he** refers to Yahweh in the third person. If it would be unnatural in your language for someone to refer to himself in this way, you may need to change it. Alternate translation: “I showed” or “Yahweh showed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	27	8	frcs	figs-123person	יַעֲשֽׂוּ	1	The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it	Here, **they** refers to whoever will make all these items. It is an indication that even though Yahweh has been speaking to Moses in the singular throughout, these instructions are meant to be conveyed to Israelite craftsmen. See [25:intro](../25/intro.md) for more. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	27	9	v748	translate-unknown	שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר	1	fine twined linen	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	27	9	ce9a	translate-bdistance	מֵאָ֤ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּה֙	1	one hundred cubits	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	10	qq8f		וְ⁠עַמֻּדָ֣י⁠ו עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֥ם עֶשְׂרִ֖ים נְחֹ֑שֶׁת	1	one hundred cubits	Here, **bronze** may refer to both the **pillars** and the **bases**, or just to the **bases.** The pillars inside the tent were of wood overlaid with gold; these may be wood overlaid with bronze.
EXO	27	11	gjg5			0	there must be hangings one hundred cubits long	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 27:9-10](../27/09.md).
EXO	27	11	ynao	figs-ellipsis	מֵ֣אָה	1	there must be hangings one hundred cubits long	Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “100 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	27	11	xev2	translate-bdistance	מֵ֣אָה	1	there must be hangings one hundred cubits long	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	12	p4u4	translate-bdistance	חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אַמָּ֑ה	1	there must be a curtain	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	13	w2sg	translate-bdistance	חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים אַמָּֽה	1	The courtyard must also be fifty cubits long	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	14	u8nm	translate-bdistance	וַ⁠חֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה	1	fifteen cubits	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	14	z8n2		עַמֻּדֵי⁠הֶ֣ם	1	posts	The **pillars** were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	27	14	gz7s		וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	bases	The **bases** were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	27	15	s2cc	translate-bdistance	חְמֵ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה	1	fifteen cubits	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	15	hlzp		עַמֻּדֵי⁠הֶ֣ם	1	posts	These **posts** were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	27	15	o49h		וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	bases	The **bases** were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	27	16	kn9u			0	blue, purple, and scarlet material and fine twined linen	See how you translated a nearly identical passage in [26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	27	16	g5wi	translate-bdistance	עֶשְׂרִ֣ים אַמָּ֗ה	1	an embroiderer	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	17	wtng	figs-activepassive	מְחֻשָּׁקִ֣ים	1	an embroiderer	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Among other options not so relevant here, Wiktionary suggests that a **fillet** could be a “thin strip of any material, in various technical uses,” “thin featureless molding used as separation between broader decorative moldings,” or a rounded corner. Alternate translation: “you shall fillet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	18	wt7n	translate-bdistance	מֵאָ֨ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּ֜ה…חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֗ים…חָמֵ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת	1	one hundred cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters … 23 meters … 2.3 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	18	mu6b	figs-ellipsis	חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֗ים	1	one hundred cubits	Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “50 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	27	19	bs7c	translate-unknown	יְתֵדֹתָ֛י⁠ו…יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	tent pegs	The **tent pegs** are strong, sharp pieces of metal driven into the ground and used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground or to secure ropes in order to create tension to stabilize something standing upright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	27	21	p7ru	figs-synecdoche	הָ⁠עֵדֻ֗ת	1	ark of testimony	The **testimony** refers to the chest that contains the sacred slabs of stone on which Yahweh had written his commandments. If it would be more clear to your readers you may include a reference to the chest. Alternate translation: “is the Box of the Testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	27	21	nlwz		יַעֲרֹךְ֩ אֹת֨⁠וֹ	1	ark of testimony	Here, **it** refers to the lamp mentioned in the previous verse and **arrange** means to set it up for burning, and light it. Alternate translation: “shall set up the lampstand and light it”
EXO	27	21	j41s	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	ark of testimony	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	27	21	vr7m		חֻקַּ֤ת עוֹלָם֙ לְ⁠דֹ֣רֹתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	This requirement will be a lasting statute	See how you translated a similar statement in [12:14](../12/14.md)
EXO	28	intro	r3yx			0		# Exodus 28 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>- v. 1: Introduction - Aaron and sons will become priests<br>- v. 2-5: General introduction of sacred clothing<br>- v. 6-14: Instructions for the ephod<br>    * v. 9-14: Instructions regarding stones on ephod<br>- v. 15-28: Instructions for the breastpiece<br>    * v. 17-21: Instructions regarding stones on breastpiece<br>    * v. 22-28: Instructions for mounting the breastpiece on the ephod<br>- v. 29-30: Aaron should wear things over his heart<br>- v 31-35: Instructions for making the robe with bells and pomegranates<br>- v. 36-38: Instructions regarding the turban<br>- v. 39-41: Closing general instructions regarding clothing<br>- v. 42-43: Instructions on making and wearing undergarments<br>- v. 43b: Closing statement<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Holy garments<br><br>Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they had to be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>- Verses 17-20 list 12 kinds of stone. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones. The UST gives the probable color of the gemstones. Translators may use names of familiar gem stones.
EXO	28	1	e1xb	figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתָּ֡ה	1	Call to yourself	Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	28	1	w9ls	translate-kinship	אַהֲרֹ֨ן אָחִ֜י⁠ךָ	1	Call to yourself	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	28	1	ofgr	translate-names	נָדָ֧ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֛וּא אֶלְעָזָ֥ר וְ⁠אִיתָמָ֖ר	1	Call to yourself	These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	28	2	zxy0	figs-abstractnouns	בִגְדֵי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	Call to yourself	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	28	3	n17y	figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתָּ֗ה	1	Call to yourself	Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	28	3	c9pv	figs-parallelism	אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה	1	Call to yourself	There is a little bit of parallelism here. Yahweh is clarifying who causes someone to be **wise of heart**. You could translate this in a more causative way if that would make more sense. Alternate translation: “to anyone whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, making them wise of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	28	3	wt7m	figs-metonymy	אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה	1	Call to yourself	Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person that is, traits of a person. **Wisdom** refers to skill or talent with crafting in this case. Together **wise of heart** and **filled with the spirit of wisdom** both essentially mean “a talented craftsman.” If it would be more clear to your readers, you may consider making some of this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to every talented craftsman, those whom I have made skilled in their work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	4	tr5e		וּ⁠כְתֹ֥נֶת תַּשְׁבֵּ֖ץ	1	a coat of woven work	We do not know what word translated **of woven work** means, as it only occurs here and in [verse 39](../28/39.md) as a verb. Alternate translation: “and a checkered tunic” or “an embroidered garment”
EXO	28	4	dz5h	translate-unknown	מִצְנֶ֣פֶת	1	turban	This is a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. You may translate it using a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	4	k184	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֑ט	1	sash	The **sash** is a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. You may translate it with a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	4	jqtg	figs-abstractnouns	בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ	1	sash	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	28	5	rxke	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠תְּכֵ֖לֶת וְ⁠אֶת־הָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן וְ⁠אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	sash	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	5	pfq5	translate-unknown	תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	sash	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	6	u3rx	translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ מָשְׁזָ֖ר	1	fine-twined linen	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md). Alternate translation: “fine twined linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	6	k3bj		חֹשֵֽׁב	1	skillful craftsman	The description **skillful craftsman** refers to a person who can make beautiful objects by hand.
EXO	28	7	dpph		שְׁתֵּ֧י כְתֵפֹ֣ת חֹֽבְרֹ֗ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּ֛⁠וֹ אֶל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר	1	skillful craftsman	This likely meant creating some sort of fastening up by the shoulders to attach the front of the ephod to its back. Alternate translation: “They shall make it so that the front and back attach to each other at the shoulders”
EXO	28	7	wt20	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר	1	skillful craftsman	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “join it together that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	8	u5av		אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלָ֔י⁠ו כְּ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֖⁠הוּ מִמֶּ֣⁠נּוּ	1	it must be made of one piece	This is saying that the sash should be attached to the ephod, perhaps cut from the same material used to make the rest of the ephod.
EXO	28	9	c4ia	translate-unknown	אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֑הַם	1	onyx stones	These **stones of onyx** are valuable stones that have layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	9	s2yd	translate-numbers	שְׁתֵּ֖י	1	onyx stones	Alternate translation: “2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	28	10	h5mr	translate-numbers	שִׁשָּׁה֙…הַ⁠שִּׁשָּׁ֧ה	1	onyx stones	Alternate translation: “6 of … the 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	28	10	zlte		כְּ⁠תוֹלְדֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	onyx stones	Alternate translation: “according to their birth order”
EXO	28	11	dv8k		פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֗ם	1	With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engraving on a signet	Alternate translation: “in the same way a person engraves on a seal”
EXO	28	11	x1xc	translate-unknown	חָרַשׁ֮ אֶבֶן֒	1	engraver	A **craftsman of stone** is a person who cuts designs into stones. Alternate translation: “a detailed stone cutter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	11	cm3f	translate-unknown	חֹתָ֗ם	1	signet	This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	11	gh2r	translate-unknown	מִשְׁבְּצ֥וֹת	1	settings	These are pieces of metal that hold the stones onto the ephod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	12	ypfd		זִכָּרֹ֖ן…לְ⁠זִכָּרֹֽן	1	settings	The text does not specify if Yahweh or Aaron or someone else is the one being reminded by the stones. It also does not specify exactly what the reminder is of. Try to maintain this ambiguity if possible in your translation.
EXO	28	12	shn5	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י	1	settings	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	13	pi4x	translate-unknown	מִשְׁבְּצֹ֖ת	1	settings	The **ornamental settings** are pieces of precious metal that surround the sides of hold each stone to hold it onto the ephod. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	14	e746		וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤י שַׁרְשְׁרֹת֙ זָהָ֣ב טָה֔וֹר מִגְבָּלֹ֛ת תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֖⁠ם מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת	1	two braided chains of pure gold like cords	Alternate translation: “and you shall make two chains of pure gold that are braided like cords”
EXO	28	15	sf8e		מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה חֹשֵׁ֔ב כְּ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֵפֹ֖ד תַּעֲשֶׂ֑⁠נּוּ	1	the work of a skillful workman, fashioned like the ephod	Alternate translation: “a skillful workman will make it like the ephod”
EXO	28	16	cny4	translate-bdistance	זֶ֥רֶת…וְ⁠זֶ֥רֶת	1	span	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A span is approximately 23 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	28	16	onj6		רָב֥וּעַ יִֽהְיֶ֖ה כָּפ֑וּל	1	span	Alternate translation: “Fold it in half so it will be square”
EXO	28	17	spd4	translate-unknown		0	General Information:	Twelve kinds of stones are listed in the next four verses. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	17	n1ys	translate-unknown	אֹ֤דֶם פִּטְדָה֙ וּ⁠בָרֶ֔קֶת	1	ruby…topaz…garnet	These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	18	qq9g	translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י	1	emerald…diamond	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 2:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	28	18	ga1v	translate-unknown	נֹ֥פֶךְ סַפִּ֖יר וְ⁠יָהֲלֹֽם	1	emerald…diamond	These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	18	a5rr	translate-unknown	סַפִּ֖יר	1	sapphire	This is a gemstone that is blue in color. See how you translated this in [Exodus 24:10](../24/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	19	uw42	translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י	1	sapphire	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 3:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	28	19	z17r	translate-unknown	לֶ֥שֶׁם שְׁב֖וֹ וְ⁠אַחְלָֽמָה	1	jacinth…agate…amethyst	These are precious stones (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	20	ekaf	translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּוּר֙ הָ⁠רְבִיעִ֔י	1	jacinth…agate…amethyst	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 4:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	28	20	ul2e	translate-unknown	תַּרְשִׁ֥ישׁ וְ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם וְ⁠יָשְׁפֵ֑ה	1	beryl…jasper	These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	20	rgf6	translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם	1	onyx	An **onyx** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated these in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	20	pw5h	figs-activepassive	מְשֻׁבָּצִ֥ים זָהָ֛ב יִהְי֖וּ	1	They must be mounted in gold settings	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall set them in gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	21	z8mw	translate-unknown	פִּתּוּחֵ֤י חוֹתָם֙	1	signet ring	This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document. Here the stone is mounted on a ring. See how you translated “signet” in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	22	m7yl	translate-unknown	שַֽׁרְשֹׁ֥ת גַּבְלֻ֖ת מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת זָהָ֖ב טָהֽוֹר	1	chains like cords, braided work of pure gold	See how you translated similar phrases in [Exodus 28:14](../28/14.md). Alternate translation (should replace **twisted chains**): “chains that are made of pure gold and are braided like cords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	25	d8y3	figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֥וּל פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	braided chains	Here, **face** simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	25	a4lc	figs-explicit	עַל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁבְּצ֑וֹת	1	to the two settings	These are two settings that enclose the stones. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	28	27	f2nn	figs-metonymy	פָּנָ֔י⁠ו	1	braided chains	Here, **face** simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	27	vw1w	translate-unknown	לְ⁠חֵ֖שֶׁב	1	finely-woven waistband	The **waistband** was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	28	se56	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁן מֵ⁠עַ֖ל	1	so that it might be attached	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	28	wf9v	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁן מֵ⁠עַ֖ל	1	the breastpiece might not become unattached from the ephod	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	28	29	z1mz		שְׁמ֨וֹת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	he must carry the names of the people of Israel over his heart in the breastpiece	This refers to the names of the tribes engraved on the twelve stones the breastplate as described in [Exodus 28:17-21](./17.md).
EXO	28	29	cc97		עַל־לִבּ֖⁠וֹ	1	over his heart	Alternate translation: “over Aaron’s heart” or “on his chest”
EXO	28	30	dgn9	translate-transliterate	הָ⁠אוּרִים֙ וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠תֻּמִּ֔ים	1	the Urim and the Thummim	It is not clear what **the Urim and the Thummim** are. They were objects, possibly stones, that the priest used to somehow determine the will of God. Because of this, it is basically impossible to translate. In your translation, you can spell it the way it sounds in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
EXO	28	30	f537	translate-unknown	וְ⁠נָשָׂ֣א אַ֠הֲרֹן אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֨ט בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל עַל־לִבּ֛⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה תָּמִֽיד	1	the Urim and the Thummim…the means for making decisions	This phrase appears to refer to the Urim and Thummim and explain their purpose. Alternate translation: “And Aaron shall bear the decisions for the sons of Israel over his heart before Yahweh continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	30	fep5	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה…לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה	1	the Urim and the Thummim…the means for making decisions	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh … before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	32	x42n		מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֹרֵ֗ג	1	This must be the work of a weaver	Alternate translation: “made by a weaver”
EXO	28	32	rw96	translate-unknown	אֹרֵ֗ג	1	a weaver	Alternate translation: “a person who weaves” or “a person who creates cloth using thread, yarns and wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	32	t60l	translate-unknown	תַחְרָ֛א	1	a weaver	We do not know what this term means, but the implication seems to be that the collar should be made strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	32	ubhg	figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יִקָּרֵֽעַ	1	a weaver	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	33	qm1f	translate-unknown	תְּכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תוֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	pomegranates	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	34	kl55		פַּעֲמֹ֤ן זָהָב֙ וְ⁠רִמּ֔וֹן פַּֽעֲמֹ֥ן זָהָ֖ב וְ⁠רִמּ֑וֹן	1	a golden bell and a pomegranate	This phrase is repeated to show the pattern of the design on the robe. Alternate translation: “alternate pomegranates and golden bells”
EXO	28	35	pf61	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשְׁמַ֣ע ק֠וֹל⁠וֹ	1	so that its sound can be heard	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the bells make a sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	35	fmqu	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י יְהוָ֛ה	1	so that its sound can be heard	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	35	ky8s	figs-123person	יְהוָ֛ה	1	so that its sound can be heard	Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	28	35	qtf9	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָמֽוּת	1	This is so that he does not die	The probable implication is that he would die because he did not obey Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will not die because of disobeying my instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	28	36	mzej	translate-unknown	צִּ֖יץ	1	engrave on it, like the engraving on a signet	We do not know exactly what this was. It was probably a thin piece of gold smaller than the palm of someone’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	36	nd2q	translate-unknown	וּ⁠פִתַּחְתָּ֤ עָלָי⁠ו֙ פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֔ם	1	engrave on it, like the engraving on a signet	See how you translated similar words in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md) Alternate translation: “write on it in the same way a person engraves on a seal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	37	qka6	translate-unknown	הַ⁠מִּצְנָ֑פֶת…הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת	1	turban	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	37	lxq8	figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֥וּל פְּנֵֽי־הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת	1	turban	Here, **face** means the front. Alternate translation: “to the front of the turban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	38	frqm	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נָשָׂ֨א אַהֲרֹ֜ן אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן הַ⁠קֳּדָשִׁ֗ים	1	turban	Here, **iniquity** is pictured as something that can be carried or worn like the turban. It also seems to picture handing off the iniquity from the people to Aaron. Also here, **iniquity** actually seems to refer to the punishment for anything that might be wrong regarding the things the Israelites offer Yahweh. You may need to use a different word than **bear** to convey the transfer of responsibility for wrongs from the people to Aaron. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and Aaron shall be responsible for any wrong related to the holy things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	28	38	chuz	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	turban	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	28	38	jbt4	figs-123person	יְהוָֽה	1	turban	Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	28	39	t5vj	translate-unknown	מִצְנֶ֣פֶת	1	turban	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	39	yi1l	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֥ט	1	sash	A **sash** is a decorative piece of cloth that a person wears around his waist or across his chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	39	i62z	translate-unknown	רֹקֵֽם	1	the work of an embroiderer	An embroiderer is a person who sews decorative designs onto cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	40	pfs2	translate-unknown	אַבְנֵטִ֑ים	1	sashes	The **sashes** are decorative pieces of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	40	v2tj	translate-unknown	וּ⁠מִגְבָּעוֹת֙	1	headbands	A headband is a decorative, narrow strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. This seems to be similar to, but perhaps smaller than the turban worn by the high priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	41	xa75	translate-kinship	אַהֲרֹ֣ן אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	You must clothe Aaron your brother	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO	28	41	agey	figs-idiom	וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֧ אֶת־יָדָ֛⁠ם	1	You must clothe Aaron your brother	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you shall ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	28	42	vz62	translate-unknown	מִכְנְסֵי	1	undergarments	These are articles of clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	42	m1bi	figs-euphemism	בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה	1	undergarments	This refers to the male genitalia. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “their private parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	29	intro	xmd9			0		# Exodus 29 General Notes<br><br>Large translation teams working on multiple books at the same time should note that this chapter is very similar to Leviticus 8.<br><br>## Structure<br><br>As you translate, you may perceive a different structure in this chapter than what is below. Feel free to organize in a way that is clear in your language. This chapter is really one united whole; the outline below is one possible way of subdividing it.<br>The Consecration of the Priests<br>- v. 1-3 Preparing items<br>- v. 4-9 Preparing Aaron and his sons<br>- v. 10-14 Sacrificing the bull to purify the altar<br>- v. 15-34 Sacrificing the rams<br>    * v. 15-18 The first ram wholly burned<br>    * v. 19-28 The second ram used for consecrating and divided for eating<br>    * v. 29-30 Priestly succession<br>    * v. 31-34 More instructions regarding eating the second ram<br>- v. 35-37 Instructions to do all this for seven days<br>- v. 38-41 Instructions for perpetual offerings<br>- v. 42-46 Yahweh’s affirmation<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Consecrating priests<br><br>This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Forms of you<br><br>For this chapter, it seems that the singular “you: that Yahweh has been using to give Moses general instructions for the last several chapters now actually refers to Moses himself. If you have been translating the instructions using a plural form of you or by shifting the instructions to the third person, you should switch back to a singular form referring directly to Moses for this chapter.<br><br>### “I will live among the Israelites”<br><br>As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark.
