896 KiB
1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
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2 | EXO | front | intro | b4pp | 0 | Introduction to ExodusPart 1: General IntroductionOutline of Exodus
What is the book of Exodus about?Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly. The book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the Dwelling. The Dwelling was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) How should the title of this book be translated?“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) Who wrote the book of Exodus?The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was a very powerful nation in the region at that time, but Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and that they should worship him. How does the book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?The book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh. Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural ConceptsWhat was the Jewish Passover?The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued Israel from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel about what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they would honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the Dwelling. What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (19:6 ULT)?Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different from all the other nations of the world; the other nations worshiped many false gods. Part 3: Important Translation IssuesThus says YahwehThis phrase is used many times in the Old Testament to introduce Yahweh’s speech. Your team should pick a standard translation. See 4:intro for more. Pharaoh’s stubborn heartBetween chapters 4 and 14, there are 18 cases where Pharaoh’s heart is described as strong (11x), heavy (6x), or hard (1x), and one case where the Egyptians’ hearts are described as strong. These are metaphors for being stubborn, that is, being unwilling to obey Yahweh or even to do what is clearly in his own and Egypt’s best interest. Many cultures have similar metaphors, but not all will use the same body part. Within these cases, six times there is a neutral description that Pharaoh was stubborn, without saying anyone made him so (7:13, 7:14, 7:22, 8:19, 9:7, 9:35); three times Pharaoh makes himself stubborn (8:15, 8:32, 9:34); and ten times Yahweh makes Pharaoh/the Egyptians stubborn (4:21, 7:3, 9:12, 10:1, 10:20, 10:27, 11:10, 14:4, 14:8, 14:17). Why are the details of the construction of the Dwelling in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?In Exodus 25–32, God describes exactly how the Dwelling was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35–40 in the description of the actual construction. This showed that the people were careful to do exactly as God commanded. Are the events in the order that they actually happened?Most, but not all, of the events in the book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order. What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?The book of Exodus presents God as living in the Dwelling among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with the Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him. | |||
3 | EXO | 1 | intro | cj55 | 0 | Exodus 01 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Genesis.
Special Concepts in this ChapterIsrael’s growthIsrael grew in number. This was the beginning of God’s fulfilling his promises to Abraham. It also caused the Pharaoh to worry that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians, with the result that the Egyptians would be unable to defend themselves against so many people. Pharaoh tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter
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4 | EXO | 1 | 1 | h51f | writing-background | 0 | Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
5 | EXO | 1 | 1 | fxbx | figs-go | הַבָּאִ֖ים…בָּֽאוּ | 1 | The words translated as came in could also be translated as “went in.” Use whichever form is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
6 | EXO | 1 | 1 | e65z | translate-names | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל…יַעֲקֹ֔ב | 1 | Jacob and Israel are two names for the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
7 | EXO | 1 | 1 | g89k | figs-metonymy | וּבֵית֖וֹ | 1 | household | Here, house refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
8 | EXO | 1 | 5 | uk67 | figs-metonymy | וַֽיְהִ֗י כָּל־נֶ֛פֶשׁ יֹצְאֵ֥י יֶֽרֶךְ־יַעֲקֹ֖ב שִׁבְעִ֣ים נָ֑פֶשׁ | 1 | household | Here, lives refers to people (specifically, men); going out of the loins of Jacob is a reference to these people as being in his seed or semen and produced through his sexual acts–therefore meaning they are his descendants. See also Hebrews 7:9-10. Alternate translation: “And all the male descendants of Jacob numbered 70.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
9 | EXO | 1 | 6 | sh42 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיָּ֤מָת | 1 | They did not die immediately. Jacob and his sons spent the rest of their lives in Egypt and died there. If necessary, use a transition word that conveys that some time passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
10 | EXO | 1 | 6 | g5qg | translate-kinship | וְכָל־אֶחָ֔יו | 1 | all his brothers | All his brothers includes ten older brothers and one younger brother. If your language has different words for those, you can say, “his ten older brothers and his younger brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
11 | EXO | 1 | 7 | c368 | figs-metonymy | וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל | 1 | This is the first of many times in this book that sons of Israel refers to the Israelite nation or people. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” or “And the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
12 | EXO | 1 | 7 | c7ep | figs-doublet | פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ | 1 | All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
13 | EXO | 1 | 7 | uo65 | פָּר֧וּ…וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ…וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ | 1 | Compare your translation of fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled here to Genesis 1:28, 9:1, 9:7, and especially Genesis 35:11 where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel. | ||
14 | EXO | 1 | 7 | nk2l | figs-metaphor | פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ | 1 | were fruitful | The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit and causing new plants to grow around them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
15 | EXO | 1 | 7 | x97m | figs-abstractnouns | בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | were fruitful | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun greatness in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
16 | EXO | 1 | 7 | r2f1 | figs-activepassive | וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽם | 1 | the land was filled with them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
17 | EXO | 1 | 7 | e110 | figs-idiom | בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
18 | EXO | 1 | 7 | piq4 | writing-pronouns | אֹתָֽם | 1 | with them | Here, them refers to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
19 | EXO | 1 | 8 | eu8y | writing-newevent | וַיָּ֥קָם | 1 | This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
20 | EXO | 1 | 8 | d20y | writing-participants | מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ | 1 | The story begins with the new king. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
21 | EXO | 1 | 8 | t6jd | figs-metonymy | וַיָּ֥קָם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | arose over Egypt | Here, Egypt refers to the place and the people of Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And a new king began to rule over the Egyptians and the country of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
22 | EXO | 1 | 8 | dnkw | figs-metonymy | לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף | 1 | Here, Joseph refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
23 | EXO | 1 | 9 | aku3 | figs-exclamations | הִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | Behold draws special attention to what is about to be said. Use a way of drawing people’s attention that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
24 | EXO | 1 | 9 | x65i | figs-possession | עַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | his people | The people whom the king rules over and who are also part of his group (probably shared ethnicity, tribe, or clan) rather than the Israelite group are spoken of as if they belonged to the king. This is an instance of the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
25 | EXO | 1 | 9 | t7s1 | עַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | There is some ambiguity as to whom exactly Pharaoh was addressing. It could have been: (1) the people who lived in Egypt, the Egyptians or (2) some group of “his people” like his advisors, generals, nobles, or friends and family. Even if option 1 is meant, it is quite possible that he actually spoke to some smaller group of representatives, as in option 2. | ||
26 | EXO | 1 | 9 | jik8 | מִמֶּֽנּוּ | 1 | Use a way that is natural in your language to compare non-specific sizes of groups of people. Alternate translation: “and much greater than us” | ||
27 | EXO | 1 | 9 | njuf | figs-quotemarks | הִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | Beginning from behold and extending to the end of verse 10 is a direct quotation of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
28 | EXO | 1 | 10 | hiq4 | figs-exclusive | נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה…שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔ינוּ…בָּ֖נוּ | 1 | let us | The word us is inclusive and refers to the king and his people, the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
29 | EXO | 1 | 10 | wkvf | grammar-collectivenouns | ל֑וֹ…יִרְבֶּ֗ה…וְנוֹסַ֤ף…הוּא֙…וְנִלְחַם…וְעָלָ֥ה | 1 | let us | Here, him, he, and himself refer to the Israelite people. The pronouns agree grammatically with the singular “people” in the original. This occurs in many places in Exodus. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
30 | EXO | 1 | 10 | il4u | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְהָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙ | 1 | The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1-2 happen, then 3-5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
31 | EXO | 1 | 10 | jc1h | וְעָלָ֥ה מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | leave the land | Alternate translation: “and he leaves Egypt” | |
32 | EXO | 1 | 11 | y2mi | שָׂרֵ֣י | 1 | taskmasters | Overseers were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. | |
33 | EXO | 1 | 11 | o926 | מִסִּ֔ים | 1 | Here the plural means groups. Alternative translation: “work crews” | ||
34 | EXO | 1 | 11 | l9lj | לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖וֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָ֑ם | 1 | to oppress them with hard labor | Alternate translation: “to force the Israelites to do hard work for the Egyptians” | |
35 | EXO | 1 | 11 | pkz4 | עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ | 1 | store cities | These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe” | |
36 | EXO | 1 | 11 | dy34 | figs-possession | עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ | 1 | The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. Alternate translation: “cities for storing things”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
37 | EXO | 1 | 12 | c1fy | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְכַאֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְכֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ | 1 | This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
38 | EXO | 1 | 12 | pdfk | figs-abstractnouns | וַיָּקֻ֕צוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun dread in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
39 | EXO | 1 | 12 | qgzz | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | Here, face figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in their country. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the growing Israelite population” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
40 | EXO | 1 | 13 | j1q6 | figs-abstractnouns | וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָֽרֶךְ | 1 | made…work rigorously | Here, rigor is a noun used to modify the verb enslaved. Rigor could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
41 | EXO | 1 | 14 | mx6v | figs-metaphor | וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם | 1 | made their lives bitter | The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if their daily lives were bitter food that was difficult to eat. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And they made their lives very difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
42 | EXO | 1 | 14 | jre2 | figs-abstractnouns | בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
43 | EXO | 1 | 14 | cuq7 | translate-unknown | בְּחֹ֨מֶר֙ | 1 | mortar | Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
44 | EXO | 1 | 14 | h5dx | translate-unknown | וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים | 1 | Bricks are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
45 | EXO | 1 | 14 | gzq7 | אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ | 1 | All their required work was hard | See how you translated this in verse 13. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard” | |
46 | EXO | 1 | 14 | ct02 | writing-pronouns | וַיְמָרְר֨וּ…בָהֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, they and them refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
47 | EXO | 1 | 14 | acj5 | writing-pronouns | חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם…עָבְד֥וּ | 1 | Here, their and they refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
48 | EXO | 1 | 14 | tqyl | figs-abstractnouns | בְּפָֽרֶךְ | 1 | See how you translated rigor in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
49 | EXO | 1 | 15 | yoaj | writing-newevent | 0 | This sentence introduces a new event in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | ||
50 | EXO | 1 | 15 | hhw1 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת | 1 | midwives | Midwives were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby. | |
51 | EXO | 1 | 15 | h8f8 | translate-names | שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה | 1 | Shiphrah…Puah | Shiphrah and Puah are women’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
52 | EXO | 1 | 15 | h59t | writing-participants | שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה | 1 | The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
53 | EXO | 1 | 16 | t8f5 | וַיֹּ֗אמֶר | 1 | In the UST, the phrase and the king said, is combined with “spoke” from verse 15 (ULT) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. Having two speech verbs may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said words twice, you may leave one off. | ||
54 | EXO | 1 | 16 | zfcv | figs-youdual | בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן֙…וּרְאִיתֶ֖ן…וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן | 1 | The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of you is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
55 | EXO | 1 | 16 | h3mb | figs-metonymy | עַל־הָאָבְנָ֑יִם | 1 | on the birthstool | Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it was associated with birth. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the birthing process” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
56 | EXO | 1 | 16 | nms7 | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔וֹ וְאִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָחָֽיָה | 1 | These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at if) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at then). Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations connected to instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
57 | EXO | 1 | 17 | gy7k | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַתִּירֶ֤אןָ | 1 | But introduces a contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
58 | EXO | 1 | 18 | y9g5 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֔ת | 1 | midwives | Women whose work is to help other woman give birth to a baby are called midwives. See how you translated this in Exodus 1:15. | |
59 | EXO | 1 | 18 | y73k | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָהֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate this quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
60 | EXO | 1 | 18 | q1sy | מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים | 1 | Why have you done this, and let the baby boys live? | Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?” | |
61 | EXO | 1 | 18 | o97u | figs-youdual | עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן | 1 | This you is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
62 | EXO | 1 | 19 | qbvy | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַנָּשִׁ֛ים הַמִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּטֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵהֶ֛ן הַמְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ | 1 | The midwives give a reason, the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, and then they expand on that reason, for they are lively (or energetic), with the result that before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
63 | EXO | 1 | 19 | cxu1 | figs-synecdoche | וַתֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ | 1 | Here, midwives said means that a midwife spoke representing the thoughts of the group. It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
64 | EXO | 1 | 19 | wl8h | הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ | 1 | These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in Exodus 1:15. | ||
65 | EXO | 1 | 20 | eh25 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת | 1 | midwives | These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in Exodus 1:15. | |
66 | EXO | 1 | 20 | fj18 | writing-background | וַיִּ֧רֶב הָעָ֛ם וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד | 1 | midwives | This sentence gives background information about the events at the time. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) |
67 | EXO | 1 | 20 | h133 | figs-doublet | וַיִּ֧רֶב…וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד | 1 | The people increased in numbers | These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
68 | EXO | 1 | 20 | eo1p | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת | 1 | This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
69 | EXO | 1 | 21 | de53 | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | This is the reason for what God did. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
70 | EXO | 1 | 21 | pbve | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים | 1 | This describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a specific statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
71 | EXO | 1 | 21 | jx9c | בָּתִּֽים | 1 | he gave them families | Alternate translation: “households” | |
72 | EXO | 1 | 22 | ld1j | figs-explicit | כָּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֨רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ | 1 | You must throw every son…into the river | This order was given in order to drown the male Hebrew children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must dispose of each new baby boy in the river so he will drown” or “Drown each baby boy in the river when he is born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
73 | EXO | 1 | 22 | a6b2 | figs-quotations | וַיְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְכָל־עַמּ֖וֹ לֵאמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֨רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ וְכָל־הַבַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּן | 1 | From You shall to the end of the verse is a direct quote of Pharaoh’s speech. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw every baby boy into the river, but to let every girl live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
74 | EXO | 1 | 22 | stag | figs-youdual | תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ…תְּחַיּֽוּן | 1 | The uses of the word you here refer to all the Egyptians. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
75 | EXO | 2 | intro | rwf3 | 0 | Exodus 02 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Special Concepts in this ChapterCovenantAt the end of the chapter, God begins to relate to the Israelites based on his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Possible Translation Difficulties in this ChapterIdentification of participants
Moses’ heritageIn the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh’s daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. Ironic situations
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76 | EXO | 2 | 1 | wvj9 | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ | 1 | Now | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
77 | EXO | 2 | 1 | riy7 | writing-participants | אִ֖ישׁ…בַּת | 1 | These are new participants. They remain unnamed until Exodus 6:20 where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
78 | EXO | 2 | 1 | mp7m | figs-idiom | וַיִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי | 1 | Here, took a daughter is an idiom for marrying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
79 | EXO | 2 | 2 | s49k | ט֣וֹב | 1 | Alternative translations: “pleasing” or “fine” | ||
80 | EXO | 2 | 2 | q4c0 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַתֵּ֤רֶא…וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵ֖הוּ | 1 | Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
81 | EXO | 2 | 2 | j2es | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה | 1 | 3 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
82 | EXO | 2 | 3 | t2gj | translate-unknown | תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא | 1 | papyrus basket | The ark is a basket made from a tall grass (papyrus reeds) that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
83 | EXO | 2 | 3 | tn3y | figs-explicit | וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה בַחֵמָ֖ר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת | 1 | sealed it with bitumen and pitch | You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and she daubed it with bitumen and with pitch to keep water from getting into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
84 | EXO | 2 | 3 | wpb6 | translate-unknown | וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה | 1 | sealed | This means that she applied a waterproof coating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
85 | EXO | 2 | 3 | ym3k | translate-unknown | בַחֵמָ֖ר | 1 | bitumen | This is a sticky black substance made from oil. It can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “with tar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
86 | EXO | 2 | 3 | v825 | translate-unknown | וּבַזָּ֑פֶת | 1 | pitch | This is a sticky brown or black substance that can be made from tree sap. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
87 | EXO | 2 | 3 | y8gq | translate-unknown | בַּסּ֖וּף | 1 | reeds | These reeds were a type of tall grass with wide blades that formed a flat surface when woven together. They grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
88 | EXO | 2 | 4 | av8b | וַתֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖וֹ מֵרָחֹ֑ק | 1 | at a distance | This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language. | |
89 | EXO | 2 | 4 | uf14 | figs-abstractnouns | מֵרָחֹ֑ק | 1 | This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun distance in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
90 | EXO | 2 | 4 | ruvb | translate-kinship | אֲחֹת֖וֹ | 1 | Here, the actions of his sister show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
91 | EXO | 2 | 4 | z1cy | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְדֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽוֹ | 1 | This is her purpose in being close by. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
92 | EXO | 2 | 5 | m3i0 | figs-go | וַתֵּ֤רֶד | 1 | Came down may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
93 | EXO | 2 | 5 | y26h | writing-participants | וַתֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | The daughter of Pharaoh is introduced here as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
94 | EXO | 2 | 5 | jjke | writing-participants | וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ | 1 | These women are introduced here as new participants; however, they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
95 | EXO | 2 | 5 | im0d | figs-metaphor | עַל־יַ֣ד הַיְאֹ֑ר | 1 | Here, hand is a metaphor for side or, as relating to a river, shore. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you can simply translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
96 | EXO | 2 | 5 | bi7s | וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ | 1 | her attendants | These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her. | |
97 | EXO | 2 | 5 | am7g | writing-pronouns | וַתִּקָּחֶֽהָ | 1 | It is not clear who is meant by she here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter remains the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
98 | EXO | 2 | 6 | g9n6 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּה | 1 | Behold | The word behold signals the surprising information that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
99 | EXO | 2 | 6 | tyub | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַתַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔יו | 1 | The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language, it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby (verse 2). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
100 | EXO | 2 | 6 | jg0d | figs-quotemarks | מִיַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽעִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
101 | EXO | 2 | 7 | x5ja | וְקָרָ֤אתִי לָךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת | 1 | This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not yet have a plan for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission, the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here. | ||
102 | EXO | 2 | 7 | d7aj | מֵינֶ֔קֶת…וְתֵינִ֥ק | 1 | nurse | Here, nursing or to nurse means to feed with milk from the breast. | |
103 | EXO | 2 | 7 | tqq9 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְתֵינִ֥ק לָ֖ךְ אֶת־הַיָּֽלֶד | 1 | This is the purpose of the sister’s proposal. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “And she could nurse the infant for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
104 | EXO | 2 | 8 | ab1m | figs-go | לֵ֑כִי…וַתֵּ֨לֶךְ֙ | 1 | The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
105 | EXO | 2 | 9 | u554 | writing-participants | לָ֣הּ | 1 | The child’s mother is reintroduced as a participant. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. Alternative translation: “to the baby’s mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
106 | EXO | 2 | 9 | mogg | שְׂכָרֵ֑ךְ | 1 | This refers to payment that Pharaoh’s daughter would give to the mother in exchange for her service of nursing the baby. | ||
107 | EXO | 2 | 9 | hqsa | figs-explicit | וַתִּקַּ֧ח…וַתְּנִיקֵֽהוּ | 1 | The mother’s acceptance of the deal is implied. You could make it explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
108 | EXO | 2 | 10 | zj8h | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיִגְדַּ֣ל הַיֶּ֗לֶד וַתְּבִאֵ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | she brought him | And the child grew older marks an unspecified amount of time. He would have stayed with his mother at least until he was weaned (no longer feeding on his mother’s milk). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) |
109 | EXO | 2 | 10 | j7n1 | וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן | 1 | he became her son | Alternate translation: “and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter” | |
110 | EXO | 2 | 10 | h7to | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become as a son to her. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separation between these events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
111 | EXO | 2 | 10 | nh2m | מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ | 1 | Because I drew him from the water | Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’” | |
112 | EXO | 2 | 10 | ityq | figs-quotations | וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ | 1 | For begins a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she drew him out of the water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
113 | EXO | 2 | 11 | tyol | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ם וַיִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֵּצֵ֣א | 1 | A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
114 | EXO | 2 | 11 | p7gx | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ | 1 | This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
115 | EXO | 2 | 11 | uy39 | figs-go | וַיֵּצֵ֣א | 1 | The UST supplies a probable location that he went out from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
116 | EXO | 2 | 11 | swn3 | מַכֶּ֥ה אִישׁ־עִבְרִ֖י | 1 | striking a Hebrew | Alternate translation: “hitting a Hebrew” or “beating a Hebrew” | |
117 | EXO | 2 | 12 | m9bn | figs-merism | וַיִּ֤פֶן כֹּה֙ וָכֹ֔ה | 1 | He looked this way and that way | These two opposite directions have the combined meaning of “everywhere.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “He looked all around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
118 | EXO | 2 | 12 | rmgn | figs-explicit | וַיַּךְ֙ | 1 | The context makes clear that Moses struck the Egyptian hard enough or repeatedly until Moses killed him. Consider using a word that indicates a deadly blow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
119 | EXO | 2 | 13 | qn45 | figs-go | וַיֵּצֵא֙ | 1 | He went out | See how you translated this in Exodus 2:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
120 | EXO | 2 | 13 | wqrm | translate-ordinal | הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
121 | EXO | 2 | 13 | rgn1 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּ֛ה | 1 | behold | Here, behold shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. You can use a word in your language that will give this meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
122 | EXO | 2 | 13 | i4d6 | לָֽרָשָׁ֔ע | 1 | the one who was in the wrong | Based on Moses’ question, this means the aggressor or the man wrongfully attacking his neighbor. Alternate translation: “the man who was guilty of starting the fight” | |
123 | EXO | 2 | 14 | qb2n | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י שָֽׂמְךָ֞ לְאִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְשֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ | 1 | Who made you a leader and judge over us? | The man is not asking a question, he is using this question to rebuke Moses for intervening in the fight. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not our leader and have no right to judge us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
124 | EXO | 2 | 14 | k6s5 | figs-irony | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַמִּצְרִ֑י | 1 | Are you planning to kill me as you killed that Egyptian? | The man used a question here to be sarcastic. Alternate translation: “We know that you killed an Egyptian yesterday. You had better not kill me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) |
125 | EXO | 2 | 14 | l62d | figs-rquestion | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַמִּצְרִ֑י | 1 | Again, the man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do you think you can kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
126 | EXO | 2 | 14 | d2ja | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר | 1 | Alternate translation: “Are you planning to kill me” or “Are you threatening to kill me” | ||
127 | EXO | 2 | 14 | lyqh | figs-aside | וַיֹּאמַ֔ר | 1 | Certainly the thing is known was likely something Moses said to himself, that is, he thought it to himself rather than speaking to the men in front of him. If this would be confusing in your language, you might introduce it as a thought. Alternate translation: “and thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
128 | EXO | 2 | 14 | vfw5 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמַ֔ר אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַדָּבָֽר | 1 | It may be clearer to present what was likely a thought Moses had as an indirect quotation. Alternative translation (as indirect quotation): “because he thought that everyone knew what he had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
129 | EXO | 2 | 15 | yutr | וַיְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לַהֲרֹ֣ג אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh most likely delegated this task. Alternative translation: “and he sought to have Moses killed” (note that the passive form will not work in every language) | ||
130 | EXO | 2 | 15 | l5rc | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י | 1 | His face means his presence. Alternate translation: “from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
131 | EXO | 2 | 15 | otsl | וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב…וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב | 1 | In Hebrew, these are the same verb. In English, they could be translated as “settle,” which can mean to dwell in a certain place, but it can also mean to lower one’s body into a seated position. This could mean: (1) Moses lived in Midian. He sat by this well one day. This may have been the well for the town he lived in. (2) Moses lived in Midian. His home was by this well. (3) Moses was a wanderer. He was in Midian and sat by this well when the next event occurred. | ||
132 | EXO | 2 | 16 | shg5 | writing-background | וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters | This sentence is background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) |
133 | EXO | 2 | 16 | pjzc | writing-newevent | וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | This sentence marks a scene transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene, so you may want to make your transition before that, as is done in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
134 | EXO | 2 | 16 | cfe5 | writing-participants | בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | The daughters are new participants. Use the natural form in your language for introducing new characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
135 | EXO | 2 | 16 | sm8f | figs-go | וַתָּבֹ֣אנָה | 1 | The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate motion word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
136 | EXO | 2 | 16 | esdm | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֣בַע | 1 | 7 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
137 | EXO | 2 | 16 | i2jh | וַתִּדְלֶ֗נָה | 1 | drew water | This means that they brought up water from a well. | |
138 | EXO | 2 | 16 | g1e6 | translate-unknown | הָ֣רְהָטִ֔ים | 1 | troughs | The troughs were long, narrow, open containers for animals to eat or drink out of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
139 | EXO | 2 | 17 | k5yc | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ | 1 | A group of men came. They may not have been far away before coming and driving the women away. Use an appropriate form of moving verb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
140 | EXO | 2 | 17 | zksv | writing-participants | הָרֹעִ֖ים | 1 | These are new characters only seen briefly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
141 | EXO | 2 | 17 | z17m | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיָּ֤קָם | 1 | helped them | Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
142 | EXO | 2 | 18 | omzv | figs-go | וַתָּבֹ֕אנָה | 1 | The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use either come or go, whichever is more natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
143 | EXO | 2 | 18 | t78y | translate-names | רְעוּאֵ֖ל | 1 | Reuel, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
144 | EXO | 2 | 18 | juqu | writing-participants | רְעוּאֵ֖ל | 1 | The priest of Midian was mentioned in v. 16 in a background statement but is a new character starting here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
145 | EXO | 2 | 18 | lukb | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
146 | EXO | 2 | 18 | hq6y | figs-go | בֹּ֖א | 1 | Alternative translation: “in returning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
147 | EXO | 2 | 19 | w57e | אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י | 1 | Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses. | ||
148 | EXO | 2 | 19 | hvb4 | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֣ד | 1 | Here, hand figuratively refers to the power, control, or actions of the shepherds. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “from the strength of” or “from the harm of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
149 | EXO | 2 | 19 | a7v2 | figs-idiom | דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙ | 1 | This expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
150 | EXO | 2 | 20 | x9yb | figs-rquestion | וְאַיּ֑וֹ לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָאִ֔ישׁ | 1 | Why did you leave the man? | These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
151 | EXO | 2 | 20 | mb8w | writing-pronouns | ל֖וֹ | 1 | Here, him refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
152 | EXO | 2 | 20 | hal8 | figs-synecdoche | לָֽחֶם | 1 | Here, bread is used to refer to food in general. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternative translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
153 | EXO | 2 | 21 | zvr1 | וַיּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָשֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָאִ֑ישׁ | 1 | Moses agreed to stay with the man | Alternate translation: “Moses agreed to live with Reuel” | |
154 | EXO | 2 | 21 | y3q7 | translate-names | צִפֹּרָ֥ה | 1 | Zipporah | Zipporah is Reuel’s (Jethro’s) daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
155 | EXO | 2 | 22 | l3xg | figs-quotemarks | גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּאֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה | 1 | Only this portion is a quotation. As a possibility for clarity, the UST includes both speech events as one quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
156 | EXO | 2 | 22 | f76m | translate-names | גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם | 1 | His name, Gershom, sounds somewhat like the Hebrew for “a stranger here.” You may consider using a footnote to explain that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
157 | EXO | 2 | 22 | q7d8 | גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּאֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה | 1 | resident in a foreign land | Alternate translation: “stranger in a foreign land” | |
158 | EXO | 2 | 23 | fjkt | writing-newevent | וַיְהִי֩ בַיָּמִ֨ים הָֽרַבִּ֜ים הָהֵ֗ם וַיָּ֨מָת֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | This introduces a new section and series of events. A large amount of time went by. According to Stephen’s sermon in Acts 7:30, Moses was in Midian 40 years. Alternative translation: “This is what happened during the many days Moses was in Midian. The king of Egypt died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
159 | EXO | 2 | 23 | ym88 | writing-background | 0 | Verses 23-25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
160 | EXO | 2 | 23 | csg2 | וַיֵּאָנְח֧וּ | 1 | groaned | They groaned because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: “sighed deeply” | |
161 | EXO | 2 | 23 | x84a | figs-personification | וַתַּ֧עַל שַׁוְעָתָ֛ם אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | their pleas went up to God | The plea of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and God heard their pleading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
162 | EXO | 2 | 24 | sja4 | figs-idiom | וַיִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ | 1 | God called to mind his covenant | This a common biblical way of saying that God thought about what He had promised. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “and God recalled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
163 | EXO | 3 | intro | n6ze | 0 | Exodus 03 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis chapter is one conversation in which Yahweh begins to commission and send Moses to rescue the Israelites. This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) Special Concepts in this ChapterGod’s holinessGod is so holy that people can not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) YahwehThe name Yahweh is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. Yahweh is probably related to the phrase “I am” which he tells Moses in verse 14. Some translations use all capitals to set this apart: “I AM.” Great care must be taken in translating the phrase “I am that I am.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) Possible Translation Difficulties in this ChapterParticipants“The angel of Yahweh,” “Yahweh,” and “God” all appear to be speaking to Moses and interacting with him from the burning bush. Furthermore, God says that his name is “I AM.” (See note above on Yahweh and I AM.) Yahweh and God are the same, while there is speculation about who the angel of Yahweh is. | |||
164 | EXO | 3 | 1 | gqvh | writing-newevent | וּמֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה | 1 | This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
165 | EXO | 3 | 1 | oqcr | writing-background | 0 | Verse 1 provides immediate background context, setting the scene for Moses’ interaction with Yahweh. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
166 | EXO | 3 | 1 | l7x6 | figs-possession | כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן | 1 | This is a possessive of social relationship. Jethro is a priest who serves the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
167 | EXO | 3 | 1 | v97t | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֛א אֶל | 1 | Alternate translation: “and he arrived at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
168 | EXO | 3 | 1 | p27s | figs-possession | הַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In Exodus 3:12 God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled, and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called the mountain of God in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already somehow associated with God’s presence or worship before Moses went there with the flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
169 | EXO | 3 | 2 | p0nt | וַ֠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛יו בְּלַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֑ה | 1 | This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening. | ||
170 | EXO | 3 | 2 | x5ci | יְהֹוָ֥ה | 1 | Yahweh | This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. | |
171 | EXO | 3 | 2 | d3tf | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל | 1 | behold | The word behold here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that what follows is a surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
172 | EXO | 3 | 2 | jmz0 | figs-metonymy | אֻכָּֽל | 1 | Here, being consumed means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
173 | EXO | 3 | 3 | fpww | figs-quotemarks | אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְאֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל הַזֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַסְּנֶֽה | 1 | This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
174 | EXO | 3 | 3 | jbue | figs-abstractnouns | אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun sight in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
175 | EXO | 3 | 4 | ue8v | יְהוָ֖ה…אֱלֹהִ֜ים | 1 | These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh. | ||
176 | EXO | 3 | 5 | prv9 | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא | 1 | set apart | This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. If it would be more natural in your language, you could put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
177 | EXO | 3 | 6 | sxk8 | אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב | 1 | the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob | All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob” | |
178 | EXO | 3 | 6 | fgym | figs-quotemarks | אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב | 1 | This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the direct quotation with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
179 | EXO | 3 | 6 | l5sy | אָבִ֔יךָ | 1 | your father | This could mean (1) “your father,” if it means “your father,” then it refers to Moses’ own father (2) “your ancestor,” if it means “your ancestor,” then the phrases following it clarify who “your father” refers to: it refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In most cases, it will be best to translate it as “your father,” i.e. Amram, Moses’ father. | |
180 | EXO | 3 | 6 | lfbb | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ פָּנָ֔יו כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔א מֵהַבִּ֖יט אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | Reason: for he was afraid from staring toward God Result: And Moses hid his face If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and Exodus 33:20) | |
181 | EXO | 3 | 7 | nl33 | figs-quotemarks | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues through the end of verse 10. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
182 | EXO | 3 | 7 | xoz0 | figs-idiom | רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי | 1 | The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. Here, “see” is repeated in Hebrew. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having seen how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
183 | EXO | 3 | 7 | tpk0 | figs-possession | אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י | 1 | There are two possessives here: (1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. (2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
184 | EXO | 3 | 7 | nbft | figs-abstractnouns | עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun affliction in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
185 | EXO | 3 | 7 | p3tx | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו | 1 | Here, faces refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
186 | EXO | 3 | 7 | xx7r | נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו | 1 | taskmasters | Alternate translation: “his oppressors” | |
187 | EXO | 3 | 7 | ofxt | כִּ֥י | 1 | Here, surely is intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength. | ||
188 | EXO | 3 | 7 | mfn2 | grammar-collectivenouns | נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו…מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | These pronouns, him and his, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in 3:6. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people.”) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
189 | EXO | 3 | 7 | hkcj | figs-possession | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: his) are the subjects of anguish. Your translation should express that they are deeply distressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
190 | EXO | 3 | 7 | ui28 | figs-explicit | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | It is implied that they are deeply distressed because they are treated badly as slaves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
191 | EXO | 3 | 7 | zth8 | figs-abstractnouns | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun anguish in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
192 | EXO | 3 | 8 | a1yv | grammar-connect-logic-result | 0 | Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | ||
193 | EXO | 3 | 8 | xy36 | figs-go | וָאֵרֵ֞ד | 1 | God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this phrase means that his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
194 | EXO | 3 | 8 | nahb | grammar-collectivenouns | לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ…וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮ | 1 | Here, him refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in 3:6. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
195 | EXO | 3 | 8 | bi4e | figs-metaphor | מִיַּ֣ד | 1 | Someone’s hand is a common Biblical metaphor for power and control. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
196 | EXO | 3 | 8 | djbz | figs-possession | מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of the hand, which means power. The Egyptians used their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
197 | EXO | 3 | 8 | mqyp | figs-parallelism | אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּרְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, to a good and wide land and to a land flowing with milk and honey are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, good and wide are in parallel with each other, and milk and honeyare in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand upon one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism, and each part of the statement should be translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
198 | EXO | 3 | 8 | xs87 | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | Here, milk is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; honey is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
199 | EXO | 3 | 8 | pxy8 | figs-metaphor | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | a land flowing with milk and honey | God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. If this metaphor makes sense in your language, you may translate it. If your language has metaphors that mean a land is good for producing healthy livestock and good crops, you may consider using those. If neither is the case, you may translate the meaning. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
200 | EXO | 3 | 8 | dtz9 | זָבַ֥ת | 1 | flowing with | Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of” | |
201 | EXO | 3 | 8 | q94i | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב | 1 | milk | Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
202 | EXO | 3 | 8 | l1as | figs-metonymy | וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | honey | Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
203 | EXO | 3 | 9 | a2kf | figs-parallelism | 0 | This verse parallels verse 7. Yahweh is restating that the Israelite’s plight has gotten his attention. This creates emphasis and connection to what Yahweh will do with what Moses will do as Yahweh’s appointed leader. If this repetition would confuse your readers consider a paragraph break at the start of this verse to separate the two parallel statements or use some other strategy of emphasis and connection that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | ||
204 | EXO | 3 | 9 | tp2v | figs-exclamations | הִנֵּ֛ה | 1 | This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
205 | EXO | 3 | 9 | uup9 | figs-personification | צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑י | 1 | the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me | Here, the cry is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
206 | EXO | 3 | 9 | gwou | figs-abstractnouns | רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַלַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun oppression in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
207 | EXO | 3 | 10 | y4m1 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְעַתָּ֣ה | 1 | And now functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
208 | EXO | 3 | 11 | y8cr | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְכִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt? | Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
209 | EXO | 3 | 12 | xugf | figs-youdual | תַּֽעַבְדוּן֙ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
210 | EXO | 3 | 13 | lqms | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְאָמַרְתִּ֣י לָהֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם וְאָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣י מַה־שְּׁמ֔וֹ | 1 | Moses presents God with a hypothetical situation here. The three events (go, say, say) are part of one hypothetical event. You should translate this in a way that makes it clear that this is a future, not-yet-real event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
211 | EXO | 3 | 13 | jq42 | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now” | ||
212 | EXO | 3 | 13 | e03n | figs-go | בָא֮ | 1 | In your language, use go or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
213 | EXO | 3 | 13 | m9uy | figs-quotesinquotes | אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
214 | EXO | 3 | 13 | ru0a | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, fathers figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
215 | EXO | 3 | 13 | bkei | grammar-connect-logic-result | מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵהֶֽם | 1 | Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
216 | EXO | 3 | 14 | cli8 | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה | 1 | God said to Moses, “I AM THAT I AM.” | This is God’s response to Moses’ question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’” | |
217 | EXO | 3 | 14 | b6vk | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה | 1 | I AM THAT I AM | This could mean: (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live. | |
218 | EXO | 3 | 14 | s62u | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה | 1 | I AM | Languages that do not have an equivalent to the verb “am” may need to render this as “I LIVE” or “I EXIST.” | |
219 | EXO | 3 | 14 | t745 | וַיֹּ֗אמֶר | 1 | This indicates that God is still speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages. | ||
220 | EXO | 3 | 14 | vigc | figs-quotesinquotes | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥נִי אֲלֵיכֶֽם | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
221 | EXO | 3 | 15 | ubw7 | וַיֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages. | ||
222 | EXO | 3 | 15 | i6lg | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until the end of chapter 3 at verse 22. This section contains four levels of quotations as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
223 | EXO | 3 | 15 | l962 | figs-quotesinquotes | יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵיכֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣י לְעֹלָ֔ם וְזֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖י לְדֹ֥ר דֹּֽר | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent you to them. This is his name forever, and this is his memorial from generation to generation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
224 | EXO | 3 | 15 | d91k | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵיכֶ֗ם | 1 | Here, fathers figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
225 | EXO | 3 | 15 | ixcb | figs-merism | לְדֹ֥ר דֹּֽר | 1 | The repetition of generation is indicating “to each and every generation” which figuratively means “for all people at all times.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
226 | EXO | 3 | 16 | ec3v | figs-quotemarks | יְהוָ֞ה | 1 | General Information: | This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 17. It contains a third-level quotation that begins at “I have certainly” and also continues to the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
227 | EXO | 3 | 16 | usas | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ | 1 | Here, fathers figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
228 | EXO | 3 | 16 | xqy9 | אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְיַעֲקֹ֖ב | 1 | the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob | Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites’ ancestors. They all worshiped the same God. | |
229 | EXO | 3 | 16 | dvsz | figs-quotemarks | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation that is within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second-level and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
230 | EXO | 3 | 16 | efhh | figs-idiom | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | The word translated attended often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
231 | EXO | 3 | 16 | p258 | figs-idiom | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | Here, attended is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having attended to how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
232 | EXO | 3 | 16 | fv77 | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֔ם | 1 | I have indeed observed you | The word you refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
233 | EXO | 3 | 16 | q4en | figs-activepassive | הֶעָשׂ֥וּי | 1 | The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being done to the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, in Egypt further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
234 | EXO | 3 | 16 | johw | figs-metonymy | בְּמִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | The phrase in Egypt is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
235 | EXO | 3 | 17 | eloj | figs-quotemarks | 0 | If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | ||
236 | EXO | 3 | 17 | c54k | figs-quotesinquotes | אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְכֶם֮ מֵעֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
237 | EXO | 3 | 17 | r8mg | figs-idiom | אַעֲלֶ֣ה | 1 | Regardless of the geographic realities, to bring up does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
238 | EXO | 3 | 17 | x1o0 | figs-abstractnouns | מֵעֳנִ֣י | 1 | See how you translated affliction in 3:7. Alternate translation: “from being afflicted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
239 | EXO | 3 | 17 | wyvt | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | Here, milk is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; honey is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
240 | EXO | 3 | 17 | pwn5 | figs-metaphor | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | a land flowing with milk and honey | God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in Exodus 3:8. Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
241 | EXO | 3 | 17 | za9l | זָבַ֥ת | 1 | flowing with | Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of” | |
242 | EXO | 3 | 17 | rtr5 | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב | 1 | milk | Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
243 | EXO | 3 | 17 | msf8 | figs-metonymy | וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | honey | Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
244 | EXO | 3 | 18 | cy2z | figs-idiom | וְשָׁמְע֖וּ לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ | 1 | Listen often means “hear and do/obey.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “And they will pay attention to your voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
245 | EXO | 3 | 18 | j24k | writing-pronouns | לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ…אַתָּה֩ | 1 | They will listen to you | Here, your and you refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
246 | EXO | 3 | 18 | w742 | figs-synecdoche | לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ | 1 | This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
247 | EXO | 3 | 18 | r74o | figs-possession | וְזִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
248 | EXO | 3 | 18 | eep7 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | Israel is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
249 | EXO | 3 | 18 | ot9r | figs-metonymy | מִצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | Here, Egypt refers to the Egyptian nation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
250 | EXO | 3 | 18 | idp7 | figs-youdual | וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם | 1 | General Information: | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
251 | EXO | 3 | 18 | i47o | figs-exclusive | עָלֵ֔ינוּ…נֵֽלֲכָה…וְנִזְבְּחָ֖ה | 1 | These instances of us are exclusive; they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
252 | EXO | 3 | 18 | d85b | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
253 | EXO | 3 | 19 | qf46 | figs-metonymy | וְלֹ֖א בְּיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה | 1 | unless his hand is forced | The word hand is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. There are two further difficulties: (1) Whose hand (power) is being referred to, (2) does the negative mean “not unless” or “not even?” Possible meanings include: (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the hand belongs to Pharaoh (2) “only if I force him to let you go,” where the hand belongs to Yahweh, taking “not unless” for the negative (3) “not even if I force him to let you go,” where the hand belongs to Yahweh, taking “not even” for the negative (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
254 | EXO | 3 | 20 | nuzx | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י | 1 | God says this will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I will send out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
255 | EXO | 3 | 20 | yds5 | figs-metonymy | וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִי֙ | 1 | I will reach out with my hand and attack | Here, hand refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
256 | EXO | 3 | 20 | dzsp | figs-metonymy | מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | Egypt refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
257 | EXO | 3 | 20 | c9a3 | מִצְרַ֔יִם…בְּקִרְבּ֑וֹ | 1 | Here, him refers to Egypt as a collective. | ||
258 | EXO | 3 | 20 | g0i9 | figs-abstractnouns | נִפְלְאֹתַ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun wonders in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
259 | EXO | 3 | 20 | sqmt | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן | 1 | Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
260 | EXO | 3 | 20 | ay53 | writing-pronouns | יְשַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | Here, he refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
261 | EXO | 3 | 20 | awxs | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶֽם | 1 | Here, you refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
262 | EXO | 3 | 21 | btwc | figs-idiom | חֵ֥ן…בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | In the eyes of the Egyptians is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. Favor means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
263 | EXO | 3 | 21 | hfrr | figs-possession | בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
264 | EXO | 3 | 21 | s45u | הָֽעָם־הַזֶּ֖ה | 1 | Alternate translation: “you” | ||
265 | EXO | 3 | 21 | uz3c | figs-youdual | תֵֽלֵכ֔וּן…תֵלְכ֖וּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
266 | EXO | 3 | 21 | wymx | figs-go | תֵֽלֵכ֔וּן…תֵלְכ֖וּ | 1 | Alternate translation: “leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
267 | EXO | 3 | 21 | j9qz | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֥א…רֵיקָֽם | 1 | The double negative, not … emptily is used to mean “full.” If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “[go] with many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
268 | EXO | 3 | 21 | kt7b | figs-litotes | לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם | 1 | will not go empty-handed | Here Yahweh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “you will go with your hands full of good things” or “you will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) |
269 | EXO | 3 | 22 | w2av | וּמִגָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔הּ | 1 | any women staying in her neighbors’ houses | The word, sojourning means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations which make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that would be best. | |
270 | EXO | 3 | 22 | fmfu | figs-youdual | וְשַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵיכֶם֙ וְעַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וְנִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם | 1 | Each of these is a plural you. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
271 | EXO | 3 | 22 | h38j | figs-quotemarks | מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s word which started in verse 15 ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
272 | EXO | 4 | intro | kap5 | 0 | Exodus 04 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Potential Translation IssuesQuotations
Order of events
Thus says YahwehThe first of over 400 occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh occurs in 4:22. It occurs ten times in the book of Exodus; nine of these are between chapters 4–11. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leader that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider. Yahweh’s attempt to kill someoneThe encounter recorded from 4:24 to 4:26 is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:
Study Concepts in this ChapterChildren of GodThis chapter introduces the concept that Israel, the people group, is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]]) Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heartScholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over how Pharaoh has an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4-14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |||
273 | EXO | 4 | 1 | j4yg | וַיַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֹּ֔אמֶר | 1 | if they do not believe | Here, answered and said is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. Alternate translation: “Moses answered” | |
274 | EXO | 4 | 1 | b3xv | figs-quotemarks | וְהֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔י וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּקֹלִ֑י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
275 | EXO | 4 | 1 | pq8x | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹלִ֑י | 1 | See 3:18. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
276 | EXO | 4 | 1 | neto | figs-quotesinquotes | לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
277 | EXO | 4 | 1 | fu2x | וְהֵן֙ | 1 | This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.” | ||
278 | EXO | 4 | 2 | qmvk | writing-pronouns | אֵלָ֛יו…וַיֹּ֖אמֶר | 1 | Here, him and he refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
279 | EXO | 4 | 3 | zycd | figs-metonymy | מִפָּנָֽיו | 1 | Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
280 | EXO | 4 | 4 | g6bk | וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ | 1 | take it by the tail | Alternate translation: “and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail” | |
281 | EXO | 4 | 4 | bzmp | grammar-connect-time-sequential | שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔ וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ | 1 | This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in verse 5, and there is more discussion there about how to translate the quotation resumption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
282 | EXO | 4 | 4 | m86n | וַיְהִ֥י לְמַטֶּ֖ה | 1 | became a staff | Alternate translation: “and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff” | |
283 | EXO | 4 | 5 | l4tn | figs-quotemarks | לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | This continues the direct quotation from the first part of verse 4. It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
284 | EXO | 4 | 5 | m4fk | figs-ellipsis | לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
285 | EXO | 4 | 5 | zbfr | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑ם | 1 | Here, them and their refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
286 | EXO | 4 | 5 | oqi5 | writing-pronouns | אֵלֶ֛יךָ | 1 | Here, you refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
287 | EXO | 4 | 5 | jr8m | אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob | Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God. | |
288 | EXO | 4 | 6 | ep52 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | behold | This word, behold, is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
289 | EXO | 4 | 6 | pw7g | figs-simile | כַּשָּֽׁלֶג | 1 | as white as snow | The word like (ULT) or “as” (UST) here is used to compare how Moses’ hand looked. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something very white. You may need to make the whiteness explicit. Alternate translation: “that made it look white like wool” or “that made it look white like the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
290 | EXO | 4 | 7 | prr9 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּה | 1 | This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
291 | EXO | 4 | 8 | well | figs-personification | וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֥ת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן | 1 | Here each sign is spoken of as if it had a voice with which it could speak. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
292 | EXO | 4 | 8 | gxlg | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ | 1 | Here, they refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
293 | EXO | 4 | 8 | lsb3 | לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ | 1 | pay attention | Alternate translation: “they do not acknowledge … then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept … then they will accept” | |
294 | EXO | 4 | 9 | q82r | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ | 1 | Here, they refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
295 | EXO | 4 | 9 | jsvb | figs-metonymy | לְקֹלֶ֔ךָ | 1 | See 3:18. Alternate translation: “to what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
296 | EXO | 4 | 10 | t8i9 | בִּ֣י | 1 | This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. Alternate translation: “Please” | ||
297 | EXO | 4 | 10 | w12a | לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | have never been eloquent | Alternate translation: “I have never been an excellent speaker, not now, not before” | |
298 | EXO | 4 | 10 | opes | אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים | 1 | This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly. | ||
299 | EXO | 4 | 10 | pk0l | figs-merism | גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | These phrases simply mean “in the past.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
300 | EXO | 4 | 10 | wsl4 | figs-123person | עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you could make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
301 | EXO | 4 | 10 | bv64 | figs-doublet | כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן | 1 | I am slow of speech and slow of tongue | These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
302 | EXO | 4 | 10 | zm3y | figs-metonymy | לָשׁ֖וֹן | 1 | slow of tongue | Here, tongue refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
303 | EXO | 4 | 11 | ks2m | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽאָדָם֒ | 1 | Who is it who made man’s mouth? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Is it not I, Yahweh, who created the human mouth and the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
304 | EXO | 4 | 11 | e1y6 | figs-rquestion | מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר | 1 | Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make people able to speak or hear or to see or to be blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
305 | EXO | 4 | 11 | uq7j | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה | 1 | Is it not I, Yahweh? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
306 | EXO | 4 | 12 | kkr1 | figs-metonymy | וְאָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔יךָ | 1 | I will be with your mouth | Here, mouth refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
307 | EXO | 4 | 13 | brer | בִּ֣י | 1 | This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in verse 10. Alternate translation: “Please” | ||
308 | EXO | 4 | 13 | s8nl | שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח | 1 | In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission. | ||
309 | EXO | 4 | 13 | y4a7 | figs-synecdoche | בְּיַד | 1 | This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
310 | EXO | 4 | 14 | uy2v | figs-idiom | וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | This means that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
311 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ifax | writing-pronouns | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ | 1 | Here, he refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
312 | EXO | 4 | 14 | okko | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨יךָ֙ הַלֵּוִ֔י | 1 | Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
313 | EXO | 4 | 14 | e0js | translate-kinship | אָחִ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
314 | EXO | 4 | 14 | y5ed | figs-idiom | דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר | 1 | In Hebrew, the word speak is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling, so the meaning of the repetition was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it; otherwise, translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
315 | EXO | 4 | 14 | c51y | הִנֵּה | 1 | Here, behold is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here. | ||
316 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ettp | figs-go | יֹצֵ֣א | 1 | Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language, the required form of go or come may vary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
317 | EXO | 4 | 14 | tfsa | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְשָׂמַ֥ח | 1 | Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
318 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ew4h | figs-metonymy | בְּלִבּֽוֹ | 1 | he will be glad in his heart | Here, heart refers to inner thoughts and emotions. If the heart is not a body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
319 | EXO | 4 | 15 | u97f | figs-metaphor | הַדְּבָרִ֖ים | 1 | put the words to say into his mouth | Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
320 | EXO | 4 | 15 | q9cf | figs-metonymy | וְאָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֨יךָ֙ וְעִם־פִּ֔יהוּ | 1 | I will be with your mouth | The word mouth here represents Moses’ and Aaron’s choice of words. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And I will be with you as you speak and with him as he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
321 | EXO | 4 | 15 | v57x | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֔ם…תַּעֲשֽׂוּן | 1 | with his mouth | These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one or, if not, use a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
322 | EXO | 4 | 16 | mnsp | figs-simile | לְפֶ֔ה | 1 | This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth because he will be the one to actually vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him to say. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the one to say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
323 | EXO | 4 | 16 | gn5v | figs-simile | תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥וֹ לֵֽאלֹהִֽים | 1 | you will be to him like me, God | The word like here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
324 | EXO | 4 | 17 | hm47 | figs-explicit | הַמַּטֶּ֥ה הַזֶּ֖ה | 1 | Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by this staff, he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in verse 2 and with which God told him to do a miracle in verses 3-4. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
325 | EXO | 4 | 18 | j2ix | writing-participants | יֶ֣תֶר | 1 | Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
326 | EXO | 4 | 18 | cbop | figs-go | וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ | 1 | Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
327 | EXO | 4 | 18 | b6mf | translate-kinship | חֹֽתְנ֗וֹ | 1 | father-in-law | This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. If your language uses a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father use the one for wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
328 | EXO | 4 | 18 | wlit | writing-pronouns | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | Here, he refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
329 | EXO | 4 | 18 | g1h1 | writing-pronouns | לוֹ֙ | 1 | Here, him refers to Jethro. Alternate translation: “to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
330 | EXO | 4 | 18 | urt0 | figs-metonymy | אַחַ֣י | 1 | Here the term brothers refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
331 | EXO | 4 | 18 | gq2g | figs-idiom | וְאֶרְאֶ֖ה הַעוֹדָ֣ם חַיִּ֑ים | 1 | Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
332 | EXO | 4 | 18 | yay3 | translate-blessing | לֵ֥ךְ לְשָׁלֽוֹם | 1 | This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
333 | EXO | 4 | 19 | wwr8 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙ | 1 | The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
334 | EXO | 4 | 19 | clfj | הַֽמְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ | 1 | This means they were seeking to end his life, that is, to kill him. | ||
335 | EXO | 4 | 20 | fua6 | figs-extrainfo | בָּנָ֗יו | 1 | Moses’ second son is not introduced until 18:4 but had already been born before they left Midian. It is not necessary to make this explicit here, if it would confuse your readers you could add a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) | |
336 | EXO | 4 | 20 | zi5m | figs-123person | וַיָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | It is clear from verse 24 and 25 that Moses’ family went with him. If this is confusing in your language, you may need to change from he to “they” returned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
337 | EXO | 4 | 20 | a1s5 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | After the incident on the road in verses 24-26. Moses’ family is not mentioned again until 18:2, which says that Moses sent them back, so it may be better to make a translation similar to the UST, which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s toward is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
338 | EXO | 4 | 20 | f26l | figs-explicit | מַטֵּ֥ה הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | The phrase the staff of God refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in verse 17. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
339 | EXO | 4 | 20 | m4uj | figs-explicit | מַטֵּ֥ה הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | The book describes this staff as the staff of God because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power or power from Moses or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, first God told Moses to do something with the staff, then Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
340 | EXO | 4 | 21 | lva8 | figs-quotemarks | בְּלֶכְתְּךָ֙ | 1 | This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of 4:23. It contains up to fourth-level quotations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
341 | EXO | 4 | 21 | oajf | רְאֵ֗ה | 1 | Most translations and interpretations of the verb see take it to mean something like “see that you do.” | ||
342 | EXO | 4 | 21 | paos | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַמֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְיָדֶ֔ךָ | 1 | Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
343 | EXO | 4 | 21 | kdsb | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | This time, while before the face of still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so he can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
344 | EXO | 4 | 21 | ovma | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַאֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק | 1 | Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast between what might normally be expected and what will actually happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says Pharaoh will do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
345 | EXO | 4 | 21 | uvoh | figs-metaphor | וַאֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
346 | EXO | 4 | 21 | uudz | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְלֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָעָֽם | 1 | Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
347 | EXO | 4 | 22 | ftde | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase, Thus says Yahweh, used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider. | ||
348 | EXO | 4 | 22 | teyy | figs-quotesinquotes | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of 4:23. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
349 | EXO | 4 | 22 | kud7 | figs-quotemarks | בְּנִ֥י בְכֹרִ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ | 1 | This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of 4:23. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
350 | EXO | 4 | 22 | gr2d | figs-metaphor | בְּנִ֥י | 1 | Yahweh expresses his affection for the Israelites by calling them his son. Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
351 | EXO | 4 | 22 | pt4n | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | Israel is my son | The word Israel here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
352 | EXO | 4 | 22 | nbn7 | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “The Israelites are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
353 | EXO | 4 | 23 | syar | figs-quotemarks | שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִי֙ וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי | 1 | This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (If you chose to translate “Thus says Yahweh” as an indirect quote, this will be a third-level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
354 | EXO | 4 | 23 | yyuo | figs-quotations | וָאֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗יךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִי֙ וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי וַתְּמָאֵ֖ן | 1 | The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
355 | EXO | 4 | 23 | k7mh | figs-metaphor | בְּנִי֙ | 1 | you have refused to let him go | Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as my son. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation, which is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
356 | EXO | 4 | 23 | u825 | figs-pronouns | וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי…לְשַׁלְּח֑וֹ | 1 | The pronouns he and him agree with “son.” What you use may depend on how you translated son in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) | |
357 | EXO | 4 | 23 | ot2b | הִנֵּה֙ | 1 | This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this” | ||
358 | EXO | 4 | 23 | re11 | בִּנְךָ֖ | 1 | I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn | Here, your son refers to the actual son of Pharaoh. | |
359 | EXO | 4 | 23 | ubcw | figs-quotemarks | בִּנְךָ֖ בְּכֹרֶֽךָ | 1 | After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations end, bringing a complete close to all quotations that started in verses 21 and 22. If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers: third level, second level and first level. In English, it looks like ” ’ ” (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
360 | EXO | 4 | 24 | sp6h | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֥י | 1 | Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him | This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
361 | EXO | 4 | 24 | p820 | writing-pronouns | וַיִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣הוּ…הֲמִיתֽוֹ | 1 | Here, it is not clear who him refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
362 | EXO | 4 | 24 | qeo5 | writing-pronouns | וַיְבַקֵּ֖שׁ | 1 | Here, he refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
363 | EXO | 4 | 25 | m1la | translate-names | צִפֹּרָ֜ה | 1 | Zipporah | Zipporah is the name of Moses’ wife. See how you translated it in 2:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
364 | EXO | 4 | 25 | sftg | writing-participants | צִפֹּרָ֜ה | 1 | Zipporah is introduced here as a new character. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
365 | EXO | 4 | 25 | a36h | translate-unknown | צֹ֗ר | 1 | flint knife | This was a flake or a sharp piece of a hard gray rock that was used as a knife.. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
366 | EXO | 4 | 25 | nkxn | translate-unknown | עָרְלַ֣ת | 1 | Theforeskin is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
367 | EXO | 4 | 25 | l6sr | figs-euphemism | לְרַגְלָ֑יו | 1 | to his feet | It is possible that the word feet may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
368 | EXO | 4 | 25 | b2t3 | figs-metaphor | כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽי | 1 | you are a bridegroom to me by blood | The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “You are related to me by this blood” or “You are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
369 | EXO | 4 | 26 | ceqk | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּ֖רֶף | 1 | God relented as a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
370 | EXO | 4 | 26 | o4zt | writing-pronouns | וַיִּ֖רֶף | 1 | Here, he refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh relented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
371 | EXO | 4 | 26 | k136 | writing-pronouns | מִמֶּ֑נּוּ | 1 | As in 4:24, him could refer to either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
372 | EXO | 4 | 26 | r8hj | figs-quotations | חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים | 1 | This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again; rather, the quotation refers back to her statement in 4:25. Use a form from your language for quoting a portion of what someone previously said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
373 | EXO | 4 | 26 | abmg | figs-quotemarks | חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַמּוּלֹֽת | 1 | It is not clear if the quotation includes because of the circumcision or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude because of the circumcision, and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
374 | EXO | 4 | 27 | xk6b | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | Yahweh said to Aaron | You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
375 | EXO | 4 | 27 | qxpc | writing-participants | אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | Aaron is introduced as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
376 | EXO | 4 | 27 | wy4n | figs-possession | בְּהַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | at the mountain of God | See how you translated this in 3:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
377 | EXO | 4 | 27 | tfn2 | translate-symaction | וַיִּשַּׁק | 1 | This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
378 | EXO | 4 | 28 | ad9x | שְׁלָח֑וֹ…צִוָּֽהוּ | 1 | These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty. | ||
379 | EXO | 4 | 28 | b429 | writing-pronouns | שְׁלָח֑וֹ…צִוָּֽהוּ | 1 | he had sent him to say | Here, the pronoun he refers to Yahweh, and him refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses … Yahweh commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
380 | EXO | 4 | 29 | y8o3 | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ | 1 | This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
381 | EXO | 4 | 30 | bm2x | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | in the sight of the people | Here, before the eyes means he did the signs so they could see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
382 | EXO | 4 | 30 | x1v3 | הָעָֽם | 1 | Context suggests that people refers to the leaders gathered in 4:29. | ||
383 | EXO | 4 | 31 | glp2 | הָעָ֑ם | 1 | Context suggests that people refers to the leaders gathered in 4:29. | ||
384 | EXO | 4 | 31 | q1er | פָקַ֨ד…בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל | 1 | had observed the Israelites | Alternate translation: “saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites” | |
385 | EXO | 4 | 31 | g83a | translate-symaction | וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ | 1 | they bowed their heads | This action was an expression of thankful worship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
386 | EXO | 5 | intro | kea2 | 0 | Exodus 05 General NotesStructure and Formatting
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387 | EXO | 5 | 1 | q0zv | writing-newevent | וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | The time phrase, and afterward, marks a transition in the narrative. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternative translation: “After that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
388 | EXO | 5 | 1 | q9kn | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | After these things happened | It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited before they went to see Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) |
389 | EXO | 5 | 1 | cudx | figs-go | בָּ֚אוּ | 1 | In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
390 | EXO | 5 | 1 | tsnv | writing-participants | פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
391 | EXO | 5 | 1 | jarm | figs-quotemarks | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וְיָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖י בַּמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There is a second-level quotation fully contained within this portion which is addressed elsewhere. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
392 | EXO | 5 | 1 | lu3i | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
393 | EXO | 5 | 1 | u2vt | וְיָחֹ֥גּוּ | 1 | festival for me | This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. Alternative translation: “so they can worship me with eating and drinking” | |
394 | EXO | 5 | 2 | v4c1 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר | 1 | Why should I…let Israel go? | The result here is exactly as God has said; therefore, a contrastive transition word is reasonable but not required, given the immediate human context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
395 | EXO | 5 | 2 | lqwt | מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּקֹל֔וֹ לְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל | 1 | This is not a rhetorical question, though Pharaoh may have spoken with contempt. Pharaoh would have considered himself a god. The Egyptians had several gods, and most people groups were assumed to have their own gods. Therefore, Pharaoh had truly not heard of Yahweh (who has just revealed his name to Moses). | ||
396 | EXO | 5 | 2 | wpff | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here the nation is spoken of as an individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
397 | EXO | 5 | 2 | c653 | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹל֔וֹ | 1 | listen to his voice | Here, his voice represent the words God spoke. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
398 | EXO | 5 | 2 | ma6b | וְגַ֥ם | 1 | This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely” | ||
399 | EXO | 5 | 3 | dt39 | figs-123person | וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ | 1 | It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
400 | EXO | 5 | 3 | y9ip | אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָעִבְרִ֖ים | 1 | God of the Hebrews | This term, The God of the Hebrews, is also used for Yahweh, the Israelites’ God. | |
401 | EXO | 5 | 3 | kclj | figs-exclusive | עָלֵ֑ינוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה…וְנִזְבְּחָה֙…יִפְגָּעֵ֔נוּ | 1 | Here, us (or “we” in UST) refers to the Hebrew people (the Israelites). It excludes Pharaoh and his people. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
402 | EXO | 5 | 3 | gfs5 | figs-metonymy | בֶחָֽרֶב | 1 | or with the sword | Here, sword represents war or an attack by enemies. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “cause our enemies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
403 | EXO | 5 | 4 | kl1i | figs-rquestion | לָ֚מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָעָ֖ם מִמַּֽעֲשָׂ֑יו | 1 | why are you taking the people from their work? | Pharaoh uses this rhetorical question to express his anger toward Moses and Aaron for taking the Israelites away from their work. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Stop distracting the people from doing their work!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
404 | EXO | 5 | 4 | fiw9 | figs-youdual | לְכ֖וּ לְסִבְלֹתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | This your could refer to Moses and Aaron, or it could mean “all you Israelite people.” The second meaning is more likely. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
405 | EXO | 5 | 5 | xm4z | grammar-connect-words-phrases | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
406 | EXO | 5 | 5 | nqbe | figs-aside | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה הֵן־רַבִּ֥ים עַתָּ֖ה עַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם מִסִּבְלֹתָֽם | 1 | This statement by Pharaoh may have been him commenting to himself, or he may have only thought this statement silently; either way, it led to his next actions. If this would be confusing in your language, consider stating it in a way that clarifies that his statement or thoughts here impacted his next actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
407 | EXO | 5 | 5 | todi | הֵן | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. | ||
408 | EXO | 5 | 5 | c53k | figs-youdual | וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם | 1 | Here, you means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one, or if not, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
409 | EXO | 5 | 6 | ar9m | וַיְצַ֥ו פַּרְעֹ֖ה…אֶת־הַנֹּגְשִׂ֣ים בָּעָ֔ם וְאֶת־שֹׁטְרָ֖יו לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Pharaoh may have sent a messenger or messengers to the taskmasters and officers or spoken to one or a few representatives of them at his court rather than speaking to them directly. Alternative translation: “And … Pharaoh gave an order to the taskmasters among the people and officers. He said,” | ||
410 | EXO | 5 | 6 | zd4m | הַנֹּגְשִׂ֣ים | 1 | taskmasters | Taskmasters were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. These are probably the same as the “overseers” of labor gangs from Exodus 1:11, but here the term is harsher. Alternative translation: “oppressors” | |
411 | EXO | 5 | 6 | gsdx | שֹׁטְרָ֖יו | 1 | Officers were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters. | ||
412 | EXO | 5 | 6 | dxih | לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Here, saying is a way of introducing a direct quotation in Hebrew; most translations can omit it without harm. | ||
413 | EXO | 5 | 7 | k6io | figs-youdual | לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּן | 1 | This command was given to multiple people; if your language distinguishes between singular and plural forms when giving commands, make sure this is a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
414 | EXO | 5 | 7 | p9nx | figs-idiom | כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם | 1 | you must no longer give | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “as you used to do” or “as was done previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
415 | EXO | 5 | 8 | izkf | figs-youdual | תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
416 | EXO | 5 | 8 | ro25 | translate-unknown | הַלְּבֵנִ֜ים | 1 | Bricks are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building. See how you translated in 1:14. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
417 | EXO | 5 | 8 | dlzx | figs-idiom | תְּמ֤וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם֙ | 1 | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” See how you translated this in 5:7 Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
418 | EXO | 5 | 9 | xca1 | figs-idiom | וְאַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּדִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר | 1 | Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “and not listen to words that are lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
419 | EXO | 5 | 10 | ozzn | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֨צְא֜וּ | 1 | This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
420 | EXO | 5 | 10 | x4bi | נֹגְשֵׂ֤י | 1 | taskmasters | Taskmasters were Egyptians whose job was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in 5:6. | |
421 | EXO | 5 | 10 | zvxx | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | This is the same quotation introduction as is used when Yahweh gives a direct command. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
422 | EXO | 5 | 10 | c12s | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָעָ֖ם לֵאמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | It might be helpful in some languages to translate thus says Pharaoh as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
423 | EXO | 5 | 10 | mkom | figs-quotesinquotes | אֵינֶ֛נִּי | 1 | This is the beginning of a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 11. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the start of a quotation within a quotation. However, you could also translate this as an indirect quote. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
424 | EXO | 5 | 10 | ad73 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן | 1 | The structure of this phrase and the one that opens the next verse create a strong contrast between what I (Pharaoh) and you (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between I and you. Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
425 | EXO | 5 | 10 | si2e | figs-metonymy | אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן | 1 | Pharaoh uses I to refer to his ownership and commands. Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants to take straw that belonged to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “My servants will no longer give you my straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
426 | EXO | 5 | 10 | gb4d | figs-youdual | לָכֶ֖ם | 1 | I will no longer give you | Youis plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
427 | EXO | 5 | 11 | ewg6 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵאֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ | 1 | The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between I and you. See the previous verse. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
428 | EXO | 5 | 11 | xe4i | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֗ם | 1 | you can find…your workload | Here, you is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
429 | EXO | 5 | 11 | w918 | figs-rpronouns | אַתֶּ֗ם…לָכֶם֙ | 1 | You yourselves must go | The repetition of you (as your) emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
430 | EXO | 5 | 11 | g5vb | figs-doublenegatives | כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר | 1 | your workload will not be reduced | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
431 | EXO | 5 | 12 | s9dk | figs-hyperbole | בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | throughout all the land of Egypt | This is a generalization used to show the extra effort Israel made to meet Pharaoh’s demands. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many places. Alternate translation: “to many places throughout Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
432 | EXO | 5 | 12 | q7y7 | translate-unknown | קַ֖שׁ | 1 | stubble | Stubble is the part of a plant that is left over after harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
433 | EXO | 5 | 13 | th6x | וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים | 1 | taskmasters | Taskmasters were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in Exodus 5:6. | |
434 | EXO | 5 | 13 | ikkf | writing-participants | וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים | 1 | The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
435 | EXO | 5 | 13 | a5ja | דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּיוֹמ֔וֹ | 1 | Day by day means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task” | ||
436 | EXO | 5 | 14 | h4uo | נֹגְשֵׂ֥י | 1 | Taskmasters are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in Exodus 5:6. | ||
437 | EXO | 5 | 14 | unbc | figs-activepassive | וַיֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
438 | EXO | 5 | 14 | eq22 | figs-rquestion | מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם לִלְבֹּן֙ כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | Why have you not produced all the bricks required of you…in the past? | The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
439 | EXO | 5 | 14 | oh6o | figs-youdual | כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם | 1 | Here, you and your are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
440 | EXO | 5 | 14 | emq7 | figs-synecdoche | לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם | 1 | cried out | Here, you and your do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have your teams not finished their required” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
441 | EXO | 5 | 14 | liz8 | figs-idiom | כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Here it specifically refers to the time before the Egyptians stopped giving the Israelites straw. See how you translated this in 5:7 Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
442 | EXO | 5 | 14 | zklg | גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | This time expression refers to more recent days, ones since the Egyptians stopped providing the straw to the Israelites. | ||
443 | EXO | 5 | 15 | bk9h | writing-newevent | וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ | 1 | This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
444 | EXO | 5 | 15 | thlj | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ | 1 | You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
445 | EXO | 5 | 15 | m2nz | figs-123person | לַעֲבָדֶֽיךָ | 1 | Here, the Israelite officers use the term your servants to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
446 | EXO | 5 | 16 | yeql | figs-activepassive | תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ | 1 | The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
447 | EXO | 5 | 16 | qp5j | figs-123person | לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ…עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ | 1 | Here, the Israelite officers use the term your servants to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
448 | EXO | 5 | 16 | hsa6 | writing-pronouns | אֹמְרִ֥ים | 1 | they are still telling us, ‘Make bricks!’ | Here, they refers to the Egyptian taskmasters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
449 | EXO | 5 | 16 | m0go | וְהִנֵּ֧ה | 1 | And behold is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. | ||
450 | EXO | 5 | 16 | xrly | figs-activepassive | עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים | 1 | The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
451 | EXO | 5 | 16 | ff2k | figs-euphemism | וְחָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽךָ | 1 | The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
452 | EXO | 5 | 16 | l7sn | וְחָטָ֥את | 1 | Alternate translation: “but it is the wrongdoing of” | ||
453 | EXO | 5 | 17 | cw5u | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֖ם…אַתֶּ֣ם | 1 | These uses of you are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
454 | EXO | 5 | 17 | zlkc | figs-exclamations | נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים | 1 | Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
455 | EXO | 5 | 17 | a8o2 | figs-quotemarks | נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽיהוָֽה | 1 | Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
456 | EXO | 5 | 18 | x9j7 | figs-activepassive | וְתֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
457 | EXO | 5 | 18 | z6wt | figs-youdual | לָכֶ֑ם…תִּתֵּֽנּוּ | 1 | Here, you means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
458 | EXO | 5 | 19 | x6pp | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖ם בְּרָ֣ע לֵאמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִלִּבְנֵיכֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
459 | EXO | 5 | 19 | l9d2 | figs-rpronouns | אֹתָ֖ם | 1 | when they were told | Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
460 | EXO | 5 | 19 | j6f9 | וַיִּרְא֞וּ…אֹתָ֖ם בְּרָ֣ע לֵאמֹ֑ר | 1 | Alternate translation: “knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves to be in danger, because the king said” | ||
461 | EXO | 5 | 20 | ve3z | writing-newevent | וַֽיִּפְגְּעוּ֙ | 1 | palace | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
462 | EXO | 5 | 20 | s9d2 | writing-pronouns | וַֽיִּפְגְּעוּ֙…לִקְרָאתָ֑ם בְּצֵאתָ֖ם | 1 | Here, they and them refer to the officers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
463 | EXO | 5 | 21 | kv0v | יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם וְיִשְׁפֹּ֑ט | 1 | The Israelite officers used this form to curse Moses and Aaron. | ||
464 | EXO | 5 | 21 | vfit | figs-youdual | עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם וְיִשְׁפֹּ֑ט | 1 | You refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
465 | EXO | 5 | 21 | j3zp | figs-metaphor | הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗נוּ בְּעֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּבְעֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔יו | 1 | you have made us offensive | The Egyptians responded to the Israelites the same way they would respond to a foul odor. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you have caused Pharaoh and his servants to hate us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
466 | EXO | 5 | 21 | d592 | figs-metonymy | חֶ֥רֶב בְּיָדָ֖ם | 1 | have put a sword in their hand to kill us | Here, a sword into their hand is a metonym for “a reason in their mind.” The Israelites are afraid that the Egyptians will feel that they are doing the right thing if they kill the Israelites, because Moses and Aaron are making demands to the king and because the Egyptians view the Israelites as lazy and dangerous. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “them a reason to think they would be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
467 | EXO | 5 | 22 | g4d5 | figs-rquestion | לָ֥מָּה זֶּ֖ה שְׁלַחְתָּֽנִי | 1 | Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? | This question shows how disappointed Moses was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. He is expressing that he thinks God has caused the opposite of what he promised to happen. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I thought you sent me to rescue them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
468 | EXO | 5 | 23 | v2k2 | figs-metonymy | בִּשְׁמֶ֔ךָ | 1 | to speak to him in your name | Here, in your name indicates that Moses delivers Yahweh’s message. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “for you” or “your message for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
469 | EXO | 5 | 23 | fzir | figs-idiom | וְהַצֵּ֥ל לֹא־הִצַּ֖לְתָּ | 1 | In Hebrew, rescued is repeated for emphasis. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
470 | EXO | 6 | intro | we5k | 0 | Exodus 06 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Possible Translation Difficulties in this ChapterRepetition of events:Most of the content of this chapter is very similar to the events and dialogue in chapters 3-4. For consistency, translators should consult the decisions they made there while keeping in mind that this narrative is not exactly the same. Also, verses 10-12 and verses 28-30 are very similar to each other. These events are probably a recommissioning of Moses. After his first encounter with Pharaoh went very poorly and the Israelites seem to reject God, Yahweh reminds Moses of his promises and power. Referring to GodA name for God (Yahweh) and a title for God (El Shaddai) are mentioned in this chapter (6:2\-6:3). The precise meaning of El Shaddai is not known, but most scholars think it means something like “almighty.” Translators who have worked on Genesis may find confusing the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not know Yahweh as the name of God. Other possible translation difficulties:With little explanation, a large portion of the chapter is devoted to the genealogy of Moses and Aaron. Some of the people in the genealogy lived much longer than is normal for humans today. If translators are not familiar with the lengths of people’s lives in the early days of the world (as recorded in Genesis, especially chapter 5), this may cause confusion. Study Concepts in this ChapterPromised LandAccording to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. Their home is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) God and his peopleIn verse 7, note the mention of a very important biblical theme of God being “your God” and the special relationship that his people have with him. | |||
471 | EXO | 6 | 1 | ip5i | figs-quotemarks | עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְפַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
472 | EXO | 6 | 1 | lu95 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | עַתָּ֣ה | 1 | This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
473 | EXO | 6 | 1 | ece6 | figs-metonymy | בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | my strong hand | Here, hand is a metonym for power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
474 | EXO | 6 | 1 | utnn | figs-metonymy | בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | It is not clear in the text whose hand is referred to here. The options include: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions) (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out) (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1), which is the most common interpretation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
475 | EXO | 6 | 1 | vdno | figs-parallelism | כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
476 | EXO | 6 | 1 | sdon | מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Alternate translation: “from Egypt” | ||
477 | EXO | 6 | 2 | wse5 | writing-newevent | וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו | 1 | There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
478 | EXO | 6 | 3 | l81y | translate-transliterate | בְּאֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י | 1 | I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob | El Shaddai is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) |
479 | EXO | 6 | 3 | m27p | figs-activepassive | וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם | 1 | I was not known to them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
480 | EXO | 6 | 3 | e36z | וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם | 1 | This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them” | ||
481 | EXO | 6 | 4 | zxvc | figs-quotations | לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן | 1 | This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
482 | EXO | 6 | 4 | gkkc | figs-parallelism | אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵיהֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽהּ | 1 | These two phrases mean similar things. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents” or “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
483 | EXO | 6 | 5 | l3yc | נַאֲקַת֙ | 1 | groaning | Here, groaning means making sad sounds because of pain and suffering. | |
484 | EXO | 6 | 5 | aiey | וָאֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽי | 1 | I have remembered my covenant means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise” | ||
485 | EXO | 6 | 6 | rgh0 | grammar-connect-logic-result | לָכֵ֞ן | 1 | God is now telling Moses to deliver a message to the Israelites of what God is going to do because of everything that he said in verses 2-5. The reason-result relationship is strongly marked here, so translations should make sure to use a connector that marks verse 6-8 as a result of verses 2-5. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
486 | EXO | 6 | 6 | yv14 | לָכֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִבְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל | 1 | say to the Israelites | This is a command from Yahweh to Moses. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Moses to say to the Israelites” | |
487 | EXO | 6 | 6 | we3z | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֗ם…אֶתְכֶ֖ם…אֶתְכֶם֙ | 1 | Here every occurrence of you refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
488 | EXO | 6 | 6 | oqnw | figs-synecdoche | מִתַּ֨חַת֙ סִבְלֹ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians made the Israelites do. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
489 | EXO | 6 | 6 | xyn4 | figs-metaphor | בִּזְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה | 1 | Here, arm is a figurative way of referring to Yahweh’s power, influence, and capacity for action. Outstretched means that he is using that power. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “by my great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
490 | EXO | 6 | 6 | efx1 | וּבִשְׁפָטִ֖ים | 1 | Here, the term judgments refers to the plagues that God is about to send to harm Egypt and the Egyptians. Each plague is a response to Pharaoh’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “and by [greatly] harming the Egyptians” | ||
491 | EXO | 6 | 7 | o3lb | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֥ם…לָכֶ֖ם…וִֽידַעְתֶּ֗ם…אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם…אֶתְכֶ֔ם | 1 | Here every occurrence of you refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
492 | EXO | 6 | 7 | xsdh | figs-synecdoche | מִתַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
493 | EXO | 6 | 8 | h9ho | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶם֙…לָכֶ֛ם | 1 | Here every occurrence of you refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
494 | EXO | 6 | 8 | g9ru | translate-symaction | נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔י | 1 | I swore | This is an action that signifies making an oath. Raising the hand may not have the same meaning in your culture, so you may need to use a different symbolic oath-taking action in your translation or simply translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
495 | EXO | 6 | 8 | i3vj | מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה | 1 | This means the Israelites will own the land. Alternate translation: “as your own land” | ||
496 | EXO | 6 | 9 | aalj | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְלֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִקֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּמֵעֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה | 1 | In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
497 | EXO | 6 | 9 | eph2 | מִקֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ | 1 | Here, the people’s spirit is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope” | ||
498 | EXO | 6 | 10 | tpw4 | לֵּאמֹֽר | 1 | This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural. | ||
499 | EXO | 6 | 11 | fxf2 | figs-quotations | וִֽישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This statement tells Moses what to discuss with Pharaoh. Some languages may need to covey this information as a direct quotation. Be careful to change the third-person pronouns to second-person pronouns if you do this. Alternate translation: “and say, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
500 | EXO | 6 | 12 | h7o0 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by the words before the face of Yahweh. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
501 | EXO | 6 | 12 | iiui | הֵ֤ן | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.” | ||
502 | EXO | 6 | 12 | k7hl | figs-rquestion | הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔י וְאֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | If the Israelites have not listened to me, why will Pharaoh listen to me, since I am not good at speaking? | Moses asked this question in hopes that God would change his mind about using Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Since the Israelites did not listen to me, neither will Pharaoh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
503 | EXO | 6 | 12 | lj51 | grammar-connect-logic-result | הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔י וְאֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
504 | EXO | 6 | 12 | k3br | figs-metaphor | וַאֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם | 1 | This is a metaphor that means that Moses was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude; your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And I do not speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
505 | EXO | 6 | 13 | janr | וַיְצַוֵּם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה | 1 | This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, command could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites; thus to could be translated as “for” or “regarding.” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh” | ||
506 | EXO | 6 | 14 | hh3z | writing-background | 0 | Verses 14-27 are background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
507 | EXO | 6 | 14 | h195 | figs-metonymy | רָאשֵׁ֣י | 1 | the heads of their fathers’ houses | Here, heads refers to the original leaders of the clan. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ancestors of ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
508 | EXO | 6 | 14 | wv89 | translate-names | רְאוּבֵ֜ן…יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל…חֲנ֤וֹךְ וּפַלּוּא֙ חֶצְר֣וֹן וְכַרְמִ֔י…רְאוּבֵֽן | 1 | Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
509 | EXO | 6 | 15 | c1ni | translate-names | שִׁמְע֗וֹן יְמוּאֵ֨ל וְיָמִ֤ין וְאֹ֨הַד֙ וְיָכִ֣ין וְצֹ֔חַר וְשָׁא֖וּל…שִׁמְעֽוֹן | 1 | Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
510 | EXO | 6 | 16 | k64h | translate-names | לֵוִי֙…גֵּרְשׁ֕וֹן וּקְהָ֖ת וּמְרָרִ֑י…לֵוִ֔י | 1 | Gershon…Merari | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
511 | EXO | 6 | 16 | m36f | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 137 years old | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
512 | EXO | 6 | 17 | alm8 | translate-names | גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְשִׁמְעִ֖י | 1 | Amram…Uzziel | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
513 | EXO | 6 | 18 | gzm3 | translate-names | קְהָ֔ת עַמְרָ֣ם וְיִצְהָ֔ר וְחֶבְר֖וֹן וְעֻזִּיאֵ֑ל…קְהָ֔ת | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
514 | EXO | 6 | 18 | qu41 | translate-numbers | שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 133 years old | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
515 | EXO | 6 | 19 | p5sz | translate-names | מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּמוּשִׁ֑י | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
516 | EXO | 6 | 20 | ni1l | translate-names | עַמְרָ֜ם…אַהֲרֹ֖ן…מֹשֶׁ֑ה…עַמְרָ֔ם | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
517 | EXO | 6 | 20 | o5gb | translate-names | יוֹכֶ֤בֶד | 1 | This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
518 | EXO | 6 | 20 | mh02 | translate-kinship | דֹּֽדָתוֹ֙ | 1 | Here the term his aunt specifically means his father’s sister. If your language uses a different term that is specific in this way, translators should use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
519 | EXO | 6 | 20 | ti6q | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 137 years | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
520 | EXO | 6 | 21 | f3yr | translate-names | יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָנֶ֖פֶג וְזִכְרִֽי׃ | 1 | Izhar…Korah…Zichri | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
521 | EXO | 6 | 22 | n7cl | translate-names | עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְאֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְסִתְרִֽי | 1 | Uzziel…Mishael…Sithri | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
522 | EXO | 6 | 23 | n1xh | translate-names | אַהֲרֹ֜ן…עַמִּינָדָ֛ב…נַחְשׁ֖וֹן…נָדָב֙…אֲבִיה֔וּא…אֶלְעָזָ֖ר…אִֽיתָמָֽר | 1 | Nadab…Ithamar | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
523 | EXO | 6 | 23 | kww9 | translate-names | אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע | 1 | Nadab…Ithamar | This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
524 | EXO | 6 | 24 | rkz9 | translate-names | קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְאֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַאֲבִיאָסָ֑ף | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
525 | EXO | 6 | 24 | i6o7 | translate-names | הַקָּרְחִֽי | 1 | This was the name of the clan of people descended from Korah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
526 | EXO | 6 | 25 | zvg2 | translate-names | וְאֶלְעָזָ֨ר…אַהֲרֹ֜ן…פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙…פִּֽינְחָ֑ס | 1 | Phinehas | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
527 | EXO | 6 | 25 | fck8 | figs-metonymy | רָאשֵׁ֛י | 1 | These were the heads of the fathers’ houses | Here, heads represents family leaders. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “These were the leaders of the families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
528 | EXO | 6 | 26 | ft6y | translate-unknown | עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽם | 1 | by their groups of fighting men | The term hosts refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. Alternate translation: “by their groups” or “by their divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
529 | EXO | 6 | 27 | o7xp | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְהוֹצִ֥יא | 1 | This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
530 | EXO | 6 | 28 | xssl | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֗י בְּי֨וֹם | 1 | This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
531 | EXO | 6 | 30 | zyqs | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he spoke before the face of Yahweh. See how you translated this in 6:12. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