EXO	29	1	d6gk	writing-newevent	וְ⁠זֶ֨ה	1	Now	A new scene begins here. There is a change in topic from instructions for making garments for priests to consecrating priests. This may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	29	1	z78h	writing-pronouns	תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה	1	you must do	Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	1	ld5s	writing-pronouns	לָ⁠הֶ֛ם	1	to set them apart	Here, **they** refers to Aaron and his sons. Alternate translation: “to Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	1	dq2c	writing-pronouns	לִ֑⁠י	1	serve me	Here, **me** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	1	jhj3	figs-idiom	בֶּן־בָּקָ֛ר	1	serve me	This is an idiom meaning young. If you do not have a similar idiom you may translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “a young one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	2	ptm7	figs-activepassive	בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֔מֶן…מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶן	1	Also take wafers without yeast rubbed with oil	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. You may need to shorten the sentences and make the alternate translation content separate sentences or mark it off with special punctuation. Alternate translation: “(mix them with oil) … (rub them with oil)” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	2	wkyb		וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶן	1	Also take wafers without yeast rubbed with oil	These may have been rubbed with oil before or after baking.
EXO	29	2	r449	translate-unknown	וְ⁠חַלֹּ֤ת…וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י	1	bread…cakes…wafers	These are different kinds of food made from flour. While all the breads were somewhat flat because they were unleavened, the **cakes** were a bread enriched with oil, and the **wafers** were especially thin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	3	gm58	writing-pronouns	אוֹתָ⁠ם֙	1	You must put them	Alternate translation: “the bread, cakes, and wafers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	3	cd6m		וְ⁠הִקְרַבְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖⁠ם בַּ⁠סָּ֑ל וְ⁠אֶ֨ת־הַ⁠פָּ֔ר וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֵילִֽם	1	present them with the bull and the two rams	Here, **in the basket** is almost parenthetical. You may need to restructure the sentence or use punctuation to make it clear that **the bull and the two rams** are connected to **bring**, and not to **in the basket.** Alternate translation: “and you shall bring them near (in the basket) along with the bull and the two rams”
EXO	29	4	a6rz		אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	tent of meeting	The **tent of meeting** is another name for the Dwelling. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	5	pr4i	translate-unknown	בְּ⁠חֵ֖שֶׁב	1	finely-woven waistband	This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	6	ap2x	translate-unknown	הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת…הַ⁠מִּצְנָֽפֶת	1	turban	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	6	y59s	translate-unknown	נֵ֥זֶר הַ⁠קֹּ֖דֶשׁ	1	holy crown	This **crown** is described in [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md) as being engraved with the words “Holy to Yahweh” and made of pure gold. There it is referred to by a different Hebrew word, which is translated as “rosette.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	6	n4bt	figs-abstractnouns	אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַ⁠קֹּ֖דֶשׁ	1	holy crown	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	29	7	rwuj	translate-unknown	שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה	1	holy crown	See how you translated **oil of anointing** in [25:6](../25/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	8	v46k	writing-pronouns	בָּנָ֖י⁠ו	1	bring his sons	Alternate translation: “Aaron’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	9	j3a8	translate-unknown	אַבְנֵ֜ט	1	sashes	A **sash** is a decorative piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. See how you translated this word in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	9	bh2d	translate-unknown	מִגְבָּעֹ֔ת	1	headbands	A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:40](../28/40.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	9	r1x4	translate-unknown	כְּהֻנָּ֖ה	1	The work of the priesthood	Here, **the priesthood** means the official office of priest. Alternate translation: “the duty of being priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	9	ze9l	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה לָ⁠הֶ֛ם כְּהֻנָּ֖ה	1	will belong to them	The duty of being priests will also belong to the descendants of Aaron’s sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And the priesthood will belong to them and their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	9	p7m9		לְ⁠חֻקַּ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם	1	permanent law	Alternate translation: “a law that will not end.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:43](../28/43.md).
EXO	29	9	zbzk	figs-idiom	וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	permanent law	The phrase, **fill the hand**, seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “And you shall ordain Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	9	jhwb		וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	tent of meeting	The phrase, **fill the hand** may be (1) a summary and reminder statement of the whole ordination process, (2) referring to the previous description, meaning that the priests have been ordained, or (3) referring to the following description, meaning that the priests are about to be ordained. It would probably be best to translate this in the way a mid-text summary reminder phrase would be spoken in your language, avoiding any indication that it refers only to the previous or following text.
EXO	29	10	wjko			0	tent of meeting	The purpose of the sacrifice explained here through verse 14 is to purify or cleanse the altar. This is made more clear in [verses 36-37](../29/36.md).
EXO	29	10	sgur	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	tent of meeting	Here, **face** refers to the front of the tent. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	29	10	rf0w	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וְ⁠סָמַ֨ךְ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠פָּֽר	1	tent of meeting	The slaughter of the bull in the next verse occurs while the priests continue to have their hands on the bull’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	29	12	c2ud	translate-unknown	קַרְנֹ֥ת	1	the horns	These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	12	xdl5		כָּל־הַ⁠דָּ֣ם	1	the rest of the blood	Alternate translation: “the remaining blood”
EXO	29	13	x2c5		וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֖	1	covers the inner parts	Alternate translation: “and burn them to make smoke”
EXO	29	13	nsg6	translate-unknown	הַ⁠כָּבֵ֔ד…הַ⁠כְּלָיֹ֔ת	1	liver…kidneys	The **liver** and **kidneys** are organs in the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	14	eza8		וְ⁠אֶת־בְּשַׂ֤ר הַ⁠פָּר֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עֹר֣⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־פִּרְשׁ֔⁠וֹ תִּשְׂרֹ֣ף	1	But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung	Alternate translation: “But as for the remaining parts of the bull, including the flesh and dung, you shall burn it”
EXO	29	14	o262		מִ⁠ח֖וּץ לַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֑ה	1	But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung	Alternate translation: “outside the borders of where the Israelites are camped”
EXO	29	15	pd0t	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וְ⁠סָ֨מְכ֜וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הָ⁠אָֽיִל	1	But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung	The slaughter of the ram in the next verse occurs while they continue to have their hands on the ram’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	29	17	w2nb	translate-unknown	קִרְבּ⁠וֹ֙	1	the inner parts	Alternate translation: “the organs” See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	18	qc2i		וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֤ אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠אַ֨יִל֙	1	on the altar	Alternate translation: “and burn all of the ram to make smoke”
EXO	29	18	pwjk	figs-parallelism	עֹלָ֥ה ה֖וּא לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה רֵ֣יחַ נִיח֔וֹחַ אִשֶּׁ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	on the altar	These phrases are in parallel, with the second expanding and clarifying the first. In some languages, you may need to use a different structure to expand and clarify the **burnt offering**. Alternate translation: “It is a pleasant smelling burnt offering made by fire to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	29	19	zzsi		הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י	1	on the altar	Except for **the second,** this verse is identical to [verse 15](../29/15.md).
EXO	29	20	j6b1	figs-explicit	וְ⁠שָׁחַטְתָּ֣ אֶת־הָ⁠אַ֗יִל	1	Then you must kill the ram	They killed the ram by cutting its throat. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and kill the ram by cutting its throat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	21	bxs6	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֞ מִן־הַ⁠דָּ֨ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַֽל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּחַ֮ וּ⁠מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָה֒ וְ⁠הִזֵּיתָ֤	1	Aaron will then be set apart for me	Moses would mix the blood and oil. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And you shall take some of the blood that is on the altar and mix it with some of the oil of anointing and sprinkle it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	22	i3dc	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קֶּ֗רֶב…הַ⁠כָּבֵד֙…הַ⁠כְּלָיֹ֗ת	1	inner parts…liver…kidney	The **entrails, liver**, and **kidneys** refer to organs inside the body. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	29	23	mcko		וְ⁠כִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽ⁠חַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠רָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִ⁠סַּל֙ הַ⁠מַּצּ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	Take one loaf…before Yahweh	All of these items were in the basket mentioned in [verse 2](../29/02.md), not just the wafer. Be sure this is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and from the basket of bread without yeast that is before the face of Yahweh: one round loaf of bread, and one cake of bread of oil, and one wafer”
EXO	29	23	td8w		וְ⁠כִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽ⁠חַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠רָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִ⁠סַּל֙ הַ⁠מַּצּ֔וֹת	1	Take one loaf…before Yahweh	For 29:23, see how you translated similar words in [Exodus 29:2](../29/02.md).
EXO	29	23	i7vx	figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	that is before Yahweh	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “that you have placed before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	29	24	b9bj	writing-pronouns	הַ⁠כֹּ֔ל	1	You must put these	Here, **all these** refers to the parts of the sacrifice mentioned in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	29	24	q6k5	figs-123person	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥	1	You must put these	While the text reads, **you shall raise**, logically, it is Aaron and his sons who will raise the offerings at this point. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the third person. Alternate translation: “and they shall raise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	29	24	xhhf	translate-symaction	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛⁠ם תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	You must put these	The act of raising the meat and bread symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out the process of handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they shall show that they are giving them to me by holding them up to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	29	24	ypit	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	You must put these	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	29	25	e6bj		וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֥ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֖חָ⁠ה עַל־הָ⁠עֹלָ֑ה לְ⁠רֵ֤יחַ נִיח֨וֹחַ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אִשֶּׁ֥ה ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	You must put these	See how you translated similar phrases in [verse 18](../29/18.md).
EXO	29	26	bf71		מֵ⁠אֵ֤יל הַ⁠מִּלֻּאִים֙	1	ram of dedication	See how you translated this in [verse 22](../29/22.md). Alternate translation: “from the ram that you dedicated”
EXO	29	26	c21f	translate-symaction	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹת֛⁠וֹ תְּנוּפָ֖ה	1	Aaron’s ram of dedication	The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [verse 24](../29/24.md). Alternate translation: “and show that you are giving it to me by holding it up to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	29	27	dzkx	translate-symaction	הַ⁠תְּנוּפָ֗ה וְ⁠אֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַ⁠תְּרוּמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּנַ֖ף וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּרָ֑ם	1	Aaron’s ram of dedication	The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [verse 24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	29	28	uc2d		וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֨ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֜י⁠ו לְ⁠חָק־עוֹלָ֗ם מֵ⁠אֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא	1	This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons	Alternate translation: “This offering is what Aaron and his sons will always receive from the people”
EXO	29	28	q3ms		מֵ⁠אֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא וּ⁠תְרוּמָ֞ה יִהְיֶ֨ה מֵ⁠אֵ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מִ⁠זִּבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵי⁠הֶ֔ם תְּרוּמָתָ֖⁠ם לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons	The amount of repetition in this verse may make it difficult to translate smoothly. You may consider combining some phrases if that would work better in your language. Alternate translation: “for the Israelites must offer this portion from what they bring to Yahweh as peace offerings to him”
EXO	29	29	qta8	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בִגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	29	29	a59z	figs-idiom	וּ⁠לְ⁠מַלֵּא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־יָדָֽ⁠ם	1	The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him	**Fill their hand** seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them in the clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	31	l3xk		אֵ֥יל הַ⁠מִּלֻּאִ֖ים	1	the ram for the installation of the priests	The **ram of consecration** refers to the second ram, the one described in [verses 19](../29/19.md) and following.
EXO	29	31	u9kl	figs-explicit	בְּ⁠מָקֹ֥ם קָדֹֽשׁ	1	in a holy place	This is not the same as the Holy Place outside of the Most Holy Place. This probably refers to a place within the courtyard. However, its exact location is not otherwise specified. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	33	mcdc	figs-idiom	לְ⁠מַלֵּ֥א אֶת־יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	in a holy place	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	34	rhp7	figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל	1	It must not be eaten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	35	yo59		כָּ֔כָה	1	General Information:	Here, **thus** means “like this” and, as the next verses make clear, refers to the sacrificial ceremony outlined in this chapter which they must repeat seven times.
EXO	29	35	wrfs	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֥ת	1	General Information:	Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	29	35	c2si	figs-idiom	תְּמַלֵּ֥א יָדָֽ⁠ם	1	General Information:	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “you shall ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	36	r5tx			0	General Information:	This verse and the next explain the purpose of the sacrifice detailed in [verses 10-14](../29/10.md).
EXO	29	36	s81n	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וּ⁠פַ֨ר חַטָּ֜את תַּעֲשֶׂ֤ה לַ⁠יּוֹם֙ עַל־הַ⁠כִּפֻּרִ֔ים וְ⁠חִטֵּאתָ֙ עַל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ בְּ⁠כַפֶּרְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	General Information:	The phrase **and you shall purify the altar by making atonement for it** describes the purpose of offering the bull. You may want to use a stronger connector. In languages that need to put purpose first, you may need to re-order the clauses. Alternate translation: “And you shall offer a bull of purification for atonement daily, thus you shall purify the altar, by making atonement for it.” or “You shall purify the altar by making atonement for it: you shall offer a bull of purification daily for its atonement.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	29	37	pq5d	figs-possession	קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֔ים	1	Then the altar will be completely set apart to me	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	29	37	qk5h		יִקְדָּֽשׁ	1	will be set apart to Yahweh	Alternate translation: “will also become set apart”
EXO	29	38	e4r9	figs-idiom	בְּנֵֽי־שָׁנָ֛ה	1	General Information:	The phrase **sons of a year** is an idiom meaning one year old. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	39	qxst	figs-idiom	בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם	1	General Information:	The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	40	x6i4	translate-fraction	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן…רֶ֣בַע…רְבִעִ֥ית	1	a tenth…the fourth part	A **tenth** means one part out of ten equal parts. A **fourth** means one part out of four equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	29	40	nd8q	figs-explicit	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת	1	a tenth…the fourth part	Many commentators suggest that this means one tenth of an “ephah” even though “ephah” is not written. If your translation style retains the original measurement words, you may need to insert the word you are using for “ephah” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	40	oxsl	translate-bvolume	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת…רֶ֣בַע הַ⁠הִ֔ין…רְבִעִ֥ית הַ⁠הִ֖ין	1	a tenth…the fourth part	The values given in the UST are approximations as the exact size of an ephah and a hin is not precisely known. An ephah (the implied measurement) may have been around 22 liters, so this is about 2.2 liters of flour. A hin may have been around 3.7 liters, so this is about one liter of both oil and wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	29	41	ibch	figs-idiom	בֵּ֣ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּ֑יִם	1	a tenth…the fourth part	The exact meaning of the phrase **between the evenings** is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. See how you translated it in [verse 39](../29/39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	29	42	j8cg		לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	throughout your generations	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	29	42	h5r7	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	tent of meeting	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	29	43	ic8i	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִקְדַּ֖שׁ בִּ⁠כְבֹדִֽ⁠י	1	the tent will be set apart for me by my glory	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My awesome presence will dedicate the tent to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	intro	z3yc			0		# Exodus 30 General Notes<br><br>This chapter is mostly a return to instructions for building worship equipment for the sacred tent.<br>The forms of “you” are mostly singular. However, they again refer to the workmen that Moses will instruct, so you should return to whatever form you have been following in chapters 25-28.<br><br>## Structure:<br><br>- v. 1-10: Incense altar<br>    * v. 1-6: Instructions for making the incense altar<br>    * v. 7-10: Use of the incense altar<br>- v. 11-16: Ransom money for taking a census<br>- v. 17-21: Instructions for a washbasin<br>- v. 22-30: Anointing oil<br>    * v. 22-25: Instructions for making the oil<br>    * v. 26-33: Instructions for using the oil<br>v- 34-38: Making and using sacred incense<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Atonement<br><br>Through the offering of blood and money, things and people were kept in God’s favor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>Some items in this chapter became so holy that they could make other things holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Unknown terms<br><br>There are a number of ingredient terms that are unknown even to scholars.
EXO	30	1	v8vb	figs-youdual	וְ⁠עָשִׂ֥יתָ	1	You must make	Here, **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	30	2	w56e	translate-unknown	קַרְנֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	Its horns must be made	See how you translated **horns** in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	2	a39m	translate-bdistance	אַמָּ֨ה…וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה…וְ⁠אַמָּתַ֖יִם	1	Its horns must be made	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm … 46cm … 94cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	30	3	d3uu			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:11](../25/11.md), so see how you translated there.
EXO	30	4	qyg4			0	to be attached to it	When translating this verse, you may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles. See [Exo 25:12](../25/12.md), [Exo 25:26](../25/26.md), [Exo 25:27](../25/27.md), & [Exo 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	30	4	bvxi	figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים	1	to be attached to it	Here, the word **housings** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since they are where the poles belong for use, they are figuratively their house. If you have a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “a place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	6	ulvn	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י…לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	to be attached to it	Here, **before the face of** means in front of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	30	6	e87s	figs-yousingular	לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	to be attached to it	Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	30	7	o1zo		בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	General Information:	Alternate translation: “Each morning” or “Daily, in the morning”
EXO	30	7	l2rl		בְּ⁠הֵיטִיב֛⁠וֹ אֶת־הַ⁠נֵּרֹ֖ת	1	General Information:	The lamps had burned overnight and weren’t needed during the day, so he would put them out and do whatever maintenance was required for them to be ready to burn again in the evening. Alternate translation: “trims the lamps”
EXO	30	8	nrgk		וּ⁠בְ⁠הַעֲלֹ֨ת אַהֲרֹ֧ן אֶת־הַ⁠נֵּרֹ֛ת	1	throughout your generations	This may indicate that in the morning Aaron had taken the lamps down, and he would light them and then put them up on the holders in the evening.
EXO	30	8	sq7x	figs-idiom	בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עֲרְבַּ֖יִם	1	throughout your generations	The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. See how you translated it in [29:39](../29/39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	8	qm7i		לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	throughout your generations	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	9	ckf9		לֹא־תַעֲל֥וּ עָלָ֛י⁠ו קְטֹ֥רֶת זָרָ֖ה וְ⁠עֹלָ֣ה וּ⁠מִנְחָ֑ה	1	But you must offer	Later, in [verses 34](../30/34.md) and following, God describes how to make the one sort of incense that he wants burnt on this altar. Alternate translation: “You shall only offer up the kind of incense I tell you. You shall not make burnt or grain offerings on it.”
EXO	30	10	dgny	grammar-connect-logic-goal	קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	horns	This last clause defines the purpose of the ritual described in this verse. See [Exo 29:37](../29/37.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “This is to make it holy of holies to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	30	10	k6xk		קַרְנֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	horns	These were projections that looked like ox horns and were attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
EXO	30	10	san2		לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	throughout your generations	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	10	jxn0	figs-possession	קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים	1	throughout your generations	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	30	10	uxb4	figs-quotemarks	לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	throughout your generations	After **Yahweh**, the direct quote that began in [Exo 25:2](../25/02.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	30	12	dprx	figs-idiom	תִשָּׂ֞א אֶת־רֹ֥אשׁ	1	When you take	In this context, **lift up the head** means to take a census. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “take a census” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	12	s73c	figs-you	תִשָּׂ֞א	1	When you take	This could mean: (1) **you** refers to Moses and the leaders of Israel in future generations when they take a census or (2) **you** refers to just Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	12	k5p1		אִ֣ישׁ	1	a census of the Israelites	The leaders only counted the Israelite men.
EXO	30	13	y1kn	figs-idiom	כָּל־הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים	1	half a shekel of silver	This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	13	i4wk	translate-bweight	הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל…בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל…גֵּרָה֙ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל…הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	half a shekel of silver	The **shekel** and the **gerah** are units of weight. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	30	13	a2py	translate-bmoney	הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל…בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל…הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל…הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	half a shekel of silver	The **shekel** was used as both a weight and a unit of money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EXO	30	13	w3hx	translate-fraction	מַחֲצִ֥ית…מַחֲצִ֣ית	1	half a shekel of silver	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	30	13	nfp6		בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ עֶשְׂרִ֤ים גֵּרָה֙ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	according to the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used.
EXO	30	14	uqt6	figs-idiom	כֹּ֗ל הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים	1	from twenty years old and up	This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. It is the same phrase as in the [previous verse](../30/13.md). Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	14	vhim	figs-idiom	מִ⁠בֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה	1	from twenty years old and up	This is an idiom that refers to age. See the UST and how you translated the same idiom in [Exo 7:7](../07/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	30	14	k4h9	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וָ⁠מָ֑עְלָ⁠ה	1	from twenty years old and up	Larger numbers are spoken of as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from twenty years old and more” or “who is twenty years old or older” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	30	15	e8xa	translate-bmoney	מִֽ⁠מַּחֲצִ֖ית הַ⁠שָּׁ֑קֶל	1	the half shekel	See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:13](../03/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EXO	30	15	ew8p	figs-123person	נַפְשֹׁתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	the half shekel	The plural form of you is used here. In many cases, since Yahweh is speaking to Moses about the people that will be counted, it may make more sense to change to the third person. However, Moses would be counted as well and would have to pay the ransom, so a form of you that could include Moses and all the other Israelite men would also be an appropriate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	30	16	z6tn		וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠כַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	It must be a reminder to the Israelites before me, to make atonement for your lives	This sentence is very unclear. It is not clear who is being reminded of what. This could mean: (1) that it will remind Yahweh that the Israelites have given money for their lives, and therefore he should welcome them. (2) that it will remind the Israelites that they have given Yahweh money for their lives. Therefore, Yahweh will welcome them.
EXO	30	16	mwix	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	It must be a reminder to the Israelites before me, to make atonement for your lives	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	30	18	v88y	translate-unknown	כִּיּ֥וֹר נְחֹ֛שֶׁת	1	bronze basin	Alternate translation: “a bronze bowl” or “a bronze tub” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	18	bh82		וְ⁠כַנּ֥⁠וֹ	1	a bronze stand	The **base** is what the basin would be put upon.
EXO	30	18	iq8n		לְ⁠רָחְצָ֑ה	1	a basin for washing	This phrase, **for washing**, explains the purpose for which the priests were to use the bronze basin.
EXO	30	19	ivb1		מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1	water in it	Alternate translation: “in the water in the basin”
EXO	30	20	dyku	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ	1	water in it	The priests might die if they do not wash because God would kill them for being defiled in his presence. If your readers would not understand this you may want to include it in a footnote or in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	30	20	it0h	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ	1	water in it	Not dying is the goal of the priests’ washing. If the goal of some action needs to be placed elsewhere in the structure of your language move it to the usual location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	30	21	hp35		וְ⁠הָיְתָ֨ה לָ⁠הֶ֧ם חָק־עוֹלָ֛ם ל֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	for Aaron and his descendants throughout their people’s generations	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:17](../12/17.md).
EXO	30	23	m9g7	translate-unknown	בְּשָׂמִ֣ים	1	spices	These are parts of dried plants (other than the leaves) which people grind into a powder and put in oil or food to give it a nice smell or flavor. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	23	zq43	figs-ellipsis	חֲמֵ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת…חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּ⁠מָאתָ֑יִם…חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מָאתָֽיִם	1	five hundred shekels…250 shekels	[The next verse](../30/24.md) mentions that these are shekel weight measurements. You may want to include some indication of that here. Alternate translation: “500 shekels … 250 shekels … 250 shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	30	23	xga2	translate-unknown	וְ⁠קִנְּמָן	1	cinnamon…cane	We know that **cinnamon** is a sweet spice taken from the inside of the bark of a tree that grows in south-east Asia. [See Wikipeda](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	23	t2me	translate-unknown	וּ⁠קְנֵה	1	cinnamon…cane	This plant is unknown to scholars. Alternate translation: “and reed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	24	p9jh	translate-unknown	וְ⁠קִדָּ֕ה	1	cassia	It is known that **cassia** is a sweet spice taken from the bark of a tree that grows in east Asia. It is slightly different than the spice cinnamon in the previous verse. [See Wikipeda](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	24	n38f	translate-bweight	בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	30	24	dv89	translate-bvolume	הִֽין	1	one hin	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements. Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **hin**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	30	25	k3s5		מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רֹקֵ֑חַ	1	the work of a perfumer	This could mean: (1) Moses was to have an ointment mixer do the work. (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way an ointment mixer would do it.
EXO	30	25	yv9l	translate-unknown	רֹקֵ֑חַ	1	a perfumer	This is a person who is skilled in mixing spices and oils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	25	ioem	figs-abstractnouns	שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	a perfumer	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	30	26	u241	figs-you	וּ⁠מָשַׁחְתָּ֥	1	You must anoint	Here, **you** may refer to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	29	np7g		אֹתָ֔⁠ם	1	set them apart	Here, **them** refers to the items listed in [Exodus 30:26-28](../30/26.md).
EXO	30	29	m062	figs-possession	קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים	1	set them apart	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	30	31	k4s7		לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	throughout your people’s generations	Alternate translation: “all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	31	e2ti	figs-abstractnouns	שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ	1	throughout your people’s generations	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [30:25](../30/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	30	32	rlk4	figs-activepassive	עַל־בְּשַׂ֤ר אָדָם֙ לֹ֣א יִיסָ֔ךְ	1	It must not be applied to people’s skin	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall not pour it on the body of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	32	v3br		וּ⁠בְ⁠מַ֨תְכֻּנְתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	with the same formula	Alternate translation: “and … with the same ingredients” or “and … with the same items” or “and … according to this recipe”
EXO	30	32	it0x	grammar-connect-logic-result	קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	with the same formula	The second half of this statement (**it shall be holy to you**) explains to the people the result of this oil being holy, which is, they must respect it as a holy thing. It may make more sense in some languages to move this whole statement to the beginning of the verse, because the rule about pouring on someone’s body is an application of the result. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the verse): “Because it is sacred, you must treat it like it is sacred, therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	30	33	pa53	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	that person must be cut off from his people	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	30	33	yhgi	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	that person must be cut off from his people	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	30	34	uo57	translate-unknown	נָטָ֤ף׀ וּ⁠שְׁחֵ֨לֶת֙ וְ⁠חֶלְבְּנָ֔ה	1	General Information:	Here is a brief description of these materials, though we really do not know exactly what they are: **stacte** is a resin from certain gum plants, **onycha** is from certain shellfish or mollusks, and **galbanum** is another kind of gum resin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	35	y8yj		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֤יתָ אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ קְטֹ֔רֶת רֹ֖קַח מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רוֹקֵ֑חַ	1	blended by a perfumer	This could mean: (1) Moses was to have a perfumer do the work or (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way a perfumer would do it. See how you translated these words in [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md).
EXO	30	36	nz2a	figs-you	וְ⁠שָֽׁחַקְתָּ֣…וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֨ה	1	You will grind it	Here, **you** probably refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	36	oj2r	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֤י	1	You will grind it	Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	30	36	mxww	figs-metonymy	הָ⁠עֵדֻת֙	1	You will grind it	Here, **testimony** probably refers to the sacred chest that contained the tablets of the law. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	30	36	i71b	figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים	1	You will grind it	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	30	36	t8y9	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	You will regard	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and all the people. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	30	37	dq6c	figs-youdual	תַעֲשׂ֖וּ	1	you must not make any	The word **you** here refers to the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	30	37	yv1y		בְּ⁠מַ֨תְכֻּנְתָּ֔⁠הּ	1	with the same formula	Alternate translation: “with the same ingredients” or “with the same items.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:32](../30/32.md).
EXO	30	37	wh25		קֹ֛דֶשׁ תִּהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	It must be most holy to you	Alternate translation: “You must consider it to be most holy”
EXO	30	38	xn6v		לְ⁠הָרִ֣יחַ בָּ֑⁠הּ	1	perfume	This could mean: (1) to enjoy the scent for oneself (2) to wear as a perfume.
EXO	30	38	sa1m	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	must be cut off from his people	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	30	38	o6v0	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	must be cut off from his people	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	intro	wfk7			0		# Exodus 31 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-11: Selection of the skilled craftsmen<br>- v. 12-17: Sabbath instruction<br>- v. 18: the end of Exodus’ recording of the law of Moses (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Sabbath<br><br>As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])
EXO	31	2	m8ju	figs-idiom	קָרָ֣אתִֽי בְ⁠שֵׁ֑ם	1	I have called by name	Yahweh speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	31	2	hf5r	translate-names	בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר	1	Bezalel…Uri…Hur	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	31	3	f7sk	figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אֲמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖⁠וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit	Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have given my spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	3	hley	figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה	1	I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	31	3	my4f	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּנָ֥ה	1	I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	31	3	emp5	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת	1	I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	31	3	r6i5	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־מְלָאכָֽה	1	for all kinds of craftsmanship	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **craftsmanship** in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	31	6	jh61	translate-names	אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב…אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ֙	1	Oholiab…Ahisamak	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	31	6	wcq7	figs-idiom	וּ⁠בְ⁠לֵ֥ב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב נָתַ֣תִּי חָכְמָ֑ה	1	I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise	God speaks of making people able to make things as if he were putting the ability into their hearts. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have given skill to all who are wise” or “I have made all who are wise able to make things well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	31	11	iusb	writing-pronouns	יַעֲשֽׂוּ	1	I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise	**They** refers to Bezalel and Oholiab as well as the unnamed other “skilled of heart” (talented craftsmen) referred to in [verse 2](../31/02.md) and [verse 6](../30/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	31	13	bveg	figs-quotemarks	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	You must certainly keep Yahweh’s Sabbath days	A second-level direct quotation starts after **saying**. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. There are multiple possible endings for this quotation, which will be addressed in later verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	31	13	i1lw	figs-metaphor	אַ֥ךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖⁠י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ	1	You must certainly keep Yahweh’s Sabbath days	Yahweh uses the phrase **keep my Sabbaths** as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “You must certainly obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	13	gw13		לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	throughout your people’s generations	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	31	14	dsya	figs-quotemarks	לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	throughout your people’s generations	One possible ending place for the second-level quotation that began in the previous verse is after **to you**. The rest of Yahweh’s instructions to Moses in this section do not use the second person to address Israel directly, so you may close the second-level quotation here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	31	14	plq5	figs-activepassive	מ֣וֹת יוּמָ֔ת	1	must surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	14	fz1g	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֛ה	1	must surely be cut off from his people	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	15	v4dv	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	but the seventh day	Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	31	15	fvga	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֗י	1	but the seventh day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	31	15	lrat		שַׁבַּ֧ת שַׁבָּת֛וֹן	1	but the seventh day	Alternate translation: “a Sabbath of complete rest”
EXO	31	15	fxuo	figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	must surely be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	16	t9hw	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠שָׁמְר֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת־הַ⁠שַּׁבָּ֑ת	1	must keep the Sabbath	Yahweh uses the phrase **keep my Sabbaths** as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel must obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	16	n7q2		לְ⁠דֹרֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	They must observe it throughout their people’s generations	See how you translated “throughout their people’s generations” in [Exodus 12:42](../12/42.md). Alternate translation: “; they and all the generations of their descendants must observe it.”
EXO	31	16	yef8		בְּרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם	1	lasting covenant	Alternate translation: “A covenant that will always exist” or “A lasting covenant”
EXO	31	17	oc30	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּנָּפַֽשׁ	1	lasting covenant	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he refreshed himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	18	xc6h	figs-activepassive	כְּתֻבִ֖ים בְּ⁠אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִֽים	1	written on by his own hand	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh wrote on with his own hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	32	intro	vv2w			0		# Exodus 32 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The events in verses 1-6 of this chapter occured while Moses spoke with God and therefore happened sometime during the events recorded between Exodus 24:15 and Exodus 31. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])<br><br>- v. 1-6: The people ask Aaron to make them a god and he makes the golden calf<br>- v. 7-29 - Yahweh and Moses’ reaction<br>   * v. 11-14 - Moses intercedes for the people<br>- v. 30-34 - Moses intercedes for the people<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Idolatry<br><br>The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	1	oan6	writing-newevent		0	the people saw	This chapter begins with a major scene shift, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	32	1	cfk8	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	the people saw	Here, the word **saw** is used to indicate understanding or realization of a situation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And the people realized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	1	lnau	figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּקָּהֵ֨ל הָ⁠עָ֜ם	1	the people saw	This means the people both decided to gather and were the ones gathering. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	32	1	k2i1	figs-idiom	ק֣וּם	1	Come, make us an idol	**Arise** strengthens the force of the command following it. The people were demanding that Aaron make an idol for them. It did not necessarily mean that he should literally stand up. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	1	mrb5	figs-metonymy	יֵֽלְכוּ֙ לְ⁠פָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	go before us	Here, **before our faces** means ahead of. The Israelites want idols to lead them. Alternate translation: “shall lead us” or “shall be our leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	1	wulk		כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה	1	go before us	People showed disrespect by putting the word **this** before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people.