532 | EXO | 6 | 30 | nf3w | figs-rquestion | הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְאֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖י פַּרְעֹֽה | 1 | I am not good…why will Pharaoh listen to me? | Moses asks this question hoping to change God’s mind about sending him. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Behold, I am not a good speaker. Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
533 | EXO | 6 | 30 | y4g2 | הֵ֤ן | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.” | ||
534 | EXO | 6 | 30 | vzhq | figs-metaphor | אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם | 1 | This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in 6:12. Alternate translation: “I always fail to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
535 | EXO | 7 | intro | r9we | 0 | Exodus 07 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Special Concepts in this ChapterMiraclesWhen Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh’s men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) Pharaoh’s hard heartPharaoh’s heart is often described as hard, strong, or heavy in this chapter. This means that he was not willing to obey Yahweh’s instructions. Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter Include:
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536 | EXO | 7 | 1 | r18p | figs-quotemarks | מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of verse 5. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
537 | EXO | 7 | 1 | gy1t | רְאֵ֛ה | 1 | This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
538 | EXO | 7 | 1 | dn1s | figs-metaphor | נְתַתִּ֥יךָ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְפַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | I have made you like a god | This means Moses would represent the same authority to Pharaoh as God did to Moses. See how you translated the very similar phrase in Exodus 4:16. Alternate translation: “I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
539 | EXO | 7 | 1 | z163 | figs-metaphor | וְאַהֲרֹ֥ן אָחִ֖יךָ יִהְיֶ֥ה נְבִיאֶֽךָ | 1 | This phrase compares Aaron to a prophet, because Aaron will actually be the one who proclaims to Pharaoh what Moses tells him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 4:16. Alternate translation: “and Aaron your brother will act like your prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
540 | EXO | 7 | 2 | l44v | translate-kinship | אָחִ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
541 | EXO | 7 | 2 | hdwo | figs-quotations | וְשִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Some languages may need to make this a direct quotation. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. See what you did in 6:25. Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
542 | EXO | 7 | 2 | p9p7 | מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Alternate translation: “from Egypt” | ||
543 | EXO | 7 | 3 | adsq | figs-metaphor | אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were hard. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in Exodus 4:21, but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. hard here. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
544 | EXO | 7 | 3 | vtt1 | figs-doublet | אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛י וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖י | 1 | many signs…many wonders | The words signs and wonders mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
545 | EXO | 7 | 4 | ar0l | figs-youdual | אֲלֵכֶם֙ | 1 | Here, you means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
546 | EXO | 7 | 4 | e2kv | figs-metonymy | יָדִ֖י | 1 | put my hand on | The words my hand represent God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
547 | EXO | 7 | 4 | b6h8 | figs-metonymy | בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Here, on Egypt refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
548 | EXO | 7 | 4 | nilu | אֶת־צִבְאֹתַ֜י אֶת־עַמִּ֤י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ | 1 | These phrases refer to the Israelites in three different ways; they do not refer to three different groups of people. Here, armies is the same word translated “hosts” in Exodus 6:26. Alternate translation: “the armies of my Israelite people” | ||
549 | EXO | 7 | 5 | cg3n | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְיָדְע֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is the result of God rescuing the Israelites. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
550 | EXO | 7 | 5 | npd6 | figs-metonymy | בִּנְטֹתִ֥י אֶת־יָדִ֖י עַל | 1 | reach out with my hand on | This phrase represents God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
551 | EXO | 7 | 5 | dguc | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְהוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִתּוֹכָֽם | 1 | The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
552 | EXO | 7 | 6 | iii5 | figs-parallelism | וַיַּ֥עַשׂ…עָשֽׂוּ | 1 | This repetition emphasizes the statement. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
553 | EXO | 7 | 7 | liir | writing-background | 0 | This verse contains background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
554 | EXO | 7 | 7 | g7i5 | translate-numbers | שְׁמֹנִ֣ים…שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים | 1 | Aaron eighty-three years old | Alternate translation: “eighty … eighty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
555 | EXO | 7 | 7 | zoou | figs-idiom | בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה…בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה | 1 | The phrase a son of, followed by a number and then years, is an idiom that refers to their age. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
556 | EXO | 7 | 8 | pwph | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea. The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
557 | EXO | 7 | 8 | p2kf | לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Here, saying marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. | ||
558 | EXO | 7 | 9 | jt9z | figs-quotations | כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵכֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֛ וְהַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְתַנִּֽין | 1 | When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Do a miracle,’ then you will say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh, so that it may become a snake.’ | The two quotations in this verse could be stated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “When Pharaoh tells you to do a miracle, then you will tell Aaron to take his staff and throw it down before Pharaoh so that it may become a snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
559 | EXO | 7 | 9 | r0tp | figs-quotemarks | קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֛ וְהַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְתַנִּֽין | 1 | This is a second-level direct quotation. The second level may either end after Pharaoh or at the end of the verse. If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
560 | EXO | 7 | 9 | p3xh | לֵאמֹ֔ר | 1 | Here, saying marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. | ||
561 | EXO | 7 | 9 | ms5o | figs-youdual | אֲלֵכֶ֤ם…לָכֶ֖ם | 1 | These pronouns are plural, referring to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
562 | EXO | 7 | 9 | ogk9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה | 1 | Although before the face of still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses and Aaron are to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so that Pharaoh can see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
563 | EXO | 7 | 10 | ehm9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְלִפְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖יו | 1 | This time, while before the face of still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
564 | EXO | 7 | 10 | kv93 | עֲבָדָ֖יו | 1 | Here, his servants does not refer common servants but probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court. | ||
565 | EXO | 7 | 11 | mqde | לַֽחֲכָמִ֖ים וְלַֽמְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים…חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י | 1 | Here, magicians probably describes both wise men and sorcerers rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term. | ||
566 | EXO | 7 | 12 | m4uw | אִ֣ישׁ | 1 | swallowed up | Alternate translation: “magician” | |
567 | EXO | 7 | 12 | u6np | וַיִּבְלַ֥ע | 1 | swallowed up | Alternate translation: “ate up” or “devoured” | |
568 | EXO | 7 | 12 | m0kw | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיִּבְלַ֥ע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹ֖ן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽם | 1 | This is a surprising and amusing twist which was not what the magicians expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
569 | EXO | 7 | 12 | prnp | figs-personification | מַטֵּֽה…מַטֹּתָֽם | 1 | It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word staff as “snake,” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say (because it is not living) that a staff swallowed or ate something. It may also may not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once they have been transformed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
570 | EXO | 7 | 13 | g42f | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in Exodus 4:21, but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
571 | EXO | 7 | 13 | wekf | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST. | ||
572 | EXO | 7 | 14 | d27r | figs-metaphor | כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart is hard | Now Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in Exodus 7:13, but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs heavy here. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
573 | EXO | 7 | 14 | qiyx | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
574 | EXO | 7 | 15 | ecby | הִנֵּה֙ | 1 | Behold is used to draw attention to information that follows. | ||
575 | EXO | 7 | 15 | c5np | יֹצֵ֣א הַמַּ֔יְמָה | 1 | when he goes out to the water | There are various theories as to what Pharaoh would go down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation. | |
576 | EXO | 7 | 16 | yqp7 | וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו | 1 | Say to him | Alternate translation: “Say to Pharaoh” | |
577 | EXO | 7 | 16 | uvxe | figs-possession | אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָעִבְרִים֙ | 1 | Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
578 | EXO | 7 | 16 | d16q | figs-quotesinquotes | שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וְיַֽעַבְדֻ֖נִי בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר וְהִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה | 1 | This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
579 | EXO | 7 | 16 | cwox | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | Here, behold is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated. | ||
580 | EXO | 7 | 17 | j1ev | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | strike the water | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | |
581 | EXO | 7 | 17 | mywj | figs-quotesinquotes | בְּזֹ֣את | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 18. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. It is possible that the third-level quotation actually ends before or after Behold, in which case, in the rest of the quote I refers to Moses, not Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
582 | EXO | 7 | 17 | jjm3 | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. Alternate translation: “Look at this” | ||
583 | EXO | 7 | 18 | bsjn | grammar-connect-logic-result | וּבָאַ֣שׁ הַיְאֹ֑ר | 1 | His warning,the river will stink, will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
584 | EXO | 7 | 18 | nx0q | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לִשְׁתּ֥וֹת מַ֖יִם | 1 | This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternative translation: “in order to find water to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
585 | EXO | 7 | 18 | rgl0 | figs-rpronouns | וְנִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | Here, themselves refers back to the subject (the Egyptians) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Use a natural form in your language to show that the Egyptians are both subject and object. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians will exhaust the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
586 | EXO | 7 | 18 | grwh | figs-quotemarks | מִן־הַיְאֹֽר | 1 | After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands ends. Depending on your decisions about the embedded quotation levels, you may have up to three levels of quotations that need to be closed here. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
587 | EXO | 7 | 19 | ysi7 | figs-merism | עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣ם ׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵיהֶ֣ם וְעַל־אַגְמֵיהֶ֗ם וְעַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | This list is meant to expand on and reinforce the idea of all of the water in Egypt. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations of the blood are not limited to these specific places, but to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
588 | EXO | 7 | 19 | wxp2 | בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ | 1 | throughout all | Alternate translation: “in every part of” | |
589 | EXO | 7 | 19 | msxp | figs-possession | וּבָעֵצִ֖ים וּבָאֲבָנִֽים | 1 | This possessive show composition. Alternate translation: “and in containers made from wood and in containers made from stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
590 | EXO | 7 | 20 | zy18 | figs-explicit | בַּיְאֹ֔ר | 1 | in the river | If it would be helpful to your readers, the name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
591 | EXO | 7 | 20 | mj8v | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּלְעֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑יו | 1 | This means in their sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
592 | EXO | 7 | 22 | n7kr | translate-unknown | חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י | 1 | See how you translated this term in 7:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
593 | EXO | 7 | 22 | qdc7 | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in Exodus 7:13. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
594 | EXO | 7 | 22 | sbic | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you translated this in 7:13, where the same sentence appears. | ||
595 | EXO | 7 | 23 | atdk | figs-idiom | וְלֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖וֹ גַּם־לָזֹֽאת | 1 | This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
596 | EXO | 7 | 24 | m6zn | figs-hyperbole | כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם | 1 | All the Egyptians | The word all here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. However, it does indicate that all the Egyptians who wished to drink water had to dig or had to have dug for them. Alternate translation: “many of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
597 | EXO | 7 | 25 | bn5h | writing-newevent | וַיִּמָּלֵ֖א | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
598 | EXO | 7 | 25 | gjyb | figs-idiom | וַיִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים | 1 | This means seven days later. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
599 | EXO | 7 | 25 | dg56 | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֣ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
600 | EXO | 8 | intro | ww1y | 0 | Exodus 08 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter
Lifting up the hand and staff:In the next few chapters, God will instruct Moses or Aaron or both to raise his hand or staff or both hand and staff. The narrative will then record who will raise his hand or staff or both. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand, and the narrative may say that Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit, and they can both be mentioned, or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently. | |||
601 | EXO | 8 | 1 | tf7b | figs-quotations | בֹּ֖א | 1 | This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of verse 4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
602 | EXO | 8 | 1 | v6ll | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
603 | EXO | 8 | 1 | lndc | figs-quotesinquotes | כֹּ֚ה | 1 | Here, Thus begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 4. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
604 | EXO | 8 | 1 | kure | figs-quotesinquotes | שַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 4. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
605 | EXO | 8 | 2 | s7y1 | figs-ellipsis | לְשַׁלֵּ֑חַ | 1 | What Pharaoh is to let go is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
606 | EXO | 8 | 2 | aei8 | הִנֵּ֣ה | 1 | Here, behold is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out” | ||
607 | EXO | 8 | 3 | vgby | figs-merism | בְּבֵיתֶ֔ךָ וּבַחֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְךָ֖ וְעַל־מִטָּתֶ֑ךָ וּבְבֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ֙ וּבְעַמֶּ֔ךָ וּבְתַנּוּרֶ֖יךָ וּבְמִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ | 1 | This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
608 | EXO | 8 | 4 | okok | figs-quotemarks | 0 | Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | ||
609 | EXO | 8 | 5 | ley6 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן | 1 | It may be helpful to translate this first quotation indirectly to avoid having two levels of quotations in this verse. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to say to Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
610 | EXO | 8 | 5 | dqsb | figs-quotemarks | נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֙ בְּמַטֶּ֔ךָ עַל־הַ֨נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַיְאֹרִ֖ים וְעַל־הָאֲגַמִּ֑ים וְהַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This is a second-level direct quotation if you chose to make Say to Aaron a direct quotation. In that case, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
611 | EXO | 8 | 5 | ejcx | יָדְךָ֙ בְּמַטֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
612 | EXO | 8 | 5 | z19q | figs-merism | עַל־הַ֨נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַיְאֹרִ֖ים וְעַל־הָאֲגַמִּ֑ים | 1 | This list is meant to convey the idea of all the water in Egypt where frogs might live. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations are not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. This is made clear in 8:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
613 | EXO | 8 | 6 | wf3a | figs-explicit | וַיֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ | 1 | It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
614 | EXO | 8 | 6 | nrbq | figs-explicit | יָד֔וֹ | 1 | It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
615 | EXO | 8 | 6 | j1w7 | figs-synecdoche | וַיֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶת־יָד֔וֹ עַ֖ל מֵימֵ֣י | 1 | Aaron would not have been able to reach his hand over all the water in Egypt. He likely stretched his hand over some nearby portion of the Nile, symbolizing all the water of Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
616 | EXO | 8 | 6 | drmg | figs-explicit | וַתַּ֨עַל֙ | 1 | Verse 3 has specified from where the frogs will come. Here it is implied, but if it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
617 | EXO | 8 | 6 | rxze | grammar-collectivenouns | הַצְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ | 1 | There were so many frogs that the text uses the collective singular. If that would be misunderstood in your language, you may simply use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
618 | EXO | 8 | 6 | j83d | figs-metaphor | וַתַּ֨עַל֙ הַצְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ וַתְּכַ֖ס אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This means that there were frogs everywhere in Egypt. The image is like that of a blanket smothering the entire country. (Or more directly, like one giant, nation-sized frog sitting on top of the entire land). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
619 | EXO | 8 | 7 | n02y | translate-unknown | הַֽחֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּלָטֵיהֶ֑ם | 1 | See how you translated these in 7:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
620 | EXO | 8 | 8 | mhn3 | וַיִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְמֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹ֗ן | 1 | Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron | Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron” or “And the king summoned Moses and Aaron” | |
621 | EXO | 8 | 8 | nfe3 | figs-explicit | וַיִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְמֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹ֗ן וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ | 1 | It is implied that Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh between the time when he called them and when he spoke to them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and after they came, he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
622 | EXO | 8 | 8 | tx3t | figs-quotations | אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְיָסֵר֙ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖נִּי וּמֵֽעַמִּ֑י | 1 | In some languages you may have to make the content of Pharaoh’s prayer to Yahweh a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation markings if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh saying, ‘Please take away the frogs from Pharaoh and from his people.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
623 | EXO | 8 | 8 | qku4 | figs-hypo | וַאֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם וְיִזְבְּח֖וּ לַיהוָֽה | 1 | This promise is conditional on the frogs going away. Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Once the frogs are gone, I will let the people go, and they may sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
624 | EXO | 8 | 9 | khfd | figs-irony | הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַי֒ | 1 | Moses speaks with false humility here. He is ironically pointing out Pharaoh’s powerlessness before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You can choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
625 | EXO | 8 | 9 | g0lu | figs-merism | לְךָ֗ וְלַעֲבָדֶ֨יךָ֙ וּֽלְעַמְּךָ֔…מִמְּךָ֖ וּמִבָּתֶּ֑יךָ | 1 | These lists mean “for everyone” and “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that Moses will ask for a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
626 | EXO | 8 | 10 | ofw3 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּי־אֵ֖ין כַּיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | This knowledge is the goal of Yahweh’s granting a respite from the frogs. In some languages you may need to place this at the end of verse 11, after Moses says the frogs will leave. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
627 | EXO | 8 | 10 | d1wp | figs-exclusive | אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, our refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
628 | EXO | 8 | 11 | zwqo | figs-merism | מִמְּךָ֙ וּמִבָּ֣תֶּ֔יךָ וּמֵעֲבָדֶ֖יךָ וּמֵעַמֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as was its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
629 | EXO | 8 | 12 | jjv2 | שָׂ֥ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh had set” | ||
630 | EXO | 8 | 12 | nxyi | writing-newevent | וַיֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֛ה וְאַהֲרֹ֖ן | 1 | A minor scene shift occurs here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
631 | EXO | 8 | 13 | rwe1 | figs-merism | מִן־הַבָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַחֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּמִן־הַשָּׂדֹֽת | 1 | This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
632 | EXO | 8 | 14 | a03n | חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם | 1 | Literally, the Hebrew says “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big the piles of frogs were. | ||
633 | EXO | 8 | 15 | lv2n | figs-metaphor | וְהַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | he hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in Exodus 7:14, but note there that the state of Pharaoh’s heart is reported, whereas here Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
634 | EXO | 8 | 15 | b47h | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | just as Yahweh had said that he would do | Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had said Pharaoh would do” | |
635 | EXO | 8 | 16 | cikq | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
636 | EXO | 8 | 16 | s5gh | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | Say to Aaron starts a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it may be helpful to translate one of the parts as an indirect quotation so that you do not have to have two levels of quotations here. See the UST. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to tell Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
637 | EXO | 8 | 16 | joxz | נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֔ וְהַ֖ךְ | 1 | This is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. | ||
638 | EXO | 8 | 16 | kpr5 | מַטְּךָ֔ | 1 | This refers to Aaron’s staff. See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
639 | EXO | 8 | 16 | w5el | translate-unknown | לְכִנִּ֖ם | 1 | We do not know exactly what this word means. It is probably a tiny (as in dust-particle size), biting insect. You should choose a different insect here than the one in the next plague (8:21-8:31). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
640 | EXO | 8 | 17 | l9wj | וַיֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֨הוּ֙ וַיַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ | 1 | Again, this is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs, stretched and struck, that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the previous verse. | ||
641 | EXO | 8 | 17 | l784 | יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
642 | EXO | 8 | 17 | nhgt | translate-unknown | הַכִּנָּ֔ם…כִנִּ֖ים | 1 | Again, we do not know what this term refers to for certain, so see how you translated it in 8:16. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
643 | EXO | 8 | 17 | grs3 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here man includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
644 | EXO | 8 | 17 | grg5 | figs-hyperbole | כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָאָ֛רֶץ…בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This extraordinary statement with the repeated all is used to emphasize the extent and severity of the plague. If this would be unnatural in your language use a natural way to communicate that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
645 | EXO | 8 | 18 | wga0 | translate-unknown | הַחַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּלָטֵיהֶ֛ם | 1 | See how you translated these in 7:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
646 | EXO | 8 | 18 | ii85 | translate-unknown | הַכִּנִּ֖ים…הַכִּנָּ֔ם | 1 | See how you translated this term in 8:16. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
647 | EXO | 8 | 18 | mnj5 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here man includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
648 | EXO | 8 | 19 | kcs9 | translate-unknown | הַֽחַרְטֻמִּים֙ | 1 | See how you translated this term in 7:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
649 | EXO | 8 | 19 | lk2k | figs-synecdoche | אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא | 1 | This is the finger of God | The words “finger of God” represent the power of God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the powerful work of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
650 | EXO | 8 | 19 | z1w2 | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in Exodus 7:13. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
651 | EXO | 8 | 19 | rp3i | writing-pronouns | אֲלֵהֶ֔ם | 1 | Here, them may refer to the magicians or to Aaron and Moses. Alternate translation: “to the magicians’ warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
652 | EXO | 8 | 19 | gjgg | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST. | ||
653 | EXO | 8 | 20 | j5n8 | וְהִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | stand in front of Pharaoh | Alternate translation: “and present yourself to Pharaoh” | |
654 | EXO | 8 | 20 | frfn | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
655 | EXO | 8 | 20 | syv2 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Here, face figuratively means the presence of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
656 | EXO | 8 | 20 | vnym | הִנֵּ֖ה | 1 | Behold is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles, it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
657 | EXO | 8 | 20 | uypa | figs-quotations | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This phrase opens a direct quote that continues until the end of verse 23. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
658 | EXO | 8 | 20 | eqd2 | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | Let my people go | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | |
659 | EXO | 8 | 20 | a7l7 | figs-quotemarks | שַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | This phrase opens a second-level direct quotation which continues until the end of verse 23, unless you made thus says Yahweh an indirect quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
660 | EXO | 8 | 20 | fgl3 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי | 1 | This is the purpose of the people being let go. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so they can serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
661 | EXO | 8 | 21 | hitq | הִנְנִי֩ | 1 | The expression behold me! is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
662 | EXO | 8 | 21 | hwcl | grammar-collectivenouns | הֶעָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣עָרֹ֔ב | 1 | Here, the swarm is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of flying, biting insects traveling in a group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
663 | EXO | 8 | 21 | l5z7 | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣עָרֹ֔ב | 1 | Here, the swarm probably refers to the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
664 | EXO | 8 | 21 | foli | figs-merism | בְּךָ֜ וּבַעֲבָדֶ֧יךָ וּֽבְעַמְּךָ֛ וּבְבָתֶּ֖יךָ…בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙…וְגַ֥ם הָאֲדָמָ֖ה | 1 | This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the flies’ location is not limited to these specific places but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
665 | EXO | 8 | 22 | mv8w | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | General Information: | This is the goal of Yahweh treating the land of Goshen differently. Alternate translation: “by keeping the swarm from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
666 | EXO | 8 | 22 | apum | grammar-collectivenouns | עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. See how you translated this in 8:21. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
667 | EXO | 8 | 22 | qb9h | translate-unknown | עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in 8:21 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
668 | EXO | 8 | 22 | refq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
669 | EXO | 8 | 22 | a28h | אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | Here, am could be connecting I and Yahweh or it could be connecting I, Yahweh and in the middle of the land. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land” | ||
670 | EXO | 8 | 23 | oxr5 | figs-abstractnouns | פְדֻ֔ת | 1 | This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of redemption, you could express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
671 | EXO | 8 | 23 | tf4j | translate-textvariants | פְדֻ֔ת | 1 | Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “a division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |
672 | EXO | 8 | 23 | u4gs | עַמִּ֖י | 1 | Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
673 | EXO | 8 | 23 | rg2c | עַמֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians” | ||
674 | EXO | 8 | 23 | tb24 | figs-quotemarks | לְמָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָאֹ֥ת הַזֶּֽה׃ | 1 | After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in 8:20 ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
675 | EXO | 8 | 24 | gw3c | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן | 1 | The UST supplies a brief sentence filling in the gap between Yahweh’s command to Moses and the onset of the plague. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly to make the progression of events clear. Alternate translation: “Moses obeyed the instructions Yahweh gave him, and Pharaoh responded as Yahweh had said he would. And Yahweh did so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
676 | EXO | 8 | 24 | lk5s | writing-newevent | וַיַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן | 1 | There is a minor scene change here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
677 | EXO | 8 | 24 | ut0f | translate-unknown | עָרֹ֣ב | 1 | There are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in 8:21 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
678 | EXO | 8 | 24 | dg0k | figs-go | וַיָּבֹא֙ | 1 | Some languages may need to translate this as “going” rather than “coming.” Alternate translation: “and … went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
679 | EXO | 8 | 24 | tmcf | figs-merism | בֵּ֥יתָה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑יו | 1 | This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
680 | EXO | 8 | 24 | nd6e | figs-activepassive | תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב | 1 | the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
681 | EXO | 8 | 24 | ngue | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב | 1 | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
682 | EXO | 8 | 25 | e7l0 | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וַיִּקְרָ֣א | 1 | This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
683 | EXO | 8 | 25 | gj2w | figs-youdual | לֵֽאלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, your is plural. It could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron; otherwise use a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
684 | EXO | 8 | 26 | e9wk | תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם…תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם | 1 | We do not know what about their sacrificing was an abomination to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause. | ||
685 | EXO | 8 | 26 | idkt | figs-exclusive | נִזְבַּ֖ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ…נִזְבַּ֞ח…יִסְקְלֻֽנוּ | 1 | Here, we, our, and us should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
686 | EXO | 8 | 26 | i7dy | figs-rquestion | וְלֹ֥א יִסְקְלֻֽנוּ | 1 | will they not stone us? | Moses asks this question to show Pharaoh that the Egyptians would not allow the Israelites to worship Yahweh by making a sacrifice repugnant to them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “they will certainly stone us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
687 | EXO | 8 | 26 | gy7d | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | right before their eyes | The express before their eyes is a figurative way of saying “where they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
688 | EXO | 8 | 27 | ju3u | figs-exclusive | נֵלֵ֖ךְ…וְזָבַ֨חְנוּ֙…אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ…אֵלֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, we, our, and us should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
689 | EXO | 8 | 28 | qxes | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶם֙…אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם֙…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
690 | EXO | 8 | 28 | mla2 | אֶתְכֶם֙ | 1 | Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
691 | EXO | 8 | 28 | hnud | figs-idiom | הַרְחֵ֥ק…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ | 1 | In Hebrew, far is repeated to emphasize (with not) that they are absolutely not to go too far. If your language does not use repeating words like this, express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
692 | EXO | 8 | 29 | h94t | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this” | ||
693 | EXO | 8 | 29 | jirm | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֗ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in 8:21 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
694 | EXO | 8 | 29 | yvcl | figs-123person | מִפַּרְעֹ֛ה…פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Moses may be using the third person to refer to Pharaoh to show respect, because the king appears to be relenting. If use of the third person is not a way of showing respect in your culture or is not a valid way of addressing an individual at all, you may need to change the form. Alternate translation: “from you … you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
695 | EXO | 8 | 29 | la3z | figs-merism | מִפַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵעֲבָדָ֥יו וּמֵעַמּ֖וֹ | 1 | This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
696 | EXO | 8 | 29 | bf85 | figs-doublenegatives | אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְבִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | you must not deal deceitfully any more by not letting our people go | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
697 | EXO | 8 | 29 | hh4q | רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל | 1 | But you must not deal deceitfully | Alternate translation: “But you must not deceive us” or “But you must not lie to us” | |
698 | EXO | 8 | 30 | tull | writing-newevent | וַיֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה | 1 | There is a minor scene shift here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
699 | EXO | 8 | 31 | rj50 | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֔ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in 8:21 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
700 | EXO | 8 | 31 | iyhn | figs-merism | מִפַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵעֲבָדָ֣יו וּמֵעַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
701 | EXO | 8 | 31 | mb4r | figs-hyperbole | לֹ֥א נִשְׁאַ֖ר אֶחָֽד | 1 | This extreme statement emphasizes how thoroughly Yahweh removed the insects from the land. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that emphasizes thoroughness or complete lack of the swarm. Alternate translation: “There was not a single one of these insects left in the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
702 | EXO | 8 | 32 | sb5l | figs-metaphor | וַיַּכְבֵּ֤ד פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | Pharaoh hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 8:15. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
703 | EXO | 9 | intro | hqw8 | 0 | Exodus 09 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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704 | EXO | 9 | 1 | se3f | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | General Information: | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fifth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
705 | EXO | 9 | 1 | p1oj | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of 9:4 and contains two additional levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
706 | EXO | 9 | 1 | fo4o | figs-quotesinquotes | וְדִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | You may want to translate the second-level quotation beginning with Thus says Yahweh as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and say to him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
707 | EXO | 9 | 1 | w0lg | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
708 | EXO | 9 | 1 | x4bd | עַמִּ֖י | 1 | Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
709 | EXO | 9 | 2 | l7ld | figs-parallelism | כִּ֛י אִם־מָאֵ֥ן אַתָּ֖ה לְשַׁלֵּ֑חַ וְעוֹדְךָ֖ מַחֲזִ֥יק בָּֽם | 1 | if you refuse to let them go, if you still keep them back | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “If you continue refusing to let them go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
710 | EXO | 9 | 3 | fltr | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | The word behold is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “look out” | ||
711 | EXO | 9 | 3 | ume2 | figs-metonymy | יַד־יְהוָ֜ה הוֹיָ֗ה בְּמִקְנְךָ֙ | 1 | then Yahweh’s hand will be on your cattle | Here, hand represents Yahweh’s power to afflict their animals with disease. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Then the power of Yahweh will afflict your livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
712 | EXO | 9 | 3 | cjt9 | figs-123person | יַד־יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person the hand of Yahweh to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
713 | EXO | 9 | 3 | tn3z | figs-youdual | בְּמִקְנְךָ֙ | 1 | on your cattle | While the word your here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
714 | EXO | 9 | 3 | v8ur | figs-merism | בַּסּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽחֲמֹרִים֙ בַּגְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּבָּקָ֖ר וּבַצֹּ֑אן | 1 | This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
715 | EXO | 9 | 3 | m1fk | grammar-collectivenouns | בַּבָּקָ֖ר…וּבַצֹּ֑אן | 1 | These (cattle and flock) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
716 | EXO | 9 | 3 | f5sr | figs-metaphor | כָּבֵ֥ד | 1 | Here the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
717 | EXO | 9 | 4 | x12r | figs-123person | יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person Yahweh to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
718 | EXO | 9 | 4 | lp3t | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Israel’s cattle | Here, Israel refers to the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
719 | EXO | 9 | 4 | u60c | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Here, Israel is used as a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
720 | EXO | 9 | 4 | fs25 | figs-metonymy | מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Egypt’s cattle | Here, Egypt refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the livestock of the Egyptian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
721 | EXO | 9 | 4 | k5rx | דָּבָֽר | 1 | Alternate translation: “animal” | ||
722 | EXO | 9 | 4 | xk5d | מִכָּל־לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Alternate translation: “which belongs to any of the sons of Israel” | ||
723 | EXO | 9 | 5 | vqz2 | וַיָּ֥שֶׂם יְהוָ֖ה מוֹעֵ֣ד | 1 | fixed a time | Alternate translation: “And Yahweh made an appointed time” | |
724 | EXO | 9 | 5 | w8gk | לֵאמֹ֑ר | 1 | This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does. | ||
725 | EXO | 9 | 5 | pxb1 | figs-123person | יְהוָ֛ה | 1 | Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore, you could change the third person Yahweh to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
726 | EXO | 9 | 6 | gt3n | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
727 | EXO | 9 | 6 | cx5i | figs-hyperbole | כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה | 1 | All the cattle of Egypt died | This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
728 | EXO | 9 | 6 | gy7t | figs-metonymy | מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | cattle of Egypt | Here, Egypt refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
729 | EXO | 9 | 6 | i0bl | figs-litotes | וּמִמִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד | 1 | Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
730 | EXO | 9 | 7 | md84 | וְהִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | behold | Again, behold is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “and listen” | |
731 | EXO | 9 | 7 | rtny | figs-litotes | לֹא־מֵ֛ת מִמִּקְנֵ֥ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־אֶחָ֑ד | 1 | Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “every single one of the Israelites’ livestock was alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
732 | EXO | 9 | 7 | kkuc | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here, Israel refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
733 | EXO | 9 | 7 | sfor | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here, Israel is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
734 | EXO | 9 | 7 | j51j | figs-metaphor | וַיִּכְבַּד֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | his heart was stubborn | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in Exodus 7:14. Alternate translation: “But Pharaoh was defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
735 | EXO | 9 | 8 | brm6 | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ | 1 | kiln | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the sixth plague scene. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
736 | EXO | 9 | 8 | luhg | figs-youdual | לָכֶם֙…חָפְנֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | You and your refer to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use dual form (if you have one) or plural forms (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
737 | EXO | 9 | 8 | ydar | קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “Each of you fill both your hands with” | ||
738 | EXO | 9 | 8 | u5wn | פִּ֖יחַ כִּבְשָׁ֑ן | 1 | Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” | ||
739 | EXO | 9 | 8 | gk7f | grammar-collectivenouns | פִּ֖יחַ | 1 | Here, ash is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
740 | EXO | 9 | 8 | gu1v | הַשָּׁמַ֖יְמָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “toward the sky” | ||
741 | EXO | 9 | 8 | p795 | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה | 1 | The phrase before the eyes of Pharaoh means in his sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh” or “so Pharaoh sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
742 | EXO | 9 | 9 | d2v3 | translate-unknown | לִשְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת | 1 | fine | To have boils means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
743 | EXO | 9 | 9 | jlh0 | figs-gendernotations | הָאָדָ֜ם | 1 | Here, man includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
744 | EXO | 9 | 10 | wdcn | grammar-collectivenouns | פִּ֣יחַ | 1 | Here, ash is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
745 | EXO | 9 | 10 | dp3l | פִּ֣יחַ הַכִּבְשָׁ֗ן | 1 | Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the previous verse. | ||
746 | EXO | 9 | 10 | ufpn | figs-metonymy | וַיַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Here, before the face of Pharaoh means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” or “and stood in the presence of Pharaoh” See how you translated a similar statement in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
747 | EXO | 9 | 10 | xmbw | הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “toward the sky” See how you translated this in the previous verse. | ||
748 | EXO | 9 | 10 | jhzb | translate-unknown | שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ | 1 | To have boils means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
749 | EXO | 9 | 10 | rdo3 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here, man includes women and children. See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
750 | EXO | 9 | 11 | jrc3 | הַֽחַרְטֻמִּ֗ים…בַּֽחֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם | 1 | See how you translated magicians in 7:11. | ||
751 | EXO | 9 | 11 | dxsx | figs-metonymy | לַעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה | 1 | Here, before the face of means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
752 | EXO | 9 | 11 | k9uu | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י הַשְּׁחִ֑ין | 1 | Here, the face of means the presence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
753 | EXO | 9 | 11 | lpmq | translate-unknown | הַשְּׁחִ֑ין…הַשְּׁחִ֔ין | 1 | To have boils means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in 9:9. However, this time only boils is used, without the description (“bursting blisters”) that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
754 | EXO | 9 | 12 | p5m5 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This phrase means that it was God who made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
755 | EXO | 9 | 13 | ifs8 | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
756 | EXO | 9 | 13 | zmrt | figs-metonymy | וְהִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Here, before the face of means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
757 | EXO | 9 | 13 | dxww | figs-quotations | וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | After and say to him, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of 9:19. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
758 | EXO | 9 | 13 | hsl6 | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
759 | EXO | 9 | 14 | z68b | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י | 1 | Here it is implied that Pharaoh will again not let God’s people go. For is expressing the result, that is, God’s response to Pharaoh’s disobedience to the command immediately preceding. You may need to insert this as in the UST or choose a contrastive conjunction. Alternate translation: “Otherwise,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
760 | EXO | 9 | 14 | n6wq | figs-synecdoche | אֲנִ֨י שֹׁלֵ֜חַ אֶת־כָּל־מַגֵּפֹתַי֙ אֶֽל־לִבְּךָ֔ | 1 | on you yourself | Here, to your heart is a synecdoche that means that even Pharaoh will be hurt by the plagues. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am about to send all my plagues against you personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
761 | EXO | 9 | 15 | f056 | figs-hypo | כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔י וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ וְאֶֽת־עַמְּךָ֖ בַּדָּ֑בֶר וַתִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the next verse. Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
762 | EXO | 9 | 15 | a3l8 | figs-metonymy | שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔י וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ | 1 | reached out with my hand and attacked you | Here, my hand refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I could have used my power to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
763 | EXO | 9 | 15 | hgfx | figs-metaphor | וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ וְאֶֽת־עַמְּךָ֖ בַּדָּ֑בֶר | 1 | Here, a plague is spoken about as if it were something that could be used to hit someone. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and caused you and your people to suffer from a plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
764 | EXO | 9 | 16 | kwks | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְאוּלָ֗ם בַּעֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔יךָ בַּעֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑י וּלְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖י בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ | 1 | The statements from to show to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, However, for this reason I appointed you: in order in a way that connects with the previous verse in an action-goal manner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
765 | EXO | 9 | 16 | nec7 | figs-metonymy | וּלְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖י בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | so that my name may be proclaimed throughout all the earth | Here, my name represents Yahweh’s reputation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and so that people everywhere will know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
766 | EXO | 9 | 17 | h3ed | figs-metaphor | עוֹדְךָ֖ מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל בְּעַמִּ֑י | 1 | lifting yourself up against my people | Pharaoh’s opposition to letting the Israelites go to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he were raising himself up as a barrier to them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You are still blocking my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
767 | EXO | 9 | 17 | sdav | figs-rpronouns | מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל | 1 | Here, Pharaoh is both the subject and object of the sentence. Translate this in a way that conveys that (1) Pharaoh is making Pharaoh (himself) proud and (2) this is metaphorically expressed as Pharaoh making Pharaoh (himself) the obstacle in the Israelites’ way to freedom (as discussed in the previous note.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
768 | EXO | 9 | 17 | r1wv | מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל | 1 | Here, you is Pharaoh. | ||
769 | EXO | 9 | 17 | zfhb | בְּעַמִּ֑י | 1 | Here, my people are the Israelites. | ||
770 | EXO | 9 | 18 | fnd2 | הִנְנִ֤י | 1 | Listen! | Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the important thing I am about to tell you” | |
771 | EXO | 9 | 18 | pmy0 | כָּעֵ֣ת…אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | Alternate translation: “at this time. There has never been anything like this” | ||
772 | EXO | 9 | 19 | fduj | figs-metonymy | שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְךָ֔ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְךָ֖ בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה | 1 | The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
773 | EXO | 9 | 19 | eo52 | וְיָרַ֧ד עֲלֵהֶ֛ם הַבָּרָ֖ד | 1 | Alternate translation: “and the balls of ice will drop on” | ||
774 | EXO | 9 | 19 | x4ja | figs-gendernotations | כָּל־הָאָדָ֨ם | 1 | Here, man means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
775 | EXO | 9 | 19 | itlv | וְהַבְּהֵמָ֜ה | 1 | Here, and beast includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
776 | EXO | 9 | 19 | f80e | figs-explicit | וָמֵֽתוּ | 1 | The people and animals will die because they will be fatally injured by the hail. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the hail will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
777 | EXO | 9 | 19 | g90p | figs-quotemarks | וָמֵֽתוּ | 1 | Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
778 | EXO | 9 | 20 | dp8j | figs-explicit | הַיָּרֵא֙ | 1 | As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
779 | EXO | 9 | 20 | p3nz | הַיָּרֵא֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה מֵֽעַבְדֵ֖י פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Here, the word of Yahweh refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they believed that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared Yahweh’s warning” | ||
780 | EXO | 9 | 21 | dvwv | figs-metaphor | וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖וֹ אֶל | 1 | Here, set his heart means he believed or thought something was true. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
781 | EXO | 9 | 21 | bzqy | figs-metonymy | דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | Here, the word of Yahweh refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they did not believe that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
782 | EXO | 9 | 22 | vtfl | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
783 | EXO | 9 | 22 | zwvk | יָֽדְךָ֙ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
784 | EXO | 9 | 22 | h9cr | figs-gendernotations | הָאָדָ֣ם | 1 | Here, man includes women and children. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
785 | EXO | 9 | 22 | r0g4 | הַבְּהֵמָ֗ה | 1 | Here, beast includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
786 | EXO | 9 | 23 | o8zy | מַטֵּהוּ֮ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
787 | EXO | 9 | 25 | vnpj | figs-merism | מֵאָדָ֖ם וְעַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | Here, from man to beast is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
788 | EXO | 9 | 25 | ft0o | figs-gendernotations | מֵאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here, man includes women and children. Alternate translation: “from people” or “from mankind” or “from humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
789 | EXO | 9 | 25 | apbl | בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | Here, beast includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
790 | EXO | 9 | 27 | fu9c | writing-newevent | וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח פַּרְעֹ֗ה | 1 | to summon | A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
791 | EXO | 9 | 27 | sh1x | חָטָ֣אתִי | 1 | Some commentators suggest translating sinned more literally, that is “missed the mark,” because Pharaoh is probably not admitting a moral failure, but instead, admitting that he misjudged. | ||
792 | EXO | 9 | 27 | joxy | הַצַּדִּ֔יק…הָרְשָׁעִֽים | 1 | Many commentators suggest that Pharaoh is using these terms in a narrow, legal sense and only referring to this instance. That is, he is saying something like “I’ve lost this round in court.” See UST. | ||
793 | EXO | 9 | 27 | wag1 | וְעַמִּ֖י | 1 | Here, my people refers to the Egyptians. | ||
794 | EXO | 9 | 28 | r0cs | figs-litotes | וְלֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּן לַעֲמֹֽד | 1 | Here Pharaoh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “really, I will let you go”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
795 | EXO | 9 | 29 | ajz3 | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָיו֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | Moses said to him | Alternate translation: “And Moses said to Pharaoh” | |
796 | EXO | 9 | 29 | b787 | translate-symaction | אֶפְרֹ֥שׂ אֶת־כַּפַּ֖י אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | spread my hands out to Yahweh | This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
797 | EXO | 9 | 30 | tn94 | grammar-connect-condition-contrary | וְאַתָּ֖ה וַעֲבָדֶ֑יךָ | 1 | honor Yahweh God | This phrase is shifted to the beginning of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]]) |
798 | EXO | 9 | 30 | srx4 | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה | 1 | Here, face means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
799 | EXO | 9 | 31 | pcwg | writing-background | 0 | This and the next verse give background information so that the destruction caused by the later plagues can be understood by the reader. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
800 | EXO | 9 | 31 | p1v8 | translate-unknown | וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֥ה…וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֖ה | 1 | flax | Flax is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
801 | EXO | 9 | 31 | lzar | translate-unknown | אָבִ֔יב | 1 | This means the seeds at the top of the barley stalk were developing but still green. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
802 | EXO | 9 | 31 | xnvj | גִּבְעֹֽל | 1 | Alternate translation: “was flowering” | ||
803 | EXO | 9 | 32 | jmq3 | translate-unknown | וְהַכֻּסֶּ֖מֶת | 1 | spelt | Spelt is a kind of wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
804 | EXO | 9 | 33 | fa2j | translate-symaction | וַיִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖יו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | spread out his hands to Yahweh | This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 9:29. Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
805 | EXO | 9 | 34 | ke5k | figs-metaphor | וַיַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖וֹ | 1 | hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. This time his servants do the same. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 8:15. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
806 | EXO | 9 | 34 | nz0e | וַיֹּ֣סֶף לַחֲטֹ֑א | 1 | This statement is from the author’s perspective. Therefore, unlike in 9:27, sin should be translated with the word your language uses for “sin.” | ||
807 | EXO | 9 | 34 | ooed | וַיַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖וֹ ה֥וּא וַעֲבָדָֽיו | 1 | Alternate translation: “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did also” or “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did the same” | ||
808 | EXO | 9 | 35 | yxt8 | figs-metaphor | וַֽיֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | The heart of Pharaoh was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in Exodus 7:13. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
809 | EXO | 9 | 35 | x0kn | figs-metaphor | כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה | 1 | This is similar to 9:12. In this case, what Yahweh said is figuratively spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in 9:30. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had told Moses to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
810 | EXO | 10 | intro | s5g1 | 0 | Exodus 10 General NotesStructure and FormattingThe text does not specify, but some time seems to have passed between chapters nine and ten (see 9:31-32 and 10:5).
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811 | EXO | 10 | 1 | w4pw | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּוֹ֙ וְאֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔יו | 1 | for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants | This means God made Pharaoh and his servants stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their hearts were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21, but note that the metaphor is slightly different here. Alternate translation: “for I have caused Pharaoh and his servants to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
812 | EXO | 10 | 2 | zg4c | הִתְעַלַּ֨לְתִּי֙ בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | various signs | Alternate translation: “I mocked Egypt” | |
813 | EXO | 10 | 3 | pm8p | figs-quotemarks | וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of 10:6. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
814 | EXO | 10 | 3 | u3mq | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
815 | EXO | 10 | 3 | vze4 | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | ||
816 | EXO | 10 | 3 | cicf | figs-metonymy | עַד־מָתַ֣י מֵאַ֔נְתָּ לֵעָנֹ֖ת מִפָּנָ֑י | 1 | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Particularly, it means the presence of his judgment (the plagues). Alternate translation: “Until when will you refuse to be humble when I judge you” or “Until when will you refuse to be humble before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
817 | EXO | 10 | 4 | ge67 | הִנְנִ֨י | 1 | listen | Here, behold me adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “beware” | |
818 | EXO | 10 | 4 | uwtp | grammar-collectivenouns | אַרְבֶּ֖ה | 1 | Here, locust is a singular noun referring to the group as one. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
819 | EXO | 10 | 5 | zu5r | figs-parallelism | וְכִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָאָ֔רֶץ וְלֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִרְאֹ֣ת אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | hail | These parallel statements have a similar meaning. They are used to emphasize the great number of locusts that are coming. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
820 | EXO | 10 | 5 | rdav | וְכִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָאָ֔רֶץ | 1 | Alternate translation: “And it will cover the land from sight” | ||
821 | EXO | 10 | 5 | oj3i | grammar-collectivenouns | וְכִסָּה֙…וְאָכַ֣ל…וְאָכַל֙ | 1 | Here the pronoun it agrees in number with the collective singular “locust” in the previous verse. Insects are often referred to without gender in English, but you will need to use whatever number, gender, or noun class is required in your language to agree with the word for “locust” that you used in the previous verse. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
822 | EXO | 10 | 6 | ir5l | figs-hyperbole | מִיּ֗וֹם הֱיוֹתָם֙ עַל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | nothing ever seen | Here, on the earth could either mean “on the planet” or “on the land” (Egypt). Either way, the entire phrase is meant to emphasize an extremely long time, with the intended meaning being “never.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
823 | EXO | 10 | 6 | ma0o | figs-explicit | וַיִּ֥פֶן | 1 | Verse 3 says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
824 | EXO | 10 | 7 | xn8j | figs-rquestion | עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨נוּ֙ לְמוֹקֵ֔שׁ | 1 | How long will this man be a menace to us? | Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We must not let this man continue to cause trouble for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
825 | EXO | 10 | 7 | jqbh | figs-gendernotations | הָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔ים | 1 | Here, men may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In verse 10 the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in verse 11 he specifically says that the men can go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
826 | EXO | 10 | 7 | xdm5 | figs-rquestion | הֲטֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Do you not yet realize that Egypt is destroyed? | Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
827 | EXO | 10 | 7 | c6pr | figs-activepassive | כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | that Egypt is destroyed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
828 | EXO | 10 | 8 | bu1x | figs-activepassive | וַיּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְאֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
829 | EXO | 10 | 8 | fzsv | מִ֥י וָמִ֖י | 1 | Alternate translation: “Who all” | ||
830 | EXO | 10 | 9 | fnnl | figs-exclusive | נֵלֵ֑ךְ…נֵלֵ֔ךְ | 1 | We means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
831 | EXO | 10 | 10 | hjc9 | יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְכֶ֖ם וְאֶֽת־טַפְּכֶ֑ם | 1 | if I ever let you go and your little ones go | May Yahweh be with you is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not a blessing here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go” | |
832 | EXO | 10 | 10 | w8x4 | figs-metonymy | רְא֕וּ כִּ֥י רָעָ֖ה נֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵיכֶֽם | 1 | The phrase for evil is before your faces could either be a warning from Pharaoh that Moses’ actions will lead to evil for the Israelites, or it could mean that Pharaoh thinks the Israelites plan something that he considers evil. Faces is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translations: “I see that you plan evil” or “Be careful! Your actions will have bad consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
833 | EXO | 10 | 11 | pkm4 | הַגְּבָרִים֙ | 1 | Then Moses and Aaron were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence | This interjection clarifies who may go. Alternate translation: “the leaders” | |
834 | EXO | 10 | 11 | vdjk | figs-metonymy | מֵאֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה | 1 | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “from his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
835 | EXO | 10 | 12 | kchn | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
836 | EXO | 10 | 12 | gjfx | יָדְךָ֜ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
837 | EXO | 10 | 12 | qikq | grammar-collectivenouns | בָּֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה | 1 | Locust is a collective singular noun referring to the group as one. See how you translated this in 10:4. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
838 | EXO | 10 | 12 | gzwa | grammar-collectivenouns | וְיַ֖עַל…וְיֹאכַל֙ | 1 | Here, the pronoun it agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in 10:5 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
839 | EXO | 10 | 13 | xqsz | מַטֵּהוּ֮ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
840 | EXO | 10 | 13 | vee8 | ר֥וּחַ קָדִים֙ | 1 | The wind blew from east to west. | ||
841 | EXO | 10 | 13 | syz2 | grammar-collectivenouns | הָאַרְבֶּֽה | 1 | See how you translated this in 10:4. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
842 | EXO | 10 | 14 | kuuu | grammar-collectivenouns | הָֽאַרְבֶּ֗ה…אַרְבֶּה֙ | 1 | See how you translated this in 10:4. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
843 | EXO | 10 | 15 | b3h5 | grammar-collectivenouns | וַיְכַ֞ס…וַיֹּ֜אכַל | 1 | so that it was darkened | Here the pronoun it agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in 10:5 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
844 | EXO | 10 | 15 | xszc | וַיְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָאָרֶץ֮ | 1 | See how you translated this in 10:5. | ||
845 | EXO | 10 | 15 | ill1 | figs-parallelism | וַיֹּ֜אכַל אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב הָאָ֗רֶץ וְאֵת֙ כָּל־פְּרִ֣י הָעֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹתִ֖יר הַבָּרָ֑ד וְלֹא־נוֹתַ֨ר כָּל־יֶ֧רֶק בָּעֵ֛ץ וּבְעֵ֥שֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | These parallel statements reinforce one another. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
846 | EXO | 10 | 16 | ty9f | figs-youdual | אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֖ם וְלָכֶֽם | 1 | Here, you and your are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
847 | EXO | 10 | 17 | tsve | שָׂ֣א | 1 | Alternate translation: “take away” | ||
848 | EXO | 10 | 17 | ttog | אַ֣ךְ הַפַּ֔עַם…רַ֖ק | 1 | Pharaoh could either be desperate and using just this once … only to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted, or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in 10:10). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way of making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request. | ||
849 | EXO | 10 | 17 | kd6d | figs-youdual | אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | this time | Here, your is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
850 | EXO | 10 | 17 | doeg | figs-metonymy | הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה | 1 | The word death here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people, because there would be no crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
851 | EXO | 10 | 17 | nn2b | figs-explicit | הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה | 1 | take this death away from me | The word death here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there would be no crops. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
852 | EXO | 10 | 18 | p9hz | וַיֵּצֵ֖א | 1 | Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in 10:16, so some translations will need to say that they both left. | ||
853 | EXO | 10 | 19 | xhsv | רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד | 1 | Alternate translation: “a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west” | ||
854 | EXO | 10 | 19 | mdp5 | וַיִּשָּׂא֙ אֶת־הָ֣אַרְבֶּ֔ה | 1 | picked up the locusts | Alternate translation: “and it moved the locust upward” | |
855 | EXO | 10 | 19 | zhcu | grammar-collectivenouns | הָ֣אַרְבֶּ֔ה…אַרְבֶּ֣ה | 1 | See how you translated this in 10:4. Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
856 | EXO | 10 | 19 | q8aj | grammar-collectivenouns | וַיִּתְקָעֵ֖הוּ | 1 | Here, the first it refers to the wind; the second it agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in 10:5 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
857 | EXO | 10 | 20 | dw1d | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
858 | EXO | 10 | 21 | x6xk | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
859 | EXO | 10 | 21 | utyz | יָֽדְךָ֙ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
860 | EXO | 10 | 21 | m38s | figs-metaphor | מִצְרָ֑יִם וְיָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ | 1 | darkness that may be felt | This is a somewhat puzzling construction which describes the darkness. Most English translations take it as a passive, which restated actively means, “people will feel the darkness,” meaning metaphorically what is expressed in different ways in the UST and the alternate translation here. Another option is to view the Hebrew verb form as causative and translate as such: “and the darkness will cause people to feel,” meaning people will have to feel where they are going because they will not be able to see. A final option would be a personification of darkness such that the darkness gropes around, filling in every place in the land. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Egypt, an extremely oppressive darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
861 | EXO | 10 | 22 | z4ge | יָד֖וֹ | 1 | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | ||
862 | EXO | 10 | 22 | vbzj | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
863 | EXO | 10 | 23 | jmd8 | figs-metonymy | לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗יו | 1 | This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their brother. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
864 | EXO | 10 | 23 | o572 | figs-gendernotations | אִ֣ישׁ…אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | Here, man refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
865 | EXO | 10 | 23 | qstu | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
866 | EXO | 10 | 24 | vp7b | figs-youdual | לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ…צֹאנְכֶ֥ם וּבְקַרְכֶ֖ם…טַפְּכֶ֖ם…עִמָּכֶֽם | 1 | Every instance of you and your, as well as the imperative verb forms in this verse, are plural. They refer to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
867 | EXO | 10 | 25 | rsr4 | figs-metonymy | גַּם־אַתָּ֛ה תִּתֵּ֥ן בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ זְבָחִ֣ים וְעֹל֑וֹת | 1 | The construction here is difficult. Based on context, Moses is probably not saying that Pharaoh needs to provide his own animals to the Israelites. He is asking Pharaoh to let the Israelites take their own animals with them. Give in our hands means to take with them, by whatever means, which may include holding a rope in the hand to lead the animals or any other means of herding the animals. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
868 | EXO | 10 | 25 | cj78 | figs-metonymy | זְבָחִ֣ים וְעֹל֑וֹת | 1 | Here, sacrifices and burnt offerings refers to the animals of their flocks and herds that they must take. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “animals for sacrifices and burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
869 | EXO | 10 | 25 | bjy0 | וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, do means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God” | ||
870 | EXO | 10 | 25 | ixo7 | figs-exclusive | בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ…וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ…אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, we and us refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
871 | EXO | 10 | 26 | k0pi | figs-exclusive | מִקְנֵ֜נוּ…עִמָּ֗נוּ…נִקַּ֔ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ…נֵדַ֗ע…נַּעֲבֹד֙…בֹּאֵ֖נוּ | 1 | Here, we, our, and us each refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
872 | EXO | 10 | 26 | ys4v | figs-activepassive | לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
873 | EXO | 10 | 26 | v9uc | figs-synecdoche | פַּרְסָ֔ה | 1 | a hoof | Here the word hoof refers to the entire animal. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
874 | EXO | 10 | 26 | uiom | שָֽׁמָּה | 1 | The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (see 3:1, especially 3:12, and 4:27), which would take three days of travel to reach (see 3:18 and 5:3). | ||
875 | EXO | 10 | 27 | n588 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
876 | EXO | 10 | 27 | mv8t | וְלֹ֥א אָבָ֖ה לְשַׁלְּחָֽם | 1 | he would not let them go | Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh would not consent to let them go” | |
877 | EXO | 10 | 28 | di6g | figs-rpronouns | הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֗ | 1 | Here, the listener, Moses, is both the subject and object of the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
878 | EXO | 10 | 28 | eza9 | figs-idiom | הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֗ | 1 | This is an idiom. Pharaoh is not telling Moses literally to keep looking at himself. Alternate translation: “Be careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
879 | EXO | 10 | 28 | lcz2 | figs-explicit | תָּמֽוּת | 1 | Be careful about one thing | Pharaoh means he will have Moses killed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
880 | EXO | 10 | 28 | te45 | figs-synecdoche | פָּנַ֔י…פָנַ֖י | 1 | you see my face | Here, face refers to the whole person. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
881 | EXO | 10 | 29 | h1jf | figs-idiom | כֵּ֣ן דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ | 1 | You yourself have spoken | With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: “What you have said is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
882 | EXO | 10 | 29 | rg18 | figs-synecdoche | פָּנֶֽיךָ | 1 | Here, face refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
883 | EXO | 11 | intro | pu3u | 0 | Exodus 11 General NotesStructure and Formatting\rChapter 11 is a transition point in the book. The previous nine plagues (in their three sequences of three) have come to an end and the last plague, the death of the firstborn, is about to occur, along with the Passover and the Exodus itself. It is difficult to know if the events in chapter 11 all are recorded in the order in which they happened. For translation, you should follow the order of the text if it will not confuse your readers. It may be helpful to think that after the end of chapter 10, Yahweh spoke to Moses immediately, before he actually left Pharaoh’s presence (v. 1-2). Verse 3 is a comment suggesting that the Egyptians will be willing to do as the Israelites are told to ask them to do in v. 2. In verses 4-7 Moses gives Pharaoh and his officials a message from Yahweh that Yahweh is giving to Moses right at that moment. At the end of v. 8 Moses leaves Pharaoh’s presence (completing the interaction from the end of ch. 10). Verse 9 may either be Yahweh telling Moses what is going to happen, or it could be part of the summary that occurs in v. 10. Verse 10 summarizes what has happened in chs. 5-10 (especially the plagues in chs. 7-10) in preparation for the great last plague. | |||
884 | EXO | 11 | 1 | hrom | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of 11:2. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
885 | EXO | 11 | 1 | eqeb | grammar-connect-time-sequential | כְּשַׁ֨לְּח֔וֹ…יְגָרֵ֥שׁ | 1 | These verbs (lets go and drive away) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
886 | EXO | 11 | 1 | iocd | כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ | 1 | The wording here is very forceful. Use strong words, forms, or phrasing when you are translating. | ||
887 | EXO | 11 | 1 | i87h | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֖ם…אֶתְכֶ֖ם | 1 | he will let you go from here | Each occurrence of the word you in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
888 | EXO | 11 | 2 | t14c | נָ֖א | 1 | Here, now conveys urgency, indicating that Moses should speak soon, without delaying for other things. If you have a way of giving a command that shows that it is important for someone to do it quickly, it would be better to translate in that way than in a way that means “now” in a time sense (versus earlier or later). | ||
889 | EXO | 11 | 2 | nlsk | בְּאָזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “so the people hear you” or “when all the people are listening” | ||
890 | EXO | 11 | 2 | jl6w | כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב | 1 | These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry. | ||
891 | EXO | 11 | 2 | ddej | וְיִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵאֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗הוּ וְאִשָּׁה֙ מֵאֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב | 1 | Exodus 3:22 contains similar instructions; see how you translated there. | ||
892 | EXO | 11 | 3 | x83s | figs-aside | וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם׀ הָאִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
893 | EXO | 11 | 3 | hng9 | figs-idiom | חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Here, in the eyes of the Egyptians is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. Favor means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under God’s judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in 3:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
894 | EXO | 11 | 3 | orq6 | figs-idiom | בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | Here, in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in 3:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
895 | EXO | 11 | 3 | s5zy | וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Exodus 3:21 contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there. | ||
896 | EXO | 11 | 4 | kpb5 | כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | midnight | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See 4:intro for more information. | |
897 | EXO | 11 | 5 | hv8k | בְּכוֹר֮…מִבְּכ֤וֹר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר | 1 | All the firstborn … the firstborn of Pharaoh … the firstborn of the slave girl … the firstborn of the cattle | The “firstborn” always refers to the oldest male offspring. | |
898 | EXO | 11 | 5 | k42h | figs-merism | מִבְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַיֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָרֵחָ֑יִם וְכֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה | 1 | who sits on his throne | This is a merism. First, two extremes are mentioned: the highest of society (Pharaoh, who sits on his throne) and the lowest (the slave girl who is behind the mill). Then the animals (beasts) are added making it a three-item list of parts of society and even the economy to show the totality of the coming judgment. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
899 | EXO | 11 | 5 | hr1x | אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָרֵחָ֑יִם | 1 | who is behind the handmill grinding it | Alternate translation: “who is grinding at the handmill” or “who is behind the handmill grinding grain” | |
900 | EXO | 11 | 6 | hui7 | figs-merism | אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְכָמֹ֖הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף | 1 | This phrase uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
901 | EXO | 11 | 7 | b60a | figs-idiom | לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ…לְשֹׁנ֔וֹ | 1 | This means to make an unfriendly noise. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will not growl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
902 | EXO | 11 | 7 | t61i | figs-youdual | תֵּֽדְע֔וּן | 1 | Here, you is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
903 | EXO | 11 | 7 | fl78 | אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּבֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 9:4. | ||
904 | EXO | 11 | 8 | hoft | translate-symaction | וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣י | 1 | This does not mean to bow for worshiping. They will bow to Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
905 | EXO | 11 | 8 | l678 | figs-explicit | וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣י | 1 | They will bow to Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If this action would not mean the same thing in your culture, you may need to make the reason they are bowing explicit. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to me to beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
906 | EXO | 11 | 8 | njx8 | figs-metaphor | וְכָל־הָעָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּרַגְלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | Here, the people are figuratively pictured as below Moses, which means they are his followers. The reference to feet also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
907 | EXO | 11 | 8 | ria5 | figs-explicit | וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א | 1 | After that I will go out | This means that Moses and the Israelites will leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “After that I will leave here” or “After that I will go out from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
908 | EXO | 11 | 8 | milu | figs-idiom | בָּחֳרִי־אָֽף | 1 | This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
909 | EXO | 11 | 10 | h5g7 | writing-endofstory | וּמֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַמֹּפְתִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְלֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9 - see the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) | |
910 | EXO | 11 | 10 | um4u | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
911 | EXO | 12 | intro | fd2f | 0 | Exodus 12 General NotesStructure and FormattingThe events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])
Special Concepts in this ChapterUnleavened breadThe concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]]) Ethnic segregationThe Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Potential Translation Issues:PassoverPronoun usageIn the long quotation (verses 3-20) that Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron to convey to the Israelites, he speaks of them in the third person (“they must”) in verses 3–4 and verses 7–8 and to them in the second person (“you must”) for all the rest of the instruction. Some languages may need to keep the pronoun person consistent throughout the quotation. You pluralIn this chapter, almost every occurrence of “you” or “your” is plural. Each one refers to all the Israelites. Those that are not will be marked. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form throughout unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |||
912 | EXO | 12 | 2 | z785 | figs-quotemarks | הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים | 1 | For you, this month will be the start of months, the first month of the year to you | The start of this verse is the beginning of a direct quote which continues until the end of verse 20. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
913 | EXO | 12 | 2 | gtgb | figs-parallelism | הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחָדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
914 | EXO | 12 | 2 | uy4w | translate-hebrewmonths | רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחָדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה | 1 | the first month of the year | The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
915 | EXO | 12 | 3 | lv6s | figs-youdual | דַּבְּר֗וּ | 1 | The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
916 | EXO | 12 | 3 | jjw0 | וְיִקְח֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְבֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַבָּֽיִת | 1 | This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household” | ||
917 | EXO | 12 | 3 | d1f5 | שֶׂ֥ה לַבָּֽיִת | 1 | Alternate translation: “one lamb per house” | ||
918 | EXO | 12 | 3 | qzct | שֶׂ֥ה…שֶׂ֥ה | 1 | The word lamb literally means “of the flock,” and it could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses lamb (a young sheep), because verse 5 specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as either sheep or goat, whichever would be most familiar. | ||
919 | EXO | 12 | 4 | xzn3 | figs-explicit | וְאִם־יִמְעַ֣ט הַבַּיִת֮ מִהְיֹ֣ת מִשֶּׂה֒ | 1 | If the household is too small for a lamb | This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
920 | EXO | 12 | 4 | o258 | וּשְׁכֵנ֛וֹ הַקָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖וֹ בְּמִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת | 1 | The phrase by the number of people helps to clarify which sort of neighbor near to his house the Israelite should choose. They should count their own household and another household and try to have a group that is the right number to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor who lives near him and whose family is the right size to share a lamb with” | ||
921 | EXO | 12 | 4 | fu2g | figs-gendernotations | אִ֚ישׁ | 1 | the man and his next door neighbor | Here man refers to each person, whether man, woman, or child. Alternate translation: “each family member” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
922 | EXO | 12 | 6 | lz76 | בֵּ֥ין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם | 1 | twilight | This refers to the time of evening after the sun has set but while there is still some light. | |
923 | EXO | 12 | 7 | cjt7 | עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַמְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְעַל־הַמַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַבָּ֣תִּ֔ים | 1 | on the two side doorposts and on the tops of the doorframes of the houses | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” or “on the top and sides of the frame around the door into the house” | |
924 | EXO | 12 | 8 | uxn6 | מְרֹרִ֖ים | 1 | bitter herbs | These are edible but strong-tasting leaves, seeds, and other parts of plants. | |
925 | EXO | 12 | 9 | ny3a | אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ נָ֔א | 1 | Do not eat it raw | Alternate translation: “Do not eat the lamb or goat uncooked” | |
926 | EXO | 12 | 11 | ks7d | חֲגֻרִ֔ים | 1 | belt | Here, belts are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist. | |
927 | EXO | 12 | 11 | nzw2 | וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹתוֹ֙ בְּחִפָּז֔וֹן | 1 | eat it hurriedly | Alternate translation: “And you must eat it quickly” | |
928 | EXO | 12 | 11 | r789 | figs-explicit | פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַיהוָֽה | 1 | It is Yahweh’s Passover | It refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
929 | EXO | 12 | 12 | sa5n | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְכָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים | 1 | I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of judgment, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
930 | EXO | 12 | 13 | tywz | figs-abstractnouns | לְמַשְׁחִ֔ית | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of destruction, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
931 | EXO | 12 | 13 | bnoe | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָכֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
932 | EXO | 12 | 13 | ox3l | figs-metonymy | בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in the land of Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
933 | EXO | 12 | 14 | fa9q | וְהָיָה֩ הַיּ֨וֹם הַזֶּ֤ה | 1 | Verses 14-20 are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application. | ||
934 | EXO | 12 | 14 | usns | translate-hebrewmonths | הַיּ֨וֹם הַזֶּ֤ה | 1 | Here, this day means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) | |
935 | EXO | 12 | 15 | xsb9 | אַ֚ךְ | 1 | Alternate translation: “Surely” or “Indeed” | ||
936 | EXO | 12 | 15 | i9n3 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | that person must be cut off from Israel | The metaphor cut off could mean: (1) the person must leave. Alternate translation: “he must be sent away” (2) the person is no longer an Israelite. Alternate translation: “he will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” (3) the person must die. Alternate translation: “he must be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
937 | EXO | 12 | 15 | enw3 | figs-activepassive | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | As noted in the previous note, the metaphor cut off has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
938 | EXO | 12 | 15 | eqzu | grammar-collectivenouns | מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Israel is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
939 | EXO | 12 | 16 | bzj6 | figs-activepassive | וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם | 1 | an assembly that is set apart to me | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
940 | EXO | 12 | 16 | cb1r | figs-abstractnouns | מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ…מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | an assembly that is set apart to me | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
941 | EXO | 12 | 16 | o3oh | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙…וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
942 | EXO | 12 | 16 | l7pj | figs-activepassive | כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָהֶ֔ם | 1 | No work will be done on these days | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
943 | EXO | 12 | 16 | qr65 | figs-activepassive | ה֥וּא לְבַדּ֖וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶֽם | 1 | That must be the only work that may be done by you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which must be the only work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
944 | EXO | 12 | 17 | r3qj | translate-unknown | צִבְאוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | armed group by armed group | The term hosts refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:26. Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
945 | EXO | 12 | 18 | v7g9 | translate-ordinal | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen … until day twenty-one of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
946 | EXO | 12 | 18 | l57q | translate-ordinal | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
947 | EXO | 12 | 18 | m475 | translate-hebrewmonths | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ | 1 | the fourteenth day in the first month | This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
948 | EXO | 12 | 18 | uss3 | translate-hebrewmonths | י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | the twenty-first day of the month | This is near the middle of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
949 | EXO | 12 | 19 | aej1 | figs-activepassive | שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּבָתֵּיכֶ֑ם | 1 | no yeast must be found in your houses | This means there should not be any yeast in their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Note that the UST more accurately conveys the meaning here, as the alternate translation in this note could be understood to mean that you must simply hide the yeast very well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh must not find any yeast in your houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
950 | EXO | 12 | 19 | vy72 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | must be cut off from the community of Israel | See how you translated cut off in Exodus 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
951 | EXO | 12 | 19 | cwvs | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | See how you translated cut off in Exodus 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
952 | EXO | 12 | 21 | y9qt | writing-newevent | 0 | summoned | A new scene begins at this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
953 | EXO | 12 | 22 | qwv1 | translate-unknown | אֲגֻדַּ֣ת אֵז֗וֹב | 1 | hyssop | Hyssop is a woody plant with small leaves that can be used for sprinkling liquids by dipping the leaves in the liquid and then shaking them or brushing them over the target. If this plant is unknown, you can use a descriptor phrase. Alternate translation: “part of a plant with small branches and many leaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
954 | EXO | 12 | 22 | c1cf | אֶל־הַמַּשְׁקוֹף֙ וְאֶל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַמְּזוּזֹ֔ת | 1 | the top of the doorframe and the two doorposts | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 12:7. | |
955 | EXO | 12 | 22 | vdlj | figs-gendernotations | לֹ֥א…אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | Here, man includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
956 | EXO | 12 | 23 | uu61 | figs-synecdoche | וּפָסַ֤ח יְהוָה֙ עַל־הַפֶּ֔תַח | 1 | pass over your door | Here the word door implies the entire house. This means that God will spare the Israelites in houses with blood on the door frames. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will pass over the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
957 | EXO | 12 | 23 | onpu | עַל־הַמַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְעַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַמְּזוּזֹ֑ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 12:7. | ||
958 | EXO | 12 | 24 | v7z5 | הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | this event | These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh. | |
959 | EXO | 12 | 24 | bzm0 | figs-youcrowd | לְךָ֥ וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ | 1 | Here, you and your are singular but they refer to the whole nation. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
960 | EXO | 12 | 24 | ch73 | figs-gendernotations | וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ | 1 | Here, sons includes everyone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
961 | EXO | 12 | 25 | l8ls | הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת | 1 | this act of worship | Here, this service refers to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh. | |
962 | EXO | 12 | 26 | hbh4 | figs-gendernotations | בְּנֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | Here, your sons refers to all children, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
963 | EXO | 12 | 26 | odj0 | figs-quotesinquotes | אֲלֵיכֶ֖ם…מָ֛ה הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָכֶֽם | 1 | After you, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
964 | EXO | 12 | 27 | t779 | figs-explicit | וְאֶת־בָּתֵּ֣ינוּ הִצִּ֑יל | 1 | He set our households free | This means that Yahweh spared the Israelites’ firstborn sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He did not kill the firstborn sons in our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
965 | EXO | 12 | 28 | r5cj | כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה וְאַהֲרֹ֖ן כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ | 1 | as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron | Alternate translation: “everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do” | |
966 | EXO | 12 | 29 | rvg9 | 0 | The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with and so it happened, which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: firstborn is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. Night is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31. Got up/get up is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both Pharaoh and the captive are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up; note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point. | |||
967 | EXO | 12 | 29 | zm1l | figs-merism | מִבְּכֹ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַיֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית הַבּ֑וֹר וְכֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה | 1 | at midnight | This phrase indicates that there was no person or household excluded from Yahweh’s judgment. It both speaks of extreme parts of society and then makes this into a list by including the animals. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on the throne and the firstborn of the captive who was in the house of the pit and the firstborn of everyone in between was struck; even all the firstborn of the beasts were struck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
968 | EXO | 12 | 29 | uj6u | בְּכוֹר֮…מִבְּכֹ֤ר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר | 1 | all the firstborn in the land of Egypt…all the firstborn of cattle | In these usages, firstborn always refers to the oldest male offspring. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 11:5. | |
969 | EXO | 12 | 29 | g9z1 | עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית הַבּ֑וֹר | 1 | the firstborn of the person in prison | Alternate translation: “to the firstborn of people in the house of the pit” This refers to prisoners in general and not to a specific person in prison. | |
970 | EXO | 12 | 30 | gt4w | figs-doublenegatives | כִּֽי־אֵ֣ין בַּ֔יִת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מֵֽת׃ | 1 | for there was not a house where there was not someone dead | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “because someone was dead in every house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
971 | EXO | 12 | 31 | j8k5 | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֖ם…כְּדַבֶּרְכֶֽם | 1 | Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
972 | EXO | 12 | 33 | j5u4 | figs-explicit | כֻּלָּ֥נוּ מֵתִֽים | 1 | We will all die | The Egyptians were afraid that they would die if the Israelites did not leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “We will all die if you do not leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
973 | EXO | 12 | 34 | diw8 | figs-activepassive | מִשְׁאֲרֹתָ֛ם צְרֻרֹ֥ת בְּשִׂמְלֹתָ֖ם עַל־שִׁכְמָֽם | 1 | Their kneading bowls were already tied up in their clothes and on their shoulders | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They tied up their bread-making bowls in their clothes and placed them on their shoulders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
974 | EXO | 12 | 36 | nvmo | figs-idiom | אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֛ם בְּעֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם | 1 | Here, in the eyes of the Egyptians is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. Favor means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in 3:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
975 | EXO | 12 | 37 | n1ha | translate-names | מֵרַעְמְסֵ֖ס | 1 | Rameses | Rameses was a major Egyptian city where grain was stored. See how you translated this in Exodus 1:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
976 | EXO | 12 | 37 | u81l | translate-numbers | כְּשֵׁשׁ־מֵא֨וֹת אֶ֧לֶף | 1 | They numbered about 600,000 men | Alternate translation: “about six hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
977 | EXO | 12 | 39 | pva6 | figs-activepassive | כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִמִּצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | they had been driven out of Egypt | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because the Egyptians had driven them out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
978 | EXO | 12 | 40 | qsi5 | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת | 1 | 430 years | Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
979 | EXO | 12 | 41 | d8yh | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת | 1 | 430 years | Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
980 | EXO | 12 | 41 | xlf4 | translate-unknown | צִבְא֥וֹת | 1 | Yahweh’s armed groups | The term hosts refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:26. Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
981 | EXO | 12 | 42 | w6mj | לַֽיהוָ֔ה שִׁמֻּרִ֛ים לְכָל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְדֹרֹתָֽם | 1 | all the Israelites throughout their people’s generations | Alternate translation: “for all the sons of Israel throughout their generations to observe for Yahweh” | |
982 | EXO | 12 | 44 | n9wn | וְכָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ | 1 | every Israelite’s slave | Alternate translation: “But any slave of an Israelite” | |
983 | EXO | 12 | 44 | qabi | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | וּמַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔וֹ אָ֖ז | 1 | This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
984 | EXO | 12 | 44 | jqs8 | figs-yousingular | וּמַלְתָּ֣ה | 1 | Here you is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) | |
985 | EXO | 12 | 46 | j242 | figs-activepassive | בְּבַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל | 1 | The food must be eaten in one house | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat it in one house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
986 | EXO | 12 | 46 | iovj | figs-youcrowd | לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא | 1 | Here, you is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
987 | EXO | 12 | 48 | j7ob | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | וְכִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְעָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַיהוָה֒ | 1 | This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner; the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
988 | EXO | 12 | 48 | va2p | figs-youcrowd | אִתְּךָ֜ | 1 | Here, you is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
989 | EXO | 12 | 48 | h7k9 | figs-activepassive | הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר | 1 | all his male relatives must be circumcised | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone must circumcise all males in his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
990 | EXO | 12 | 48 | n3fz | grammar-connect-logic-goal | הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְאָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַעֲשֹׂת֔וֹ | 1 | The sojourner will be circumcised in order to draw near to keep the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
991 | EXO | 12 | 48 | hi4z | figs-metonymy | כְּאֶזְרַ֣ח הָאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | the people who were born in the land | Here, land refers to Canaan—which is the land that the Israelites will soon live in. The expression a native of the land means a person who is a native Israelite. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “those who are Israelites by birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
992 | EXO | 12 | 48 | f9ti | figs-doublenegatives | וְכָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ | 1 | no uncircumcised person may eat | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
993 | EXO | 12 | 51 | e3z3 | וַיְהִ֕י בְּעֶ֖צֶם הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | It came about | This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
994 | EXO | 12 | 51 | tyj3 | translate-unknown | צִבְאֹתָֽם | 1 | by their armed groups | The term hosts refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:26. Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
995 | EXO | 13 | intro | g9qi | 0 | Exodus 13 General NotesStructure and formatting
Special concepts in this chapter
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
| |||
996 | EXO | 13 | 2 | de3u | figs-quotemarks | קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖י הֽוּא | 1 | Set apart to me…every firstborn male | This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
997 | EXO | 13 | 3 | en1s | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים | 1 | the house of slavery | Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
998 | EXO | 13 | 3 | yjy5 | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד | 1 | Yahweh’s strong hand | Here, hand refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in Exodus 6:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
999 | EXO | 13 | 3 | c6ee | figs-activepassive | וְלֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל חָמֵֽץ | 1 | No bread with yeast may be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1000 | EXO | 13 | 4 | y1f3 | translate-hebrewmonths | הָאָבִֽיב | 1 | the month of Aviv | This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
1001 | EXO | 13 | 5 | x89s | וְהָיָ֣ה כִֽי־יְבִֽיאֲךָ֣ יְהוָ֡ה אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ…וְעָבַדְתָּ֛ אֶת־הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את בַּחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַזֶּֽה | 1 | you must observe this act of worship | When the Israelites live in Canaan, they must celebrate the Passover on this day each year. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 12:25. | |
1002 | EXO | 13 | 5 | u37l | figs-metonymy | לַאֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Here, fathers figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1003 | EXO | 13 | 5 | ueej | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | The same description occurs in Exodus 3:8. See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it. | ||
1004 | EXO | 13 | 6 | vwy9 | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֥ת | 1 | For seven days | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1005 | EXO | 13 | 6 | mde6 | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
1006 | EXO | 13 | 7 | n41m | figs-activepassive | מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל | 1 | Bread without yeast must be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat unleavened bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1007 | EXO | 13 | 7 | zm8p | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֣ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
1008 | EXO | 13 | 7 | le33 | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ | 1 | no bread with yeast may be seen among you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you may not have any bread with yeast among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1009 | EXO | 13 | 7 | c9kr | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר | 1 | No yeast may be seen with you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You may not have any yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1010 | EXO | 13 | 7 | dmv1 | בְּכָל־גְּבֻלֶֽךָ | 1 | within any of your borders | Alternate translation: “inside any of the borders of your land” | |
1011 | EXO | 13 | 8 | qum9 | figs-quotesinquotes | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּעֲב֣וּר זֶ֗ה עָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לִ֔י בְּצֵאתִ֖י מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | On that day you are to say to your children, ‘This is because of what Yahweh did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ | The quotation can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “on that day that this is because of what Yahweh did for you when you came out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
1012 | EXO | 13 | 9 | p21h | figs-parallelism | וְהָיָה֩ לְךָ֨ לְא֜וֹת עַל־יָדְךָ֗ וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔יךָ | 1 | This will be a reminder for you on your hand, and a reminder on your forehead | This phrase compares the Festival of Unleavened bread to two different types of physical reminders that help people not forget something important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1013 | EXO | 13 | 9 | s7zg | figs-metaphor | לְךָ֨ לְא֜וֹת עַל־יָדְךָ֗ | 1 | a reminder for you on your hand | Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie around their hands to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your hand as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1014 | EXO | 13 | 9 | mru4 | figs-metaphor | וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔יךָ | 1 | a reminder on your forehead | Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie on their foreheads to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and like something you tie around your head as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1015 | EXO | 13 | 9 | b6ny | figs-metonymy | לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה בְּפִ֑יךָ | 1 | so the law of Yahweh may be in your mouth | Here, in your mouth refers to the words that they speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “so you may always be speaking of the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1016 | EXO | 13 | 9 | w5rm | figs-metonymy | בְּיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | strong hand | Here, hand refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in Exodus 6:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1017 | EXO | 13 | 10 | rxel | figs-merism | מִיָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “for all time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
1018 | EXO | 13 | 11 | e886 | figs-metonymy | וְלַֽאֲבֹתֶ֑יךָ | 1 | Here, fathers figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1019 | EXO | 13 | 11 | iqh5 | וּנְתָנָ֖הּ לָֽךְ | 1 | when he gives the land to you | Alternate translation: “when he gives the land of the Canaanites to you” | |
1020 | EXO | 13 | 12 | mqgs | וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ֥ | 1 | This is a deliberate word-play with Exodus 12:12 and Exodus 12:23 because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine. | ||
1021 | EXO | 13 | 13 | lwv5 | figs-explicit | בְשֶׂ֔ה…וַעֲרַפְתּ֑וֹ | 1 | Every firstborn of a donkey | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make explicit that either the lamb or donkey must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1022 | EXO | 13 | 13 | ew26 | לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה | 1 | Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey” | ||
1023 | EXO | 13 | 14 | s8cm | figs-quotesinquotes | כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְךָ֥ בִנְךָ֛ מָחָ֖ר לֵאמֹ֣ר מַה־זֹּ֑את וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔יו | 1 | When your son asks you later, ‘What does this mean?’ then you are to tell him | The first quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when your son asks you later what this means, then you are to tell him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
1024 | EXO | 13 | 14 | qr7q | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֗ד | 1 | strong hand | Here, hand represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:1. Alternate translation: “With his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1025 | EXO | 13 | 14 | rcz7 | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים | 1 | the house of slavery | Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1026 | EXO | 13 | 15 | fgvg | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ֒ | 1 | If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were hard. Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1027 | EXO | 13 | 15 | atxz | figs-merism | מִבְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְעַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague, nothing was exempt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
1028 | EXO | 13 | 16 | bse4 | figs-parallelism | וְהָיָ֤ה לְאוֹת֙ עַל־יָ֣דְכָ֔ה וּלְטוֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֑יךָ | 1 | become a reminder on your hands, and a reminder on your forehead | This expresses two ways to remember the importance of the Passover event. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 13:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1029 | EXO | 13 | 16 | xfag | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד | 1 | Here, hand represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:1. Alternate translation: “with his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1030 | EXO | 13 | 17 | uxjh | writing-background | 0 | Verses 17-19 provide background information about the Israelites process of leaving Egypt. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
1031 | EXO | 13 | 17 | cv8n | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֗י | 1 | This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
1032 | EXO | 13 | 17 | pum6 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְלֹא־נָחָ֣ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא | 1 | The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1033 | EXO | 13 | 17 | upop | figs-hypo | פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָעָ֛ם בִּרְאֹתָ֥ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְשָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָה | 1 | In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
1034 | EXO | 13 | 18 | c4tw | וַחֲמֻשִׁ֛ים | 1 | The meaning of this term (by fives) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle,” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army” | ||
1035 | EXO | 13 | 19 | cxyk | וַיִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑וֹ | 1 | See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Joseph’s bones. | ||
1036 | EXO | 13 | 19 | dnlp | פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְכֶ֔ם וְהַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛י מִזֶּ֖ה אִתְּכֶֽם | 1 | This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this. | ||
1037 | EXO | 13 | 20 | qob9 | מִסֻּכֹּ֑ת וַיַּחֲנ֣וּ בְאֵתָ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “from a place named Succoth, and they camped at a place named Etham” | ||
1038 | EXO | 13 | 20 | xq5d | translate-names | בְאֵתָ֔ם | 1 | camped at Etham | Etham was possibly located south of the route heading toward the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1039 | EXO | 13 | 21 | yi2p | figs-metonymy | וַֽיהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִפְנֵיהֶ֨ם | 1 | Here, before their faces means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1040 | EXO | 13 | 21 | jnv8 | בְּעַמּ֤וּד עָנָן֙…בְּעַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ | 1 | pillar of cloud…pillar of fire | The possessive here indicates characteristic. The cloud and fire looked like a pillar. Alternate translation: “in a cloud that looked like a pillar … in a fire that looked like a pillar” or “in a pillar-shaped cloud … in a pillar-shaped fire” | |
1041 | EXO | 13 | 21 | nr02 | לְהָאִ֣יר לָהֶ֑ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “to be light for them” | ||
1042 | EXO | 13 | 21 | i7yl | grammar-connect-logic-result | אֵ֖שׁ לְהָאִ֣יר לָהֶ֑ם לָלֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָלָֽיְלָה | 1 | They could travel either by day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1043 | EXO | 13 | 22 | iiuj | עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽעָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְעַמּ֥וּד הָאֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה | 1 | See how you translated this in 13:21. | ||