EXO	32	2	p86s	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הָבִ֖יאוּ	1	bring them to me	Here, **them** refers to the golden rings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	32	3	ckg2	figs-hyperbole	כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	All the people	This refers to all the people who rejected Moses as their leader and Yahweh as their God. Later parts of the text reveal that there were people still faithful to Moses and Yahweh and that the Israelites had a great deal more gold. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many or most. Alternate translation: “many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	32	4	uf9e	translate-unknown	וַ⁠יָּ֤צַר אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בַּ⁠חֶ֔רֶט וַֽ⁠יַּעֲשֵׂ֖⁠הוּ עֵ֣גֶל מַסֵּכָ֑ה	1	fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf	Most likely this means that Aaron melted the gold and poured it into a mold that had the shape of a calf. When the gold cooled and became hard, he removed the mold, and the hardened gold had the shape of a calf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	32	4	cc7s	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf	The identity of the speakers, referred to as **they**, remains unknown. Alternate translation: “And someone said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	32	4	ence	figs-123person	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙…הֶעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ	1	fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf	Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. Alternate translation: “These are our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	32	4	n17v		אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf	In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. Alternate translation: “this is your god”
EXO	32	5	ztx4	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	When Aaron saw this	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what he saw explicitly. “Aaron saw what the people did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	5	odaq	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו	1	When Aaron saw this	Here, **before its face** means in front of. Alternate translation: “in front of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	5	p2df	figs-explicit	לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו	1	When Aaron saw this	Here, **it** is the golden bull-calf. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in front of the bull-calf idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	6	as6u	figs-euphemism	לְ⁠צַחֵֽק	1	to carouse in wild celebration	This word may imply drunken and sexual sin (for a sexual implication see [Genesis 26:8](../GEN/26/08)). However, the only actions mentioned in the text are singing ([v. 18](../32/18.md)) and dancing ([v. 19](../32/19.md)), so translators should avoid using a term that is overly suggestive. Alternate translation: “to revel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	32	7	iajs	writing-newevent		0	to carouse in wild celebration	Here there is a scene shift back to the top of the mountain with Moses and Yahweh, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	32	7	tcek	figs-rpronouns	שִׁחֵ֣ת	1	to carouse in wild celebration	Here, **themselves** is used to indicate that the Israelites actions made the Israelites corrupt. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “have acted corruptly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	32	8	eua5	figs-metaphor	סָ֣רוּ מַהֵ֗ר מִן־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוִּיתִ֔⁠ם	1	left the way that I commanded them	Here God speaks of the people disobeying what he commanded them as if he had told them to walk on a certain road, and they left that road. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They have quickly stopped doing what I commanded them to do” or “They have quickly stopped obeying what I commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	8	tg9e	figs-quotemarks	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	left the way that I commanded them	This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	32	8	w7v8	figs-quotesinquotes	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	left the way that I commanded them	You may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that these are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	32	8	sjj1		אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	left the way that I commanded them	In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. See how you translated this in [verse 4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is your god”
EXO	32	8	f62v	figs-123person	אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙…הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ	1	left the way that I commanded them	Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. See how you translated this in [verse 4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	32	9	ffe2	figs-metaphor	עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֖רֶף	1	a stiff-necked people	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. The image comes from an animal that does not want to go the way his master is trying to direct him (not going in the way God commanded). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “is a rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	9	my87	grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה…הֽוּא	1	a stiff-necked people	The word **people** is a collective noun, so the pronouns referring to the people are singular. You may use plural pronouns if that is the normal usage in your language. Alternate translation: “these … they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	32	10	fmk3	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	Now then	**So now** is used here to mark that Yahweh’s next statements are a result of what he has said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	32	10	sd9w	figs-idiom	וְ⁠יִֽחַר־אַפִּ֥⁠י בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	My anger will burn hot against them	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And let me be angry with them”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	10	vc2u	writing-pronouns	אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	from you	Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	32	11	h62e	figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָ֤ה יְהוָה֙ יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הוֹצֵ֨אתָ֙ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠כֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	why does your anger burn against your people…a mighty hand?	Moses used this question to try to persuade Yahweh not to be so angry with his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, do not let your nose burn against your people whom you have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a strong hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	32	11	nuwf	figs-idiom	יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	My anger will burn hot against them	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry with his people. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “are you angry with your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	11	t2cv	figs-doublet	בְּ⁠כֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	great power…mighty hand	These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. If doubling in this way would not convey emphasis in your language, you will need to find a way to translate it that does give emphasis. Alternate translation: “using your very strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	32	11	ph43	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	a mighty hand	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “and with powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	12	r8ij	figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָּה֩ יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר בְּ⁠רָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָ⁠ם֙ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בֶּֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים וּ֨⁠לְ⁠כַלֹּתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Why should the Egyptians say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth?’	Moses used this question to try to persuade God not to destroy his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: If you destroy your people, the Egyptians might say, ‘He brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	32	12	yvez	figs-quotesinquotes	יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר בְּ⁠רָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָ⁠ם֙ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בֶּֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים וּ֨⁠לְ⁠כַלֹּתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Why should the Egyptians say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth?’	After **saying,** this is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “the Egyptians say that you brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	32	12	kzh7	figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	face of the earth	Here, **face** means “surface.” Alternate translation: “from the surface of the land” or “from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	12	fns1		שׁ֚וּב מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	Turn from your burning anger	Alternate translation: “Stop your burning anger” or “Stop being so angry”
EXO	32	12	iz5q	figs-idiom	שׁ֚וּב מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠הִנָּחֵ֥ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֖ה לְ⁠עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Turn from your burning anger	Here, Yahweh’s anger (burning nose) and plan to punish the people are spoken of as things that he could turn away from and repent of (repentance also means to turn from). This imagery may not translate into your language, and you may need to use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Calm down, and please do not stay determined to do evil to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	12	p1df	figs-idiom	מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	your burning anger	This is an idiom that means anger. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from your terrible anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	13	t9sa		זְכֹ֡ר	1	Call to mind Abraham	Alternate translation: “Think about”
EXO	32	13	p8jq		נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתָּ	1	you swore	Alternate translation: “you made an oath”
EXO	32	13	q1g1		וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֜את אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֗רְתִּי אֶתֵּן֙ לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	They will inherit it forever	That is, the land of Canaan.
EXO	32	15	cx7z	figs-activepassive	לֻחֹ֗ת כְּתֻבִים֙ מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֣י עֶבְרֵי⁠הֶ֔ם מִ⁠זֶּ֥ה וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה הֵ֥ם כְּתֻבִֽים	1	tablets of the covenant decrees	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had written on both the sides of the tablets, on this side and on that side he had written.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	32	16	w3ua	figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הַ֨⁠לֻּחֹ֔ת מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים הֵ֑מָּה וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּכְתָּ֗ב מִכְתַּ֤ב אֱלֹהִים֙ ה֔וּא	1	The tablets were God’s own work, and the writing was God’s own writing	These two sentences have an unusual structure that places emphasis on **tablets** and **writing**. If your language would emphasize these topics in a different way than moving them to the beginning of the sentence, follow your language’s natural usage for emphasis. Alternate translation: “And the tablets themselves were the work of God. And the writing itself was the writing of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	32	17	cua3	writing-participants	יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ	1	he said to Moses	Joshua was last mentioned in [Exodus 24:13](../24/13.md). The text does not say if he was on top of the mountain with Moses or if he waited for him part way up. Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	32	18	r0gm	writing-poetry	אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	he said to Moses	These lines are widely considered to be poetic. It is not clear why a poetic form is used here. In some languages it may not be appropriate to convey this response in poetic form, in which case another form may be used. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
EXO	32	18	m4k0	figs-parallelism	אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	he said to Moses	The poetic form here is parallelism in the repetition of **sound of singing**. If it would be unclear to say that Moses heard **the sound of singing** in the third line after saying he didn’t hear the sound of singing twice before, something more like the more contrastive UST may be followed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	32	18	fdg8	figs-explicit	ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	he said to Moses	If it is unclear to say that Moses hears **the sound of singing** after twice saying he didn’t hear that, you may want to make the type of singing explicit. Consider referring to your translation of the last word of [verse 6](../32/06.md) (to play in the ULT). Alternate translation: “the sound of playful singing I hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	19	hr2j	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1	the tablets	This is an idiom for being angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and Moses was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	19	d8zo		תַּ֥חַת	1	the tablets	Alternate translation: “at the bottom of”
EXO	32	21	du5l	figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן מֶֽה־עָשָׂ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖י⁠ו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה׃	1	Then Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people…a great sin on them?”	Moses’ question is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternate translation: “Then Moses asked Aaron what the people did to him, that he had brought such a great sin on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	32	21	np73	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖י⁠ו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה	1	you have brought such a great sin on them	Moses spoke of causing people to **sin** as if sin were an object and Aaron put it **on them**. Alternate translation: “that you have caused them to sin greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	22	z2ch	figs-idiom	אַל־יִ֥חַר אַ֖ף	1	Do not let your anger burn hot	This is an idiom for anger. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not be angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	22	vdy2	figs-idiom	כִּ֥י בְ⁠רָ֖ע הֽוּא	1	they are set on doing evil	This is probably an idiom that could mean (1) that the people are prone to evil or (2) that the people were in trouble (that is, they felt troubled because of not having contact with God). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “that they are set on evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	22	h6dm	figs-123person	הֽוּא	1	they are set on doing evil	Here, **it** is used because **people** is grammatically singular in Hebrew. Alternate translation: “they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	32	23	w91d	figs-quotesinquotes	עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣⁠נוּ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֵלְכ֖וּ לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽ⁠וֹ׃	1	they are set on doing evil	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	32	23	zn68		זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ	1	this Moses	People showed disrespect by putting the word **this** before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people. See how you translated this in [verse 1](../32/01.md).
EXO	32	24	yq7s	figs-quotesinquotes	וָ⁠אֹמַ֤ר לָ⁠הֶם֙ לְ⁠מִ֣י זָהָ֔ב הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ	1	So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’	**Whoever has gold, take it off yourself** is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, this can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “So I told them that whoever had any gold should take it off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	32	24	yy82	figs-rpronouns	הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ	1	So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’	Aaron instructs people to take their own gold off. Alternate translation: “you take off your own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	32	24	wvin	grammar-connect-logic-result	וָ⁠אַשְׁלִכֵ֣⁠הוּ בָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א הָ⁠עֵ֥גֶל הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’	Aaron claims an unusual sequence of events here. The translation should surprise an audience unfamiliar with the story. He states that the result of simply throwing gold in the fire is the apperance (by its own power or volition it seems) of the calf. This is a lie. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	32	25	ck1f		פָרֻ֖עַ	1	were running wild	Alternate translation: “were behaving wildly” or “were not controlling themselves”
EXO	32	25	csg0	grammar-collectivenouns	כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣⁠ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	were running wild	Here, the pronoun **it** agrees with the grammatical number of **people** (singular). If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that they were let loose, for Aaron had let them loose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	32	26	jis7	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר מִ֥י לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Then Moses stood at the entrance…“Whoever is on Yahweh’s side, come to me.”	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that whoever was for Yahweh should come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	32	26	ryb5	figs-idiom	מִ֥י לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	Whoever is on Yahweh’s side	Moses speaks of being loyal to Yahweh as being **for Yahweh**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever serves Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	27	xsl3		עִבְר֨וּ וָ⁠שׁ֜וּבוּ מִ⁠שַּׁ֤עַר לָ⁠שַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה	1	go back and forth from entrance to entrance	Alternate translation: “Go from one side of the camp to the other, starting at one entrance to the camp and going to the entrance on the other side of the camp”
EXO	32	28	at4i	translate-numbers	כִּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אַלְפֵ֖י	1	three thousand of the people	Alternate translation: “about three thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	32	29	to5d	figs-idiom	מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	You have been placed into Yahweh’s service	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). However, this usage is different from that text, as here it is not specified what authority they are given or what they are consecrated for other than **for Yahweh**. Alternate translation: “Consecrate yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	32	29	rkp6		מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	You have been placed into Yahweh’s service	Here it is unclear if **fill** should be rightly understood as in the past or as a new command. You may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “You have filled your hand for Yahweh today”
EXO	32	29	c6fg	figs-explicit	כִּ֛י אִ֥ישׁ בִּ⁠בְנ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that they did this in obedience to God explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you have obeyed Yahweh, because each man was against his son and against his brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	29	l54l		וְ⁠לָ⁠תֵ֧ת עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם בְּרָכָֽה	1	for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother	This phrase is difficult to interpret. Several options depend on exactly how the conjunction, preposition, and verb combination are interpreted. The first difficulty is related to the difficulty with the previous verb: have they already been blessed or are they going to be blessed? (Alternate translation: “to have put a blessing on yourselves today”) The second difficulty is: should the clause connections be understood to say that the blessing is because of their actions, or more strongly, that a desire for blessing motivated them to take action? (Alternate translation: “and therefore a blessing is put on you today” or “so that a blessing may be put over you today”) The third difficulty is: while ultimately all blessing is from Yahweh, which is the subject here, Yahweh or the Levites? (Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh is putting a blessing on you today”) As with the previous clause, you may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “, by that you brought blessing on yourselves”
EXO	32	30	kvj4	figs-doublet	חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה	1	You have committed a very great sin	Here, **sin** used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “You have sinned extremally badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	32	30	r5fn	figs-abstractnouns	חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה	1	You have committed a very great sin	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	32	31	ccpg	figs-doublet	חָטָ֞א הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ חֲטָאָ֣ה	1	You have committed a very great sin	Here, **sin** is used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “this people has sinned extremely badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	32	31	y049	figs-abstractnouns	חֲטָאָ֣ה	1	You have committed a very great sin	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	32	31	yeta		אֱלֹהֵ֥י	1	You have committed a very great sin	Alternate translation: “a god”
EXO	32	32	brpu	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠עַתָּ֖ה אִם־תִּשָּׂ֣א חַטָּאתָ֑⁠ם	1	blot me out of the book	Moses leaves out his conclusion, perhaps as a way of making this conditional phrase into a request, or perhaps to avoid suggesting to God what would be good for him to do. However, if leaving out a conclusion would be misunderstood in your language you may need to rephrase it or add the implied conclusion. Alternate translation: “But now, if you forgive their sin, good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	32	32	c72y	figs-metonymy	מְחֵ֣⁠נִי	1	blot me out of the book	Here, **me** refers to the name of Moses. Alternate translation: “erase my name from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	32	ahb3	figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּתָֽבְתָּ	1	the book that you have written	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what God had written in the book explicitly. Alternate translation: “in which you have written the names of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	33	igb4	figs-metonymy	אֶמְחֶ֖⁠נּוּ מִ⁠סִּפְרִֽ⁠י	1	that person I will blot out of my book	Here, **him** represents that person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will erase that person’s name from my book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	33	qwk9		מִ⁠סִּפְרִֽ⁠י	1	my book	This refers to the book of Yahweh that Moses spoke of in [Exodus 32:32](../32/32.md).
EXO	32	34	xn8p	grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠בְ⁠י֣וֹם פָּקְדִ֔⁠י וּ⁠פָקַדְתִּ֥י עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם חַטָּאתָֽ⁠ם	1	But on the day that I punish them, I will punish them	Yahweh makes it clear that he will punish the people because they sinned by making and worshiping the idol. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “However, because they sinned, one day I will come to punish them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	32	35	wv1v	figs-explicit	עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן	1	they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made	The people are being spoken of as having made the calf themselves (along with Aaron) because they demanded it and gave their gold for it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they were guilty along with Aaron of making the calf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	35	h3kl	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּגֹּ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֑ם עַ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן	1	they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “And because they had made the calf (that Aaron made), Yahweh plagued the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	33	intro	g5k3			0		# Exodus 33 General Notes<br><br>This chapter is largely about Moses continuing to negotiate for a closer relationship between Yahweh and himself and Yahweh and the people. There are a number of important theological issues addressed, especially Yahweh’s holiness and character. Several key terms appear.<br><br>## Structure:<br>- v. 1-6: Moses negotiating with Yahweh to go with Israel<br>- v. 7-11: the temporary tent of meeting<br>- v. 12-23: Moses negotiating with Yahweh to see his glory<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them.<br><br>Verses 7-11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. While the term in verses 7-11 is often used interchangeably with the Dwelling that will be built in chapters 35-39, it is a temporary and different tent. One distinguishing feature is that it is well outside the camp, while the Dwelling will be in the center of the camp.<br><br>The word **tent** in verses 7-11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is referred to.
EXO	33	1	p8xp	figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶֽ⁠נָּה	1	General Information:	The words which follow **saying** are a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	33	2	tlen		וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֥י לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ מַלְאָ֑ךְ וְ⁠גֵֽרַשְׁתִּ֗י אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי	1	General Information:	See how you translated these in [Exodus 23:20](../23/20.md) and [23:23](../23/23.md).
EXO	33	3	yyt4	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	that land, which is flowing with milk and honey	Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	3	y347	figs-metaphor	זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	flowing with	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	3	ah5t	figs-metaphor	קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙	1	a stubborn people	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	4	jemj	figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֛תוּ אִ֥ישׁ עֶדְי֖⁠וֹ עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	jewelry	Here, **his** and **him** refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the men and women did not put on their ornaments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	33	4	cf7g	translate-unknown	עֶדְי֖⁠וֹ	1	jewelry	This may have referred to beautiful clothing as well as chains and rings made from gold or silver that had could have had jewels in them. Alternate translation: “his adornments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	33	4	qwuu	translate-versebridge		0	jewelry	Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]])
EXO	33	5	rn40	figs-events	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	jewelry	The word **had** places Yahweh’s statement back in time. It can be understood from context as Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4. If you are reversing the order of the verses for your language, you should adjust the verbal sequencing in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
EXO	33	5	ndhx	figs-quotations	אֱמֹ֤ר אֶל־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	jewelry	You may want to make the introductory portion of this quotation,**Say to the sons of Israel**, indirect to keep from having a quote inside a quote. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	33	5	rzr5	figs-metaphor	קְשֵׁה־עֹ֔רֶף	1	a stubborn people	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	5	hakp	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	רֶ֧גַע אֶחָ֛ד אֶֽעֱלֶ֥ה בְ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠כִלִּיתִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	a stubborn people	Because the surrounding narrative clearly shows that this is not what Yahweh did or will do, this is a hypothetical situation. Some languages may need to reorder the clauses. Alternate translation: “Since I would destroy if I went up among you for one moment, then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	33	5	l6ax	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אֵדְעָ֖ה מָ֥ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	a stubborn people	The goal of the Israelites removing their ornaments is so that Yahweh can consider his reaction. Some languages may need to reorder this structure. Alternate translation: “So that I will know what I will do to you, take your ornaments down from on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	33	5	gb16	figs-explicit	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	a stubborn people	This was a way for the Israelites to show that they were sorry for sinning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	33	6	tomy	figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּֽתְנַצְּל֧וּ	1	a stubborn people	Here, **themselves** refers to the Israelites; they are both the ones doing the action and the ones to whom the action is done. A special form of verb or pronoun may be required to translate this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	33	6	i0c5	figs-explicit	מֵ⁠הַ֥ר חוֹרֵֽב׃	1	a stubborn people	Here, **from** means “from that point of time and continuing into the future.” Try to find a form in your language that means “from then on” for your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	33	7	wsfe	grammar-connect-time-background		0	a stubborn people	Verses 7-11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
EXO	33	7	fb65		הָ⁠אֹ֜הֶל	1	a stubborn people	The word **tent** in verses 7-11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up, or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is being referenced. Here it refers to the “tent of meeting.”
EXO	33	8	h2us		אָהֳל֑⁠וֹ	1	a stubborn people	This refers to the people’s tents.
EXO	33	9	yt4f		עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן	1	the pillar of cloud	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
EXO	33	9	vam7	figs-explicit	יֵרֵד֙	1	would come down	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where the **pillar of cloud would come down** from explicitly. Alternate translation: “would come down from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	33	9	ghf8	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠דִבֶּ֖ר	1	would come down	Grammatically, the most likely referent for this pronoun is the **pillar of cloud**. By metonymy and based on [verse 11](../33/11.md), this probably refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	10	nyoe	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠רָאָ֤ה כָל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן עֹמֵ֖ד פֶּ֣תַח הָ⁠אֹ֑הֶל וְ⁠קָ֤ם כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ וְ⁠הִֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ פֶּ֥תַח אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	This verse uses contrastive parallelism. The presence of Yahweh is represented in the cloud that stands at the entrance of the tent, while the people prostrate themselves at the entrance to their tents. It would be good to try to retain the contrasting image in your translation if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	33	10	zvaf		עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
EXO	33	10	dm01		אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	This refers to the people’s tents.