1044 | EXO | 13 | 22 | qxks | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֖י הָעָֽם | 1 | Here, from the face of the people means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1045 | EXO | 14 | intro | jq4u | 0 | Exodus 14 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis whole chapter is the record of an important event in the history of Israel known as the “parting of the sea of reeds (Red Sea).” Throughout this chapter and chapter 15, the word “sea” is used. Exodus 13:18 and 15:22 show that this is the sea of reeds (Red Sea). Since the text does not explicitly say that though, the ULT will only say “sea.” In your translation, it may help people to be more specific than the text if just using “sea” is confusing. Special Concepts in this ChapterPharaoh’s chariotsThese chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Important Figures of Speech in this ChapterRhetorical QuestionsThe Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) | |||
1046 | EXO | 14 | 2 | b5qq | figs-quotemarks | דַּבֵּר֮ | 1 | This verse begins a direct quote which continues into verse 4. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
1047 | EXO | 14 | 2 | mb4e | translate-names | פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת…מִגְדֹּ֖ל…בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן | 1 | Pi Hahiroth…Migdol…Baal Zephon | These are locations on Egypt’s eastern border. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1048 | EXO | 14 | 2 | ue2o | figs-quotations | בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְיַחֲנוּ֙ לִפְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּבֵ֣ין הַיָּ֑ם לִפְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן | 1 | The portion after that could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
1049 | EXO | 14 | 2 | c9r8 | figs-youdual | תַחֲנ֖וּ | 1 | You are to camp | Here, you is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1050 | EXO | 14 | 3 | c81b | figs-quotations | וְאָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּאָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | Pharaoh will say about the Israelites, ‘They are wandering in the land. The wilderness has closed in on them.’ | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh will say that the Israelites are confused in the land, and the wilderness has closed in on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
1051 | EXO | 14 | 3 | tz6j | figs-personification | סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | The wilderness has closed in on them | Pharaoh speaks of the wilderness as a person who has trapped the Israelites. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “It is as if the wilderness is closing in on them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1052 | EXO | 14 | 4 | dv62 | figs-metaphor | וְחִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮ | 1 | I will harden Pharaoh’s heart | This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “But I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1053 | EXO | 14 | 4 | tw2m | וְרָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵיהֶם֒ | 1 | he will pursue them | Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh will pursue the Israelites” | |
1054 | EXO | 14 | 4 | d5x1 | figs-activepassive | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה | 1 | I will get honor | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1055 | EXO | 14 | 4 | a7m2 | figs-ellipsis | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ | 1 | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1056 | EXO | 14 | 4 | dms1 | figs-explicit | וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן | 1 | So the Israelites camped as they were instructed | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what they did explicitly. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites turned and camped as Yahweh had instructed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1057 | EXO | 14 | 5 | t4cn | figs-activepassive | וַיֻּגַּד֙ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | When the king of Egypt was told | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then someone told the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1058 | EXO | 14 | 5 | it5s | בָרַ֖ח | 1 | had fled | Alternate translation: “had run away” | |
1059 | EXO | 14 | 5 | k67b | figs-metonymy | וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | the minds of Pharaoh and his servants turned against the people | Here, heart refers to their attitudes toward the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants changed their attitude about the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1060 | EXO | 14 | 5 | go8u | figs-activepassive | וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1061 | EXO | 14 | 5 | wljw | אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “against the Israelites” | ||
1062 | EXO | 14 | 5 | v236 | figs-rquestion | מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵעָבְדֵֽנוּ | 1 | What have we done? We have released Israel from serving us. | They asked this question to show they thought they had done a foolish thing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We should not have let the Israelites go free from working for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1063 | EXO | 14 | 5 | dnj3 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1064 | EXO | 14 | 7 | ry11 | translate-numbers | שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת | 1 | He took six hundred chosen chariots | Alternate translation: “six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1065 | EXO | 14 | 7 | g2d9 | וְשָׁלִשִׁ֖ם | 1 | The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men” | ||
1066 | EXO | 14 | 8 | a1r1 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were “strong.” If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1067 | EXO | 14 | 8 | doa5 | בְּיָ֥ד רָמָֽה | 1 | Alternate translation: “boldly” or “defiantly” | ||
1068 | EXO | 14 | 9 | x9x0 | כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּפָרָשָׁ֖יו וְחֵיל֑וֹ | 1 | It is unclear exactly what the groupings are here. Horses of the chariots (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and horsemen could be two groups or two references to the same group. Army could mean another group, perhaps on foot (see 15:19), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render horses of the chariots as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of v. 23). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his foot soldiers” | ||
1069 | EXO | 14 | 9 | q0jo | writing-pronouns | אוֹתָם֙ | 1 | Here, them refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1070 | EXO | 14 | 9 | sb7x | translate-names | פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת…בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן | 1 | Pi Hahiroth…Baal Zephon | These are places on Egypt’s eastern border. See how you translated them in Exodus 14:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1071 | EXO | 14 | 10 | s1xa | figs-synecdoche | וּפַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב | 1 | When Pharaoh came close | Here, Pharaoh represents the entire Egyptian army. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh and his army approached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
1072 | EXO | 14 | 10 | vyp9 | וַיִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶ֜ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back” | ||
1073 | EXO | 14 | 10 | qcy1 | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | they were terrified | Here, behold is used to draw attention to alarming information that follows. Use a word, phrase, or structure in your language that indicates that the next information is very alarming. | |
1074 | EXO | 14 | 11 | vzw5 | figs-rquestion | הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖נוּ לָמ֣וּת בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר | 1 | Is it because there were no graves in Egypt, that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? | The Israelites ask this question to express their frustration and fear of dying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There were plenty of graveyards in Egypt for us to be buried in. You did not have to take us into the wilderness to die!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1075 | EXO | 14 | 11 | x4n2 | figs-rquestion | מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔נוּ לְהוֹצִיאָ֖נוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Why have you treated us like this, bringing us out of Egypt? | The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have endangered us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1076 | EXO | 14 | 12 | itb2 | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹא־זֶ֣ה הַדָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤יךָ בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ | 1 | Is this not what we told you in Egypt? | The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1077 | EXO | 14 | 12 | ix25 | figs-quotations | בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖נּוּ וְנַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | We said to you, ‘Leave us alone, so we can work for the Egyptians.’ | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the portion following saying as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could serve the Egyptians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
1078 | EXO | 14 | 13 | phy1 | figs-abstractnouns | וּרְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of salvation, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1079 | EXO | 14 | 13 | rrd4 | לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִרְאֹתָ֥ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם | 1 | provide for you | This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever” | |
1080 | EXO | 14 | 14 | vcdc | figs-rpronouns | יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם | 1 | The form Yahweh himself emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1081 | EXO | 14 | 14 | hx1f | תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּן | 1 | Here, silent could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight” | ||
1082 | EXO | 14 | 15 | a727 | figs-rquestion | מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י | 1 | Why are you, Moses, continuing to call out to me? | Moses apparently had been praying to God for help, so God uses this question to compel Moses to act. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not call out to me any longer, Moses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1083 | EXO | 14 | 16 | stla | הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֗ וּנְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֛ | 1 | divide it in two | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding hand and staff. | |
1084 | EXO | 14 | 16 | t3e4 | וּבְקָעֵ֑הוּ | 1 | divide it in two | Alternate translation: “and divide the sea into two parts” | |
1085 | EXO | 14 | 17 | z5ub | וַאֲנִ֗י הִנְנִ֤י | 1 | Be aware | Here, behold me is an expression meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Yahweh is drawing attention to his next actions. Alternate translation: “Look at what I will do” | |
1086 | EXO | 14 | 17 | qd3l | figs-metaphor | מְחַזֵּק֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | I will harden the Egyptians’ hearts | This means that God will make them stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their hearts were “strong.” If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in 4:21. Alternate translation: “I will cause the Egyptians to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1087 | EXO | 14 | 17 | asz9 | וְיָבֹ֖אוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶ֑ם | 1 | so they will go after them | Alternate translation: “so that the Egyptians will go into the sea after the Israelites” | |
1088 | EXO | 14 | 17 | hjyh | figs-ellipsis | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ בְּרִכְבּ֖וֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | so they will go after them | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 4 Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1089 | EXO | 14 | 17 | asfq | figs-activepassive | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה | 1 | so they will go after them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1090 | EXO | 14 | 18 | ytnm | figs-activepassive | בְּהִכָּבְדִ֣י | 1 | so they will go after them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1091 | EXO | 14 | 18 | cji1 | figs-ellipsis | בְּהִכָּבְדִ֣י בְּפַרְעֹ֔ה בְּרִכְבּ֖וֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | so they will go after them | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 4 Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1092 | EXO | 14 | 19 | hsih | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה…מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם | 1 | so they will go after them | Here, face means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1093 | EXO | 14 | 19 | m1do | עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽעָנָן֙ | 1 | so they will go after them | See how you translated this in 13:21. | |
1094 | EXO | 14 | 19 | ysv9 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | so they will go after them | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1095 | EXO | 14 | 20 | jyz2 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | so one side did not come near the other | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1096 | EXO | 14 | 20 | c4u5 | וַיְהִ֤י הֶֽעָנָן֙ וְהַחֹ֔שֶׁךְ וַיָּ֖אֶר אֶת־הַלָּ֑יְלָה | 1 | so one side did not come near the other | Alternate translation: “And the cloud became dark on one side and light on the other side all night” | |
1097 | EXO | 14 | 21 | qbzp | וַיֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָדוֹ֮ עַל־הַיָּם֒ | 1 | east wind | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | |
1098 | EXO | 14 | 21 | dfx5 | בְּר֨וּחַ קָדִ֤ים | 1 | east wind | An east wind originates in the east and blows towards the west. | |
1099 | EXO | 14 | 21 | f9zh | figs-activepassive | וַיִּבָּקְע֖וּ הַמָּֽיִם | 1 | the waters were divided | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh divided the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1100 | EXO | 14 | 24 | iz9t | translate-unknown | בְּאַשְׁמֹ֣רֶת הַבֹּ֔קֶר | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | This is the last third of the night. It is approximately the three hours before sunrise. Alternate translation: “very early in the morning” or “in the time before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1101 | EXO | 14 | 24 | kjg9 | בְּעַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ וְעָנָ֑ן | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | See how you translated this in 13:21. | |
1102 | EXO | 14 | 24 | zyp4 | מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם…מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | Alternate translation: “the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians” | |
1103 | EXO | 14 | 25 | qzkw | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Their chariot wheels were clogged | Here, the face of Israel means the presence of Israel. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1104 | EXO | 14 | 26 | p5ds | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֖ עַל־הַיָּ֑ם וְיָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַמַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖וֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו׃ | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to reach out with his hand over the sea so that the waters would come back onto the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
1105 | EXO | 14 | 26 | pw8g | נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֖ עַל־הַיָּ֑ם | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | |
1106 | EXO | 14 | 26 | d46y | writing-pronouns | עַל־רִכְבּ֖וֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | Here, his refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots and on Pharaoh’s horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1107 | EXO | 14 | 27 | wn3q | וַיֵּט֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה אֶת־יָד֜וֹ עַל־הַיָּ֗ם | 1 | The Egyptians fled into the sea | See note in the introduction to chapter 8 regarding the hand and staff. | |
1108 | EXO | 14 | 27 | cosa | figs-metonymy | לִפְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙ | 1 | The Egyptians fled into the sea | Here, before the face of means “before the occurrence of.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “before it was morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1109 | EXO | 14 | 27 | h64r | figs-metaphor | וַיְנַעֵ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּת֥וֹךְ הַיָּֽם | 1 | Yahweh drove the Egyptians | Here, Yahweh is pictured as acting toward the Egyptians as if they were dirt or dust on his clothing that he shakes to be rid of them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh threw the Egyptians back into the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1110 | EXO | 14 | 28 | o9qo | figs-litotes | לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּהֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד | 1 | Yahweh drove the Egyptians | This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) |
1111 | EXO | 14 | 30 | zvbe | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | out of the hand of the Egyptians | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1112 | EXO | 14 | 30 | e2lf | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | out of the hand of the Egyptians | Here, hand refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the Egyptians’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1113 | EXO | 14 | 30 | p5zw | עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַיָּֽם | 1 | on the seashore | Alternate translation: “on the land along the edge of the sea” | |
1114 | EXO | 14 | 31 | o1oc | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | on the seashore | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1115 | EXO | 14 | 31 | np6s | figs-metonymy | אֶת־הַיָּ֣ד הַגְּדֹלָ֗ה | 1 | on the seashore | Here, hand refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1116 | EXO | 15 | intro | ni4b | 0 | Exodus 15 General NotesStructure and FormattingVerses 1b-18 and 21b of chapter 15 are poetry. They are a song of praise to Yahweh because he defeated and destroyed the Egyptian army (Exodus 14:26-28). Translating poetry should be done by someone who is a skilled poet in the target language. Because the forms of poetry are so different in different languages, a translation that is good poetry in the target language may seem very different from the original poem. The structure may look quite different. The poet will be well served by looking at the entire poem from multiple perspectives. He will need to know the meaning of the poem, the themes and discourse structure of the poem, and the feelings that the poem is supposed to create in the reader at each point (UST, tNotes). He will need to understand how that was accomplished by the original form and structure (ULT). Then he will need to compose the translated poem using forms and structures that have the same or similar meaning, themes, discourse elements, and feelings in his own language. Unlike in many other places, most notes in this chapter will not advise towards expressing meaning in non-figurative ways or combining parallel phrases as that advice would be too simplistic for handling poetry. StructureThis song follows a basic AB structure which is given to us in verse 1b-c and 21b-c:
The song can be divided into three major sections, each of which is patterned as: AB(a)b. Each section starts with an AB portion which is characterized by fewer verbal forms (especially the A portion). The section then elaborates on each. Note that there are other possible analyses of the structure of the poem. Here is an outline of the structure according to this model:
Alternate breakdown of section 1: it is possible to view 1b-c as the introduction and divide verse 2 such that:
Themes:There are several images and themes that are throughout the song as well as some that are throughout an individual section.
Special Concepts in this ChapterThe Israelite’s discontentIn verse 24 the word murmur is introduced for the first time. This is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Yahweh’s lawsIn verses 24-26, there is an introductory revelation of the requirement that Israel keep the covenant by obeying the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) | |||
1117 | EXO | 15 | 1 | kw29 | figs-explicit | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1118 | EXO | 15 | 1 | bpyj | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | Alternate translation: “he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted” | |
1119 | EXO | 15 | 1 | f6ue | figs-metaphor | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַיָּֽם | 1 | the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea | Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them into the sea. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1120 | EXO | 15 | 1 | cr5u | figs-genericnoun | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ | 1 | the horse and its rider | This refers to many or all of the Egyptian horses and riders that were chasing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the horses and their riders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
1121 | EXO | 15 | 1 | ex3p | וְרֹכְב֖וֹ | 1 | rider | Here, rider could either refer to a person who sits on a horse or who travels in a chariot that a horse is pulling. | |
1122 | EXO | 15 | 2 | pb23 | figs-metaphor | עָזִּ֤י…יָ֔הּ | 1 | Yahweh is my strength | Moses is expressing the help that he gets from Yahweh by equating Yahweh with strength. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s strengthening help. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is the one who gives me strength” or “Yah is the strong one who protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1123 | EXO | 15 | 2 | vk6l | figs-metaphor | וְזִמְרָת֙ יָ֔הּ | 1 | song | Moses calls Yahweh his song because Yahweh is the one he sings about or because Yahweh causes him to sing. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh being a song of joy. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is … the one I sing about” or “Yah … makes me sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1124 | EXO | 15 | 2 | kbv7 | figs-metaphor | וַֽיְהִי־לִ֖י לִֽישׁוּעָ֑ה | 1 | he has become my salvation | Moses calls Yahweh his salvation because Yahweh saved him. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s saving power. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and he has saved me” or “and he is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1125 | EXO | 15 | 2 | rgtu | figs-parallelism | זֶ֤ה אֵלִי֙ וְאַנְוֵ֔הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖י וַאֲרֹמְמֶֽנְהוּ | 1 | he has become my salvation | These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language, you can translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1126 | EXO | 15 | 3 | p1d5 | figs-metaphor | יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh is a warrior | Moses calls Yahweh a man of war because he powerfully fought against the Egyptians and won. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1127 | EXO | 15 | 4 | pc8d | figs-parallelism | מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְחֵיל֖וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַיָּ֑ם וּמִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖יו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְיַם־סֽוּף | 1 | He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1128 | EXO | 15 | 4 | p8w6 | figs-metaphor | מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְחֵיל֖וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַיָּ֑ם | 1 | He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea | Moses sings about Yahweh causing the sea to cover Pharaoh’s chariots and army as if Yahweh had thrown them into the sea. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “He has made Pharaoh’s chariot riders and army drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1129 | EXO | 15 | 5 | yefe | figs-parallelism | תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃ | 1 | they went down into the depths like a stone | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them because they had descended into the depths like a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1130 | EXO | 15 | 5 | nqe4 | figs-simile | יָרְד֥וּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן | 1 | they went down into the depths like a stone | This comparison is that just like a stone does not float but sinks to the bottom of the sea, the enemy soldiers sank to the bottom of the sea. Alternate translation: “they went down into the deep water like a stone sinking to the bottom of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1131 | EXO | 15 | 6 | jx52 | figs-parallelism | יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּכֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃ | 1 | Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1132 | EXO | 15 | 6 | x1fz | figs-metonymy | יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּכֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב | 1 | Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power | Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The right hand refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious; Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful; Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1133 | EXO | 15 | 6 | rmd4 | figs-metaphor | תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב | 1 | has shattered the enemy | Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be shattered like glass or pottery. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1134 | EXO | 15 | 7 | i2x4 | figs-parallelism | תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑יךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ | 1 | those who rose up against you | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (you overthrow those who rise up against you) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1135 | EXO | 15 | 7 | kmv4 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְרֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְךָ֖ | 1 | those who rose up against you | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of abundance and majesty, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1136 | EXO | 15 | 7 | nd3t | figs-metaphor | קָמֶ֑יךָ | 1 | those who rose up against you | Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as rising up against him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1137 | EXO | 15 | 7 | kst4 | חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ | 1 | You sent out your wrath | Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury” | |
1138 | EXO | 15 | 7 | glq7 | figs-personification | תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ | 1 | You sent out your wrath | Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally heat) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You act according to your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1139 | EXO | 15 | 7 | a5x7 | figs-metaphor | יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ׃ | 1 | it consumed them like stubble | Moses speaks of God’s wrath as if it were fire that could completely burn up things. His enemies were completely destroyed like stubble in a fire. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “it completely destroys your enemies like a fire that burns up straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1140 | EXO | 15 | 7 | guap | figs-simile | יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | Here the enemies (or those who rise up against Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devours the enemy as if they were stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1141 | EXO | 15 | 8 | ic8v | figs-personification | וּבְר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | Moses speaks of God as if God had a nose, and he speaks of the wind as if God blew the wind from his nose. Alternate translation: “You blew on the sea and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1142 | EXO | 15 | 8 | qg9g | figs-activepassive | וּבְר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨יךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blast from your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1143 | EXO | 15 | 8 | tguh | figs-parallelism | נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּלֶב־יָֽם | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1144 | EXO | 15 | 8 | uevt | figs-metaphor | בְּלֶב־יָֽם | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a heart. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1145 | EXO | 15 | 9 | d8nk | figs-activepassive | תִּמְלָאֵ֣מוֹ נַפְשִׁ֔י | 1 | my desire will be satisfied on them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy my desire on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1146 | EXO | 15 | 9 | lu0e | תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖מוֹ יָדִֽי | 1 | my hand will destroy them | The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated dispossess could also mean “possess” or “inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to plunder earlier in the verse or to recapturing them as slaves or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen or to keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see verse 17 regarding where Yahweh will bring his people) or something else is not so clear. It could also refer to taking away their life and breath. Dispossess was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them” or “my hand will kill them” | |
1147 | EXO | 15 | 9 | sm77 | figs-metonymy | תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖מוֹ יָדִֽי | 1 | my hand will destroy them | Here hand is used figuratively of the Egyptians’ power (that is, their military strength). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will dispossess them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1148 | EXO | 15 | 10 | yrj5 | figs-metaphor | נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְרוּחֲךָ֖ | 1 | But you blew with your wind | Moses spoke about God making the wind blow as if God blew the wind through his nose or mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “But you made the wind blow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1149 | EXO | 15 | 10 | f7d3 | figs-simile | צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽעוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּמַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים | 1 | sank like lead in the mighty waters | Lead is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how quickly God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1150 | EXO | 15 | 11 | wq2s | figs-rquestion | מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | Who is like you, Yahweh, among the gods? | Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1151 | EXO | 15 | 11 | pp57 | figs-rquestion | מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא | 1 | Who is like you,…doing miracles? | Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1152 | EXO | 15 | 11 | uhfj | figs-abstractnouns | נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | Who is like you,…doing miracles? | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1153 | EXO | 15 | 12 | cid8 | figs-metonymy | יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ | 1 | with your right hand | The phrase right hand represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1154 | EXO | 15 | 12 | bkg2 | figs-metaphor | נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ | 1 | You reached out with your right hand | Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God reached out with his** hand**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1155 | EXO | 15 | 12 | g7bv | figs-personification | תִּבְלָעֵ֖מוֹ אָֽרֶץ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with its mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devours them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1156 | EXO | 15 | 13 | cvea | figs-parallelism | נָחִ֥יתָ בְחַסְדְּךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְעָזְּךָ֖ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. In your is repeated and the concepts of led and guided are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1157 | EXO | 15 | 13 | znbr | figs-abstractnouns | קָדְשֶֽׁךָ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1158 | EXO | 15 | 14 | qlpy | figs-parallelism | 0 | tremble | Verses 14-16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the introduction to chapter 15 and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
1159 | EXO | 15 | 14 | zi1m | figs-explicit | יִרְגָּז֑וּן | 1 | tremble | This means to shake with fear. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1160 | EXO | 15 | 14 | uqf7 | figs-personification | חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת | 1 | terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia | Moses speaks of anguish as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1161 | EXO | 15 | 15 | qyix | figs-personification | אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד | 1 | terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia | Moses speaks of trembling as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1162 | EXO | 15 | 15 | ya48 | figs-metaphor | נָמֹ֕גוּ | 1 | will melt away | Moses uses the phrase, melted away, to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1163 | EXO | 15 | 16 | nk67 | figs-doublet | תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד | 1 | Terror and dread will fall on them | Terror and dread form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
1164 | EXO | 15 | 16 | kbt5 | figs-metaphor | תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד | 1 | Terror and dread will fall on them | Terror and dread are pictured as physical objects that could fall on people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1165 | EXO | 15 | 16 | t2yp | figs-metonymy | בִּגְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲךָ֖ | 1 | Because of your arm’s power | Yahweh’s arm represents his great strength. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1166 | EXO | 15 | 16 | umm7 | figs-simile | יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּאָ֑בֶן | 1 | they will become as still as a stone | This could mean: (1) “they will be silent like stone” or (2) “they will be motionless as stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1167 | EXO | 15 | 17 | n5i5 | figs-explicit | תְּבִאֵ֗מוֹ וְתִטָּעֵ֨מוֹ֙ | 1 | You will bring them | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where God would bring them explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will take your people to Canaan and plant them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1168 | EXO | 15 | 17 | u26j | figs-go | תְּבִאֵ֗מוֹ | 1 | You will bring them | Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than bring. Alternate translation: “You will take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
1169 | EXO | 15 | 17 | t6wg | figs-metaphor | וְתִטָּעֵ֨מוֹ֙ בְּהַ֣ר | 1 | plant them on the mountain | Moses speaks about God giving his people the land to live in as if they were a plant that God was planting. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you will settle them on the mountain of” or “and you will let them live on the mountain of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1170 | EXO | 15 | 17 | p7kb | בְּהַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְךָ֔ | 1 | the mountain of your inheritance | This refers to Mount Zion in the land of Canaan. | |
1171 | EXO | 15 | 17 | ie26 | figs-metaphor | בְּהַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְךָ֔ | 1 | of your inheritance | Moses speaks about God promising to give his people the mountain forever as if he were giving it to them as an inheritance. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “on the mountain that you have given them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1172 | EXO | 15 | 17 | ytz3 | figs-metonymy | כּוֹנְנ֥וּ יָדֶֽיךָ׃ | 1 | that your hands have built | The phrase your hands refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “that you have built by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1173 | EXO | 15 | 18 | ue6p | יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְעֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד | 1 | that your hands have built | Alternate translation: “Yahweh reigns forever and ever” | |
1174 | EXO | 15 | 20 | gam2 | translate-unknown | הַתֹּ֖ף…בְּתֻפִּ֖ים | 1 | tambourine | A tambourine is a hand-held musical instrument like a small drum that also has pieces of metal around the side that make a metallic rattling sound when shaken. Alternate translation: “timbrel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1175 | EXO | 15 | 20 | hut1 | figs-hyperbole | וַתֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַנָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔יהָ בְּתֻפִּ֖ים וּבִמְחֹלֹֽת | 1 | tambourine | Here, all may be a generalization; it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
1176 | EXO | 15 | 21 | f6m3 | figs-explicit | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. See how you translated this in Exodus 15:1. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1177 | EXO | 15 | 21 | hvu1 | figs-metaphor | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַיָּֽם | 1 | The horse and his rider he has thrown into the sea | Miriam sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and the one riding it as if God had thrown them into the sea. See how you translated this in Exodus 15:1. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1178 | EXO | 15 | 22 | iw9n | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ | 1 | Moses led Israel | The word Israel represents the people of Israel. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Moses led the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1179 | EXO | 15 | 22 | c7pe | translate-names | מִדְבַּר־שׁ֑וּר | 1 | wilderness of Shur | We do not know the exact location of this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1180 | EXO | 15 | 23 | a9pv | translate-names | מָרָ֔תָה | 1 | Marah | We do not know the exact location of Marah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1181 | EXO | 15 | 24 | n64m | וַיִּלֹּ֧נוּ הָעָ֛ם עַל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה | 1 | complained to Moses and said | Murmur is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Alternate translation: “And the people complained against Moses” or “And the people grumbled at Moses” | |
1182 | EXO | 15 | 26 | l2hx | figs-123person | לְק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ | 1 | the voice of Yahweh your God | Yahweh is speaking about his own voice. Alternate translation: “to my voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1183 | EXO | 15 | 26 | oh8c | figs-metonymy | לְק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ | 1 | the voice of Yahweh your God | Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1184 | EXO | 15 | 26 | sq5x | figs-idiom | וְהַיָּשָׁ֤ר בְּעֵינָיו֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה | 1 | do what is right in his eyes | The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and do what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1185 | EXO | 15 | 26 | bgcf | figs-idiom | וְהַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְמִצְוֺתָ֔יו | 1 | do what is right in his eyes | The ear represents listening, and listening represents obeying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1186 | EXO | 15 | 26 | m4cn | figs-idiom | כָּֽל־הַמַּֽחֲלָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֤מְתִּי בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֹא־אָשִׂ֣ים עָלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | I will put on you none of the diseases | God speaks of causing people to have diseases as putting diseases on them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will not cause any of you to have the diseases that I cause the Egyptians to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1187 | EXO | 15 | 27 | did8 | translate-names | אֵילִ֔מָה | 1 | Elim | Elim is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1188 | EXO | 15 | 27 | p64y | translate-numbers | וְשִׁבְעִ֣ים | 1 | seventy | Alternate translation: “and seventy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1189 | EXO | 16 | intro | nkd7 | 0 | Exodus 16 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis entire chapter is the story of the Israelites complaining about food and Yahweh providing food. Verses 22-30 introduce the Sabbath. Special concepts in this chapterComplaintsAfter complaining about the water, the Israelites complained that they had less food than in Egypt. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Prohibition against storing foodThe people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, that Yahweh provided to them. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) SabbathThis is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) Possible translation difficulties in this chapterBread as foodYahweh speaks of the food that he will send as if it were bread. The manna he gave them was perhaps not literally bread. The Israelites would eat this food every day, just as they had eaten bread every day before this. Alternate translations: “food” or “food like bread” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/bread]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ChronologyVerses 34-36 are written from a much later perspective. Translators will need to find a way to show that this portion gives background information from a much later point (at least 40 years). Box of the CovenantRelated to the chronology issue, although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in Exodus 16:34. This is probably an editorial comment made after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Wilderness of SinSin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |||
1190 | EXO | 16 | 1 | gw67 | translate-names | סִ֔ין | 1 | wilderness of Sin | The word Sin here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1191 | EXO | 16 | 1 | h44x | translate-hebrewmonths | בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | on the fifteenth day of the second month | This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
1192 | EXO | 16 | 1 | u2aq | translate-ordinal | בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | on the fifteenth day of the second month | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 15 of month 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1193 | EXO | 16 | 2 | h938 | figs-hyperbole | וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל | 1 | The whole community of Israelites complained | Here, all is a generalization. Alternate translation: “And many of the community of the sons of Israel murmured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
1194 | EXO | 16 | 2 | nx6f | וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ | 1 | complained | Alternate translation: “And … spoke angrily” | |
1195 | EXO | 16 | 3 | nwy6 | figs-hypo | מִֽי־יִתֵּ֨ן מוּתֵ֤נוּ | 1 | If only we had died | This is a way of saying that they wished that they had died. It is a hypothetical past statement. Translate it in a way that makes it clear that this did not actually happen. Alternate translation: “We wish that we had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
1196 | EXO | 16 | 3 | g1n1 | figs-metonymy | בְיַד־יְהוָה֙ | 1 | by Yahweh’s hand | The phrase the hand of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s action. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1197 | EXO | 16 | 4 | kls5 | figs-metaphor | מַמְטִ֥יר לָכֶ֛ם לֶ֖חֶם מִן־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם | 1 | I will rain down bread from heaven for you | God speaks of food coming down from heaven as if it were rain. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “make bread come down from heaven like rain” or “make bread fall to you from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1198 | EXO | 16 | 4 | yew5 | בְּתוֹרָתִ֖י | 1 | my law | Alternate translation: “in my instruction” | |
1199 | EXO | 16 | 5 | p1f6 | וְהָיָה֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֔י וְהֵכִ֖ינוּ | 1 | It will come about on the sixth day, that they | Alternate translation: “It will happen on the sixth day that they will prepare” or “On the sixth day they will prepare” | |
1200 | EXO | 16 | 5 | cl74 | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֔י | 1 | on the sixth day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1201 | EXO | 16 | 5 | t5il | מִשְׁנֶ֔ה | 1 | twice | two times | |
1202 | EXO | 16 | 7 | zb21 | figs-rquestion | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה כִּ֥י תלונו עָלֵֽינוּ | 1 | Who are we for you to complain against us? | Moses and Aaron used this question to show the people that it was foolish to complain against them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We are not powerful enough for you to complain against us.” or “It is foolish to complain against us, because we cannot do what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1203 | EXO | 16 | 8 | pn4e | figs-rquestion | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה | 1 | Who are Aaron and I? | Moses used this question to show the people that he and Aaron did not have the power to give them what they wanted. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Aaron and I cannot give you what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1204 | EXO | 16 | 8 | vdr8 | figs-explicit | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה לֹא־עָלֵ֥ינוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵיכֶ֖ם כִּ֥י עַל־יְהוָֽה | 1 | Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh | The people were complaining against Moses and Aaron, who were Yahweh’s servants. So by complaining against them, the people were really complaining against Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your complaints are not really against us; they are against Yahweh, because we are his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1205 | EXO | 16 | 9 | pqgo | figs-quotesinquotes | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ | 1 | Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh | There are two layers of quotations here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, “Approach” or “And Moses told Aaron, “Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
1206 | EXO | 16 | 10 | q4ax | וַיְהִ֗י | 1 | It came about | This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. The important event here is the people seeing Yahweh’s glory. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
1207 | EXO | 16 | 10 | b6rp | וְהִנֵּה֙ | 1 | behold | The word behold here shows that the people saw something extraordinary. | |
1208 | EXO | 16 | 13 | aas8 | וַיְהִ֣י | 1 | It came about…that | This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the events. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
1209 | EXO | 16 | 13 | eu1x | translate-unknown | הַשְּׂלָ֔ו | 1 | quails | The word quail means a type of small, plump game bird. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1210 | EXO | 16 | 14 | k5lb | translate-unknown | כַּכְּפֹ֖ר | 1 | like frost | Frost is frozen dew that forms on the ground. It is very fine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1211 | EXO | 16 | 14 | jern | figs-simile | כַּכְּפֹ֖ר | 1 | like frost | The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like. Alternate translation: “flakes that looked like frost” or “flakes that were fine like frost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1212 | EXO | 16 | 16 | gotf | אִ֖ישׁ לְפִ֣י אָכְל֑וֹ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “according to how much each will eat” | |
1213 | EXO | 16 | 16 | fqp9 | translate-bvolume | עֹ֣מֶר | 1 | omer | 2 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
1214 | EXO | 16 | 16 | mnwy | עֹ֣מֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּאָהֳל֖וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent” | |
1215 | EXO | 16 | 19 | v499 | figs-genericnoun | אִ֕ישׁ אַל | 1 | omer | A man refers to people in general, not to one particular man. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “No one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
1216 | EXO | 16 | 20 | itjo | וַיָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “and it decayed with worms” | |
1217 | EXO | 16 | 21 | jd5t | אִ֖ישׁ כְּפִ֣י אָכְל֑וֹ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed” | |
1218 | EXO | 16 | 22 | nrx8 | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֣י | 1 | It came about that | This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. Verses 16:22-30 tell about what the people did concerning the manna on the sixth and seventh days of the week. If your language has a way for marking this as a new part of the story, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
1219 | EXO | 16 | 22 | xk6x | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֗י | 1 | on the sixth day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1220 | EXO | 16 | 22 | zj1u | מִשְׁנֶ֔ה | 1 | twice | Alternate translation: “two times as much” | |
1221 | EXO | 16 | 22 | f4j9 | לֶ֨חֶם֙ | 1 | bread | This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning. | |
1222 | EXO | 16 | 23 | wc4a | שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה | 1 | a solemn rest | Alternate translation: “is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh” | |
1223 | EXO | 16 | 23 | cqjd | figs-abstractnouns | שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ | 1 | a solemn rest | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1224 | EXO | 16 | 24 | y4d9 | וְלֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ | 1 | did not become foul | Alternate translation: “And it did not smell rotten” | |
1225 | EXO | 16 | 25 | pr1p | כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַיּ֖וֹם לַיהוָ֑ה | 1 | today is a day reserved as a Sabbath to honor Yahweh | Alternate translation: “today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working” | |
1226 | EXO | 16 | 26 | jv77 | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֧וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֛י | 1 | but the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1227 | EXO | 16 | 27 | qf14 | וְלֹ֖א מָצָֽאוּ | 1 | they found none | Alternate translation: “but they did not find any manna” | |
1228 | EXO | 16 | 28 | e1vx | figs-rquestion | עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם לִשְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖י וְתוֹרֹתָֽי | 1 | How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws? | God used this question to scold the people because they did not obey his laws. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You people still do not keep my commandments and laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1229 | EXO | 16 | 28 | q41d | figs-youcrowd | מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם | 1 | General Information: | Yahweh speaks to Moses, but the word you refers to the people of Israel in general. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) |
1230 | EXO | 16 | 28 | vnq7 | לִשְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖י וְתוֹרֹתָֽי | 1 | to keep my commandments and my laws | Alternate translation: “to obey my commandments and my laws” | |
1231 | EXO | 16 | 29 | p22l | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־יְהוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֣ם הַשַּׁבָּת֒ | 1 | Yahweh has given you the Sabbath | Yahweh speaks about teaching people to rest on the Sabbath as if the Sabbath were a gift. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have taught you to rest on the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1232 | EXO | 16 | 29 | dt58 | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֖י…בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי | 1 | sixth day…two days…seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6 … on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1233 | EXO | 16 | 29 | y8wf | לֶ֣חֶם | 1 | bread | This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning. | |
1234 | EXO | 16 | 29 | x6gh | יוֹמָ֑יִם | 1 | bread | Alternate translation: “for 2 days” | |
1235 | EXO | 16 | 31 | r1a5 | translate-unknown | כְּזֶ֤רַע גַּד֙ לָבָ֔ן | 1 | coriander seed | Coriander is an herb also known as cilantro. People eat both the leaves and seeds. People dry the seeds, grind them into a powder, and put it in food to add flavor. Alternate translation: “like a small white seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1236 | EXO | 16 | 31 | vrl4 | כְּצַפִּיחִ֥ת | 1 | wafers | Wafers are very thin biscuits or crackers. | |
1237 | EXO | 16 | 33 | ggba | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | wafers | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1238 | EXO | 16 | 34 | x9vr | writing-background | 0 | wafers | Verses 34-36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the Covenant, which has not been given yet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | |
1239 | EXO | 16 | 34 | jzcz | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י הָעֵדֻ֖ת | 1 | wafers | Here, face figuratively represents being near the Covenant. Alternate translation: “near the Covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1240 | EXO | 16 | 36 | g8ns | translate-bvolume | וְהָעֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָאֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא | 1 | Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah | An omer and an ephah are both units of dry measurement. An ephah is approximately equal to a bushel, and an omer is one-tenth of an ephah. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
1241 | EXO | 16 | 36 | a9uh | translate-fraction | וְהָעֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָאֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא | 1 | Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah | For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1242 | EXO | 17 | intro | f12q | 0 | 7# Exodus 17 General Notes Structure and Formatting
Important Figures of Speech in this ChapterRhetorical questionsMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people’s rhetorical question shows their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this ChapterWilderness of SinSin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with the act of sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NamingAs in the last couple of chapters, places and things are named for what happens in that location. In this chapter is Massah (which means “test”), Meribah (“arguing”), and an altar named “Yahweh is my Banner,” because Yahweh will be at war with the Amalekites forever. | |||
1243 | EXO | 17 | 1 | jzz5 | writing-newevent | וַ֠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל | 1 | wilderness of Sin | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
1244 | EXO | 17 | 1 | h1li | translate-names | סִ֛ין | 1 | wilderness of Sin | The word Sin here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” See how you translated this in Exodus 16:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1245 | EXO | 17 | 1 | e7jv | figs-metonymy | עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | wilderness of Sin | Here, mouth refers figuratively to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1246 | EXO | 17 | 1 | j1fm | translate-names | בִּרְפִידִ֔ים | 1 | Rephidim | Rephidim means “the resting place,” a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1247 | EXO | 17 | 2 | hr9b | figs-rquestion | מַה־תְּרִיבוּן֙ עִמָּדִ֔י מַה־תְּנַסּ֖וּן אֶת־יְהוָֽה | 1 | Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh? | Moses uses these questions to scold the people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you speaking against me? And why are you trying to test whether Yahweh is able to give you what you need?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1248 | EXO | 17 | 3 | cz24 | figs-rquestion | לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ הֶעֱלִיתָ֣נוּ מִמִּצְרַ֔יִם לְהָמִ֥ית אֹתִ֛י וְאֶת־בָּנַ֥י וְאֶת־מִקְנַ֖י בַּצָּמָֽא | 1 | To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? | The people use this question to accuse Moses of wanting to kill them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt? Did you bring us here to cause us and our children and animals to die because we have no water to drink?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1249 | EXO | 17 | 6 | nspc | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶ֨יךָ | 1 | To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? | Here, before your face means “in front of you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1250 | EXO | 17 | 7 | x5an | translate-names | מַסָּ֖ה | 1 | Massah | Massah is a place in the desert whose name means “testing” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1251 | EXO | 17 | 7 | hw7y | translate-names | וּמְרִיבָ֑ה | 1 | Meribah | Meribah is a place in the desert whose name means “complaining” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1252 | EXO | 17 | 7 | m55e | אִם־אָֽיִן | 1 | Meribah | In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case. | |