EXO	33	11	zrb8	figs-metaphor	פָּנִ֣ים אֶל־פָּנִ֔ים	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	Speaking directly to each other rather than through dreams and visions is spoken of as if Moses and God saw each other’s faces while they spoke. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh would speak directly to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	11	lqe0	figs-simile	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִ֖ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	The metaphor of speaking **face to face** is explained by the simile here. How you translated **face to face** in your language may determine how you should translate this explanation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	33	11	rcsu	writing-participants	וּ⁠מְשָׁ֨רְת֜⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֤עַ בִּן־נוּן֙ נַ֔עַר	1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	**Joshua** has been introduced before but not mentioned since [Exodus 32:17](../32/17.md). Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	33	12	ohra	writing-newevent		0	See	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	33	12	hlsl	figs-quotations	הַ֚עַל אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה…דַעְתִּ֣י⁠ךָֽ בְ⁠שֵׁ֔ם וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	See	You may want to make these two second-level quotations indirect to reduce the levels of quotation. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	33	12	unz8		רְ֠אֵה	1	See	This is an interjection to get someone’s attention. Alternate translation: “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
EXO	33	12	w7fs	figs-idiom	יְדַעְתִּ֣י⁠ךָֽ בְ⁠שֵׁ֔ם	1	I know you by name	To **know** someone **by name** is to know them well. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	12	uhjs	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	you have also found favor in my eyes	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and my eyes find you favorable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	33	12	a7jr	figs-idiom	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	you have also found favor in my eyes	Here, **found favor in my eyes** is an idiom that means “I am pleased with you” so it means that God is pleased with Moses. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you please me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	12	y281	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	you have also found favor in my eyes	Here, **in my eyes** is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you have also found favor in my evaluation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	12	es6z	figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	you have also found favor in my eyes	Here, **favor** is an abstract noun that you could express in another way if necessary in your language. Alternate translation: “and you have also been found approved in my eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	33	13	e6vv		מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֜ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ…אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Now if I have found favor in your eyes	Here, **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **in your eyes** is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md).
EXO	33	13	zi7j	figs-metaphor	הוֹדִעֵ֤⁠נִי נָא֙ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	show me your ways	Here, **ways** is a metaphor either: (1) for Yahweh’s plans or (2) for the holy life he requires. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: (1) “please cause me to know what you are going to do in the future” (2) “please cause me to know how people can do what pleases you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	13	gtv4		אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	show me your ways	This instance of the phrase **find favor in your eyes** means in the future. Consider how to translate it in your language to convey an on-going situation. Alternate translation: “I can always find favor in your eyes”
EXO	33	13	o1ew		וּ⁠רְאֵ֕ה כִּ֥י עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃	1	show me your ways	Moses is requesting that Yahweh would again **see**, perceive, consider, or recognize the Israelites as his special people. In this way, Moses would know that Yahweh had truly forgiven them.
EXO	33	14	gh8q	figs-metonymy	פָּנַ֥⁠י יֵלֵ֖כוּ	1	My own presence will go	Yahweh’s **face** represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “I will go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	14	esdd	figs-explicit	פָּנַ֥⁠י יֵלֵ֖כוּ וַ⁠הֲנִחֹ֥תִי לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	My own presence will go	The preposition connected to **you** here has a very flexible meaning and seems to be connected to both **will go** and **will cause rest**. If this would be unclear, consider repeating it in both clauses. Alternate translation: “My face will go with you and I will cause rest for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	33	14	hl15	figs-yousingular	לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	go with you…give you	The word **you** here refers to Moses. It is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	33	15	a2hc	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים	1	go with you…give you	**If your face is not going** is a hypothetical situation in which Moses makes a request that they not go anywhere without Yahweh. In some languages you may need to place the request first. Alternate translation: “Do not take us up from here if your face is not going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	33	15	m5cq	figs-metonymy	אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים	1	go with you…give you	Yahweh’s **face** represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “If you are not going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	16	cgl8	figs-rquestion	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא כִּֽי־מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ הֲ⁠ל֖וֹא בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֣ עִמָּ֑⁠נוּ וְ⁠נִפְלֵ֨ינוּ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔ מִ⁠כָּ֨ל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	how will it be known…people?	This verse contains two or three rhetorical questions, and the length of the second is debated. The first rhetorical question, “**And in what then will it be known that I have found favor in your eyes, I and your people?**” is used for emphasis and means, “There is only one way people will know that I and your people please you.” The second, “**Is it not in your going with us?**” is used to answer the first question and means “That way is your going with us.” It is possible that the rest of the verse is (1) a statement further clarifying how Yahweh’s favor is demonstrated (ULT, UST), (2) an extension of the second rhetorical question (“Is it not in your going with us so that I and your people shall be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”), or (3) a separate rhetorical question making the same point (“And shall I and your people be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”) Moses used these questions in order to emphasize that if Yahweh does not go with them, no one will know that Yahweh is pleased with Moses and the people. Use whatever forms would be natural in your language to present an argument like this. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	33	16	d36k	figs-infostructure	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה	1	For otherwise	This refers back to Moses’ hypothetical situation in the previous verse, that is, Yahweh not going with them. Use whatever connecting forms are necessary to make that clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	33	16	tu8e	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא	1	how will it be known	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And in what then will people know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	33	16	u82a	figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Will it not only be if	Here, **found favor** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	17	chua	grammar-connect-logic-result	גַּ֣ם אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֑ה כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינַ֔⁠י וָ⁠אֵדָעֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שֵֽׁם	1	you have found favor in my eyes	Here, **for** signals a reason clause. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because you have found favor in my eyes, and I know you by name, I will also do this thing that you have spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	33	17	ln7y	figs-idiom	מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינַ֔⁠י	1	you have found favor in my eyes	Here, **you have found favor in my eyes** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	17	aln2	figs-yousingular	מָצָ֤אתָ	1	General Information:	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	33	17	u2nv	figs-idiom	וָ⁠אֵדָעֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שֵֽׁם	1	I know you by name	To know someone by name is to know them well. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “and I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	18	w73v	figs-abstractnouns	כְּבֹדֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	I know you by name	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	33	19	sx1a	figs-metaphor	אֲנִ֨י אַעֲבִ֤יר כָּל־טוּבִ⁠י֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	Yahweh speaks of his **goodness** like it was an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	19	e3o3	figs-abstractnouns	טוּבִ⁠י֙	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **goodness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	33	19	gzr5	figs-metonymy	עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ…לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	Here, **face** means “you.” Alternate translation: “above you … before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	19	d4z9		וְ⁠קָרָ֧אתִֽי בְ⁠שֵׁ֛ם יְהוָ֖ה	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	The meaning of the phrase is unclear. It may mean that Yahweh will disclose something about his character to Moses. Alternate translation: “and I will proclaim my name, ‘Yahweh,’ ”
EXO	33	19	vqq6	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠חַנֹּתִי֙ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָחֹ֔ן וְ⁠רִחַמְתִּ֖י אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲרַחֵֽם	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They stress Yahweh’s divine prerogative to do whatever he wants. The structure also parallels Yahweh’s I AM statements in [Exodus 3:14](../03/14.md). If this form of parallelism would be misunderstood in your language, consider another form that emphasizes that Yahweh is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	33	20	c20q	writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	In some languages it may be better to omit **And he said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19-34:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
EXO	33	20	fyc0		כִּ֛י לֹֽא־יִרְאַ֥⁠נִי הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם וָ⁠חָֽי	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	Alternate translation: “because no person can live after he has seen me”
EXO	33	21	loep	writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	In some languages it may be better to omit **And Yahweh said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19-34:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
EXO	33	21	s4iy		הִנֵּ֥ה	1	See	Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
EXO	33	22	qhe6	figs-metaphor	בַּ⁠עֲבֹ֣ר כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י	1	See	Yahweh speaks of his **glory** as if it were an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “while I pass over gloriously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	22	o5as	figs-abstractnouns	כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י	1	See	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	33	22	ivf5	figs-personification	וְ⁠שַׂכֹּתִ֥י כַפִּ֛⁠י עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	See	Here Yahweh speaks as if he, like a person, had hands that could cover things. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use a simile to retain the image, as this figure is important to retain and extends into the next verse. Alternate translation: “I will cover you as with a hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	33	23	fmu8	figs-personification	וַ⁠הֲסִרֹתִי֙ אֶת־כַּפִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠רָאִ֖יתָ אֶת־אֲחֹרָ֑⁠י וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ	1	you will see my back	The strong personification image of Yahweh continues throughout this verse and should be retained, if possible. You may have to use similes if this would be misunderstood in your culture. Alternate translation: “Then it will be as if I stop covering you with a hand, and you will see a small part of my glory, like a person’s back, but not my full glory, like a person’s face.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	33	23	jq7t	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י	1	you will see my back	Here, **but my face** is moved to the front of the clause to emphasize contrast with **my back**. If your language has a certain way of contrasting elements, be sure to make a strong contrast between Yahweh’s face and back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	33	23	gw1n	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ	1	but my face will not be seen	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but you will not see my face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	34	intro	smp6			0		# Exodus 34 General Notes<br><br>## Outline<br><br>* v. 1-4 Yahweh orders Moses to return to the mountain<br>* v. 5-9 Yahweh reveals himself to Moses and Moses reacts<br>* v. 10-28 Covenant renewal<br>* v. 29-34 Moses reports to Israel<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>* In verse 1, Yahweh says he will write on stone tablets, yet later (v. 27-28) he commands Moses to write and the text says Moses writes.<br>* Yahweh reveals something significant about himself or his character to Moses. There are a number of difficult terms and concepts.<br>* The biblical metaphor of true worship as sexual fidelity appears in v. 14-16.<br>* Several verses are repeated either exactly or closely from earlier chapters.<br>* In v. 12-26 Yahweh appears to give a different 10 commandments from those in Exodus 20 (but also largely repeated from other earlier parts of Exodus), raising the question of what was actually written on the stone tablets in v. 28.<br>* The concept of Moses’s shining face may be difficult in some cultures.<br><br>### “He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children”<br><br>This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent’s sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
EXO	34	1	ppyw	writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	tablets of stone	Yahweh continues to speak to Moses, but there is a change of topic here, so you may want to retain the speech introduction. However, if it would be misunderstood, you could simply continue the quotation from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Yahweh continued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
EXO	34	1	zf77	figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֥ר שִׁבַּֽרְתָּ	1	tablets of stone	This clause reminds the reader of what tablets are being mentioned by reminding you of what had happened to the previous tablets. If it would be more helpful in your language to attach it to the first mention of the tablets in this verse, you could rearrange it like the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	34	1	s1kv		לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִ֖ים	1	tablets of stone	Alternate translation: “flat slabs of stone” See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:18](../31/18.md)
EXO	34	3	ck6d	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠גַם־אִ֥ישׁ אַל־יֵרָ֖א בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	Do not let anyone else be seen anywhere on the mountain	Being seen doing something represents doing that. Alternate translation: “and do not let anyone else be anywhere on the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	3	x3rx		גַּם־הַ⁠צֹּ֤אן וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּקָר֙ אַל־יִרְע֔וּ אֶל־מ֖וּל הָ⁠הָ֥ר הַ⁠הֽוּא	1	No flocks or herds are even to graze in front of the mountain	Alternate translation: “Even flocks or herds are not allowed to come near the mountain to eat.”
EXO	34	5	sp7f	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתְיַצֵּ֥ב עִמּ֖⁠וֹ שָׁ֑ם וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א	1	stood with Moses there	The pronouns are not clear here, but the referents are probably as in the following alternate translation: “and Yahweh stood with Moses there, and Yahweh proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	34	5	r9ey	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א בְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם יְהוָֽה	1	he pronounced the name “Yahweh.”	This could mean: (1) “he spoke the name ‘Yahweh’” (2) “he proclaimed who Yahweh is.” For the second meaning, **name** would represent who God is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	6	fz1q	figs-123person	יְהוָ֣ה׀ יְהוָ֔ה אֵ֥ל רַח֖וּם וְ⁠חַנּ֑וּן	1	Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious	God is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am God, and I am merciful and gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	34	6	t0kd	figs-doublet	רַח֖וּם וְ⁠חַנּ֑וּן	1	Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious	This is emphasizing that Yahweh cares for people and acts kindly toward them. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	34	6	f7iq	figs-idiom	אֶ֥רֶךְ אַפַּ֖יִם	1	Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious	The phrase **long of nostril** is an idiom that means Yahweh does not get angry easily or quickly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “slow to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	6	j7we	figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת	1	abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. (For **covenant faithfulness**, see [Exodus 20:6](../20/06.md)). Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	34	6	d1qj	figs-doublet	חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת	1	abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness	This is emphasizing that Yahweh always does what he promises toward the people he loves. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	34	7	lt2j	figs-abstractnouns	נֹצֵ֥ר חֶ֨סֶד֙ לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	keeping covenant faithfulness for thousands of generations	See how you translated **covenant faithfulness**in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands of generations” or “faithful to his covenant with thousands of generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	34	7	x90l	figs-hyperbole	לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	But he will	This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” It is deliberately contrasted with **third** and **fourth** later in the verse to emphasize how much longer God’s covenant faithfulness is than his anger. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that conveys a very long time. Alternate translation: “for every generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	34	7	dxkb	figs-metonymy	לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	But he will	The word **thousands** is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “to innumerable people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	7	hllt	figs-litany	עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה	1	But he will	This list is meant to convey the idea of every kind of wrong. If a list like this would be misunderstood in your language you may need to use other terms or forms to make this point. Alternate translation: “every kind of sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
EXO	34	7	e2qc	figs-abstractnouns	עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה…עֲוֺ֣ן	1	But he will	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquity, transgression, and sin**, you could express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	34	7	x397	figs-123person	וְ⁠נַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה	1	he will by no means clear the guilty	Yahweh is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “But I will certainly not acquit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	34	7	ts1b	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠נַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה	1	will by no means clear the guilty	Whom Yahweh will not acquit is not stated. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translations: “But he will certainly not clear the guilty” or “But he will certainly not say that the guilty are innocent” or “But he will certainly not free guilty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	34	7	lyrg	figs-metonymy	עֲוֺ֣ן	1	will by no means clear the guilty	Here, **iniquity** refers to the consequences or the punishment for iniquity. Alternate translation: “the punishment for the iniquity of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	7	px85	figs-metaphor	פֹּקֵ֣ד׀ עֲוֺ֣ן אָב֗וֹת עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים	1	He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children	The **iniquity of the fathers** is spoken of as if it were something capable of **visiting** people. This means that Yahweh makes the consequences of people’s sins affect their descendants. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “punishing the sons and the sons of the sons for the iniquity of the fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	7	c3tb	figs-metonymy	עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים	1	their children	The references to **sons** and **sons of the sons** represents descendants. Alternate translation: “on their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	7	d462	figs-explicit	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים	1	their children	Here, “generation” is implied after **third** and **fourth**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	7	pacu	figs-metonymy	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים	1	their children	Here, **third** and **fourth** means “several.” If this would not be understood and your language has a way of referring to an unspecified (but approximately 3-4) number, you may have to use it here. Alternate translation: “on a few generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	8	c1qt	figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ	1	their children	Here, **himself** means that Moses did this action to his own body. Some languages may use a special form to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	34	8	mf8o	figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּקֹּ֥ד אַ֖רְצָ⁠ה וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ	1	their children	These two verbs have very similar meanings and are often used together to express people’s physical and spiritual posture in worship. If such repetition would be misunderstood in your language, you may need to express the physical action and spiritual action explicitly. Alternate translation: “and bowed to the ground in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	34	9	mh3a	figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	If now I have found favor in your eyes	Here, **found favor** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **I have found favor in your eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	9	vhu5	figs-metaphor	עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ ה֔וּא	1	If now I have found favor in your eyes	Moses speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	9	hw66	figs-doublet	לַ⁠עֲוֺנֵ֥⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠חַטָּאתֵ֖⁠נוּ	1	our iniquity and our sin	The words **iniquity** and **sin** mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “all our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	34	10	zwsm			0	your people	Starting in this verse, the covenant is largely repeated and consists of two parts: (1) what Yahweh will do, which is detailed in verses 10-11 (and briefly restated in verse 24) and (2) what is required of the Israelites, which is detailed in verses 12-26. For further context, see [Exodus 19:5 and following](../19/05.md), and [23:20-24:8](../23/20.md). Verses 12-26 are another list of ten commandments.
EXO	34	10	ps7o	figs-idiom	כֹּרֵ֣ת בְּרִית֒	1	your people	To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The terminology refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “am about to make a covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	10	zdq6	figs-possession	עַמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	your people	Here, the **people** are referred to as belonging to Moses. This refers to his being their leader. Alternate translation: ”the people you lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	34	10	itdx		כָל־הָ֠⁠עָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֨ה בְ⁠קִרְבּ֜⁠וֹ	1	your people	This phrase is ambiguous and could refer to: (1) the nations that surrounded Israel or (2) the Israelites (who surrounded Moses). Attempt to maintain the ambiguity if you can; otherwise you may choose one, perhaps following another locally known translation’s choice.
EXO	34	10	bj1a		כִּֽי־נוֹרָ֣א ה֔וּא אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י עֹשֶׂ֥ה עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you	This means that what Yahweh is doing causes people to be afraid. In this case, people will fear Yahweh when they see what he does. Alternate translation: “for what I am doing with you will cause fear”
EXO	34	10	s7uz	figs-youdual	עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	I am doing with you	Here, **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	34	11	xtkf	figs-metonymy	גֹרֵ֣שׁ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	I am doing with you	Here, **from before your faces** means “ahead of you” or “on your behalf.” Yahweh is emphasizing who is doing the driving out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	11	kfix	translate-names	אֶת־הָ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי	1	I am doing with you	See how you translated these in [Exodus 33:2](../33/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	34	12	fmc9			0	General Information:	Verses 12-16 are the first of these ten commandments. The original language is structured such that every clause in these verses is subordinate to the initial, **Guard yourself**. That sort of structure may not be possible in your language (as it is not in English).