1253 | EXO | 17 | 8 | nyt1 | writing-newevent | וַיָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Rephidim | A new scene begins here which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
1254 | EXO | 17 | 8 | pu7i | figs-metonymy | עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Rephidim | Amalek and Israel both refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual by simply using the name of the ancestor. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1255 | EXO | 17 | 8 | hi3u | grammar-collectivenouns | עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Rephidim | Amalek and Israel are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1256 | EXO | 17 | 8 | srdq | writing-participants | עֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Rephidim | Amalek or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
1257 | EXO | 17 | 8 | rv14 | translate-names | בִּרְפִידִֽם | 1 | Rephidim | Rephidim was the name of a place in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1258 | EXO | 17 | 9 | dscc | writing-participants | יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ | 1 | Rephidim | Joshua is a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Later he becomes a major character, but not really in the book of Exodus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
1259 | EXO | 17 | 10 | ca3g | figs-synecdoche | וַיַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־לוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּעֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | So Joshua fought Amalek | Joshua represents himself and the Israelites that he led into battle. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And, as Moses instructed, Joshua and the men he chose fought against the Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
1260 | EXO | 17 | 10 | wy51 | translate-names | וְח֔וּר | 1 | Hur | Hur was the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1261 | EXO | 17 | 10 | itcx | writing-participants | וְח֔וּר | 1 | Hur | Hur is a new participant in the story, which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
1262 | EXO | 17 | 11 | x5ex | figs-synecdoche | וְגָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…וְגָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק | 1 | Israel was winning…Amalek would begin to win | The words Israel and Amalek represent the fighters from those groups. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite fighters were winning … the Amalekite fighters would begin to win” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
1263 | EXO | 17 | 12 | hxt8 | figs-idiom | וִידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים | 1 | hands became heavy | The author writes of Moses’ arms becoming tired as if his hands became heavy. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And Moses’ arms became tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1264 | EXO | 17 | 12 | js2p | מִזֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּמִזֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד | 1 | hands became heavy | Alternate translation: “one on one side, and one on the other” | |
1265 | EXO | 17 | 13 | plp3 | figs-metonymy | לְפִי־חָֽרֶב | 1 | with the sword | The sword represents battle. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in combat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1266 | EXO | 17 | 14 | c5rl | figs-metaphor | מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק | 1 | I will completely blot out the memory of Amalek | God speaks of destroying Amalek as if he were removing people’s memory of Amalek. When a group of people is completely destroyed, there is nothing to remind people about them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy Amalek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1267 | EXO | 17 | 14 | jm77 | figs-metonymy | עֲמָלֵ֔ק | 1 | Amalek | The Amalekites are referred to by naming their ancestor. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1268 | EXO | 17 | 14 | n42j | figs-hyperbole | מִתַּ֖חַת הַשָּׁמָֽיִם | 1 | Amalek | This phrase makes an intentionally broad image and represents all people everywhere. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all people everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
1269 | EXO | 17 | 15 | fneg | נִסִּֽי | 1 | Amalek | A banner is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon” | |
1270 | EXO | 17 | 16 | lr14 | כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ | 1 | Amalek | The Hebrew here is very difficult, and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: (1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? (2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? (3) What is the meaning of the Hebrew preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah” | |
1271 | EXO | 17 | 16 | sw1q | מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַיהוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Amalek | This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun war as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek” | |
1272 | EXO | 18 | intro | t8g2 | 0 | Exodus 18 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Special Concepts in this ChapterLeadership lessonsJethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) Possible Translation DifficultiesOrder of eventsThe timing of the events in verse 2 is not clear and, whatever their timing, may be difficult to translate. The question: Is Jethro’s taking Zipporah related to the past event of Moses sending her back to him at some otherwise unmentioned point in time, or is Jethro’s taking related to his coming to meet Moses in verse 5. Verse 11Verse 11 is difficult in the original and requires interpretation. God and YahwehIn this chapter, God, who is named Yahweh in much of the rest of the book, is mostly referred to as God instead of by his name as is usual. Translations should not suggest that they are not different beings. Kinship: Father-in-lawJethro is the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may make a distinction between that and a woman’s father-in-law. If that is the case, note it in verses: 1-2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) Participant referenceJethro is often referred to simply as the father-in-law of Moses in this chapter. He is also named explicitly (referred to by name) an unusually high number of times (it would be more usual to have more pronouns referring to him). Frequent use of his name is likely to emphasize his familial ties and authority (or honored status). Some languages may need to alter the way he is referred to for naturalness or to convey the same sense of familial ties and authority (or honored status). | |||
1273 | EXO | 18 | 1 | nl86 | translate-kinship | חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | Moses’ father-in-law | The label, father-in-law of Moses refers to the father of the wife of Moses. If your language uses a different term for a man’s father-in-law than for a woman’s father-in-law, choose the appropriate one here. Note the use of this term also in verses: 2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. Alternate translation: “the father of the wife of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
1274 | EXO | 18 | 2 | zw6h | וַיִּקַּ֗ח יִתְרוֹ֙ חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶת־צִפֹּרָ֖ה אֵ֣שֶׁת מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | took Zipporah, Moses’ wife | This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah. | |
1275 | EXO | 18 | 2 | chy6 | figs-explicit | אַחַ֖ר שִׁלּוּחֶֽיהָ | 1 | after he had sent her home | This is something Moses had done earlier. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “after Moses had sent her home to her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1276 | EXO | 18 | 3 | khs1 | וְאֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֣י בָנֶ֑יהָ | 1 | and her two sons | This is the ending of the sentence that begins with the words Jethro … took Zipporah in verse 2. This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah and her two sons to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah and her two sons. | |
1277 | EXO | 18 | 3 | k4mb | translate-names | גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | Gershom | Gershom is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “foreigner.” See 2:22. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1278 | EXO | 18 | 4 | xi35 | translate-names | אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר | 1 | Eliezer | Eliezer is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “God is the one who helps me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1279 | EXO | 18 | 4 | z2km | figs-metonymy | מֵחֶ֥רֶב פַּרְעֹֽה | 1 | Pharaoh’s sword | The phrase from the sword of Pharaoh represents being killed by Pharaoh or Pharaoh’s army. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from being killed by Pharaoh” or “from being killed by Pharaoh’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1280 | EXO | 18 | 5 | zzab | וּבָנָ֥יו | 1 | where he was camped | Alternate translation: “with his sons” | |
1281 | EXO | 18 | 7 | s5p2 | translate-symaction | וַיִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ וַיִּשַּׁק־ל֔וֹ | 1 | bowed down, and kissed him | These were symbolic acts that were the normal way that people showed great respect and devotion in that culture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
1282 | EXO | 18 | 8 | rkq2 | figs-metonymy | עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל | 1 | for Israel’s sake | The word Israel represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “in order to help the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1283 | EXO | 18 | 8 | a1ra | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַתְּלָאָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מְצָאָ֣תַם | 1 | all the hardships that had come to them | Moses writes of hardships happening to them as if hardships had discovered where they were. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “all the hardships that had happened to them” or “how they had many hard experiences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1284 | EXO | 18 | 9 | wp1p | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֥ד מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians | The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians were doing to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1285 | EXO | 18 | 10 | nrv7 | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֥ד מִצְרַ֖יִם וּמִיַּ֣ד פַּרְעֹ֑ה…מִתַּ֖חַת יַד־מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians and from the power of Pharaoh … from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians and Pharaoh were doing to you … from what the Egyptians were doing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1286 | EXO | 18 | 11 | kmk7 | כִּ֣י בַדָּבָ֔ר | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Here, because of the matter probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did” | |
1287 | EXO | 18 | 11 | ljj6 | figs-explicit | אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | The most natural referent for they is the gods, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites (them). This would connect back to Exodus 12:12 where Yahweh declares that he is bringing judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1288 | EXO | 18 | 12 | voi9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1289 | EXO | 18 | 13 | ni2b | writing-newevent | וַיְהִי֙ מִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
1290 | EXO | 18 | 13 | ano2 | translate-symaction | וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִשְׁפֹּ֣ט | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
1291 | EXO | 18 | 13 | wzea | מִן־הַבֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָעָֽרֶב | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Alternate translation: “all day” | |
1292 | EXO | 18 | 14 | bax5 | figs-rquestion | מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתָּ֤ה עֹשֶׂה֙ לָעָ֔ם | 1 | What is this that you are doing with the people? | Jethro uses this question to show Moses that what he was doing was not good. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing all of this for the people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1293 | EXO | 18 | 14 | b5wj | figs-rquestion | מַדּ֗וּעַ אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְבַדֶּ֔ךָ וְכָל־הָעָ֛ם נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖יךָ מִן־בֹּ֥קֶר עַד־עָֽרֶב | 1 | Why is it that you sit alone…from morning until evening? | Jethro used this question to show Moses that he was doing too much. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you doing all this for the people? Why are you doing this by yourself, and why are all the people standing around you from morning until evening, asking you to make decisions for them?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1294 | EXO | 18 | 14 | cfd1 | figs-metonymy | אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְבַדֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | you sit alone | The word sit here is a metonym for “judge.” Judges would sit while they listened to people’s complaints. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “do you judge alone” or “are you the only one who judges the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1295 | EXO | 18 | 14 | tiqs | figs-explicit | נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖יךָ | 1 | you sit alone | The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “petition you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1296 | EXO | 18 | 18 | jtd2 | נָבֹ֣ל תִּבֹּ֔ל | 1 | You will surely wear yourselves out | Alternate translation: “You will surely make yourself very tired” | |
1297 | EXO | 18 | 18 | h91b | figs-metaphor | כָבֵ֤ד מִמְּךָ֙ | 1 | This burden is too heavy for you | Jethro speaks of the hard work that Moses is doing as if it were a physical burden that Moses was carrying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “is too hard for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1298 | EXO | 18 | 19 | pug7 | אִיעָ֣צְךָ֔ | 1 | you advice | Alternate translation: “I will guide you” or “I will instruct you” | |
1299 | EXO | 18 | 19 | v8i9 | figs-metaphor | וִיהִ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּ֑ךְ | 1 | God will be with you | Jethro speaks of God helping Moses as if God would be with Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will give you wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1300 | EXO | 18 | 19 | w4r8 | figs-metaphor | וְהֵבֵאתָ֥ אַתָּ֛ה אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | you bring their disputes to him | Jethro speaks of Moses telling God about their disputes as if they were something that Moses was bringing to God. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you tell God about their disputes” or and “you tell God what they are arguing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1301 | EXO | 18 | 20 | w3vf | figs-metaphor | וְהוֹדַעְתָּ֣ לָהֶ֗ם אֶת־הַדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ יֵ֣לְכוּ בָ֔הּ | 1 | You must show them the way to walk | Jethro speaks of living or behaving like walking. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You must show them how to live” or “You must show them how to behave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1302 | EXO | 18 | 21 | p5ap | וְאַתָּ֣ה תֶחֱזֶ֣ה | 1 | Furthermore, you must choose | Alternate translation: “As for you, search out” or “You must also search out” | |
1303 | EXO | 18 | 21 | n936 | figs-metaphor | וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵהֶ֗ם | 1 | You must put them over people | Jethro speaks of giving them authority over people as putting them over people. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You should select leaders for the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1304 | EXO | 18 | 21 | xprc | writing-pronouns | וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵהֶ֗ם | 1 | You must put them over people | Here, them refers to the Israelites. Moses is advised to place good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1305 | EXO | 18 | 21 | d2hv | translate-numbers | שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְשָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת | 1 | leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and of tens | This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1306 | EXO | 18 | 22 | y5n2 | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַגָּדֹל֙ יָבִ֣יאוּ אֵלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | the difficult cases they will bring to you | By every great situation they will bring to you, Jethro is recommending that the new leaders should pass the most difficult cases to Moses for him to judge them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the difficult cases they will tell you about” or “when there are difficult cases, they will tell you about them so you can judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1307 | EXO | 18 | 22 | u42p | figs-metaphor | וְהָקֵל֙ מֵֽעָלֶ֔יךָ וְנָשְׂא֖וּ אִתָּֽךְ | 1 | they will carry the burden with you | Jethro speaks of the hard work that they would do as if it were something that they would carry beside Moses and make lighter for Moses by helping him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and lessen your work by having them do the hard work with you” or “and make your work easier by having them help you do the hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1308 | EXO | 18 | 23 | wyq4 | וְיָֽכָלְתָּ֖ עֲמֹ֑ד | 1 | endure | Alternate translation: “then you will not wear yourself out” | |
1309 | EXO | 18 | 23 | bt5p | כָּל־הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְשָׁלֽוֹם | 1 | endure | Here, getting to their place could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous, it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony” | |
1310 | EXO | 18 | 25 | n2ws | figs-metaphor | רָאשִׁ֖ים עַל־הָעָ֑ם | 1 | heads over the people | Moses writes of the leaders of people as if they were the head of a body. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “leaders over the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1311 | EXO | 18 | 25 | tb18 | figs-explicit | אַנְשֵׁי־חַ֨יִל֙ | 1 | capable men | If it would be helpful to your readers, what sort of ability they had can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “men who were able to lead” or “men who were able to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1312 | EXO | 18 | 25 | iqn8 | translate-numbers | שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְשָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת | 1 | leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens | This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” See how you translated this in Exodus 18:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1313 | EXO | 18 | 26 | abx4 | וְשָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָעָ֖ם בְּכָל־עֵ֑ת | 1 | judged the people in normal circumstances | Alternate translation: “They judged the people most of the time” or “They judged the people in all regular circumstances” | |
1314 | EXO | 18 | 26 | z7j4 | figs-metaphor | אֶת־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַקָּשֶׁה֙ יְבִיא֣וּן אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | The difficult cases they brought to Moses | The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They told Moses about the difficult cases” or “When there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1315 | EXO | 18 | 26 | ve8h | הַדָּבָ֥ר הַקָּטֹ֖ן | 1 | the small cases | Alternate translation: “easy case” | |
1316 | EXO | 19 | intro | ck7e | 0 | Exodus 19 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis chapter consist of a series of Moses going up Mount Sinai, talking to Yahweh, coming down, and talking to the people. He is being the intermediary, carrying messages between Yahweh and the people.
Special Concepts in this Chapter“A kingdom of priests”The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Revealing the lawThe events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which shows the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Boundaries between Yahweh and the peopleMoses is told to make the people holy in preparation for meeting Yahweh, then boundaries are set up to keep the people separate from Yahweh, and then the priests are told to make themselves holy. The theme of a holy separation is beginning to be developed that will become much of the law code. | |||
1317 | EXO | 19 | 1 | r5tj | translate-ordinal | בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י…בַּיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה | 1 | In the third month…on the same day | This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In the month 3 … on the day 1 of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1318 | EXO | 19 | 2 | nk51 | translate-names | מֵרְפִידִ֗ים | 1 | Rephidim | Rephidim is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in Exodus 17:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1319 | EXO | 19 | 3 | kgev | figs-parallelism | תֹאמַר֙ לְבֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְתַגֵּ֖יד לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | the house of Jacob, the people of Israel | These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect, as Yahweh’s statement here through verse 6 is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1320 | EXO | 19 | 4 | z9i6 | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם | 1 | You have seen | The word you here refers to the Israelites. Yahweh is telling Moses what to tell the Israelites. If your language has a plural form of you, you would need it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1321 | EXO | 19 | 4 | b7ph | figs-metaphor | וָאֶשָּׂ֤א אֶתְכֶם֙ עַל־כַּנְפֵ֣י נְשָׁרִ֔ים | 1 | I carried you on eagles’ wings | God speaks of caring for his people while they traveled as if he were an eagle and carried them on his wings. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “ how I helped you travel like an eagle that carries her babies on her wings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1322 | EXO | 19 | 5 | c767 | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹלִ֔י | 1 | my voice | God’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” or “to my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1323 | EXO | 19 | 5 | fh8e | וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑י | 1 | keep my covenant | Alternate translation: “and do what my covenant requires you to do” | |
1324 | EXO | 19 | 5 | ifv6 | סְגֻלָּה֙ | 1 | special possession | Alternate translation: “treasure” | |
1325 | EXO | 19 | 6 | gm9s | figs-metaphor | לִ֛י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים | 1 | a kingdom of priests | God speaks of his people as if they were priests. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “my kingdom of people who are like priests” or “my kingdom of people who do what priests do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1326 | EXO | 19 | 7 | c5tq | figs-metaphor | וַיָּ֣שֶׂם לִפְנֵיהֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה | 1 | set before them all these words | Moses setting the words before them means that he was telling people things. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he told them all these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1327 | EXO | 19 | 7 | xjbb | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵיהֶ֗ם | 1 | set before them all these words | Here, face means the person. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1328 | EXO | 19 | 7 | zqk1 | כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֖הוּ יְהוָֽה | 1 | all these words that Yahweh had commanded him | Alternate translation: “all that Yahweh had commanded him” | |
1329 | EXO | 19 | 8 | ljf5 | figs-explicit | וַיָּ֧שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | Moses came to report | If it would be helpful to your readers, where Moses went can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses went back up the mountain to report the words of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1330 | EXO | 19 | 8 | rwx6 | figs-metonymy | אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | the people’s words | Here, words refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1331 | EXO | 19 | 9 | ih2h | figs-metonymy | אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | the people’s words | Here, words refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1332 | EXO | 19 | 10 | ie7y | וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ֥ם | 1 | you must set them apart to me | This may mean instruct the people, or it may mean Moses will have a role as well. Alternate translation: “and tell them to dedicate themselves to me” or “and help them to purify themselves for me” | |
1333 | EXO | 19 | 11 | tdg9 | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י | 1 | Be ready | Here, before the eyes means “so they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1334 | EXO | 19 | 12 | d48p | וְהִגְבַּלְתָּ֤ | 1 | set boundaries | The boundary was either a mark or some kind of barrier. | |
1335 | EXO | 19 | 12 | hhv5 | figs-quotesinquotes | לֵאמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם | 1 | set boundaries | A second-level direct quotation begins with watch. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in verse 13 before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
1336 | EXO | 19 | 12 | xct0 | הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּהָ֖ר וּנְגֹ֣עַ בְּקָצֵ֑הוּ | 1 | set boundaries | Here, the negative command is implied from the watch yourselves command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge” | |
1337 | EXO | 19 | 12 | kis1 | figs-activepassive | כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּהָ֖ר מ֥וֹת | 1 | Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely put to death any person who touches the mountain” or “You must surely kill anyone who touches the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1338 | EXO | 19 | 13 | l9ak | figs-metonymy | לֹא־תִגַּ֨ע בּ֜וֹ יָ֗ד | 1 | such a person | Here, hand is a metonym for any part of a person. Alternate translation: “No person shall touch that one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1339 | EXO | 19 | 13 | k35k | figs-activepassive | סָק֤וֹל יִסָּקֵל֙ אוֹ־יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה | 1 | he must certainly be stoned or shot | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly stone or shoot him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1340 | EXO | 19 | 13 | vw19 | יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה | 1 | shot | This refers to being killed by someone who shoots arrows from a bow. | |
1341 | EXO | 19 | 13 | ezpm | figs-go | יַעֲל֥וּ | 1 | shot | If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so “come up” is valid; however, the people will be the ones moving, so “go up” is valid as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
1342 | EXO | 19 | 15 | bw2p | figs-euphemism | אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁ֖וּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה | 1 | do not go near your wives | This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “do not sleep with your wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1343 | EXO | 19 | 15 | z0aq | אִשָּֽׁה | 1 | do not go near your wives | This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, woman was chosen here. | |
1344 | EXO | 19 | 18 | m1b5 | יָרַ֥ד…יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | Yahweh descended | Alternate translation: “Yahweh came down” | |
1345 | EXO | 19 | 18 | a8p7 | figs-simile | כְּעֶ֣שֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁ֔ן | 1 | like the smoke of a furnace | This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1346 | EXO | 19 | 19 | m8ae | הוֹלֵ֖ךְ וְחָזֵ֣ק מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | grew louder and louder | Alternate translation: “continued to become louder and louder” | |
1347 | EXO | 19 | 19 | f5e6 | figs-metonymy | בְקֽוֹל | 1 | in a voice | The word voice here refers to a sound that God made. This could mean: (1) “by speaking loudly like thunder” or (2) “by speaking” or (3) “by causing thunder to sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1348 | EXO | 19 | 20 | zx5p | figs-go | וַיֵּ֧רֶד…וַיַּ֥עַל | 1 | in a voice | You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
1349 | EXO | 19 | 21 | d2qm | figs-metaphor | פֶּן־יֶהֶרְס֤וּ | 1 | not to break through | God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated “set bounds” in Exodus 19:12. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “not to go beyond the boundary” or “not to go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1350 | EXO | 19 | 21 | oht2 | figs-euphemism | וְנָפַ֥ל | 1 | not to break through | Here, fall refers to dying. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1351 | EXO | 19 | 22 | pq8j | figs-metaphor | יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּהֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה | 1 | not to break through | Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will burst through a boundary. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1352 | EXO | 19 | 23 | gagp | figs-quotesinquotes | בָּ֨נוּ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָהָ֖ר וְקִדַּשְׁתּֽוֹ | 1 | not to break through | This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
1353 | EXO | 19 | 24 | w8lx | לֶךְ־רֵ֔ד | 1 | get down | Alternate translation: “Go down” | |
1354 | EXO | 19 | 24 | bk6p | figs-metaphor | אַל־יֶֽהֶרְס֛וּ | 1 | break through the barrier | God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 19:21. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “must not go beyond the boundary” or “must not go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1355 | EXO | 19 | 24 | p1yq | figs-metaphor | יִפְרָץ־בָּֽם | 1 | break through the barrier | Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will burst forth from him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 19:22. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1356 | EXO | 20 | intro | x7vt | 0 | Exodus 20 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Special Concepts in this ChapterCovenantYahweh’s covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Form of youThe singular form of you is used in the commandments; however, the commandments applied to the whole Israelite community. There is both a singular and a corporate aspect to them. You may need to choose between singular and plural if your language makes that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |||
1357 | EXO | 20 | 2 | qg71 | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים | 1 | house of slavery | Yahweh speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1358 | EXO | 20 | 3 | r9h3 | לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽיַ | 1 | You must have no other gods before me | Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me” | |
1359 | EXO | 20 | 4 | s7n3 | figs-merism | וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִמַּ֔עַל וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּאָ֖רֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּמַּ֖יִם מִתַּ֥חַת לָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | nor the likeness | This list means all created things wherever they are. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
1360 | EXO | 20 | 4 | rkn1 | figs-abstractnouns | וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה | 1 | nor the likeness | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1361 | EXO | 20 | 5 | ka3i | writing-pronouns | לָהֶ֖ם | 1 | You must not bow down to them or worship them | Here, them refers to carved figures or idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1362 | EXO | 20 | 5 | hx93 | figs-ellipsis | בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by sons, therefore third and fourth refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1363 | EXO | 20 | 5 | s2ia | translate-ordinal | עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “to generations 3 and 4”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1364 | EXO | 20 | 6 | u9nc | figs-abstractnouns | וְעֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י | 1 | I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faithfulness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1365 | EXO | 20 | 6 | oyh7 | figs-ellipsis | לַאֲלָפִ֑ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1366 | EXO | 20 | 6 | yw38 | figs-metonymy | לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י | 1 | to thousands of those who love me | Here, thousands may mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “for every generation” or “forever to innumerable people who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1367 | EXO | 20 | 7 | o96b | תִשָּׂ֛א…יִשָּׂ֥א | 1 | take the name of Yahweh your God | To lift up, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term. | |
1368 | EXO | 20 | 7 | t3k2 | לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ | 1 | take the name of Yahweh your God | Alternate translation: “You must not use the name of Yahweh your God” | |
1369 | EXO | 20 | 7 | gcz2 | לַשָּׁ֑וְא…לַשָּֽׁוְא | 1 | in vain | Alternate translation: “carelessly” or “without proper respect” | |
1370 | EXO | 20 | 7 | sl6g | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ | 1 | I will not hold guiltless | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. . Alternate translation: “I will certainly consider guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1371 | EXO | 20 | 8 | kwn7 | לְקַדְּשֽׁוֹ | 1 | set it apart | Alternate translation: “to make it holy to me” or “to consecrate it to me” | |
1372 | EXO | 20 | 9 | sad1 | מְלַאכְתֶּֽךָ | 1 | do all your work | Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood” | |
1373 | EXO | 20 | 10 | t1ky | figs-metonymy | בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ | 1 | within your gates | Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1374 | EXO | 20 | 11 | vw1f | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑י | 1 | on the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1375 | EXO | 20 | 14 | wyv9 | לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף | 1 | You must not commit adultery | Alternate translation: “You must not have sex with anyone other than your spouse” | |
1376 | EXO | 20 | 16 | zix8 | לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְרֵעֲךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר | 1 | must not give false testimony | Alternate translation: “You must not speak a false report against your neighbor” | |
1377 | EXO | 20 | 17 | vt9t | לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד | 1 | must not covet | Alternate translation: “You must not strongly want to have” or “You must not want to take” | |
1378 | EXO | 20 | 18 | nm52 | הָהָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן | 1 | the mountain smoking | Alternate translation: “the smoky mountain” | |
1379 | EXO | 20 | 18 | lmt5 | וַיָּנֻ֔עוּ | 1 | they trembled | Alternate translation: “and they shook with fear” | |
1380 | EXO | 20 | 18 | h53m | וַיַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽרָחֹֽק | 1 | stood far off | Alternate translation: “and stood far away” | |
1381 | EXO | 20 | 20 | slb8 | וּבַעֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛וֹ עַל־פְּנֵיכֶ֖ם לְבִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ | 1 | so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin | Alternate translation: “so that you will honor him and not sin” | |
1382 | EXO | 20 | 20 | hocw | figs-metaphor | תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛וֹ עַל־פְּנֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin | Here, fear is spoken of as something that could be above their faces. This means that they would be continually thinking about honoring God. It is similar to the image in Exodus 13:16. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will live always reverencing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1383 | EXO | 20 | 21 | lts1 | וּמֹשֶׁה֙ נִגַּ֣שׁ | 1 | Moses approached | Alternate translation: “and Moses moved closer,” | |
1384 | EXO | 20 | 23 | qm44 | אֱלֹ֤הֵי כֶ֨סֶף֙ וֵאלֹהֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב | 1 | gods of silver or gods of gold | Alternate translation: “gods made out of silver or gold” or “idols made out of silver or gold” | |
1385 | EXO | 20 | 24 | pf1i | מִזְבַּ֣ח אֲדָמָה֮ | 1 | earthen altar | The phrase an altar of earth means an altar made of materials from the ground, such as stone, soil, or clay. | |
1386 | EXO | 20 | 24 | ge89 | figs-metonymy | אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔י | 1 | cause my name to be honored | Here, name is a metonym for God’s being. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I cause myself to be remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1387 | EXO | 20 | 24 | zmc4 | figs-activepassive | אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔י | 1 | cause my name to be honored | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I choose for you to remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1388 | EXO | 20 | 26 | qm1b | figs-explicit | וְלֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְמַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑י | 1 | You must not go up to my altar on steps | If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter, you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1389 | EXO | 20 | 26 | e28y | figs-activepassive | אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ עָלָֽיו | 1 | You must not go up to my altar on steps | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1390 | EXO | 20 | 26 | h2qd | עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ | 1 | your nakedness | Alternate translation: “your private parts” | |
1391 | EXO | 21 | intro | dnd3 | 0 | Exodus 21 General NotesThis chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments. Structure:
Translation Issues in this ChapterHypothetical situationsThroughout the case law, a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” It is followed by a description of the situation; then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im). Passive constructionMany portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]. Daughters sold as servantsThe section from verses 7-11 may be somewhat confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife. It seems the two things could be closely related. Ransom paymentIn verse 30 a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear. | |||
1392 | EXO | 21 | 1 | xxf4 | 0 | you must set before them | Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters. | ||
1393 | EXO | 21 | 1 | hhf7 | תָּשִׂ֖ים | 1 | you must set before them | Alternate translation: “you must give” or “you must tell” | |
1394 | EXO | 21 | 1 | ddql | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵיהֶֽם | 1 | you must set before them | Here, faces figuratively represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1395 | EXO | 21 | 2 | di5z | 0 | General Information: | Here Yahweh begins telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. | ||
1396 | EXO | 21 | 2 | wj0e | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י | 1 | General Information: | This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or if, which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the introduction to chapter 21. You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
1397 | EXO | 21 | 3 | ln3r | figs-explicit | אִם־בְּגַפּ֥וֹ יָבֹ֖א בְּגַפּ֣וֹ יֵצֵ֑א | 1 | If he came by himself, he must go free by himself | What by himself means can be stated clearly. Some languages require that the additional condition, that he marries while a slave, be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If he became a slave while he had no wife, and if he marries while he is a slave, the master need only free the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1398 | EXO | 21 | 3 | pfn3 | בְּגַפּ֥וֹ…בְּגַפּ֣וֹ | 1 | by himself | Alternate translation: “alone” or “without a wife” | |
1399 | EXO | 21 | 3 | e467 | אִם־בַּ֤עַל אִשָּׁה֙ ה֔וּא | 1 | if he is married | Alternate translation: “if he was married when he became a slave” or “if he came as a married man” | |
1400 | EXO | 21 | 5 | yj8x | אָמֹ֤ר יֹאמַר֙ | 1 | plainly says | Alternate translation: “makes a statement, saying” | |
1401 | EXO | 21 | 5 | jqh4 | לֹ֥א אֵצֵ֖א חָפְשִֽׁי | 1 | I will not go out free | Alternate translation: “I do not want my master to set me free” | |
1402 | EXO | 21 | 6 | vnjk | figs-metonymy | הָ֣אֱלֹהִ֔ים | 1 | bore his ear through | The word for God at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See Exodus 22:8-9 for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1403 | EXO | 21 | 6 | z8x1 | וְרָצַ֨ע…אֶת־אָזְנוֹ֙ | 1 | bore his ear through | Alternate translation: “and … will put a hole in his ear” | |
1404 | EXO | 21 | 6 | xpd3 | בַּמַּרְצֵ֔עַ | 1 | awl | An awl is a pointed tool used to make a hole | |
1405 | EXO | 21 | 6 | k6ev | לְעֹלָֽם | 1 | for life | Alternate translation: “until the end of his life” or “until he dies” | |
1406 | EXO | 21 | 8 | lpqh | 0 | has designated | This verse is the first of three possible situations between a master and his female slave. | ||
1407 | EXO | 21 | 8 | p8se | יְעָדָ֖הּ | 1 | has designated | Alternate translation: “has chosen her” | |
1408 | EXO | 21 | 8 | t2zf | figs-activepassive | וְהֶפְדָּ֑הּ | 1 | he must let her be bought back | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then he must allow her father to buy her back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1409 | EXO | 21 | 8 | h7f7 | בְּבִגְדוֹ־בָֽהּ | 1 | he has treated her deceitfully | Alternate translation: “since he has deceived her” | |
1410 | EXO | 21 | 9 | h9ni | 0 | he has treated her deceitfully | This verse is the second of three possible situations between a master and his female slave. | ||
1411 | EXO | 21 | 9 | w99z | לִבְנ֖וֹ יִֽיעָדֶ֑נָּה | 1 | designates her as a wife for his son | Alternate translation: “he decides that she is the one who will be his son’s wife” | |
1412 | EXO | 21 | 9 | suz0 | כְּמִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַבָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽהּ | 1 | designates her as a wife for his son | Alternate translation: “he must do to her according to the manner in which daughters are customarily treated” | |
1413 | EXO | 21 | 10 | i0xh | 0 | designates her as a wife for his son | This verse and the next are the third of three possible situations between a master and his female slave. | ||
1414 | EXO | 21 | 10 | rxk4 | figs-doublenegatives | שְׁאֵרָ֛הּ כְּסוּתָ֥הּ וְעֹנָתָ֖הּ לֹ֥א יִגְרָֽע | 1 | he must not diminish her food, clothing, or her marital rights | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “he must give the first wife the same food, clothing, and marital rights she had before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1415 | EXO | 21 | 10 | np9b | figs-euphemism | וְעֹנָתָ֖הּ | 1 | or her marital rights | This term only occurs here in the Bible. It probably means things that a husband must do for his wife. Most commentators believe it specifically means having sexual relations with her, possibly so that she can bear children. Alternate translation: “or her right to intimacy” or “or her childbearing rights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1416 | EXO | 21 | 12 | gks4 | מַכֵּ֥ה אִ֛ישׁ | 1 | strikes a man | Alternate translation: “Whoever attacks a man” | |
1417 | EXO | 21 | 12 | su6b | figs-activepassive | מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | that person must surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly execute that person” or “you must certainly kill that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1418 | EXO | 21 | 13 | h4ka | וַאֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א צָדָ֔ה | 1 | did not do it with premeditation | Alternate translation: “But if he did not plan to do it” or “But if he did not do it on purpose” | |
1419 | EXO | 21 | 13 | gme9 | figs-explicit | וְשַׂמְתִּ֤י לְךָ֙ מָק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנ֖וּס שָֽׁמָּה | 1 | I will fix a place to where he can flee | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the purpose for choosing a place explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will choose a place to which he can run away to be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1420 | EXO | 21 | 14 | st5h | בְעָרְמָ֑ה | 1 | according to a cunning plan | Alternate translation: “after thinking carefully about it” | |
1421 | EXO | 21 | 14 | abx6 | תִּקָּחֶ֖נּוּ | 1 | must take him | The word “him” refers to the one who killed his neighbor. | |
1422 | EXO | 21 | 14 | mvpx | לָמֽוּת | 1 | must take him | Alternate translation: “to execute him” | |
1423 | EXO | 21 | 15 | y3hd | figs-activepassive | וּמַכֵּ֥ה אָבִ֛יו וְאִמּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | Whoever hits his father or mother must surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone hits his father or mother, you must surely put him to death” or “You must surely kill anyone who hits his father or mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1424 | EXO | 21 | 15 | qh2j | מ֥וֹת | 1 | must surely | Alternate translation: “certainly” | |
1425 | EXO | 21 | 16 | iu81 | figs-activepassive | מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | that kidnapper must be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill that kidnapper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1426 | EXO | 21 | 17 | h8qf | figs-activepassive | וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely kill anyone who curses his father or his mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1427 | EXO | 21 | 17 | kvbc | וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל | 1 | Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death | The word translated acts contemptuously means the opposite of “honor” (as in the commandment to honor one’s parents). Alternate translation: “Whoever acts dishonorably toward” | |
1428 | EXO | 21 | 19 | c7rv | יָק֞וּם | 1 | he recovers | Alternate translation: “he gets better” | |
1429 | EXO | 21 | 19 | tv0z | וְנִקָּ֣ה | 1 | he recovers | Alternate translation: “then … is innocent” | |
1430 | EXO | 21 | 19 | xg6c | figs-explicit | שִׁבְתּ֛וֹ | 1 | the loss of his time | This refers to a situation when someone cannot work to earn money. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the time he could not work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1431 | EXO | 21 | 19 | ws14 | וְרַפֹּ֥א יְרַפֵּֽא | 1 | pay for his complete recovery | Alternate translation: “and for his medical costs” or “and for his costs for healing” | |
1432 | EXO | 21 | 20 | te41 | תַּ֣חַת יָד֑וֹ | 1 | as a result of the blow | Alternate translation: “because of the injury” or “because the master hit him” | |
1433 | EXO | 21 | 20 | h4eg | figs-activepassive | נָקֹ֖ם יִנָּקֵֽם | 1 | that man must surely be punished | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly punish that man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1434 | EXO | 21 | 21 | r65u | figs-explicit | כִּ֥י כַסְפּ֖וֹ הֽוּא | 1 | for he will have suffered the loss of the servant | A common view is that the loss of the valuable property, the slave, is itself a punishment. It may be that the master loses the slave for a time and also has to pay for his healing, or it may be that the slave dies after a few days. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that the servant was valuable to his master explicitly. Alternate translation: “because he has already lost his servant who was valuable to him” or “because he has already lost his servant’s work for a time and had to pay for his healing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1435 | EXO | 21 | 22 | a6av | וְיָצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔יהָ וְלֹ֥א יִהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן | 1 | she miscarries | It is not clear in the passage what happens to the child. The text is simply as in the ULT. Some have taken it to mean that the child dies because of premature birth, and the serious injury only relates to the woman. In this case, a fine is imposed for the loss of the child. However, the text could also mean that the child is born safely. A fine is still imposed because of the great danger to the two lives. Then the next few verses give consequences for any injury either to mother or child. | |
1436 | EXO | 21 | 22 | w4p3 | אָס֑וֹן | 1 | she miscarries | Alternate translation: “hurt” | |
1437 | EXO | 21 | 22 | cn4h | figs-activepassive | עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵעָנֵ֗שׁ | 1 | the guilty man must surely be fined | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly fine the guilty man” or “the guilty man must pay a fine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1438 | EXO | 21 | 22 | v5ye | בִּפְלִלִֽים | 1 | as the judges determine | Alternate translation: “what the judges decide” | |
1439 | EXO | 21 | 23 | ya82 | figs-explicit | וְנָתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ | 1 | as the judges determine | This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you must take the killer’s life for the murdered person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1440 | EXO | 21 | 24 | c5bq | figs-explicit | עַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן | 1 | an eye for an eye | This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the striker’s eye for the injured person’s eye” (and repeated in like manner for each example throughout this and the next verse) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1441 | EXO | 21 | 26 | i8cg | אִ֜ישׁ | 1 | If a man | Here, man refers to the owner of a slave. | |
1442 | EXO | 21 | 26 | bmc1 | תַּ֥חַת | 1 | in compensation | Alternate translation: “as payment for” | |
1443 | EXO | 21 | 28 | sp6w | יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר | 1 | an ox gores | Alternate translation: “an ox injures with its horns” | |
1444 | EXO | 21 | 28 | qk3u | figs-activepassive | סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַשּׁ֗וֹר | 1 | the ox must surely be stoned | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely stone the ox to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1445 | EXO | 21 | 28 | q2gv | figs-activepassive | וְלֹ֤א יֵאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔וֹ | 1 | its flesh must not be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must not eat its flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1446 | EXO | 21 | 29 | zgll | figs-activepassive | וְהוּעַ֤ד בִּבְעָלָיו֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔נּוּ | 1 | its owner also must be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state its owner was warned in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone warned its owner but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1447 | EXO | 21 | 29 | x2y0 | figs-explicit | וְהוּעַ֤ד בִּבְעָלָיו֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔נּוּ | 1 | its owner also must be put to death | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the content of the warning explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner was warned that it gores but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1448 | EXO | 21 | 29 | nzn1 | figs-activepassive | וְגַם־בְּעָלָ֖יו יוּמָֽת | 1 | its owner also must be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must also kill its owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1449 | EXO | 21 | 30 | t5rs | figs-explicit | אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑יו וְנָתַן֙ פִּדְיֹ֣ן נַפְשׁ֔וֹ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽיו | 1 | If a payment is required for his life | The text does not specify who will impose a ransom on the ox’s owner. Since other texts indicate that justice is retributive and performed by the dead person’s family, that is one option. Another option is that the judges will impose it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express one of these explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1450 | EXO | 21 | 30 | py37 | figs-activepassive | אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑יו…יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽיו | 1 | If a payment is required for his life | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. However, you must make a decision regarding who is imposing the ransom or use an unspecified pronoun, if that is possible in your language (this second option would not make sense in English). Alternate translation: “If the judges impose a ransom on him … they impose on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1451 | EXO | 21 | 31 | kg25 | יִגָּ֖ח…יִגָּ֑ח | 1 | has gored | Alternate translation: “it injures with its horns … it injures with its horns” | |
1452 | EXO | 21 | 31 | to8k | writing-pronouns | לּֽוֹ | 1 | has gored | Here, him probably refers to the ox’s owner. Alternate translation: “to the owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1453 | EXO | 21 | 32 | qzv3 | translate-bmoney | כֶּ֣סֶף׀ שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שְׁקָלִ֗ים | 1 | thirty shekels of silver | In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “30 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote. Alternate translation: “330 grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) |
1454 | EXO | 21 | 32 | qy0g | figs-explicit | אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַשּׁ֖וֹר | 1 | thirty shekels of silver | Because they are to kill the ox, the slave must have died. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If an ox kills a male servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1455 | EXO | 21 | 32 | wm9a | figs-activepassive | וְהַשּׁ֖וֹר יִסָּקֵֽל | 1 | the ox must be stoned | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill the ox by stoning it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1456 | EXO | 21 | 33 | fd4p | יִפְתַּ֨ח…בּ֗וֹר | 1 | opens a pit | Alternate translation: “uncovers a hole in the ground” or “takes a cover off a hole in the ground” | |
1457 | EXO | 21 | 34 | b48a | figs-explicit | כֶּ֖סֶף יָשִׁ֣יב לִבְעָלָ֑יו | 1 | repay the loss | The owner must be paid for the loss of his animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must pay the owner for the dead animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1458 | EXO | 21 | 34 | ip1n | יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם | 1 | repay the loss | Alternate translation: “must make restitution” | |
1459 | EXO | 21 | 34 | j8qz | figs-explicit | וְהַמֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ | 1 | will become his | The one who paid for the loss of the animal will become the owner of the dead animal and can do what he wants with it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the dead animal will belong to the owner of the pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1460 | EXO | 21 | 35 | z9ug | וְחָצ֣וּ אֶת־כַּסְפּ֔וֹ | 1 | divide its price | Alternate translation: “and divide the money” or “and divide the money they receive” | |
1461 | EXO | 21 | 36 | fkx2 | figs-activepassive | א֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע | 1 | if it was known | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1462 | EXO | 21 | 36 | v64b | נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִתְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | a habit of goring in time past | Alternate translation: “the ox had gored other animals before” | |