EXO	34	12	mnpv	figs-rpronouns	לְ⁠ךָ֗	1	General Information:	Here, **yourself** means that each Israelite should guard against committing these sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	34	12	n1il	figs-hypo	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	General Information:	This sentence contains two hypotheticals as a warning. Each is introduced by **lest**. Use a marker in your language that introduces a hypothetical situation, but also see the next note. Alternate translation: “If you were to cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, probably he would become as a trap in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	34	12	t1hz	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	General Information:	The second of these hypothetical statements is logically dependent on and follows after the first as a result. As you mark these hypotheticals, use a form that communicates that the second is a result of the first. Alternate translation: “because if you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, then he will become as a trap in your midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	34	12	b459	figs-idiom	תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙	1	General Information:	See how you translated this in [34:10](../34/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	12	tnka	grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב…יִהְיֶ֥ה	1	General Information:	The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronoun **he** is agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … they become” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	34	12	lxz8	figs-simile	פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	they will become a trap among you	People who tempt others to sin are spoken of as if they were a **trap.** If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “lest those remaining people tempt you to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	34	13	wkbx	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	כִּ֤י	1	they will become a trap among you	This word marks a strong contrast with the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation, followed by a new sentence: “Do the opposite!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	34	13	tfd1	figs-infostructure	אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָ⁠ם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖⁠ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־אֲשֵׁרָ֖י⁠ו תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן	1	they will become a trap among you	This unusual word order reflects the original in bringing each item the Israelites must destroy into focus. You should use whatever form in your language would emphasize or focus on each item that they must destroy. Alternate translation, as separate sentences: “as for their altars, break them down! As for their stone pillars, smash them to pieces! As for their trees where they worship the goddess Asherah, cut them all down!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	34	13	gbp0	grammar-collectivenouns	תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן	1	they will become a trap among you	For some reason only this pronoun is singular, referring back the singular “inhabitant” in the previous verse. Translate it based on your decision in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	34	14	fzjz	translate-symaction	לֹ֥א תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה	1	Yahweh, whose name is Jealous	To **bow to another god** means to worship it. This imagery is throughout scripture and should be retained in translation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you shall not bow to worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	34	14	vmx2	figs-metaphor	כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔⁠וֹ אֵ֥ל קַנָּ֖א הֽוּא׃	1	Yahweh, whose name is Jealous	The repeated word **jealous** means that God is concerned to keep his honor. If his people worship other gods, he loses honor, because when his people do not honor him, other people also will not honor him. This is pictured in a metaphor of a jealous spouse who is concerned that his spouse be faithful to him. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. The UST makes this image explicit as a simile, which can be done occasionally but would probably be too long for repeated use in a translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh jealously guards his reputation. He is a God jealous of his honor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	14	s5sd	figs-metonymy	כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1	whose name is Jealous,	Here, the word **name** represents God’s character. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	15	r70f	grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב…וְ⁠קָרָ֣א…מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	General Information:	The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronouns **he** and **his** are agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. See how you translated this in [verse 12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … and they invite … from their sacrifice” or “with the inhabitants of … and one of them invites … from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	34	15	udz0	figs-hypo	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠זָבְחוּ֙ לֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Connecting Statement:	Most of this verse is a sort of chain of logically consecutive hypothetical events that Yahweh is warning the Israelites against. Your language may have a specific way this sort of argument must be structured or phrased. One way to see this would be to repeat **lest** before every verb in verse 15-16. Alternate translation: “If you cut a covenant the inhabitant of the land, and if they then prostitute after their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and if he then invites you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	34	15	f1e3		פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase is exactly the same as the second clause of [verse 12](../34/12.md). It serves as a reminder of the command Yahweh is giving as he begins to expand on the “trap” he mentioned in verse 12. Your language may need to mark this repetition in a particular way. Alternate translation: “Remember: keep yourself lest you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land”
EXO	34	15	n4nt	figs-idiom	תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית	1	Connecting Statement:	See how you translated this in [verse 12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “you make a covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	15	gtd8	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and they worship their gods” or “because they worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	15	d1m0	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	This phrase may also be seen as a metonymy because sexual sin was a regular part of worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “and they worship by fornicating with their gods’ cult prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	15	vijl	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	Here, what the inhabitant will invite the Israelite to is not stated, but can be inferred from context. At the most basic level it is an invitation to eat food the Israelites were forbidden to eat. It is unclear how much more participation in worshiping false gods is implied. If your language requires that you specify what the Israelite is being invited into you may have to add some information. Alternate translation: “and he will invite you to eat from his sacrifice” or “and he will invite you to a feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	34	15	ygd9	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	The first part of the sin Yahweh is warning against in this and the next verse is to **eat from his sacrifice**. This clause is the result of disobedience regarding the **covenant** and the logical conclusion of the series of hypothetical events Yahweh presents before this. Alternate translation: “as a result, you will eat from his sacrifice” or “then you will eat from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	34	15	hhbc	figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	Here, **and you eat from his sacrifice** may represent any and all parts of the worship of the other nations’ false gods. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	34	15	bj2i	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the consequence of eating food that is sacrificed to another god explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will eat some of his sacrifice and become guilty of worshiping his gods” or “and you will prostitute yourself to his god by eating some of his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	16	jaic	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical		0	you will eat some of his sacrifice	The string of hypothetical actions, each with its logical result continues throughout this verse. Continue translating the transitions between clauses as you decided in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	34	16	d4ma	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ בְנֹתָ֗י⁠ו אַחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ן	1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and his daughters worship their gods” or “and his daughters worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	16	k0lr	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן	1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. The metaphor is clear here since it is referring to Israelite men who should be Yahweh worshipers. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and cause your sons to worship their gods” or “and cause your sons to worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	16	p98a	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן	1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	This is the climatic consequence of living in peace the nations God is driving out before them: complete apostacy from Yahweh and loss of the next generation to wickedness. Specifically it is the result of intermarriage with the pagans, which God has explicitly forbidden for this very reason. If your language marks the final consequence of a string of actions in a particular way it may be appropriate to use it here. Alternate translation: “and in the end, they will cause even your sons to prostitute after their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	34	17	lgab			0	you will eat some of his sacrifice	The prohibition here is focused on making gods. In your translation make sure that the focus is not on the method, but the god-making.
EXO	34	17	rux0		מַסֵּכָ֖ה	1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	See how you translated **molten metal** in [Exodus 32:4](../32/04.md).
EXO	34	18	s1rr			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to most of [Exodus 23:15](../23/15.md).
EXO	34	18	u5be	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֨ת	1	seven days	Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	34	18	i5ck	translate-hebrewmonths	הָ⁠אָבִ֑יב…הָֽ⁠אָבִ֔יב	1	in the month of Aviv	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. **Aviv** is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated **Aviv** in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	34	19	ly7d			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to [Exodus 13:12](../13/12.md).
EXO	34	20	sbrs			0	buy back	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 13:13](../13/13.md).
EXO	34	20	j4tv	figs-explicit	בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה…וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	buy back	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express explicitly that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	20	c5ow		לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה	1	buy back	Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
EXO	34	20	yz8x		כֹּ֣ל בְּכ֤וֹר בָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תִּפְדֶּ֔ה	1	buy back	Firstborn sons and firstborn donkeys belonged to Yahweh, but Yahweh did not want them sacrificed to Him. Instead, the Israelites were to sacrifice a lamb in their place. This allowed the Israelites to buy the donkeys and sons back from Yahweh.
EXO	34	20	u2p5	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖⁠י רֵיקָֽם	1	No one may appear before me empty-handed	Here understatement is used to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. This portion of the verse is identical to the end of [Exodus 23:15](../23/15.md). If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “come to me without a proper offering” or “always bring an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	34	21	w9ed			0	General Information:	This command is similar to that in [Exodus 20:9](../20/09.md).
EXO	34	21	n2ka	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	General Information:	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	34	21	swm8		בֶּ⁠חָרִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בַ⁠קָּצִ֖יר	1	Even at plowing time and in harvest	Alternate translation: “Even when you are preparing the soil or gathering the crops”
EXO	34	22	lhxb			0	Festival of Ingathering	This verse is similar to [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), however the first festival is named **Festival of Weeks** here and “Festival of the Harvest” in 23:16.
EXO	34	22	d13l		וְ⁠חַג֙ הָֽ⁠אָסִ֔יף	1	Festival of Ingathering	This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. See how you translated this in [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md). Alternate translation: “and the Festival of the Ingathering”
EXO	34	22	xqy4	figs-metaphor	תְּקוּפַ֖ת הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	Festival of Ingathering	Like “the exiting of the year” in [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), this refers to the end of the year. Here, the year is pictured as something that can turn. Which, thinking of the planet, is highly astronomically accurate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	23	zh58			0	General Information:	Except for **God of Israel** and dropping “to,” this verse is identical to [Exodus 23:17](../23/17.md).
EXO	34	23	iagy	figs-metonymy	יֵרָאֶה֙…אֶת־פְּנֵ֛י הָֽ⁠אָדֹ֥ן	1	General Information:	Here to **appear before the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **Before the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	25	zx2v			0	General Information:	See the very similar [Exodus 23:18](../23/18.md).
EXO	34	25	e8v2	figs-explicit	דַּם־זִבְחִ֑⁠י	1	the blood of my sacrifice	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that the blood is from an animal explicitly. Alternate translation: “the blood of an animal that you sacrifice to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	26	bv0a			0	the blood of my sacrifice	This verse is identical to [Exodus 23:19](../23/19.md).
EXO	34	27	x6j9		כִּ֞י עַל־פִּ֣י׀ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה	1	the blood of my sacrifice	Alternate translation: “for in accordance with these words” or “for according to these words”
EXO	34	27	ybz6	figs-idiom	כָּרַ֧תִּי אִתְּ⁠ךָ֛ בְּרִ֖ית	1	the blood of my sacrifice	See how you translated this in [verse 12](../34/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	28	j9t4	translate-numbers	עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת	1	forty days	Alternate translation: “10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	34	28	wt1c		אַרְבָּעִ֥ים יוֹם֙ וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֣ים לַ֔יְלָה	1	for forty days and nights	Alternate translation: “for 40 days, including the nights”
EXO	34	28	yun2	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֣ב	1	He wrote	Here, **he** probably refers to Moses, based on Yahweh’s command in the previous verse. However, [Exodus 34:1](../34/01.md) opens the possibility that Yahweh wrote. It is best to leave it ambiguous, but if you must specify, saying Moses is better. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	34	29	t1s0	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	had become radiant	This marks a change of scene which you should mark in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	34	29	x70x	figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠רֶ֤דֶת מֹשֶׁה֙ מֵ⁠הַ֣ר סִינַ֔י וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֨י לֻחֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠עֵדֻת֙ בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּ⁠רִדְתּ֖⁠וֹ מִן־הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	had become radiant	The statement about Moses’ descent from the mountain is repeated almost verbatim, but does not refer to two events. If this would be misunderstood you may need to state it only once in translation as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Then Moses came down from Mount Sinai. As he was coming down from the mountain, he was carrying the two tablets of the testimony in his hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	34	29	yagj	figs-infostructure	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֹֽא־יָדַ֗ע כִּ֥י קָרַ֛ן ע֥וֹר פָּנָ֖י⁠ו בְּ⁠דַבְּר֥⁠וֹ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	had become radiant	In some languages it will make more sense to state that Moses’ **face shone** before saying that he **did not know that** as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	34	29	d9zk		קָרַ֛ן	1	had become radiant	Alternate translation: “became radiant”
EXO	34	30	yn9s	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֖וּ	1	had become radiant	They were afraid because of his bright face. Alternate translation: “because of that, they were afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	34	32	kt23		וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ֕⁠ם אֵת֩ כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אִתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	all the commands that Yahweh had given him	This means that Moses commanded the Israelites to obey everything Yahweh had commanded Moses to command the Israelites to do.
EXO	34	34	fzm1	grammar-connect-time-background		0	he would remove	This and the next verse give a general statement about Moses’s practice for an unstated amount of time (it was probably from this point until his death as he continued to talk to Yahweh). You should mark this with a form in your language that is used for on-going action like **would** or the UST’s “Whenever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
EXO	34	34	m1sv	figs-activepassive	יְצֻוֶּֽה	1	what he was commanded	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	intro	lew9			0		# Exodus 35 General Notes<br><br>## Structure\r<br>\r<br>- v. 1-3: reiteration of Sabbath command\r<br>- v. 4-9: list of materials for donation (see [Exodus 25:1-7](../25/01.md))\r<br>- v. 10-19: things they need to make for the Dwelling complex\r<br>- v. 20-29: the people bring all the things listed\r<br>- v. 30-36:1: appointing of lead craftsmen to build these things<br><br>## Translation Issues in this Chapter<br><br>- In the last chapter some repetition of Yahweh’s instructions began, mostly around the covenant commands. Starting in this chapter and even more so in chapter 36, the commands regarding the construction of the Dwelling complex are repeated, often word for word, from chapters 25-31. In many verses the only difference will be a change of verb form from instruction to completion. As much as possible, these parallels will be pointed out for the translators with links to the previous verses. Translators should refer back to the previously translated verses for consistency and because notes in this section may not cover everything that was covered in the initial instruction section.<br>- Many items, materials, and processes for building the Dwelling may be unknown, but should have already been addressed in chapters 25-31.
EXO	35	2	hfaq			0		This verse is very similar to [Exodus 31:15](../31/15.md).
EXO	35	2	g6oe	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	the seventh day	Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	35	2	c559	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֗י	1	the seventh day	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	35	2	ax6u	figs-activepassive	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֮ תֵּעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒	1	Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Six days you shall work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	2	zij9	figs-activepassive	כָּל־הָ⁠עֹשֶׂ֥ה ב֛⁠וֹ מְלָאכָ֖ה יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death	If your language would not use passive here, you can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must execute anyone who works on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	4	jdb8			0	General Information:	In verses 4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to collect the things Yahweh commanded him to collect in [Exodus 25:2-7](../25/02.md). You should check your translation for consistency between these passages.
EXO	35	4	ugn4	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶל־כָּל־עֲדַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	General Information:	Verses 5-19 are a second-level direct quotation. If it would be better to reduce the quotation level in your language, you may want to make this introductory comment (everything after the first **saying**) an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Moses told all of the congregation of the sons of Israel the things that Yahweh commanded, saying,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	35	5	h5c8			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to [Exodus 25:2-3](../25/02.md).
EXO	35	5	n2c8		קְח֨וּ מֵֽ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶ֤ם תְּרוּמָה֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	Take an offering for Yahweh	Alternate translation: “Take up a collection for Yahweh from what you have”
EXO	35	5	qq0a	figs-ellipsis	כֹּ֚ל	1	Take an offering for Yahweh	Here, “from” is omitted but suggested by the sentence grammar. Also, **every** means “every person.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “from every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	35	5	pqa2	figs-idiom	כֹּ֚ל נְדִ֣יב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	General Information:	This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part often varies. Alternate translation: “from everyone who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	35	5	gx87			0	General Information:	After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
EXO	35	6	r12v			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	35	6	g615	figs-explicit	וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	General Information:	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	35	6	cad9	translate-unknown	וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	General Information:	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	7	nmv4			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md).
EXO	35	7	l5bq	translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֛ים	1	ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	7	wmsl	translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides	The meaning of this word is not known; it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	7	tzrk	translate-unknown	שִׂטִּֽים	1	ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	8	ikm4			0	General Information:	Except for several uses of the word **and**, this verse is identical to [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md).
EXO	35	8	y11w	translate-unknown	וּ⁠בְשָׂמִים֙	1	General Information:	Here, **spices** are made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	9	f1dd			0	General Information:	Except for an initial **and**, this verse is identical to [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
EXO	35	9	hcs9	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַ֨בְנֵי־שֹׁ֔הַם	1	General Information:	An **onyx stone** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	35	9	kk7z		וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י	1	General Information:	Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “and treasured gems for”
EXO	35	10	dc4b	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠כָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב	1	Every skilled man	Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person, that is, traits of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftsman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:3](../28/03.md). Alternate translation: “And every man with a skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	10	lkp4	figs-ellipsis	צִוָּ֖ה	1	Every skilled man	Here, some the words that a sentence would need to be complete in some languages are left out. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	35	10	ugjb			0	Every skilled man	After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
EXO	35	11	s0ip		מִכְסֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	clasps	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
EXO	35	11	j5t7		קְרָסָי⁠ו֙	1	clasps	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
EXO	35	11	u022		קְרָשָׁ֔י⁠ו	1	clasps	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:15](../26/15.md).
EXO	35	11	pvft		בְּרִיחָ֖יו	1	clasps	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
EXO	35	11	f1gk		עַמֻּדָ֖י⁠ו	1	clasps	See how you translated this in [26:32](../26/32.md).
EXO	35	11	syn4		אֲדָנָֽי⁠ו	1	bases	These are heavy objects that rest on the ground and keep the object attached to them from moving. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	35	12	rj7s			0	atonement lid	See how you translated these terms in [25:10-17](../25/10.md) and [26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	35	13	l641	figs-metonymy	לֶ֥חֶם הַ⁠פָּנִֽים	1	bread of the presence	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:30](../25/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	14	obmd			0	bread of the presence	See [25:31-37](../25/31.md) for these items.
EXO	35	15	ht7x		מִזְבַּ֤ח הַ⁠קְּטֹ֨רֶת֙…שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה…קְטֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠סַּמִּ֑ים	1	bread of the presence	For the **altar**, see [30:1](../30/01.md). For the **oil**, see [30:25](../30/25.md). For the **incense**, see [30:7](../30/07.md).
EXO	35	16	h116			0	bronze grate	For the **grate**, see [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md). Most of the rest of the verse is almost identical to [30:28](../30/28.md).
EXO	35	17	h8zl		קַלְעֵ֣י…מָסַ֖ךְ	1	hangings	These were large curtains made of cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	35	17	x54f		עַמֻּדָ֖י⁠ו	1	posts	These were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	35	17	xtm8		אֲדָנֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	bases	These were blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	35	18	n44r		יִתְדֹ֧ת…יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	tent pegs	These were sharp pieces of wood or metal used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	35	19	x1pc			0	finely-woven garments	Except for **for serving in the Holy Place** and two “ands,” this verse is identical to [31:10](../31/10.md).