1463 | EXO | 21 | 36 | ix8h | figs-explicit | וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑יו | 1 | its owner has not kept it in | This means that the owner did not keep his ox safely where it could not wander to hurt other animals. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner did not keep it inside a fence” or “and its owner did not tie it securely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1464 | EXO | 21 | 36 | dcv2 | figs-explicit | שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַשּׁ֔וֹר | 1 | he must surely pay ox for ox | The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1465 | EXO | 22 | intro | f9vb | 0 | Exodus 22 General NotesStructureThis chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. We will not attempt to provide an outline since almost every verse is about a different case. Translation Issues in this ChapterHypothetical situationsThroughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” Then there is a description of the situation, and then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will contain these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im). Passive constructionMany portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]. | |||
1466 | EXO | 22 | 1 | syx5 | 0 | General Information: | Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. | ||
1467 | EXO | 22 | 1 | onm0 | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּטְבָח֖וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑וֹ | 1 | General Information: | This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or if, which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the introduction. You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not actually happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
1468 | EXO | 22 | 1 | bc03 | translate-numbers | חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה…וְאַרְבַּע | 1 | General Information: | Alternate translation: “5 … and 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1469 | EXO | 22 | 2 | mt43 | figs-activepassive | אִם־בַּמַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת יִמָּצֵ֥א הַגַּנָּ֖ב | 1 | If a thief is found | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief while he is breaking in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1470 | EXO | 22 | 2 | e98x | בַּמַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת | 1 | breaking in | Alternate translation: “while using force to enter a house” | |
1471 | EXO | 22 | 2 | gt5f | figs-activepassive | וְהֻכָּ֣ה וָמֵ֑ת | 1 | if he is struck so that he dies | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1472 | EXO | 22 | 2 | fq57 | אֵ֥ין ל֖וֹ דָּמִֽים | 1 | no guilt for murder will attach to anyone on his account | Alternate translation: “no one will be guilty of murdering him” | |
1473 | EXO | 22 | 3 | vym5 | אִם־זָרְחָ֥ה הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עָלָ֖יו | 1 | if the sun has risen before he breaks in | Alternate translation: “But if it is light before he breaks in” or “But if he breaks in and it is after sunrise” | |
1474 | EXO | 22 | 3 | c5yl | figs-activepassive | וְנִמְכַּ֖ר בִּגְנֵבָתֽוֹ | 1 | he must be sold for his theft | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1475 | EXO | 22 | 4 | k926 | figs-activepassive | אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא֩ תִמָּצֵ֨א בְיָד֜וֹ הַגְּנֵבָ֗ה…חַיִּ֑ים | 1 | If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1476 | EXO | 22 | 4 | g5kg | שְׁנַ֖יִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם | 1 | pay back double | The meaning of compensate double is not entirely clear. Most interpretations follow the UST, that is, two animals total must be given, the stolen one and one more. Some interpret double to mean the thief must pay two animals for every animal that he took, so three total. It would be best to leave double as ambiguous as possible. Alternate translation: “he must compensate twice what he stole” | |
1477 | EXO | 22 | 5 | j24t | יַבְעֶר…וּבִעֵ֖ר | 1 | If a man grazes his livestock | Alternate translation: “causes to eat plants … and it eats plants” | |
1478 | EXO | 22 | 5 | nlxc | grammar-collectivenouns | בְּעִיר֔וֹ | 1 | If a man grazes his livestock | Livestock is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1479 | EXO | 22 | 5 | jrb3 | יְשַׁלֵּֽם | 1 | he must make restitution | Alternate translation: “he must pay back the owner of that field” | |
1480 | EXO | 22 | 6 | x6aj | figs-activepassive | כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א אֵ֜שׁ וּמָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ וְנֶאֱכַ֣ל | 1 | If a fire breaks out and spreads in thorns | Here, breaks out and consumes can be stated in active form or in another way that is natural in your language if your language does not use the passive form in this way. Alternate translation: “If someone starts a fire, and it spreads in thorns, and it consumes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1481 | EXO | 22 | 6 | i4ma | וּמָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ | 1 | spreads in thorns | Alternate translation: “and moves along the ground through dry plants” | |
1482 | EXO | 22 | 6 | u1pa | translate-unknown | גָּדִ֔ישׁ | 1 | stacked grain | This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. Alternate translation: “bundled grain” or “harvested grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1483 | EXO | 22 | 6 | r2cf | translate-unknown | הַקָּמָ֖ה | 1 | standing grain | This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: “the grain still growing in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1484 | EXO | 22 | 7 | jw3v | לִשְׁמֹ֔ר | 1 | for safe keeping | Alternate translation: “to watch over it” or “to keep it safe” | |
1485 | EXO | 22 | 7 | na9h | figs-activepassive | וְגֻנַּ֖ב | 1 | if it is stolen | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1486 | EXO | 22 | 7 | x2sh | figs-activepassive | אִם־יִמָּצֵ֥א הַגַּנָּ֖ב | 1 | if the thief is found | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1487 | EXO | 22 | 8 | lwg5 | figs-activepassive | אִם־לֹ֤א יִמָּצֵא֙ הַגַּנָּ֔ב וְנִקְרַ֥ב בַּֽעַל־הַבַּ֖יִת אֶל־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | come before the judges to see whether | You may need to translate these in an active voice if your language does not use passive in this way. Alternate translation: “If no one finds the thief, bring the owner of the house to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1488 | EXO | 22 | 8 | c812 | figs-metonymy | הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | come before the judges to see whether | The word for God at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the next verse it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See Exodus 21:6 for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1489 | EXO | 22 | 8 | f774 | figs-idiom | שָׁלַ֛ח יָד֖וֹ בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת רֵעֵֽהוּ | 1 | has put his own hand on his neighbor’s property | This is an idiom for stealing. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “he has stolen his neighbor’s property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1490 | EXO | 22 | 9 | p7ab | דְּבַר…דְּבַר | 1 | Alternate translation: “dispute of … the dispute of” | ||
1491 | EXO | 22 | 9 | fgz1 | כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה | 1 | the claim of both parties must come before the judges | Alternate translation: “This is mine” or “This is my missing property” | |
1492 | EXO | 22 | 9 | m31k | figs-metonymy | הָֽאֱלֹהִ֔ים…אֱלֹהִ֔ים | 1 | the claim of both parties must come before the judges | The word used here for God, at its most literal, means “great ones.” Here and in the previous verse it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See Exodus 21:6 for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1493 | EXO | 22 | 10 | h7ms | figs-activepassive | נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה | 1 | the claim of both parties must come before the judges | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1494 | EXO | 22 | 10 | hzow | נִשְׁבָּ֖ה | 1 | the claim of both parties must come before the judges | Here, carried away means that it is not a thief but a wild animal that takes the ox or sheep away (to eat it). See verse 12 for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care. | |
1495 | EXO | 22 | 11 | gl7t | figs-activepassive | שְׁבֻעַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה תִּהְיֶה֙ בֵּ֣ין שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם…וְלָקַ֥ח בְּעָלָ֖יו | 1 | an oath to Yahweh must be taken by them both | Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh … and the owner must accept that oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1496 | EXO | 22 | 12 | yw3w | figs-activepassive | וְאִם־גָּנֹ֥ב יִגָּנֵ֖ב מֵעִמּ֑וֹ | 1 | But if it was stolen from him | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1497 | EXO | 22 | 13 | b313 | figs-activepassive | אִם־טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף | 1 | If an animal was torn in pieces | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1498 | EXO | 22 | 14 | h8yw | שַׁלֵּ֥ם יְשַׁלֵּֽם | 1 | must surely make restitution | Alternate translation: “must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal” | |
1499 | EXO | 22 | 14 | wu3u | figs-activepassive | וְנִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת | 1 | must surely make restitution | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1500 | EXO | 22 | 15 | g3zw | figs-activepassive | אִם־שָׂכִ֣יר | 1 | if the animal was hired | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1501 | EXO | 22 | 15 | r792 | figs-explicit | בָּ֖א בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ | 1 | it will be paid for by its hiring fee | The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1502 | EXO | 22 | 15 | f9w9 | בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ | 1 | hiring fee | Alternate translation: “for its rental fee” or “for the money paid to rent the animal” | |
1503 | EXO | 22 | 16 | a8s8 | וְכִֽי־יְפַתֶּ֣ה אִ֗ישׁ בְּתוּלָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה | 1 | a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged | Alternate translation: “If a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to lie with him” | |
1504 | EXO | 22 | 16 | th2m | לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה | 1 | not engaged | Alternate translation: “not promised to be married” | |
1505 | EXO | 22 | 16 | g24h | figs-euphemism | וְשָׁכַ֣ב | 1 | if he lies with her | Lying with someone refers to having sex. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1506 | EXO | 22 | 16 | x33y | מָהֹ֛ר יִמְהָרֶ֥נָּה | 1 | bride wealth | The bride price was money paid to the family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. | |
1507 | EXO | 22 | 17 | y2xz | writing-pronouns | ל֑וֹ…יִשְׁקֹ֔ל | 1 | him, he | Here, him and he refer back to the man who seduced the virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1508 | EXO | 22 | 19 | y3qy | figs-euphemism | כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה | 1 | Whoever lies with an animal | This refers to sexual relations. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1509 | EXO | 22 | 19 | b807 | figs-activepassive | כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | Whoever lies with an animal | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state be put to death in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1510 | EXO | 22 | 20 | n4nh | figs-activepassive | יָֽחֳרָ֑ם | 1 | Yahweh must be completely destroyed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the sentence): “You must completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1511 | EXO | 22 | 21 | kr35 | לֹא־תוֹנֶ֖ה | 1 | wrong a foreigner | Alternate translation: “You must not mistreat” or “You must not cheat” | |
1512 | EXO | 22 | 21 | eoa5 | figs-explicit | כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | wrong a foreigner | The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed, and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1513 | EXO | 22 | 22 | djh3 | figs-doublenegatives | כָּל־אַלְמָנָ֥ה וְיָת֖וֹם לֹ֥א תְעַנּֽוּן׃ | 1 | You must not mistreat any widow or fatherless child | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1514 | EXO | 22 | 22 | v3i8 | אַלְמָנָ֥ה | 1 | widow | Alternate translation: “woman whose husband has died” | |
1515 | EXO | 22 | 22 | l2ih | וְיָת֖וֹם | 1 | fatherless child | Alternate translation: “or child with no parents” | |
1516 | EXO | 22 | 24 | zszz | figs-idiom | וְחָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔י | 1 | fatherless child | This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1517 | EXO | 22 | 24 | sx9h | figs-metonymy | בֶּחָ֑רֶב | 1 | I will kill you with the sword | To be killed with the sword is a metonym that means a person will die violently, perhaps while fighting in a war. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1518 | EXO | 22 | 25 | v5je | כְּנֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | a moneylender | Alternate translation: “like one who lends money” | |
1519 | EXO | 22 | 25 | g3ry | לֹֽא־תְשִׂימ֥וּן עָלָ֖יו נֶֽשֶׁךְ | 1 | charge him interest | Alternate translation: “you must not charge him extra money for borrowing” or “you must not charge him extra money for the loan” | |
1520 | EXO | 22 | 27 | wi2m | כְסוּתוֹ֙ לְבַדָּ֔הּ | 1 | only covering | Alternate translation: “is his only coat” or “is his only garment to keep him warm” | |
1521 | EXO | 22 | 27 | x7zb | figs-rquestion | בַּמֶּ֣ה יִשְׁכָּ֔ב | 1 | What else can he sleep in? | This question adds emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
1522 | EXO | 22 | 28 | eel2 | אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל | 1 | You must not blaspheme me, God | Alternate translation: “Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God” | |
1523 | EXO | 22 | 28 | tdj6 | וְנָשִׂ֥יא בְעַמְּךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר | 1 | nor curse a ruler | Alternate translation: “and do not ask God to do bad things to your ruler” | |
1524 | EXO | 22 | 29 | p8nk | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר | 1 | You must not hold back offerings | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1525 | EXO | 22 | 30 | j345 | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֤ת | 1 | For seven days | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1526 | EXO | 22 | 30 | m4wq | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֖י | 1 | the eighth day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1527 | EXO | 22 | 31 | jjhn | figs-abstractnouns | וְאַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּן לִ֑י | 1 | the eighth day | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1528 | EXO | 23 | intro | hk5t | 0 | Exodus 23 General NotesStructureThis chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. It also touches on the patterns of life regarding the Sabbaths (verses 10-12) and Festivals (verses 14-19). At verse 20 Yahweh begins telling them about their future as they go to and live in the promised land. Special Concepts in this ChapterCelebrations of feasts and festivalsThe people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses, and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them. | |||
1529 | EXO | 23 | 1 | we1y | 0 | General Information: | Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. | ||
1530 | EXO | 23 | 1 | eeoc | figs-abstractnouns | לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא | 1 | dishonest witness | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of report and emptiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1531 | EXO | 23 | 1 | l4xr | שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא | 1 | General Information: | Alternate translation: “a false testimony” | |
1532 | EXO | 23 | 1 | fu5k | figs-idiom | אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע | 1 | dishonest witness | Here, to put your hand with the wicked means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1533 | EXO | 23 | 1 | y1a3 | figs-metonymy | עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס | 1 | dishonest witness | Here, violence can also mean “wrong.” Either way, it means to harm another person by committing injustice (violence to justice) by lying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1534 | EXO | 23 | 2 | nqz9 | וְלֹא־תַעֲנֶ֣ה | 1 | nor may you bear witness | Alternate translation: “and you also must not speak” | |
1535 | EXO | 23 | 2 | z6ej | figs-metaphor | לֹֽא־תִהְיֶ֥ה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּ֖ים לְרָעֹ֑ת | 1 | siding with the crowd | This is a metaphor that describes one’s agreeing with a group of people as if he actually walked behind that group. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You must not do the evil that the crowd wants” or “You must not agree with the majority for evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1536 | EXO | 23 | 2 | nuag | figs-ellipsis | לִנְטֹ֛ת…לְהַטֹּֽת | 1 | siding with the crowd | The phrase “from justice” is omitted twice but should be understood in both cases. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to turn aside from justice … that turns aside from justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1537 | EXO | 23 | 2 | tnv2 | לִנְטֹ֛ת…לְהַטֹּֽת | 1 | pervert justice | Here, to turn aside means to do illegal or immoral actions that result in an unjust ruling. Alternate translation: “to pervert justice … that perverts justice” | |
1538 | EXO | 23 | 6 | z2al | לֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹנְךָ֖ בְּרִיבֽוֹ | 1 | Do not thrust aside justice for your poor in his lawsuit | Alternate translation: “Do not decide to treat a poor man unjustly in legal matters” | |
1539 | EXO | 23 | 6 | vh76 | בְּרִיבֽוֹ | 1 | lawsuit | Here, in his lawsuit refers to any matter that a court decides. | |
1540 | EXO | 23 | 7 | ljdw | figs-metaphor | מִדְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק | 1 | I will not acquit the wicked | Here distance is used figuratively to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1541 | EXO | 23 | 7 | c6xl | figs-doublet | וְנָקִ֤י וְצַדִּיק֙ | 1 | I will not acquit the wicked | These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with the wicked later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
1542 | EXO | 23 | 7 | mf4w | לֹא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע | 1 | I will not acquit the wicked | Alternate translation: “I will not find the wicked not guilty” or “I will not say that a wicked person is innocent” | |
1543 | EXO | 23 | 8 | gh3v | figs-personification | כִּ֤י הַשֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים | 1 | bribe blinds…perverts | Here, a “bribe” is described as if it could take action itself that negatively affects justice. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for if you do, an evil person can give money to blind the clear-sighted and to pervert the words of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1544 | EXO | 23 | 8 | ai37 | figs-metaphor | כִּ֤י הַשֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים | 1 | bribe blinds…perverts | To blind the clear-sighted is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And perverts the words of the righteous could mean causes those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causes the judge to give an evil judgment or causes those listening to the words of the righteous to choose to act as if they had heard something different. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1545 | EXO | 23 | 9 | mzu9 | אֶת־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַגֵּ֔ר | 1 | the life of a foreigner | Alternate translation: “the feelings of the foreigner” | |
1546 | EXO | 23 | 10 | rt7h | תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ | 1 | its produce | Alternate translation: “the food its plants produce” | |
1547 | EXO | 23 | 10 | gjya | translate-numbers | וְשֵׁ֥שׁ | 1 | its produce | Alternate translation: “And 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1548 | EXO | 23 | 11 | waxp | translate-ordinal | וְהַשְּׁבִיעִ֞ת | 1 | unplowed | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “But year 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1549 | EXO | 23 | 11 | b5q6 | translate-unknown | תִּשְׁמְטֶ֣נָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּ֗הּ | 1 | fallow | This means to leave the land fallow, that is, in its natural state, unplowed, unplanted, not used to grow food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1550 | EXO | 23 | 11 | s4wv | figs-explicit | וְאָֽכְלוּ֙ אֶבְיֹנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | so that the poor among your people may eat | The poor can eat any food that grows on its own in a field that is not cultivated. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so the poor among your people may harvest and eat any food that grows on its own in that field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1551 | EXO | 23 | 12 | ij92 | שֽׁוֹרְךָ֙ וַחֲמֹרֶ֔ךָ | 1 | your ox and your donkey | Alternate translation: “your work animals” | |
1552 | EXO | 23 | 12 | tajk | translate-numbers | שֵׁ֤שֶׁת | 1 | any foreigner may rest and be refreshed | Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1553 | EXO | 23 | 12 | u07q | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י | 1 | any foreigner may rest and be refreshed | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1554 | EXO | 23 | 12 | gpu1 | figs-activepassive | וְיִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְךָ֖ וְהַגֵּֽר | 1 | any foreigner may rest and be refreshed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the son of your female slave and the sojourner may refresh themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1555 | EXO | 23 | 13 | ldn8 | תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ | 1 | Pay attention to | Alternate translation: “Do” or “Obey” | |
1556 | EXO | 23 | 13 | va2j | figs-parallelism | וְשֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽיךָ | 1 | mention the names of other gods | These two instructions mean almost the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Be sure never to speak the names of other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1557 | EXO | 23 | 13 | x5tf | figs-metonymy | וְשֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽיךָ | 1 | mention the names of other gods | These parallel phrases probably mean praying to other gods. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not pray to other gods, never let me hear you do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1558 | EXO | 23 | 13 | apnw | figs-metonymy | לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽיךָ | 1 | mention the names of other gods | To be on your mouth means to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor speak them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1559 | EXO | 23 | 13 | s86p | figs-activepassive | לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽיךָ | 1 | mention the names of other gods | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also see previous note. Alternate translation: “nor speak them so someone could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1560 | EXO | 23 | 14 | ezgh | translate-numbers | שָׁלֹ֣שׁ | 1 | mention the names of other gods | Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1561 | EXO | 23 | 15 | bu7n | translate-hebrewmonths | הָֽאָבִ֔יב | 1 | Aviv | Aviv is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:4. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
1562 | EXO | 23 | 15 | i88n | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֣ת | 1 | Aviv | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1563 | EXO | 23 | 15 | tx1v | figs-doublenegatives | וְלֹא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖י רֵיקָֽם | 1 | not appear before me empty-handed | Understatement is used here to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must not come to me without a proper offering” or “You must always bring an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1564 | EXO | 23 | 16 | ybsb | וְחַ֤ג הַקָּצִיר֙ | 1 | Festival of Ingathering | Elsewhere this is called the “Festival of Weeks.” See Exodus 34:22 and Deuteronomy 16:9 and following. | |
1565 | EXO | 23 | 16 | pnx4 | וְחַ֤ג הָֽאָסִף֙ | 1 | Festival of Ingathering | This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. Alternate translation: “And the Festival of the Ingathering” | |
1566 | EXO | 23 | 16 | wgxm | figs-metaphor | בְּצֵ֣את הַשָּׁנָ֔ה | 1 | Festival of Ingathering | The phrase in the exiting of the year means at the end of the year. The year is pictured as something that is leaving. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “as the year goes out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1567 | EXO | 23 | 17 | t5xj | figs-metonymy | יֵרָאֶה֙…אֶל־פְּנֵ֖י הָאָדֹ֥ן׀ יְהוָֽה׃ | 1 | All your males must appear before the Lord Yahweh | Here, to appear to the face of the Lord Yahweh means to gather to worship. To the face is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1568 | EXO | 23 | 20 | bssx | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶ֔יךָ | 1 | This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1569 | EXO | 23 | 21 | mpfy | figs-metonymy | הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִפָּנָ֛יו | 1 | Be attentive to him | This means to respect him; from his face refers to his person. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Show respect to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1570 | EXO | 23 | 21 | pm7x | figs-activepassive | הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִפָּנָ֛יו | 1 | Be attentive to him | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1571 | EXO | 23 | 21 | p5y3 | grammar-connect-logic-result | אַל־תַּמֵּ֣ר בּ֑וֹ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יִשָּׂא֙ לְפִשְׁעֲכֶ֔ם כִּ֥י שְׁמִ֖י בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃ | 1 | Do not provoke him, for he will not pardon | There are two reasons given for the instruction do not cause bitterness in him. They are connected in such a way that you could say: “Because my name is within him, he will not forgive your transgressions; therefore, do not cause bitterness in him.” The relation of the name and forgiveness is not explicit. Alternate translation: “If you provoke him, he will not pardon your sins, for my name is within him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
1572 | EXO | 23 | 21 | p4jv | figs-metonymy | שְׁמִ֖י בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ | 1 | My name is on him | Here, name refers to God’s authority. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “he has my authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1573 | EXO | 23 | 21 | gt76 | figs-metonymy | וּשְׁמַ֥ע בְּקֹל֖וֹ | 1 | If you indeed obey his voice | Here, voice represents what the angel says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1574 | EXO | 23 | 22 | z1gn | figs-metonymy | אִם־שָׁמֹ֤עַ תִּשְׁמַע֙ בְּקֹל֔וֹ | 1 | If you indeed obey his voice | Here, voice represents what the angel says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “if you carefully obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1575 | EXO | 23 | 22 | y9bm | figs-parallelism | וְאָֽיַבְתִּי֙ אֶת־אֹ֣יְבֶ֔יךָ וְצַרְתִּ֖י אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽיךָ | 1 | an enemy to your enemies and an adversary to your adversaries | These two phrases mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1576 | EXO | 23 | 23 | x2nh | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶיךָ֒ | 1 | This phrase, before your face, means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1577 | EXO | 23 | 24 | a1d5 | figs-explicit | וְלֹ֥א תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂיהֶ֑ם | 1 | You must not…do as they do | The Israelites must not live as the people who worship other gods. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you must not live as the people live who worship those gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1578 | EXO | 23 | 25 | t3ir | figs-merism | וּבֵרַ֥ךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְךָ֖ וְאֶת־מֵימֶ֑יךָ | 1 | he will bless your bread and water | Here, your bread and your water is a merism that means food and drink. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and he will bless your food and drink” or “and he will bless you by giving you food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
1579 | EXO | 23 | 25 | ydl4 | figs-123person | וּבֵרַ֥ךְ…וַהֲסִרֹתִ֥י | 1 | he will bless…I will remove | Yahweh switched between the first and third pronoun to refer to himself. Here, both he and I refer to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1580 | EXO | 23 | 26 | q4gz | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֥א תִהְיֶ֛ה מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה וַעֲקָרָ֖ה | 1 | No woman will be barren or will miscarry her young in your land | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Every woman will be able to become pregnant and give birth to healthy babies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1581 | EXO | 23 | 26 | i1r9 | מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה | 1 | miscarry | to have a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly, resulting in the death of the baby | |
1582 | EXO | 23 | 26 | geqg | figs-idiom | אֶת־מִסְפַּ֥ר יָמֶ֖יךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא | 1 | miscarry | This is an idiom that means to live a long time. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1583 | EXO | 23 | 27 | yps8 | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶ֔יךָ | 1 | miscarry | This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1584 | EXO | 23 | 27 | q901 | figs-idiom | וְנָתַתִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבֶ֛יךָ אֵלֶ֖יךָ עֹֽרֶף | 1 | miscarry | This is an idiom meaning that the enemies will turn and run away (showing the Israelites the backs of their necks). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will make all of your enemies flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1585 | EXO | 23 | 28 | t0r1 | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶ֑יךָ…מִלְּפָנֶֽיךָ | 1 | miscarry | This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you … from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1586 | EXO | 23 | 28 | cg7i | translate-unknown | הַצִּרְעָ֖ה | 1 | hornets | The hornet is a flying insect that can sting people and cause pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1587 | EXO | 23 | 28 | oocw | grammar-collectivenouns | הַצִּרְעָ֖ה…וְגֵרְשָׁ֗ה | 1 | hornets | Here, hornet is used in the singular but refers to a large group of the flying, stinging insects. It agrees in number with hornet. It may be necessary to translate as a plural. Alternate translation: “hornets … and they will drive out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
1588 | EXO | 23 | 29 | wfdi | figs-metonymy | מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ | 1 | miscarry | This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1589 | EXO | 23 | 29 | i9aq | figs-explicit | פֶּן־תִּהְיֶ֤ה הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה | 1 | or the land would become abandoned | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make the rest of the idea explicit. Alternate translation: “lest the land become desolate because no one would be living in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1590 | EXO | 23 | 30 | mne7 | figs-metonymy | מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ | 1 | miscarry | This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1591 | EXO | 23 | 31 | my2e | figs-metonymy | מִפָּנֶֽיךָ | 1 | miscarry | This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1592 | EXO | 23 | 33 | d1fp | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֖ לְמוֹקֵֽשׁ | 1 | this will surely become a trap for you | This means worshiping other gods will lead the people of Israel to certain destruction, as if they were an animal caught in a hunter’s trap. It could also be saying that leaving the other people around will make it so that the Israelites see the other people’s worship and are lured (like in a trap) into worshiping the other gods, which is a sin against Yahweh. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Worshiping them will surely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1593 | EXO | 24 | intro | b83l | 0 | Exodus 24 General NotesStructure
Potential Translation Issues
Special Concepts in this ChapterMoses’ covenantThe people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) God’s holinessBecause Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a “devouring fire.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) | |||
1594 | EXO | 24 | 1 | hji6 | writing-newevent | 0 | Nadab…Abihu | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
1595 | EXO | 24 | 1 | c97i | translate-names | נָדָ֣ב וַאֲבִיה֔וּא | 1 | Nadab…Abihu | Nadab and Abihu are men’s names. See how you translated these names in Exodus 6:23. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1596 | EXO | 24 | 1 | zukb | figs-123person | אֶל־יְהוָ֗ה | 1 | Nadab…Abihu | Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1597 | EXO | 24 | 1 | nm3t | translate-numbers | וְשִׁבְעִ֖ים | 1 | seventy of Israel’s elders | Alternate translation: “and 70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1598 | EXO | 24 | 1 | ymip | figs-explicit | וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם | 1 | seventy of Israel’s elders | Here, after bow down, “to me” is implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you shall bow down to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1599 | EXO | 24 | 2 | p06o | writing-pronouns | וְהֵ֖ם | 1 | seventy of Israel’s elders | Here, they refers to all the other people mentioned in verse 1. Alternate translation: “and Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1600 | EXO | 24 | 2 | dqnp | figs-123person | אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | seventy of Israel’s elders | Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1601 | EXO | 24 | 3 | sbc3 | writing-newevent | 0 | with one voice | Verses 3-8 tell of a different scene than the rest of the chapter, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. It seems that there were some preparations needed before Moses and the elders could go up to meet Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
1602 | EXO | 24 | 3 | nuqr | 0 | with one voice | See Exodus 19:8 for how you translated a very similar event. | ||
1603 | EXO | 24 | 3 | cg32 | figs-idiom | ק֤וֹל אֶחָד֙ | 1 | with one voice | Here, with one voice is an idiom that means the people were in complete agreement. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “together” or “in agreement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1604 | EXO | 24 | 4 | h7gg | תַּ֣חַת הָהָ֑ר | 1 | foot of the mountain | Alternate translation: “at the base of the mountain” | |
1605 | EXO | 24 | 4 | uipf | translate-numbers | וּשְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙…לִשְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר | 1 | foot of the mountain | Alternate translation: “and 12 … according to the 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1606 | EXO | 24 | 7 | c9tm | translate-unknown | סֵ֣פֶר הַבְּרִ֔ית | 1 | foot of the mountain | Here, book does not mean something in our modern format. It was likely a piece of papyrus (an early form of paper made from reeds) or animal skin that rolled up. Alternate translation: “the Covenant he had written down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1607 | EXO | 24 | 8 | h9ff | figs-explicit | הַדָּ֔ם | 1 | Then Moses took the blood | This refers to the blood that Moses had put into the bowls. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1608 | EXO | 24 | 8 | juxf | figs-explicit | עַ֥ל כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ | 1 | Then Moses took the blood | These words refers to what Moses just read aloud to them, that is, Yahweh’s commands. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “which I just read aloud to you and you agreed to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1609 | EXO | 24 | 9 | izl5 | writing-newevent | 0 | Nadab…Abihu | A new scene begins with this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. Here the narrative is connected to verse 2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
1610 | EXO | 24 | 9 | uz7y | translate-names | נָדָב֙ וַאֲבִיה֔וּא | 1 | Nadab…Abihu | Nadab and Abihu are men’s names. See how you translated these names in Exodus 6:23. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1611 | EXO | 24 | 9 | nuq7 | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֥עַל | 1 | Nadab…Abihu | The men went up the mountain. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1612 | EXO | 24 | 10 | ic4s | figs-personification | וְתַ֣חַת רַגְלָ֗יו | 1 | Under his feet | And under his feet speaks of God as if he had human feet. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And below where God was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
1613 | EXO | 24 | 10 | q8sn | לִבְנַ֣ת | 1 | pavement | a hard surface for walking or riding | |
1614 | EXO | 24 | 10 | pm87 | translate-unknown | הַסַּפִּ֔יר | 1 | sapphire stone | A sapphire is a gemstone that is blue in color. If there is a blue gemstone that your people are familiar with, you may use it here, as the exact gemstone is not certain. You may also describe it. Alternate translation: “a blue gemstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1615 | EXO | 24 | 10 | zd6u | figs-simile | וּכְעֶ֥צֶם הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לָטֹֽהַר | 1 | as clear as the sky itself | The point of this comparison is the blueness of the tile. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and it was blue like the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1616 | EXO | 24 | 11 | jds6 | figs-metonymy | וְאֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑וֹ | 1 | God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders | Here, his hand refers to his judgement. This means that God did not harm the leaders. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God did not harm the Israelite leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1617 | EXO | 24 | 11 | b398 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְאֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑וֹ | 1 | God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders | What would be expected is that they would die if they saw God. The Israelite elders ability to see God and live is unexpected. Be sure your translation conveys that. Alternate translation: “However, he did not send out his hand to the leaders of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
1618 | EXO | 24 | 12 | dx4f | figs-explicit | לְהוֹרֹתָֽם | 1 | tablets of stone and the law and commandments | This means so that Moses and the other Israelite leaders could teach the laws and commandments to the Israelite people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1619 | EXO | 24 | 13 | flw7 | writing-participants | וִיהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ | 1 | with his assistant Joshua | Joshua is introduced here again. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
1620 | EXO | 24 | 13 | gv5e | וִיהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ מְשָׁרְת֑וֹ | 1 | with his assistant Joshua | The word translated servant here is usually associated with a higher position, like a government minister. Avoid using a word that implies a lower-class serving role. Alternate translation: “and Joshua his assistant” | |
1621 | EXO | 24 | 14 | mhvj | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וְאֶל־הַזְּקֵנִ֤ים אָמַר֙ | 1 | wait for us | The structure of the Hebrew indicates but does not require that this speech by Moses happened before verse 13 (hence had said). The ULT takes this view, however, for languages where it is hard to express events out of order, the UST reflects the other grammatical possibility and says in 24:13 that Moses started up the mountain and in 24:15 that he went the rest of the way up the mountain. Following this, you can view this verse as if Moses paused and gave these final instructions as he was leaving the elders behind, thus keeping a sequential structure. Either approach is permissible by the text, but the approach of the ULT is preferred, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) |
1622 | EXO | 24 | 14 | qiy4 | לָ֣נוּ | 1 | wait for us | Alternate translation: “Joshua and me” | |
1623 | EXO | 24 | 14 | uc7r | translate-names | וְחוּר֙ | 1 | Hur | Hur is a man’s name. See how you translated this name in Exodus 17:10. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1624 | EXO | 24 | 14 | jyh8 | וְהִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | Hur | Behold is used to draw attention to important information that Moses is about to tell them. It is frequently omitted. If your language uses a statement to draw attention to important information, you should consider using it here. Alternate translation: “Remember” | |
1625 | EXO | 24 | 14 | dqhj | figs-idiom | מִי־בַ֥עַל דְּבָרִ֖ים | 1 | Hur | This is an idiom that means that someone has a legal dispute or complaint. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever has a legal claim” or “Anyone with a law case” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1626 | EXO | 24 | 16 | j2s5 | figs-metonymy | כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה֙ | 1 | Yahweh’s glory | This was the brilliant light of Yahweh’s presence. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the brilliant light showing Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1627 | EXO | 24 | 16 | sb1o | translate-numbers | שֵׁ֣שֶׁת | 1 | Yahweh’s glory | Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1628 | EXO | 24 | 16 | uwdd | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י | 1 | Yahweh’s glory | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day number 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1629 | EXO | 24 | 17 | e4n6 | figs-simile | כְּאֵ֥שׁ אֹכֶ֖לֶת | 1 | like a devouring fire | This means the glory of Yahweh was very large and seemed to burn brightly, like a fire. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like a big fire burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
1630 | EXO | 24 | 17 | k5lj | figs-idiom | לְעֵינֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | in the eyes of the Israelites | Their eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents their thoughts or judgment about what they saw. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. See how you translated a similar expression in 15:26. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1631 | EXO | 24 | 18 | h1wy | translate-numbers | אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה | 1 | forty days and forty nights | Alternate translation: “forty days and forty nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1632 | EXO | 25 | intro | t23a | 0 | Exodus 25 General NotesStructure:
Special Concepts in this Chapter
Potential Translation Issues in this Chapter:
| |||
1633 | EXO | 25 | 2 | ygtd | figs-quotemarks | דַּבֵּר֙ | 1 | who is motivated by a willing heart | The beginning of this verse marks the start of a very long direct quote which continues until the end of Exo 30:10. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
1634 | EXO | 25 | 2 | tktu | figs-quotations | דַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְיִקְחוּ־לִ֖י תְּרוּמָ֑ה | 1 | who is motivated by a willing heart | In some languages you may have to make and they shall take a contribution for me a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation marking if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘You shall take a contribution for me.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
1635 | EXO | 25 | 2 | r5yr | figs-idiom | אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִדְּבֶ֣נּוּ לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | who is motivated by a willing heart | This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part may vary. Alternate translation: “who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1636 | EXO | 25 | 2 | k78q | figs-youdual | תִּקְח֖וּ | 1 | You must receive | The word you is plural and refers to Moses and the leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1637 | EXO | 25 | 4 | c1qn | figs-explicit | וּתְכֵ֧לֶת וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְתוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י | 1 | blue, purple, and scarlet material | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1638 | EXO | 25 | 4 | c958 | translate-unknown | וְתוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י | 1 | scarlet | A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1639 | EXO | 25 | 5 | ayup | translate-unknown | מְאָדָּמִ֛ים | 1 | scarlet | When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish in color. It is not clear whether these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1640 | EXO | 25 | 5 | va28 | translate-unknown | תְּחָשִׁ֖ים | 1 | scarlet | The meaning of this word is not known. It may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. Sea cows on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1641 | EXO | 25 | 5 | d4fa | translate-unknown | שִׁטִּֽים | 1 | scarlet | A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1642 | EXO | 25 | 6 | i6gp | translate-unknown | בְּשָׂמִים֙ | 1 | spices | Here, spices are things made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1643 | EXO | 25 | 7 | mg4f | translate-unknown | אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֕הַם | 1 | onyx | An onyx is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1644 | EXO | 25 | 7 | c3hk | וְאַבְנֵ֖י | 1 | precious stones | Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “ and treasured gems for” | |
1645 | EXO | 25 | 9 | m1np | figs-yousingular | אוֹתְךָ֔ | 1 | show you in the plans | Here, you is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1646 | EXO | 25 | 9 | w4sc | כֵּלָ֑יו | 1 | tabernacle | Here, utensils is a general term that you could translate by a broad term that could encompass all of the things used in the Dwelling, as described in this and the several following chapters. Alternate translation: “its implements” | |
1647 | EXO | 25 | 9 | c9qe | figs-youdual | תַּעֲשֽׂוּ | 1 | You must make it | Here, you is plural and refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1648 | EXO | 25 | 9 | tc2k | figs-123person | תַּעֲשֽׂוּ | 1 | You must make it | Since Moses does not construct these items himself, you may consider shifting the instructions to the third person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they shall make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1649 | EXO | 25 | 10 | o8dl | translate-unknown | שִׁטִּ֑ים | 1 | two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half | These trees, acacias, are small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in 25:5. See on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1650 | EXO | 25 | 10 | cs23 | translate-bdistance | אַמָּתַ֨יִם וָחֵ֜צִי…וְאַמָּ֤ה וָחֵ֨צִי֙…וְאַמָּ֥ה וָחֵ֖צִי | 1 | two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1651 | EXO | 25 | 10 | saf8 | translate-fraction | וָחֵ֜צִי…וָחֵ֨צִי֙…וָחֵ֖צִי | 1 | two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1652 | EXO | 25 | 12 | wbq8 | translate-unknown | וְיָצַ֣קְתָּ לּ֗וֹ אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת זָהָ֔ב | 1 | cast four rings of gold | Casting rings was a process in which gold was melted, poured into a mold that was in the shape of a ring, and then allowed to cool and harden. If this sort of metal-working process is unknown to your people, you may simply describe it, or use a word meaning “make,” as the UST does. The UST approach is preferred, as the creation process is not in focus here, and it would be cumbersome to include the description in the text. You could use a word meaning “make,” and include the description in a footnote if you are including those and your team feels it is important to understand. Alternate translation: “You shall make four rings of gold by melting the gold and pouring it into molds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1653 | EXO | 25 | 13 | i5mc | translate-unknown | שִׁטִּ֑ים | 1 | cast four rings of gold | A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in 25:5. See on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1654 | EXO | 25 | 15 | k67p | figs-parallelism | בְּטַבְּעֹת֙ הָאָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַבַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽנּוּ | 1 | General Information: | These two phrases mean similar things. Yahweh is saying the same thing in two different ways to emphasize how important this command is. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The poles belong in the rings of the box; no one is ever to remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1655 | EXO | 25 | 15 | aea1 | figs-activepassive | בְּטַבְּעֹת֙ הָאָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַבַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽנּוּ | 1 | General Information: | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as seen in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1656 | EXO | 25 | 17 | ast8 | translate-bdistance | אַמָּתַ֤יִם וָחֵ֨צִי֙…וְאַמָּ֥ה וָחֵ֖צִי | 1 | two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to the metric system is: 115 centimeters … 69 centimeters … 69 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1657 | EXO | 25 | 17 | c8o7 | translate-fraction | וָחֵ֨צִי֙…וָחֵ֖צִי | 1 | two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1658 | EXO | 25 | 19 | b4l9 | מִן־הַכַּפֹּ֛רֶת תַּעֲשׂ֥וּ אֶת־הַכְּרֻבִ֖ים עַל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָֽיו | 1 | They must be made | This seems to indicate that the cherubim should be formed out of the same piece of gold as the rest of the lid. It may, however, mean that at the end they should be one piece, so the gold should be heated to melting and the lid and cherubim joined together. Alternate translation: “You shall join the cherubim to the atonement lid on its two ends” | |
1659 | EXO | 25 | 22 | zu9u | figs-yousingular | לְךָ֮…אִתְּךָ֜…אוֹתְךָ֖ | 1 | It is at the ark that I will meet with you | Here, you is singular and refers to Moses. If you have been using a plural you for Yahweh’s commands which have been to give to others, make sure you use the singular form of “you” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1660 | EXO | 25 | 23 | t312 | translate-bdistance | שִׁטִּ֑ים אַמָּתַ֤יִם אָרְכּוֹ֙ וְאַמָּ֣ה רָחְבּ֔וֹ וְאַמָּ֥ה וָחֵ֖צִי קֹמָתֽוֹ | 1 | two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115 centimeters … 46 centimeters … 69 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1661 | EXO | 25 | 23 | a2o9 | translate-fraction | וָחֵ֖צִי | 1 | two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1662 | EXO | 25 | 24 | f20e | 0 | two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half | This verse is almost identical to 25:11. | ||
1663 | EXO | 25 | 25 | awi7 | translate-bdistance | טֹ֖פַח | 1 | one handbreadth wide | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A handbreadth is a measurement of approximately eight centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1664 | EXO | 25 | 25 | bit8 | לּ֥וֹ | 1 | frame for it | Alternate translation: “for the table” | |
1665 | EXO | 25 | 27 | jdh4 | figs-idiom | לְבָתִּ֣ים | 1 | The rings must be attached | Here, to house the poles means that the rings will hold the poles. Since the rings are where the poles belong for use when carrying the table, the rings are figuratively in their house. If your language has a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it, or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “to be a place for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1666 | EXO | 25 | 28 | l4fk | figs-activepassive | וְנִשָּׂא־בָ֖ם אֶת־הַשֻּׁלְחָֽן | 1 | so that the table may be carried with them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall carry the table with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1667 | EXO | 25 | 29 | nrmp | translate-unknown | קְּעָרֹתָ֜יו וְכַפֹּתָ֗יו וּקְשׂוֹתָיו֙ וּמְנַקִּיֹּתָ֔יו | 1 | to be used to pour out drink offerings | We do not know precisely what these dishes were. It is likely that the plates were mostly flat dishes for holding the bread that would be on the table. The pans may have been shallow bowls or deep plates for holding incense, or they may have been something more like a ladle or spoon. The pitchers probably held wine to be poured into the bowls for the drink offerings. You will need to translate using the closest word for each such item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1668 | EXO | 25 | 29 | v78d | figs-activepassive | אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻסַּ֖ךְ בָּהֵ֑ן | 1 | to be used to pour out drink offerings | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from which the priests will pour out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1669 | EXO | 25 | 30 | uth7 | figs-metonymy | לֶ֥חֶם פָּנִ֖ים | 1 | bread of the presence | Here, faces figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1670 | EXO | 25 | 30 | kh7c | figs-metonymy | לְפָנַ֥י | 1 | bread of the presence | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1671 | EXO | 25 | 31 | kc3q | מִקְשָׁ֞ה | 1 | hammered gold | Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in Exodus 25:18. | |
1672 | EXO | 25 | 31 | g25l | figs-activepassive | תֵּעָשֶׂ֤ה | 1 | The lampstand is to be made | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you shall make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1673 | EXO | 25 | 33 | i7bh | translate-unknown | מְֽשֻׁקָּדִ֞ים | 1 | almond blossoms | Almond blossoms are white or pink flowers with five petals. (An almond is a kind of nut.) You may want to include a short description as a footnote or in the text (if that is your translation style) the first time this object is encountered. Alternate translation: “shaped like the five-petaled almond flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1674 | EXO | 25 | 35 | lk10 | וְכַפְתֹּ֡ר תַּחַת֩ שְׁנֵ֨י הַקָּנִ֜ים מִמֶּ֗נָּה וְכַפְתֹּר֙ תַּ֣חַת שְׁנֵ֤י הַקָּנִים֙ מִמֶּ֔נָּה וְכַפְתֹּ֕ר תַּחַת־שְׁנֵ֥י הַקָּנִ֖ים מִמֶּ֑נָּה לְשֵׁ֨שֶׁת֙ הַקָּנִ֔ים הַיֹּצְאִ֖ים מִן־הַמְּנֹרָֽה | 1 | made as one piece with it | Alternate translation: “There must be a leafy base under the first pair of branches—made as one piece with it, and a leafy base under the second pair of branches—also made as one piece with it. In the same way there must be a leafy base under the third pair of branches, made as one piece with it. It must be the same for all six branches extending out from the lampstand.” | |
1675 | EXO | 25 | 36 | r7yz | מִקְשָׁ֥ה | 1 | made as one piece with it | Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in Exodus 25:18. | |
1676 | EXO | 25 | 37 | dfn6 | figs-metonymy | וְהֵאִ֖יר עַל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנֶֽיהָ | 1 | for them to give light from it | Here, face figuratively represents the location of the lampstand. Alternate translation: “so they shine light near it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1677 | EXO | 25 | 39 | ff5p | translate-bweight | כִּכָּ֛ר | 1 | one talent | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A talent weighs about 33 kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
1678 | EXO | 25 | 40 | y081 | figs-explicit | וּרְאֵ֖ה וַעֲשֵׂ֑ה | 1 | you are being shown on the mountain | All the items described in this chapter are included in what Moses is told to see and make. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and make everything I have described” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1679 | EXO | 25 | 40 | gyte | figs-metonymy | וּרְאֵ֖ה וַעֲשֵׂ֑ה | 1 | you are being shown on the mountain | Here, see relates to observing or overseeing. Essentially, Yahweh is telling Moses to be careful as he observes the pattern on the mountain and as he sees the craftsmen of Israel working on these items, so that they are made correctly. Alternate translation: “Observe carefully and work exactly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1680 | EXO | 25 | 40 | l7je | figs-activepassive | אַתָּ֥ה מָרְאֶ֖ה | 1 | you are being shown on the mountain | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1681 | EXO | 26 | intro | emw7 | 0 | Exodus 26 General Notes
Structure and FormattingThis chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.