EXO	35	20	w6rg	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֥י מֹשֶֽׁה	1	all the tribes of Israel	Alternate translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	21	p2ls	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ	1	all the tribes of Israel	These two phrases parallel each other and mean the same thing. It would be good to keep this poetic repetition in your translation unless it would be misunderstood. If repetition here would not highlight the joyful giving spirit of the Israelites in your language, you may need to combine the phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who was motivated, body and soul, came and gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	35	21	r34y	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ	1	all the tribes of Israel	Here, **heart** and **spirit** both refer to a person’s will, their desire to do something. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using different body and spirit words or concepts which you can use. If your language would not express a person’s will in this way, you could translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “And every man whose will lifted him came, and all who felt impelled brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	21	ckmu	figs-metaphor	אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	all the tribes of Israel	Here, **heart lifted** is a metaphor for being willing or excited. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using a different body part or a different action. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “who was excited” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	21	u7kq	figs-gendernotations	כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ	1	all the tribes of Israel	Here, **man, whose,** and **him** all refer to men and women in a general way. This is made explicit in the next verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you may use terms that include men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	35	21	kew0	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠לְ⁠בִגְדֵ֖י הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	all the tribes of Israel	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **holiness** in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	35	22	mwx8	figs-synecdoche	כֹּ֣ל׀ נְדִ֣יב לֵ֗ב	1	all who had a willing heart	Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. This is a shortening and combining of the figure used in the [previous verse](../35/21.md): **heart** and **impelled** are brought together. See how you translated these ideas in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “anyone whose will impelled him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	22	yzsw		ל׀ נְדִ֣יב	1	all who had a willing heart	Alternate translation: “who were impelled of”
EXO	35	22	wwp2	figs-litany	חָ֣ח וָ⁠נֶ֜זֶם וְ⁠טַבַּ֤עַת וְ⁠כוּמָז֙ כָּל־כְּלִ֣י זָהָ֔ב	1	brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments	These are different kinds of jewelry. The exact identity of each object is not known. The phrase **all of the things of gold** could either modify the whole list, meaning “all these items were made of gold,” or could mean “many other gold things.” If taken as a summary statement, in some languages it may be clearer to move it to the front of the list. Alternate translation: “all kinds of gold jewelry including necklaces, nose rings, signet rings, and gold ornaments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
EXO	35	22	frci	figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֕ישׁ	1	brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments	Although the term **men** is used, the word here is used in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	35	23	s3ky			0	Everyone who had…brought them	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:4-5](../25/04.md).
EXO	35	23	dweo	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֣א אִתּ֗⁠וֹ	1	Everyone who had…brought them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “And every man who owned” or “And every man having” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	23	hg0d	figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ	1	Everyone who had…brought them	Here **man** includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	35	23	t3ti	figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ	1	Everyone who had…brought them	The phrase **every man** is used here without the restriction, “who was willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “And very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	35	24	qpep	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א אִתּ֜⁠וֹ	1	Everyone who had…brought them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “and everyone who owned” or “and everyone having” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	24	zk6i		כָּל־מֵרִ֗ים	1	Everyone who had…brought them	Here, **all** is limited by **presenters**, meaning only everyone who brought contributions. Avoid implying that every single Israelite did this (though very many did). Alternate translation: “All who decided to offer”
EXO	35	24	loob	figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠כֹ֡ל	1	Everyone who had…brought them	The phrase **all** is used here without the restriction, “who were willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “and very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	35	24	bab9	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠כָל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה	1	Everyone who had…brought them	Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling as a place for worshiping Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for any of the building of a place for worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	25	ae9d	figs-metonymy	חַכְמַת־לֵ֖ב	1	blue, purple, or scarlet wool	Here, **heart** is referring to something innately possessed by a person, that is, a trait of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftswoman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 28:3](../28/03.md). Alternate translation: “who possessed the skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	25	ebm5		אֶֽת־הַ⁠תְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וְ⁠אֶת־הָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֔ן אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	blue, purple, or scarlet wool	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	35	26	k1gy	figs-synecdoche	אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָשָׂ֥א לִבָּ֛⁠ן אֹתָ֖⁠נָה	1	whose hearts stirred them up	Here, **heart** refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to use her skills for Yahweh. This is the same as the first phrase in [verse 21](../35/21.md). Alternate translation: “whose wills impelled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	27	f13n			0	The leaders brought…breastpiece	Beginning with **onyx**, this verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
EXO	35	28	h3a1			0	they brought spices…fragrant incense	[Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md) has almost identical words, arranged slightly differently.
EXO	35	29	hqle	figs-infostructure		0	whose heart was willing	The order of clauses in the ULT is reversed from the original because of required English sentence structure. In the original, **The sons of Israel brought a freewill offering to Yahweh** is at the end of the verse. Other languages may be able to retain the original order. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
EXO	35	29	li5z	figs-synecdoche	אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֣ב לִבָּ⁠ם֮ אֹתָ⁠ם֒	1	whose heart was willing	Here, **heart** refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [25:2](../25/02.md) and [35:22](../35/22.md). Alternate translation: “whose will impelled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	29	w582	figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah	Here, **by the hand of Moses** refers to Moses as a messenger for Yahweh’s commands, not to Moses being the one who would build all these things. If this imagery of carrying a message would be misunderstood in your language, you may use another figure or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh had told Moses to tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	30	z1e2			0	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah	What Moses says in this verse is a quote from [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md)
EXO	35	30	kx4o	translate-names	בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר	1	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah	These are men’s names. See [31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	35	31	zd74			0	filled Bezalel…craftsmanship	This verse is a quote from [Exodus 31:3](../31/03.md)
EXO	35	31	gse9	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖⁠וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he has given his spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	31	jsd7	figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה	1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	35	31	hnju	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת	1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	35	31	qx5o	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת	1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	35	31	cf63	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־מְלָאכָֽה	1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **craftsmanship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	35	32	r7e3			0	to make artistic designs…bronze	This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:4](../31/04.md), except for the first **and**.
EXO	35	33	fj6f			0	also to cut and set stones…craftsmanship	This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:5](../31/05.md) except for the final **of invention**.
EXO	35	34	xd67	figs-idiom	וּ⁠לְ⁠הוֹרֹ֖ת נָתַ֣ן בְּ⁠לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	He has put it in his heart to teach	Here, **put in his heart** is an idiom referring to ability and desire. These are spoken of as if they are something that could be placed in a heart. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he gave to them the ability and desire to teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	35	34	ab2z	translate-names	וְ⁠אָֽהֳלִיאָ֥ב…אֲחִיסָמָ֖ךְ	1	Oholiab son of Ahisamak, from the tribe of Dan	These are names of men. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	35	35	ehu7			0	filled them with skill	This verse summarizes and pulls together many previously mentioned things. See [28:3](../28/03.md) (**skill of heart**), [25:4](../25/04.md) (for materials), [26:36](../26/36.md) (**embroiderer**), [28:32](../28/32.md) (**weaver**), [26:31](../26/31.md) (**skillful workman**), [31:3](../31/03.md) (**craftsman**), [28:6](../28/06.md) (**designer of designs**).
EXO	35	35	rcv9	figs-metaphor	מִלֵּ֨א אֹתָ֜⁠ם חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב	1	filled them with skill	Here, **skill** to create beautiful objects is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “He has made them very skillful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	35	jvtd	figs-synecdoche	חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב	1	filled them with skill	Here, **of heart** refers to possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	36	intro	nz4n			0		# Exodus 36 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>\r<br>\r<br>* v. 1: finish Moses’ instruction\r<br>* v. 2-7: craftsmen collect materials from Moses, inform him the people should stop bringing things because they have too much already -v. 8-38: construction of the Dwelling, verse-by-verse quotations marked below\r<br>    * v. 8-18: quote [Exodus 26:1-11](../26/01.md)\r<br>    * v. 19-34: quote [Exodus 26:14-29](../26/14.md)\r<br>    * v. 35-36: quote [26:31-32](../26/31.md)\r<br>    * v. 37-38: quote [26:36-37](../26/36.md)<br><br>## Translation issues<br><br>* The first verse of this chapter goes with the last chapter.<br>* Most of this chapter exactly quotes chapter 26 with a shift from instruction to past narrative form on the verbs and a few other minor changes; some are Hebrew word order that will be invisible here. Be sure to consult your previous work for consistency.<br>* Throughout verses 8-38 the word **he**is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	36	1	ubk2			0	General Information:	This verse is the end of a quotation from Moses that begin in [35:30](../35/30.md). It should be connected as visually as possible to the previous verses, as the chapter break here is poorly placed.
EXO	36	1	ds99	translate-names	בְצַלְאֵ֨ל וְ⁠אָהֳלִיאָ֜ב	1	Bezalel	**Bezalel and Oholiab** are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md) and [31:6](../31/06.md) as well as in the end of [chapter 35](../35/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	1	y1h1	figs-gendernotations	אִ֣ישׁ	1	Bezalel	We know from [35:25](../35/25.md) that women were included in the skilled workers, so **man** means every person. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	36	1	tr3p	figs-synecdoche	חֲכַם־לֵ֗ב	1	to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability	Here, **of heart** refers to innately possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with innate ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	36	1	ah6j	figs-abstractnouns	חָכְמָ֤ה	1	to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	36	1	d6os	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠תְבוּנָה֙	1	to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	36	1	mdi4	figs-metonymy	מְלֶ֖אכֶת עֲבֹדַ֣ת הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	according to all that Yahweh has commanded	Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling (**Holy Place**) where the Israelites would worship Yahweh. See [35:24](../35/24.md). Alternate translation: “the building of the Holy Place for worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	36	2	tda7		אֶל־בְּצַלְאֵ֘ל וְ⁠אֶל־אָֽהֳלִיאָב֒ וְ⁠אֶל֙ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חֲכַם־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה חָכְמָ֖ה בְּ⁠לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	in whose mind Yahweh had given skill	See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../36/01.md).
EXO	36	2	vvtz	figs-abstractnouns	חָכְמָ֖ה	1	in whose mind Yahweh had given skill	See how you translated **skill** in the [previous verse](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	36	2	yuq8	figs-metaphor	כֹּ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	whose heart stirred within him	See how you translated this in [35:21](../35/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	36	3	est0		וַ⁠יִּקְח֞וּ	1	whose heart stirred within him	Alternate translation: “and the craftsmen took”
EXO	36	3	xkix	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	whose heart stirred within him	Here, **before the face** means with Moses. Moses had received and kept the building materials. Alternate translation: “from the custody of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	36	3	mtkr	figs-idiom	בַּ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּֽקֶר	1	whose heart stirred within him	This is an idiom meaning every morning or every day. Use a similar expression or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “morning by morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	36	4	b772	figs-nominaladj	הַ֣⁠חֲכָמִ֔ים	1	whose heart stirred within him	Here the adjective **skilled** is used as a noun in order to describe the group of craftsmen. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the skilled workers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
EXO	36	4	pz6u	figs-idiom	אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ	1	whose heart stirred within him	Here, **every single man** translates an idiom that cannot be rendered literally and sensibly in English. The original is ”a man a man.” If your language would use repetition to emphasize that each and every man came to see Moses, you can follow the original; otherwise use a phrase or structure that emphasizes that they all came. Alternate translation: “every man without exception” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	36	4	gjrz	figs-gendernotations	אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ	1	whose heart stirred within him	As previously, noted, there were some women who contributed (particularly in the cloth crafts) so this use of **man** may include women. Alternate translation: “every single worker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	36	5	tni7	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְרוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֵּ⁠אמֹ֔ר מַרְבִּ֥ים הָ⁠עָ֖ם לְ⁠הָבִ֑יא מִ⁠דֵּ֤י הָֽ⁠עֲבֹדָה֙ לַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠עֲשֹׂ֥ת אֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The craftsmen told Moses that the people were bringing much more than enough for doing the work that Yahweh has commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	36	6	es1y	figs-quotations	אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ־ע֛וֹד מְלָאכָ֖ה לִ⁠תְרוּמַ֣ת הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that no one should bring any more contributions for the work of the Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	36	6	k3g1	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֥וֹל	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	Here, **sound** refers to the message. This means they spread Moses’ message orally. Alternate translation: “everyone to share this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	36	6	ak26	figs-genericnoun	אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	Here, **man and woman** is intended to mean everyone, or in this case because of the negation, no one. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one shall make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
EXO	36	6	k1qm		מְלָאכָ֖ה	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
EXO	36	6	utcw	figs-ellipsis	מֵ⁠הָבִֽיא	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	In some languages you may need to provide an object for this sentence. Alternate translation: “from bringing contributions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	36	7	ipiu		וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֗ה	1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
EXO	36	8	kw33			0	General Information:	Except for tense and the addition of **every skilled of heart among the doers of the work,** this verse is identical to [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	36	8	l7ub	figs-synecdoche	כָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֜ב	1	ten curtains made from fine linen	See how you translated this in [35:21](../35/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	36	8	zz0w	figs-genericnoun	עָשָׂ֥ה	1	ten curtains made from fine linen	Throughout verses 8-38 the word **he** used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “they made” or “a craftsman made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
EXO	36	9	p2mr			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 26:2](../26/02.md). Tense is implied.
EXO	36	10	z6sq			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:3](../26/03.md).
EXO	36	11	yw91			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:4](../26/04.md).
EXO	36	12	k1qq			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:5](../26/05.md).
EXO	36	13	z2zi			0	General Information	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
EXO	36	14	m2ac			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:7](../26/07.md).
EXO	36	15	fa6i			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:8](../26/08.md).
EXO	36	16	wwj6			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to the first sentence of [Exodus 26:9](../26/09.md).
EXO	36	17	qt9b			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:10](../26/10.md).
EXO	36	18	mq1j			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to [Exodus 26:11](../26/11.md). The difference is the absence of the middle clause from 26:11.
EXO	36	19	p3ke			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
EXO	36	20	t739			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:15](../26/15.md).
EXO	36	21	prx5			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 26:16](../26/16.md).
EXO	36	22	l8yx			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:17](../26/17.md).
EXO	36	23	ev65			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:18](../26/18.md).
EXO	36	24	ln2x			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	36	25	w2wz			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:20](../26/20.md).
EXO	36	26	gbm9			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 26:21](../26/21.md).
EXO	36	27	a7js			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:22](../26/22.md).
EXO	36	28	hw9c			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:23](../26/23.md).
EXO	36	29	u396			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:24](../26/24.md).
EXO	36	30	mu5n			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:25](../26/25.md).
EXO	36	30	r252	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֤י אֲדָנִים֙ שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	and so on	The list formula from [26:25](../26/25.md) is strangely shortened here but has the same meaning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	36	31	cf2p			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
EXO	36	32	p4wd			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:27](../26/27.md).
EXO	36	33	h94y			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:28](../26/28.md).
EXO	36	34	i17v			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:29](../26/29.md).
EXO	36	35	pfc5			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:31](../26/31.md).
EXO	36	36	hg2q			0	General Information:	Aside from some verbal differences, this verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:32](../26/32.md).
EXO	36	37	r5ya			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	36	38	pr67			0	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:37](../26/37.md).
EXO	37	intro	mt99			0		# Exodus 37 General Notes<br><br>## Structure\r<br>\r<br>- v. 1-9 Making the ark, see [Exodus 25:10-20](../25/10.md)\r<br>- v. 10-16 Making the table, see [Exodus 25:23-29](../25/23.md)\r<br>- v. 17-24 Making the lampstand, see [Exodus 25:31-39](../25/31.md)\r<br>- v. 25-28 Making the altar for incense, see [Exodus 30:1-5](../30/01.md)\r<br>- v. 29 Making the oil and incense, see [Exodus 30:22-38](../30/22.md)<br><br>## Potential translation issues<br><br>- This chapter continues the record of the construction of the Dwelling and the items for it in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions.<br>Be sure to consult your previous work for consistency.<br>- Throughout the chapter the word **he** is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	37	1	byr3			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:10](../25/10.md).
EXO	37	2	kb3s			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:11](../25/11.md).
EXO	37	3	pb6v			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:12](../25/12.md).
EXO	37	4	nr8y			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:13](../25/13.md).
EXO	37	5	v9j7			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:14](../25/14.md).
EXO	37	6	liw8			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	37	7	nhi3			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	37	8	g96y			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:19](../25/19.md).
EXO	37	9	e6na			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:20](../25/20.md).
EXO	37	10	ktf8			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:23](../25/23.md).
EXO	37	11	l2kv			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:24](../25/24.md).
EXO	37	12	i1ba			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:25](../25/25.md).
EXO	37	13	b56c			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:26](../25/26.md).
EXO	37	14	tc3u			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:27](../25/27.md).
EXO	37	15	zkr8			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:28](../25/28.md).
EXO	37	16	h598			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:29](../25/29.md).
EXO	37	17	edx6			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:31](../25/31.md).
EXO	37	18	kuh2			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:32](../25/32.md).
EXO	37	19	g1y9			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:33](../25/33.md).
EXO	37	20	nl54			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:34](../25/34.md).
EXO	37	21	x1u5			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:35](../25/35.md).
EXO	37	22	ks9z			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:36](../25/36.md).
EXO	37	23	b2jq			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical with [Exodus 25:37-38](../25/37.md), excluding the purpose clause in v. 37 (“and it will hold up its lamps, and it will make light on the side of its face”).
EXO	37	24	uz5h			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:39](../25/39.md).
EXO	37	25	el8w			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 30:1-2](../30/01.md).
EXO	37	26	ep66			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 30:3](../30/03.md).
EXO	37	27	zez2			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 30:4](../30/04.md).
EXO	37	28	hw37			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 30:5](../30/05.md).
EXO	37	29	c992			0	General Information:	For the **oil**, see [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md), and for the **incense** see [25:6](../25/06.md) and [30:35](../30/35.md).
EXO	38	intro	hp86			0		# Exodus 38 General Notes<br><br>- This chapter continues the record of the construction of the Dwelling and the items for it in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions.<br>Be sure to consult your previous work for consistency. Verses 1-20 of this chapter follow [Exodus 27:1-19](../27/01.md) almost verse for verse.<br>- Throughout the chapter the word **he** is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	38	1	r81c			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:1](../27/01.md).
EXO	38	2	g71x			0	General Information	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
EXO	38	3	v73t			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:3](../27/03.md).
EXO	38	4	rx7v			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md) and [Exodus 27:5](../27/05.md). One part of 27:4 is rearranged into 38:5.
EXO	38	5	kp6w			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to the second half of [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	38	6	l258			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:6](../27/06.md).
EXO	38	7	ys63			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:7](../27/07.md) and the first part of [27:8](../27/08.md).
EXO	38	8	e6gd		וַ⁠יַּ֗עַשׂ אֵ֚ת הַ⁠כִּיּ֣וֹר נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כַּנּ֣⁠וֹ נְחֹ֑שֶׁת	1	large bronze basin with a bronze stand	This portion is almost identical to [Exodus 30:18](../30/18.md).
EXO	38	8	mdx9	figs-explicit	בְּ⁠מַרְאֹת֙	1	He made the basin out of mirrors	The **bronze** came from the **mirrors.** If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the bronze mirrors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	38	9	clk6			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to [Exodus 27:9](../27/09.md).
EXO	38	10	nz6q			0	General Information	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	38	11	mp6n			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:11](../27/11.md).
EXO	38	11	xl4c	figs-ellipsis	מֵאָ֣ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	cubits	Here, “the curtains of the courtyard” and “long” are both omitted. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the curtains of the courtyard were 100 cubits long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	38	12	g5iz			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:12](../27/12.md).
EXO	38	13	iju3			0	General Information	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:13](../27/13.md).
EXO	38	14	n1xj			0	General Information	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:14](../27/14.md).
EXO	38	15	dlq7			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:15](../27/15.md).
EXO	38	17	s5g5			0	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
EXO	38	18	hmi5			0	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:16 and 18](../27/16.md).
EXO	38	18	yf6z	translate-bdistance	וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֤ים…חָמֵ֣שׁ	1	cubits	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m … 2.3m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	18	trz5		וְ⁠קוֹמָ֤ה בְ⁠רֹ֨חַב֙ חָמֵ֣שׁ אַמּ֔וֹת	1	The curtain was made of	This probably refers to the general dimensions (20 cubits long by 5 cubits wide) but clarifies that the **width** would become the **height** of the curtain when the craftsmen or Levites set up the Dwelling. Alternate translation: “and the width, which corresponded to the height when hung, was five cubits”
EXO	38	19	fjw4			0	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
EXO	38	20	ye5c			0	General Information	This verse is very similar to the second half of [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	38	21	k2ex	figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר פֻּקַּ֖ד	1	as it was taken	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Levites recorded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	21	qivw	figs-idiom	עַל־פִּ֣י מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	Ithamar	This is an idiom referring to Moses telling them to make these records. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “following Moses’ instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	38	21	op5h	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יַד֙ אִֽיתָמָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַ⁠כֹּהֵֽן	1	Ithamar	Here, **by the hand of** could mean: (1) Ithamar was in charge of the group that recorded these records (2) Ithamar was the scribe who actually wrote these records. Alternate translation: “under the direction of Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” or “written down by Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	38	21	ex1t	translate-names	אִֽיתָמָ֔ר	1	Ithamar	**Ithamar** is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	22	d86g	translate-names	וּ⁠בְצַלְאֵ֛ל בֶּן־אוּרִ֥י בֶן־ח֖וּר	1	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur	**Bezalel**, **Uri,** and **Hur** are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	22	i4ha	figs-ellipsis	מֹשֶֽׁה	1	Yahweh had commanded Moses	This sentence leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words. Alternate translation: “Moses to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	38	23	f93b	translate-names	אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב בֶּן־אֲחִיסָמָ֛ךְ	1	Oholiab son of Ahisamak	**Oholiab** and **Ahisamak**are names of men. See how you translated these in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	23	wvw4		חָרָ֣שׁ וְ⁠חֹשֵׁ֑ב וְ⁠רֹקֵ֗ם בַּ⁠תְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וּ⁠בָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֔ן וּ⁠בְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י וּ⁠בַ⁠שֵּֽׁשׁ	1	an engraver, as a skillful workman, and as an embroiderer	This is very similar to part of [Exodus 35:35](../35/35.md).
EXO	38	24	tl4k	figs-activepassive	כָּל־הַ⁠זָּהָ֗ב הֶֽ⁠עָשׂוּי֙	1	All the gold that was used for the project	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “All the gold that the craftsmen used” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	24	y7hy	translate-bweight	תֵּ֤שַׁע וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִים֙ כִּכָּ֔ר וּ⁠שְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֧וֹת וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֥קֶל הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	twenty-nine talents	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	25	ni5b	translate-bweight	מְאַ֣ת כִּכָּ֑ר וְ⁠אֶלֶף֩ וּ⁠שְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֜וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֧ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֥קֶל הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	one hundred talents	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time, **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See [the previous verse](../38/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	26	rp46			0	one hundred talents	See how you translated many of the same things in [Exodus 30:13-14](../30/13.md).
EXO	38	26	t2gi	translate-bweight	בֶּ֚קַע לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֔לֶת מַחֲצִ֥ית הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	one beka	A beka is 1/2 a shekel. A shekel is 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See [verse 24](../38/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “five and a half grams” or “5 1/2 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	26	fyy5	translate-fraction	מַחֲצִ֥ית הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל	1	half a shekel	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	38	26	nvf8	figs-ellipsis	לְ⁠כֹ֨ל הָ⁠עֹבֵ֜ר עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֗ים מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה לְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת אֶ֨לֶף֙ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֔ים וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁים	1	half a shekel	Here the account leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The idea that this silver was “received” **from** these “men” is left out. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “received from every passer over to the counted ones from a son of 20 years and older—received from 603,550 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	38	26	ll8b	figs-idiom	מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙	1	This figure was reached on the basis of every person who was counted in the census	This is an idiom meaning 20 years old. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from those 20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	38	27	p7r5	translate-bweight	מְאַת֙ כִּכַּ֣ר	1	One hundred talents of silver were cast	A talent is about 34 kilograms. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	28	nxf5	figs-ellipsis	הָ⁠אֶ֜לֶף וּ⁠שְׁבַ֤ע הַ⁠מֵּאוֹת֙ וַ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֔ים	1	Bezalel	Here the words **shekels of silver** have been omitted because they are understood from [verse 25](../38/25.md). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the 1,775 shekels of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	38	28	rcda			0	Bezalel	See how you translated some of these in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
EXO	38	29	p3mr	translate-bweight	שִׁבְעִ֣ים כִּכָּ֑ר וְ⁠אַלְפַּ֥יִם וְ⁠אַרְבַּע־מֵא֖וֹת שָֽׁקֶל	1	seventy talents and 2,400 shekels	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	30	rck7		מִכְבַּ֥ר	1	grate	A **grate** is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	38	31	bvr9		יִתְדֹ֧ת…יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	tent pegs	These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	39	intro	mll6			0		# Exodus 39 General Notes<br><br>- This chapter continues the record of the construction in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions. The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced to the correct specifications in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br>Be sure to consult your previous work to maintain consistency. Verses 1-31 of this chapter follow [Exodus 28:1-37](../28/01.md) with some differences. Verses 33-41 follow [35:10-19](../35/10.md).<br>- Throughout the chapter the people making the items are referred to interchangeably as **he** or **they**. Both are generic nouns referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could change all instances to “they” or “he” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	39	1	h8kg			0	as Yahweh had commanded Moses	See how you translated similar instructions in [Exodus 28:4-5](../28/04.md).
EXO	39	1	e1xh	figs-abstractnouns	בִּגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “the holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	39	2	b9mg			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:6](../28/06.md).
EXO	39	4	pq62			0	Connecting Statement:	This verse is very similar to [28:7](../28/07.md).
EXO	39	5	g75w			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	39	6	k7vw			0	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:9](../28/09.md) and especially [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md). Here, as there, the **sons of Israel** literally means the twelve sons, Rueben through Benjamin, not the Israelite nation.
EXO	39	7	ize6			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to the first half of [Exodus 28:12](../28/12.md).
EXO	39	8	mlf6			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:15](../28/15.md); a few words are omitted here.
EXO	39	9	lkt1			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:16](../28/16.md); a few words are added or repeated here.
EXO	39	10	m54c			0	They set in it	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:17](../28/17.md).
EXO	39	11	qx96			0	an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:18](../28/18.md).
EXO	39	12	kk8t			0	a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:19](../28/19.md).
EXO	39	13	l9wa			0	a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:20](../28/20.md).
EXO	39	14	z5va			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:21](../28/21.md).
EXO	39	15	byz8			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:22](../28/22.md).
EXO	39	16	b8m6			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:23-24](../28/23.md).
EXO	39	17	w2s4			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:24](../28/24.md).
EXO	39	18	bw76			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:25](../28/25.md) except for verb tense.
EXO	39	19	nd41			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:26](../28/26.md) except for verb tense.
EXO	39	20	w8wz			0	General Information:	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:27](../28/27.md) except for verb tense.
EXO	39	21	zu91			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:28](../28/28.md) except for the note about Yahweh’s command.
EXO	39	22	vdw1			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical to most of [Exodus 28:31-32](../28/31.md).
EXO	39	23	cyc1			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:32](../28/32.md).
EXO	39	24	eak6			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to part of [Exodus 28:33](../28/33.md).
EXO	39	25	sx9b			0	General Information:	This verse is similar to parts of [Exodus 28:33](../28/33.md).
EXO	39	26	gtg5			0	General Information:	The first part of this verse is almost identical to the first part of [Exodus 28:34](../28/34.md).
EXO	39	27	pz63			0	General Information:	Verses 27-29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
EXO	39	28	um4e			0	turban	Verses 27-29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
EXO	39	29	hn5g			0	sash	Verses 27-29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
EXO	39	30	kq33			0	General Information:	This verse is almost identical [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md). See [29:6](../29/06.md) for the **crown of holiness**.
EXO	39	31	fml2			0	General Information:	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:37](../28/37.md).
EXO	39	32	jh64	writing-endofstory		0	General Information:	This verse marks the end of the narrative of the construction of the Dwelling. More precisely, it seems to mark the beginning of an ending section. Use the natural form in your language for expressing the conclusion of a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
EXO	39	32	z1z7	figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything	The **tabernacle** and **tent of meeting** are the same thing. The two interchangeable terms are brought together here in a poetic doubling to bring this part of the narrative to a close. If your readers would find this confusing you may need to simplify to one or expand in explanation like in the UST. Alternate translation: “holy meeting tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	39	32	et19	figs-parallelism	וַֽ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כְּ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֖ה כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ	1	So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything	Here, **thus they did** parallels the whole rest of the sentence. Like the doubling of the terms for **tabernacle** this brings the narrative of building to an emphatic conclusion. If this sort of parallelism would convey a meaning other than this emphatic conclusion in your language you may need to use another natural way to close the narrative with emphasis on the Israelites complete obedience. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel faithfully did exactly according to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	39	33	ri54	writing-newevent		0	So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything	This verse starts a short narrative of the Israelites bringing and presenting the items for the Dwelling to Moses for inspection. It is a summary of the construction and extended conclusion to the last few chapters. Your team may need to decide how to group verse 32, as it both closes the construction narrative and introduces this next section, which ends with a very similar summary statement in [verses 42-43](../39/42.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	39	33	y9ym			0	clasps	This verse, especially the list of items, is very similar to [35:11](../35/11.md).
EXO	39	34	z6r6		וְ⁠אֶת־מִכְסֵ֞ה עוֹרֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠אֵילִם֙ הַ⁠מְאָדָּמִ֔ים וְ⁠אֶת־מִכְסֵ֖ה עֹרֹ֣ת הַ⁠תְּחָשִׁ֑ים	1	the covering of ram skins dyed red, the covering of fine leather	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
EXO	39	34	l0fi		פָּרֹ֥כֶת הַ⁠מָּסָֽךְ	1	the covering of ram skins dyed red, the covering of fine leather	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [35:12](../35/12.md).
EXO	39	35	i7d9			0	atonement lid	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [35:12](../35/12.md).
EXO	39	36	knn8			0	bread of the presence	This verse is almost identical to [35:13](../35/13.md).
EXO	39	37	nzph			0	bread of the presence	This verse is very similar to [35:14](../35/14.md).
EXO	39	38	elv1			0	bread of the presence	This verse is very similar to [35:15](../35/15.md).
EXO	39	39	e755			0	grate	This verse is almost identical with [35:16](../35/16.md).
EXO	39	40	i8lm			0	Connecting Statement:	This verse is almost identical with [35:17](../35/17.md) and parts of [35:18](../35/18.md).
EXO	39	40	ajt4	figs-doublet	הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּ֖ן לְ⁠אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד	1	the Dwelling, the tent of meeting	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [verse 32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	39	41	z3ip			0	the Dwelling, the tent of meeting	This verse is identical to [35:19](../35/19.md).
EXO	39	42	ct6k			0	Thus the people	This verse is almost identical to the second half of [verse 32](../39/32.md).
EXO	39	43	t26m		וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	behold	Here, the word **behold** draws attention to the information that follows. Use a word or marking in your language that draws attention to the next information.
EXO	39	43	z79s	writing-endofstory		0	As Yahweh had commanded, in that way they did it	This (and really verse 42) is the end of the conclusion of the construction of materials portion of the story. The ending began in [verse 32](../39/32.md). If your language has specific features that should be part of the end of a section like this, consider using them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
EXO	40	intro	fa6e			0		# Exodus 40 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- In this chapter, **just as Yahweh commanded Moses** is repeated seven times, as in the previous chapter, to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh’s command.<br>- This chapter is repetitive both internally and with other parts of the book. Verses 17-33 parallel verses 2-8 in an expanded way.<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>- The **Dwelling** and **tent of meeting** are the same thing, but both appear next to each other many times in this chapter. The two interchangeable terms are brought together throughout this chapter in a poetic doubling to bring book to a close. If your readers would find this confusing, you may need to simplify to one or expand in explanation like in the UST.<br>- This chapter says that Moses did all these things. Just like with Bezalel in earlier chapters, it would have been impossible for him to do all this personally. The people helped him set up the Dwelling. In many translations this will more clear if you make this explicit.<br>- “the glory of Yahweh filled the Dwelling”: This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the Dwelling, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO	40	1	ea7j	writing-newevent		0		There is a transition to a new event at the beginning of this chapter. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	40	2	bgv1	translate-ordinal	בְּ⁠יוֹם־הַ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֖וֹן בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1		If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “On day one of the month, in month one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	40	2	gzk3	figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד	1	the first day of the first month of the new year	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	40	2	clkf	figs-ellipsis	לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	the first day of the first month of the new year	Here, the new or next year is omitted because it can be inferred from context. However, if that would be misunderstood by your readers (perhaps they would think it just meant ”next month” or something), you could add a phrase to make it clear that it is the first month of the year. This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See [Exodus 12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “month of the year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	40	3	l7fp		וְ⁠סַכֹּתָ֥ עַל	1	place the ark of the testimony in it	Alternate translation: “and you shall conceal”
EXO	40	5	b3ct	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י	1	place the ark of the testimony in it	Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	6	o5sz	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֕י	1	place the ark of the testimony in it	Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	6	nqha	figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֥ן אֹֽהֶל־מוֹעֵֽד	1	place the ark of the testimony in it	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	40	10	yiq8	figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִֽׁים	1	General Information:	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	40	12	gqld			0	General Information:	Verses 12-15 are similar to [Exodus 29:4-9](../29/04.md).
EXO	40	16	xl61	writing-newevent		0	General Information:	This statement starts a new section in which Moses does all the things **just as Yahweh had commanded**; this poetic obedience statement was seen so often in the previous chapter. You may wish to mark this transition and poetic statement in a particular way in your language that is similar to how you did in the last chapter. See [39:32](../39/32.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	40	17	r6pc	figs-activepassive	הוּקַ֖ם הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּֽן	1	So the Dwelling was set up	The use of the passive here indicates that the important thing is the completion of the task of setting up the tent on the specific date Yahweh had commanded. If your language would show that focus in a different way, use a natural form to do that. Alternate translation: “that they set up the Dwelling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	40	17	gzu5		בַּ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֥ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	the first day of the first month	This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See [Exodus 12:2](../12/02.md).
EXO	40	17	wnh8	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֥ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד	1	in the second year	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month one, year two, on day one of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	40	18	kk4n	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֨קֶם מֹשֶׁ֜ה אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּ֗ן וַ⁠יִּתֵּן֙ אֶת־אֲדָנָ֔י⁠ו	1	Moses set up	Moses was the leader. It would have been impossible for him to do all this personally; the people helped him set up the Dwelling. All references to Moses from here to all the Dwelling assembly listing through [verse 33](../40/33.md) can be understood this way. Alternate translation: “And Moses directed the people to raise up the Dwelling, and they placed its bases”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	20	chx4	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח…וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם	1	Moses set up	In this verse and the next, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	40	21	yhbs	writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֵ֣א…וַ⁠יָּ֗שֶׂם	1	Moses set up	In this verse and the previous verse, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	40	23	b3pp	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Moses set up	Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	25	t2o2	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Moses set up	Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	26	i5gg	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י	1	in front of the curtain	Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	27	iwuo			0	in front of the curtain	See [30:7](../30/07.md).
EXO	40	35	ysd8		וְ⁠לֹא־יָכֹ֣ל מֹשֶׁ֗ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ אֶל־אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֔ד כִּֽי־שָׁכַ֥ן עָלָ֖י⁠ו הֶ⁠עָנָ֑ן וּ⁠כְב֣וֹד יְהוָ֔ה מָלֵ֖א אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּֽן	1	Yahweh’s glory filled	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because the cloud had settled on it and the glory of Yahweh had filled the Dwelling, Moses was not able to go into the tent of meeting.”
EXO	40	36	ak35	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בְ⁠הֵעָל֤וֹת הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙	1	was taken up from over	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whenever Yahweh’s cloud moved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	40	37	s8y2	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א יֵעָלֶ֖ה הֶ⁠עָנָ֑ן וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִסְע֔וּ עַד־י֖וֹם הֵעָלֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	that it was lifted up	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if Yahweh did not take up the cloud, then they would not set out until the day he took it up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	40	38	i8hu	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י כָל־בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	that it was lifted up	Here, **before the eyes of** refers to being able to see. All the Israelites could see the cloud and fire. Alternate translation: “and all the house of Israel could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	40	38	bhi5	figs-metaphor	בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	that it was lifted up	Here, **house** represents a people group, the Israelites, who were descended from Jacob, who was also named Israel. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use a metaphor from your language or translate the meaning. This is a common biblical metaphor, so you may want to check other places this occurs. The **house of Israel** is equivalent to “sons of Israel” or “Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])