Special Concepts in this ChapterThe tent of meetingThis chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the box would be stored. This would eventually become the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) | |||
1682 | EXO | 26 | 1 | ks8r | figs-yousingular | תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה | 1 | You must make | Yahweh is speaking to Moses, so the word you is singular. Yahweh probably expected Moses to tell someone else to do the actual work, but Moses would be the one responsible for seeing that the work was done correctly. Alternate translation: “, tell a craftsman to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1683 | EXO | 26 | 1 | vre7 | וּתְכֵ֤לֶת וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ וְתֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י | 1 | curtains | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 25:4. | |
1684 | EXO | 26 | 1 | xvs7 | translate-unknown | וְתֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י | 1 | scarlet wool | A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1685 | EXO | 26 | 1 | ni5d | translate-unknown | שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר | 1 | scarlet wool | This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1686 | EXO | 26 | 1 | n2vm | חֹשֵׁ֖ב | 1 | craftsman | a person who is skilled in making beautiful objects by hand | |
1687 | EXO | 26 | 2 | dkr6 | translate-bdistance | שְׁמֹנֶ֤ה וְעֶשְׂרִים֙ בָּֽאַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּאַמָּ֔ה | 1 | twenty-eight cubits…four cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 12.9 meters … 184 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1688 | EXO | 26 | 3 | ba6w | figs-activepassive | חֲמֵ֣שׁ הַיְרִיעֹ֗ת תִּֽהְיֶ֨יןָ֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑הּ וְחָמֵ֤שׁ יְרִיעֹת֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽהּ | 1 | Five curtains must be joined to each other…must also be joined to each other | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Join five of the curtains each to another, and join five of the curtains each to another.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1689 | EXO | 26 | 4 | ghz8 | תְּכֵ֗לֶת | 1 | one set | Alternate translation: “blue yarn” or “blue cloth” | |
1690 | EXO | 26 | 4 | wdum | translate-ordinal | הָאֶחָ֔ת…הַשֵּׁנִֽית | 1 | one set | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1691 | EXO | 26 | 4 | d0sl | בַּחֹבָ֑רֶת | 1 | one set | Alternate translation: “in one set of five curtains” | |
1692 | EXO | 26 | 4 | gjt1 | בַּמַּחְבֶּ֖רֶת הַשֵּׁנִֽית | 1 | one set | Alternate translation: “in the other set of five curtains” | |
1693 | EXO | 26 | 5 | nkr7 | figs-idiom | אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽהּ | 1 | one set | This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1694 | EXO | 26 | 6 | sns4 | וְעָשִׂ֕יתָ חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים קַרְסֵ֣י זָהָ֑ב וְחִבַּרְתָּ֨ אֶת־הַיְרִיעֹ֜ת אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָהּ֙ | 1 | clasps | The clasps fit into the loops (verses 4 and 5) to hold the curtains together. | |
1695 | EXO | 26 | 6 | k12s | figs-idiom | אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָהּ֙ | 1 | clasps | This is the same idiom as in the previous verse, meaning together. Alternate translation: “to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1696 | EXO | 26 | 6 | b242 | אֶחָֽד | 1 | clasps | Alternate translation: “as though it were one piece” | |
1697 | EXO | 26 | 7 | jeaz | לְאֹ֖הֶל | 1 | eleven | This refers to an outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “for an outer tent” | |
1698 | EXO | 26 | 7 | t7t3 | translate-numbers | עַשְׁתֵּי־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה | 1 | eleven | Alternate translation: “eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1699 | EXO | 26 | 8 | p423 | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשִׁים֙…אַרְבַּ֣ע…לְעַשְׁתֵּ֥י עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה | 1 | thirty…four | Alternate translation: “thirty … four … eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1700 | EXO | 26 | 8 | v7i1 | translate-bdistance | שְׁלֹשִׁים֙ בָּֽאַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּאַמָּ֔ה | 1 | cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 13.8 meter … 184 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1701 | EXO | 26 | 9 | kb9x | figs-metonymy | אֶל־מ֖וּל פְּנֵ֥י הָאֹֽהֶל | 1 | cubits | Here, face is probably referring to the entrance of the tent. The opening for the protective tent and the sacred tent would have been coordinated so they were in the same place. Alternate translation: “in front of the entrance of the tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1702 | EXO | 26 | 9 | q3og | הָאֹֽהֶל | 1 | cubits | As in verse 7, the tent refers to the outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “the outer tent” | |
1703 | EXO | 26 | 10 | etf7 | 0 | loops | See how you translated a very similar text in Exodus 26:4. | ||
1704 | EXO | 26 | 11 | cq36 | translate-unknown | הַקְּרָסִים֙ | 1 | clasps | The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1705 | EXO | 26 | 12 | hftk | translate-fraction | חֲצִ֤י | 1 | clasps | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1706 | EXO | 26 | 13 | k4ci | translate-bdistance | וְהָאַמָּ֨ה…וְהָאַמָּ֤ה | 1 | cubit | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1707 | EXO | 26 | 14 | kii8 | translate-unknown | תְּחָשִׁ֖ים | 1 | a covering of ram skins dyed red, and another covering of fine leather | The meaning of this word, sea cows, is not known. It may refer to a water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. Sea cows on Wikipedia See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 25:5. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1708 | EXO | 26 | 14 | yz3v | translate-unknown | מְאָדָּמִ֑ים | 1 | dyed red | When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 25:5. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1709 | EXO | 26 | 15 | y85l | translate-unknown | הַקְּרָשִׁ֖ים | 1 | frames | Here, frames refers to open wooden structures made to hold the curtains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1710 | EXO | 26 | 15 | tw2h | translate-unknown | שִׁטִּ֖ים | 1 | frames | The acacias are relatively small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in 25:5. See on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1711 | EXO | 26 | 16 | k4b7 | translate-numbers | עֶ֥שֶׂר…וְאַמָּה֙ וַחֲצִ֣י הָֽאַמָּ֔ה | 1 | ten cubits…one and a half cubits | Alternate translation: “10 … 1.5 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1712 | EXO | 26 | 16 | z2rv | translate-bdistance | עֶ֥שֶׂר אַמּ֖וֹת…וְאַמָּה֙ וַחֲצִ֣י הָֽאַמָּ֔ה | 1 | ten cubits…one and a half cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6 meters … 69 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1713 | EXO | 26 | 16 | p3av | translate-fraction | וַחֲצִ֣י | 1 | ten cubits…one and a half cubits | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1714 | EXO | 26 | 17 | zwfj | translate-unknown | יָד֗וֹת | 1 | ten cubits…one and a half cubits | Here, the term tenons means a part of the wood sticking out from the rest of the frame so that it can be put into a hole in another object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1715 | EXO | 26 | 17 | xf6s | figs-idiom | אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑הּ | 1 | ten cubits…one and a half cubits | This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” See how you translated this in 26:5. Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1716 | EXO | 26 | 19 | c9id | אַדְנֵי־כֶ֔סֶף | 1 | silver bases | The bases of silver were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place and off the ground. | |
1717 | EXO | 26 | 19 | o357 | figs-explicit | שְׁנֵ֨י אֲדָנִ֜ים תַּֽחַת־הַקֶּ֤רֶשׁ הָאֶחָד֙ לִשְׁתֵּ֣י יְדֹתָ֔יו וּשְׁנֵ֧י אֲדָנִ֛ים תַּֽחַת־הַקֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָאֶחָ֖ד לִשְׁתֵּ֥י יְדֹתָֽיו | 1 | silver bases | The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. This same phrasing occurs again in verse 21 and verse 25. Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame for its two tenons, and then two bases under the next frame for its two tenons, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1718 | EXO | 26 | 21 | rlcf | figs-explicit | שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַקֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָֽאֶחָ֔ד וּשְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַקֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָאֶחָֽד | 1 | silver bases | The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1719 | EXO | 26 | 25 | cbpl | figs-explicit | שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַקֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָאֶחָ֔ד וּשְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַקֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָאֶחָֽד | 1 | silver bases | The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1720 | EXO | 26 | 25 | p2wu | translate-unknown | וְאַדְנֵיהֶ֣ם…אֲדָנִ֑ים…אֲדָנִ֗ים…אֲדָנִ֔ים | 1 | silver bases | The bases were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the frame in place. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1721 | EXO | 26 | 26 | fc8p | translate-unknown | בְרִיחִ֖ם | 1 | crossbars | The crossbars are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1722 | EXO | 26 | 29 | ji1j | בָּתִּ֖ים לַבְּרִיחִ֑ם | 1 | for them to serve as holders for the crossbars | Alternate translation: “which will hold the crossbars” or “because they will hold the crossbars” | |
1723 | EXO | 26 | 29 | nq3m | לַבְּרִיחִ֑ם | 1 | crossbars | The crossbars are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:26. | |
1724 | EXO | 26 | 30 | csf9 | figs-activepassive | הָרְאֵ֖יתָ בָּהָֽר | 1 | you were shown on the mountain | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1725 | EXO | 26 | 31 | yqi6 | 0 | General Information: | See how you translated very similar text in Exodus 26:1. | ||
1726 | EXO | 26 | 33 | p2yq | translate-unknown | הַקְּרָסִים֒ | 1 | clasps | The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in Exodus 26:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1727 | EXO | 26 | 33 | x28l | figs-possession | קֹ֥דֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִֽׁים | 1 | clasps | Here, Holy of Holies means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the Most Holy Place” or “the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1728 | EXO | 26 | 34 | u3tu | figs-possession | בְּקֹ֖דֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִֽׁים | 1 | clasps | Here, Holy of Holies means extremely holy, as in, the holiest of the holy places. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the Most Holy Place” or “in the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1729 | EXO | 26 | 35 | lv9e | הַשֻּׁלְחָן֙…הַמְּנֹרָה֙ | 1 | The table must be on the north side | This is the table Yahweh told Moses how to make in 25:23-30 and the lampstand he told him how to make in 25:31-39. | |
1730 | EXO | 26 | 36 | tiz7 | 0 | The table must be on the north side | See how you translated very similar text in Exodus 26:1. | ||
1731 | EXO | 26 | 36 | rr16 | תְּכֵ֧לֶת וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְתוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י | 1 | blue, purple, and scarlet material | This could mean: (1) “yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple, and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated this in Exodus 25:4. | |
1732 | EXO | 26 | 36 | f6td | translate-unknown | וְשֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֑ר | 1 | fine twined linen | This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1733 | EXO | 26 | 36 | r2fy | translate-unknown | רֹקֵֽם | 1 | an embroiderer | Alternate translation: “a person who sews decorative designs into cloth” or “a person who embroiders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1734 | EXO | 26 | 37 | av60 | 0 | an embroiderer | See how you translated very similar instructions in verse 32. | ||
1735 | EXO | 27 | intro | x4f7 | 0 | Exodus 27 General NotesStructure and FormattingThis chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.
Special Concepts in this ChapterThe tent of meetingThis chapter gives specific instructions regarding building the courtyard area around the Dwelling containing the altar where priests made sacrifices to Yahweh. Potential Translation Issues
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1736 | EXO | 27 | 1 | s8qy | translate-bdistance | חָמֵשׁ֩ אַמּ֨וֹת…וְחָמֵ֧שׁ אַמּ֣וֹת…וְשָׁלֹ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת | 1 | cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 2.3 meters … 2.3 meters … 138 centimeters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1737 | EXO | 27 | 4 | hsq3 | מִכְבָּ֔ר | 1 | grate | The grate is a frame of crossed metal bars for holding wood when burning. | |
1738 | EXO | 27 | 4 | vlau | וְעָשִׂ֣יתָ עַל־הָרֶ֗שֶׁת אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת נְחֹ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ל אַרְבַּ֥ע קְצוֹתָֽיו | 1 | grate | You may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles when translating this verse. See Exo 25:12, Exo 25:26, and Exo 25:27. | |
1739 | EXO | 27 | 5 | c5em | figs-explicit | וְנָתַתָּ֣ה אֹתָ֗הּ תַּ֛חַת כַּרְכֹּ֥ב הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ מִלְּמָ֑טָּה וְהָיְתָ֣ה הָרֶ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ד חֲצִ֥י הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ | 1 | You must put the grate under the ledge of the altar | The grate was placed inside the altar. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1740 | EXO | 27 | 7 | b3yx | figs-activepassive | וְהוּבָ֥א אֶת־בַּדָּ֖יו | 1 | The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall put its poles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1741 | EXO | 27 | 8 | ecmh | figs-123person | הֶרְאָ֥ה | 1 | The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it | Here, he refers to Yahweh in the third person. If it would be unnatural in your language for someone to refer to himself in this way, you may need to change it. Alternate translation: “I showed” or “Yahweh showed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1742 | EXO | 27 | 8 | frcs | figs-123person | יַעֲשֽׂוּ | 1 | The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it | Here, they refers to whoever will make all these items. It is an indication that even though Yahweh has been speaking to Moses in the singular throughout, these instructions are meant to be conveyed to Israelite craftsmen. See 25:intro for more. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1743 | EXO | 27 | 9 | v748 | translate-unknown | שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר | 1 | fine twined linen | This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in Exodus 25:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1744 | EXO | 27 | 9 | ce9a | translate-bdistance | מֵאָ֤ה בָֽאַמָּה֙ | 1 | one hundred cubits | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1745 | EXO | 27 | 10 | qq8f | וְעַמֻּדָ֣יו עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וְאַדְנֵיהֶ֥ם עֶשְׂרִ֖ים נְחֹ֑שֶׁת | 1 | one hundred cubits | Here, bronze may refer to both the pillars and the bases, or just to the bases. The pillars inside the tent were of wood overlaid with gold; these may be wood overlaid with bronze. | |
1746 | EXO | 27 | 11 | gjg5 | 0 | there must be hangings one hundred cubits long | See how you translated many similar words in Exodus 27:9-10. | ||
1747 | EXO | 27 | 11 | ynao | figs-ellipsis | מֵ֣אָה | 1 | there must be hangings one hundred cubits long | Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “100 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1748 | EXO | 27 | 11 | xev2 | translate-bdistance | מֵ֣אָה | 1 | there must be hangings one hundred cubits long | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1749 | EXO | 27 | 12 | p4u4 | translate-bdistance | חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אַמָּ֑ה | 1 | there must be a curtain | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1750 | EXO | 27 | 13 | w2sg | translate-bdistance | חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים אַמָּֽה | 1 | The courtyard must also be fifty cubits long | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1751 | EXO | 27 | 14 | u8nm | translate-bdistance | וַחֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה | 1 | fifteen cubits | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1752 | EXO | 27 | 14 | z8n2 | עַמֻּדֵיהֶ֣ם | 1 | posts | The pillars were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in Exodus 27:10. | |
1753 | EXO | 27 | 14 | gz7s | וְאַדְנֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | bases | The bases were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. | |
1754 | EXO | 27 | 15 | s2cc | translate-bdistance | חְמֵ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה | 1 | fifteen cubits | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1755 | EXO | 27 | 15 | hlzp | עַמֻּדֵיהֶ֣ם | 1 | posts | These posts were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in Exodus 27:10. | |
1756 | EXO | 27 | 15 | o49h | וְאַדְנֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | bases | The bases were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. | |
1757 | EXO | 27 | 16 | kn9u | 0 | blue, purple, and scarlet material and fine twined linen | See how you translated a nearly identical passage in 26:36. | ||
1758 | EXO | 27 | 16 | g5wi | translate-bdistance | עֶשְׂרִ֣ים אַמָּ֗ה | 1 | an embroiderer | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1759 | EXO | 27 | 17 | wtng | figs-activepassive | מְחֻשָּׁקִ֣ים | 1 | an embroiderer | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Among other options not so relevant here, Wiktionary suggests that a fillet could be a “thin strip of any material, in various technical uses,” “thin featureless molding used as separation between broader decorative moldings,” or a rounded corner. Alternate translation: “you shall fillet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1760 | EXO | 27 | 18 | wt7n | translate-bdistance | מֵאָ֨ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה…חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּחֲמִשִּׁ֗ים…חָמֵ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת | 1 | one hundred cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters … 23 meters … 2.3 meters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1761 | EXO | 27 | 18 | mu6b | figs-ellipsis | חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּחֲמִשִּׁ֗ים | 1 | one hundred cubits | Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “50 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1762 | EXO | 27 | 19 | bs7c | translate-unknown | יְתֵדֹתָ֛יו…יִתְדֹ֥ת | 1 | tent pegs | The tent pegs are strong, sharp pieces of metal driven into the ground and used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground or to secure ropes in order to create tension to stabilize something standing upright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1763 | EXO | 27 | 21 | p7ru | figs-synecdoche | הָעֵדֻ֗ת | 1 | ark of testimony | The testimony refers to the chest that contains the sacred slabs of stone on which Yahweh had written his commandments. If it would be more clear to your readers you may include a reference to the chest. Alternate translation: “is the Box of the Testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
1764 | EXO | 27 | 21 | nlwz | יַעֲרֹךְ֩ אֹת֨וֹ | 1 | ark of testimony | Here, it refers to the lamp mentioned in the previous verse and arrange means to set it up for burning, and light it. Alternate translation: “shall set up the lampstand and light it” | |
1765 | EXO | 27 | 21 | j41s | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | ark of testimony | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1766 | EXO | 27 | 21 | vr7m | חֻקַּ֤ת עוֹלָם֙ לְדֹ֣רֹתָ֔ם מֵאֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | This requirement will be a lasting statute | See how you translated a similar statement in 12:14 | |
1767 | EXO | 28 | intro | r3yx | 0 | Exodus 28 General NotesStructure
Special Concepts in this ChapterHoly garmentsBecause Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they had to be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Potential Translation Issues
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1768 | EXO | 28 | 1 | e1xb | figs-yousingular | וְאַתָּ֡ה | 1 | Call to yourself | Here, you refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1769 | EXO | 28 | 1 | w9ls | translate-kinship | אַהֲרֹ֨ן אָחִ֜יךָ | 1 | Call to yourself | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
1770 | EXO | 28 | 1 | ofgr | translate-names | נָדָ֧ב וַאֲבִיה֛וּא אֶלְעָזָ֥ר וְאִיתָמָ֖ר | 1 | Call to yourself | These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
1771 | EXO | 28 | 2 | zxy0 | figs-abstractnouns | בִגְדֵי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | Call to yourself | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1772 | EXO | 28 | 3 | n17y | figs-yousingular | וְאַתָּ֗ה | 1 | Call to yourself | Here, you refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1773 | EXO | 28 | 3 | c9pv | figs-parallelism | אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖יו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה | 1 | Call to yourself | There is a little bit of parallelism here. Yahweh is clarifying who causes someone to be wise of heart. You could translate this in a more causative way if that would make more sense. Alternate translation: “to anyone whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, making them wise of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1774 | EXO | 28 | 3 | wt7m | figs-metonymy | אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖יו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה | 1 | Call to yourself | Here, heart and spirit are both referring to things innately possessed by a person that is, traits of a person. Wisdom refers to skill or talent with crafting in this case. Together wise of heart and filled with the spirit of wisdom both essentially mean “a talented craftsman.” If it would be more clear to your readers, you may consider making some of this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to every talented craftsman, those whom I have made skilled in their work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1775 | EXO | 28 | 4 | tr5e | וּכְתֹ֥נֶת תַּשְׁבֵּ֖ץ | 1 | a coat of woven work | We do not know what word translated of woven work means, as it only occurs here and in verse 39 as a verb. Alternate translation: “and a checkered tunic” or “an embroidered garment” | |
1776 | EXO | 28 | 4 | dz5h | translate-unknown | מִצְנֶ֣פֶת | 1 | turban | This is a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. You may translate it using a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1777 | EXO | 28 | 4 | k184 | translate-unknown | וְאַבְנֵ֑ט | 1 | sash | The sash is a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. You may translate it with a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1778 | EXO | 28 | 4 | jqtg | figs-abstractnouns | בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ | 1 | sash | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in 28:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1779 | EXO | 28 | 5 | rxke | translate-unknown | וְאֶת־הַתְּכֵ֖לֶת וְאֶת־הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֑ן וְאֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י | 1 | sash | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in 25:4 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1780 | EXO | 28 | 5 | pfq5 | translate-unknown | תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י | 1 | sash | A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1781 | EXO | 28 | 6 | u3rx | translate-unknown | וְשֵׁ֥שׁ מָשְׁזָ֖ר | 1 | fine-twined linen | This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:36. Alternate translation: “fine twined linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1782 | EXO | 28 | 6 | k3bj | חֹשֵֽׁב | 1 | skillful craftsman | The description skillful craftsman refers to a person who can make beautiful objects by hand. | |
1783 | EXO | 28 | 7 | dpph | שְׁתֵּ֧י כְתֵפֹ֣ת חֹֽבְרֹ֗ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּ֛וֹ אֶל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָ֖יו וְחֻבָּֽר | 1 | skillful craftsman | This likely meant creating some sort of fastening up by the shoulders to attach the front of the ephod to its back. Alternate translation: “They shall make it so that the front and back attach to each other at the shoulders” | |
1784 | EXO | 28 | 7 | wt20 | figs-activepassive | וְחֻבָּֽר | 1 | skillful craftsman | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “join it together that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1785 | EXO | 28 | 8 | u5av | אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלָ֔יו כְּמַעֲשֵׂ֖הוּ מִמֶּ֣נּוּ | 1 | it must be made of one piece | This is saying that the sash should be attached to the ephod, perhaps cut from the same material used to make the rest of the ephod. | |
1786 | EXO | 28 | 9 | c4ia | translate-unknown | אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֑הַם | 1 | onyx stones | These stones of onyx are valuable stones that have layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated this in Exodus 25:7. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1787 | EXO | 28 | 9 | s2yd | translate-numbers | שְׁתֵּ֖י | 1 | onyx stones | Alternate translation: “2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1788 | EXO | 28 | 10 | h5mr | translate-numbers | שִׁשָּׁה֙…הַשִּׁשָּׁ֧ה | 1 | onyx stones | Alternate translation: “6 of … the 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1789 | EXO | 28 | 10 | zlte | כְּתוֹלְדֹתָֽם | 1 | onyx stones | Alternate translation: “according to their birth order” | |
1790 | EXO | 28 | 11 | dv8k | פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֗ם | 1 | With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engraving on a signet | Alternate translation: “in the same way a person engraves on a seal” | |
1791 | EXO | 28 | 11 | x1xc | translate-unknown | חָרַשׁ֮ אֶבֶן֒ | 1 | engraver | A craftsman of stone is a person who cuts designs into stones. Alternate translation: “a detailed stone cutter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1792 | EXO | 28 | 11 | cm3f | translate-unknown | חֹתָ֗ם | 1 | signet | This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1793 | EXO | 28 | 11 | gh2r | translate-unknown | מִשְׁבְּצ֥וֹת | 1 | settings | These are pieces of metal that hold the stones onto the ephod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1794 | EXO | 28 | 12 | ypfd | זִכָּרֹ֖ן…לְזִכָּרֹֽן | 1 | settings | The text does not specify if Yahweh or Aaron or someone else is the one being reminded by the stones. It also does not specify exactly what the reminder is of. Try to maintain this ambiguity if possible in your translation. | |
1795 | EXO | 28 | 12 | shn5 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֧י | 1 | settings | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1796 | EXO | 28 | 13 | pi4x | translate-unknown | מִשְׁבְּצֹ֖ת | 1 | settings | The ornamental settings are pieces of precious metal that surround the sides of hold each stone to hold it onto the ephod. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1797 | EXO | 28 | 14 | e746 | וּשְׁתֵּ֤י שַׁרְשְׁרֹת֙ זָהָ֣ב טָה֔וֹר מִגְבָּלֹ֛ת תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֖ם מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת | 1 | two braided chains of pure gold like cords | Alternate translation: “and you shall make two chains of pure gold that are braided like cords” | |
1798 | EXO | 28 | 15 | sf8e | מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה חֹשֵׁ֔ב כְּמַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֵפֹ֖ד תַּעֲשֶׂ֑נּוּ | 1 | the work of a skillful workman, fashioned like the ephod | Alternate translation: “a skillful workman will make it like the ephod” | |
1799 | EXO | 28 | 16 | cny4 | translate-bdistance | זֶ֥רֶת…וְזֶ֥רֶת | 1 | span | You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A span is approximately 23 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1800 | EXO | 28 | 16 | onj6 | רָב֥וּעַ יִֽהְיֶ֖ה כָּפ֑וּל | 1 | span | Alternate translation: “Fold it in half so it will be square” | |
1801 | EXO | 28 | 17 | spd4 | translate-unknown | 0 | General Information: | Twelve kinds of stones are listed in the next four verses. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
1802 | EXO | 28 | 17 | n1ys | translate-unknown | אֹ֤דֶם פִּטְדָה֙ וּבָרֶ֔קֶת | 1 | ruby…topaz…garnet | These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1803 | EXO | 28 | 18 | qq9g | translate-ordinal | וְהַטּ֖וּר הַשֵּׁנִ֑י | 1 | emerald…diamond | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 2:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1804 | EXO | 28 | 18 | ga1v | translate-unknown | נֹ֥פֶךְ סַפִּ֖יר וְיָהֲלֹֽם | 1 | emerald…diamond | These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1805 | EXO | 28 | 18 | a5rr | translate-unknown | סַפִּ֖יר | 1 | sapphire | This is a gemstone that is blue in color. See how you translated this in Exodus 24:10. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1806 | EXO | 28 | 19 | uw42 | translate-ordinal | וְהַטּ֖וּר הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֑י | 1 | sapphire | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 3:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1807 | EXO | 28 | 19 | z17r | translate-unknown | לֶ֥שֶׁם שְׁב֖וֹ וְאַחְלָֽמָה | 1 | jacinth…agate…amethyst | These are precious stones (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1808 | EXO | 28 | 20 | ekaf | translate-ordinal | וְהַטּוּר֙ הָרְבִיעִ֔י | 1 | jacinth…agate…amethyst | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 4:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
1809 | EXO | 28 | 20 | ul2e | translate-unknown | תַּרְשִׁ֥ישׁ וְשֹׁ֖הַם וְיָשְׁפֵ֑ה | 1 | beryl…jasper | These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1810 | EXO | 28 | 20 | rgf6 | translate-unknown | וְשֹׁ֖הַם | 1 | onyx | An onyx is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated these in Exodus 25:7. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1811 | EXO | 28 | 20 | pw5h | figs-activepassive | מְשֻׁבָּצִ֥ים זָהָ֛ב יִהְי֖וּ | 1 | They must be mounted in gold settings | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall set them in gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1812 | EXO | 28 | 21 | z8mw | translate-unknown | פִּתּוּחֵ֤י חוֹתָם֙ | 1 | signet ring | This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document. Here the stone is mounted on a ring. See how you translated “signet” in Exodus 28:11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1813 | EXO | 28 | 22 | m7yl | translate-unknown | שַֽׁרְשֹׁ֥ת גַּבְלֻ֖ת מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת זָהָ֖ב טָהֽוֹר | 1 | chains like cords, braided work of pure gold | See how you translated similar phrases in Exodus 28:14. Alternate translation (should replace twisted chains): “chains that are made of pure gold and are braided like cords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1814 | EXO | 28 | 25 | d8y3 | figs-metonymy | אֶל־מ֥וּל פָּנָֽיו | 1 | braided chains | Here, face simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1815 | EXO | 28 | 25 | a4lc | figs-explicit | עַל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַֽמִּשְׁבְּצ֑וֹת | 1 | to the two settings | These are two settings that enclose the stones. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1816 | EXO | 28 | 27 | f2nn | figs-metonymy | פָּנָ֔יו | 1 | braided chains | Here, face simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1817 | EXO | 28 | 27 | vw1w | translate-unknown | לְחֵ֖שֶׁב | 1 | finely-woven waistband | The waistband was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1818 | EXO | 28 | 28 | se56 | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַחֹ֔שֶׁן מֵעַ֖ל | 1 | so that it might be attached | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1819 | EXO | 28 | 28 | wf9v | figs-doublenegatives | וְלֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַחֹ֔שֶׁן מֵעַ֖ל | 1 | the breastpiece might not become unattached from the ephod | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
1820 | EXO | 28 | 29 | z1mz | שְׁמ֨וֹת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | he must carry the names of the people of Israel over his heart in the breastpiece | This refers to the names of the tribes engraved on the twelve stones the breastplate as described in Exodus 28:17-21. | |
1821 | EXO | 28 | 29 | cc97 | עַל־לִבּ֖וֹ | 1 | over his heart | Alternate translation: “over Aaron’s heart” or “on his chest” | |
1822 | EXO | 28 | 30 | dgn9 | translate-transliterate | הָאוּרִים֙ וְאֶת־הַתֻּמִּ֔ים | 1 | the Urim and the Thummim | It is not clear what the Urim and the Thummim are. They were objects, possibly stones, that the priest used to somehow determine the will of God. Because of this, it is basically impossible to translate. In your translation, you can spell it the way it sounds in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) |
1823 | EXO | 28 | 30 | f537 | translate-unknown | וְנָשָׂ֣א אַ֠הֲרֹן אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֨ט בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל עַל־לִבּ֛וֹ לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה תָּמִֽיד | 1 | the Urim and the Thummim…the means for making decisions | This phrase appears to refer to the Urim and Thummim and explain their purpose. Alternate translation: “And Aaron shall bear the decisions for the sons of Israel over his heart before Yahweh continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1824 | EXO | 28 | 30 | fep5 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה…לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | the Urim and the Thummim…the means for making decisions | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh … before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1825 | EXO | 28 | 32 | x42n | מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֹרֵ֗ג | 1 | This must be the work of a weaver | Alternate translation: “made by a weaver” | |
1826 | EXO | 28 | 32 | rw96 | translate-unknown | אֹרֵ֗ג | 1 | a weaver | Alternate translation: “a person who weaves” or “a person who creates cloth using thread, yarns and wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1827 | EXO | 28 | 32 | t60l | translate-unknown | תַחְרָ֛א | 1 | a weaver | We do not know what this term means, but the implication seems to be that the collar should be made strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1828 | EXO | 28 | 32 | ubhg | figs-activepassive | לֹ֥א יִקָּרֵֽעַ | 1 | a weaver | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1829 | EXO | 28 | 33 | qm1f | translate-unknown | תְּכֵ֤לֶת וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ וְתוֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י | 1 | pomegranates | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in 25:4 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1830 | EXO | 28 | 34 | kl55 | פַּעֲמֹ֤ן זָהָב֙ וְרִמּ֔וֹן פַּֽעֲמֹ֥ן זָהָ֖ב וְרִמּ֑וֹן | 1 | a golden bell and a pomegranate | This phrase is repeated to show the pattern of the design on the robe. Alternate translation: “alternate pomegranates and golden bells” | |
1831 | EXO | 28 | 35 | pf61 | figs-activepassive | וְנִשְׁמַ֣ע ק֠וֹלוֹ | 1 | so that its sound can be heard | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the bells make a sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1832 | EXO | 28 | 35 | fmqu | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֧י יְהוָ֛ה | 1 | so that its sound can be heard | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1833 | EXO | 28 | 35 | ky8s | figs-123person | יְהוָ֛ה | 1 | so that its sound can be heard | Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1834 | EXO | 28 | 35 | qtf9 | figs-explicit | וְלֹ֥א יָמֽוּת | 1 | This is so that he does not die | The probable implication is that he would die because he did not obey Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will not die because of disobeying my instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1835 | EXO | 28 | 36 | mzej | translate-unknown | צִּ֖יץ | 1 | engrave on it, like the engraving on a signet | We do not know exactly what this was. It was probably a thin piece of gold smaller than the palm of someone’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1836 | EXO | 28 | 36 | nd2q | translate-unknown | וּפִתַּחְתָּ֤ עָלָיו֙ פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֔ם | 1 | engrave on it, like the engraving on a signet | See how you translated similar words in Exodus 28:11 Alternate translation: “write on it in the same way a person engraves on a seal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1837 | EXO | 28 | 37 | qka6 | translate-unknown | הַמִּצְנָ֑פֶת…הַמִּצְנֶ֖פֶת | 1 | turban | This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1838 | EXO | 28 | 37 | lxq8 | figs-metonymy | אֶל־מ֥וּל פְּנֵֽי־הַמִּצְנֶ֖פֶת | 1 | turban | Here, face means the front. Alternate translation: “to the front of the turban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1839 | EXO | 28 | 38 | frqm | figs-metaphor | וְנָשָׂ֨א אַהֲרֹ֜ן אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן הַקֳּדָשִׁ֗ים | 1 | turban | Here, iniquity is pictured as something that can be carried or worn like the turban. It also seems to picture handing off the iniquity from the people to Aaron. Also here, iniquity actually seems to refer to the punishment for anything that might be wrong regarding the things the Israelites offer Yahweh. You may need to use a different word than bear to convey the transfer of responsibility for wrongs from the people to Aaron. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and Aaron shall be responsible for any wrong related to the holy things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1840 | EXO | 28 | 38 | chuz | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה | 1 | turban | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1841 | EXO | 28 | 38 | jbt4 | figs-123person | יְהוָֽה | 1 | turban | Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1842 | EXO | 28 | 39 | t5vj | translate-unknown | מִצְנֶ֣פֶת | 1 | turban | This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1843 | EXO | 28 | 39 | yi1l | translate-unknown | וְאַבְנֵ֥ט | 1 | sash | A sash is a decorative piece of cloth that a person wears around his waist or across his chest. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1844 | EXO | 28 | 39 | i62z | translate-unknown | רֹקֵֽם | 1 | the work of an embroiderer | An embroiderer is a person who sews decorative designs onto cloth. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:36. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1845 | EXO | 28 | 40 | pfs2 | translate-unknown | אַבְנֵטִ֑ים | 1 | sashes | The sashes are decorative pieces of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1846 | EXO | 28 | 40 | v2tj | translate-unknown | וּמִגְבָּעוֹת֙ | 1 | headbands | A headband is a decorative, narrow strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. This seems to be similar to, but perhaps smaller than the turban worn by the high priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1847 | EXO | 28 | 41 | xa75 | translate-kinship | אַהֲרֹ֣ן אָחִ֔יךָ | 1 | You must clothe Aaron your brother | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
1848 | EXO | 28 | 41 | agey | figs-idiom | וּמִלֵּאתָ֧ אֶת־יָדָ֛ם | 1 | You must clothe Aaron your brother | This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you shall ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1849 | EXO | 28 | 42 | vz62 | translate-unknown | מִכְנְסֵי | 1 | undergarments | These are articles of clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1850 | EXO | 28 | 42 | m1bi | figs-euphemism | בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה | 1 | undergarments | This refers to the male genitalia. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “their private parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
1851 | EXO | 29 | intro | xmd9 | 0 | Exodus 29 General NotesLarge translation teams working on multiple books at the same time should note that this chapter is very similar to Leviticus 8. StructureAs you translate, you may perceive a different structure in this chapter than what is below. Feel free to organize in a way that is clear in your language. This chapter is really one united whole; the outline below is one possible way of subdividing it. The Consecration of the Priests
Special Concepts in this ChapterConsecrating priestsThis chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this ChapterForms of youFor this chapter, it seems that the singular “you: that Yahweh has been using to give Moses general instructions for the last several chapters now actually refers to Moses himself. If you have been translating the instructions using a plural form of you or by shifting the instructions to the third person, you should switch back to a singular form referring directly to Moses for this chapter. “I will live among the Israelites”As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark. | |||
1852 | EXO | 29 | 1 | d6gk | writing-newevent | וְזֶ֨ה | 1 | Now | A new scene begins here. There is a change in topic from instructions for making garments for priests to consecrating priests. This may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
1853 | EXO | 29 | 1 | z78h | writing-pronouns | תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה | 1 | you must do | Here, you refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1854 | EXO | 29 | 1 | ld5s | writing-pronouns | לָהֶ֛ם | 1 | to set them apart | Here, they refers to Aaron and his sons. Alternate translation: “to Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1855 | EXO | 29 | 1 | dq2c | writing-pronouns | לִ֑י | 1 | serve me | Here, me refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1856 | EXO | 29 | 1 | jhj3 | figs-idiom | בֶּן־בָּקָ֛ר | 1 | serve me | This is an idiom meaning young. If you do not have a similar idiom you may translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “a young one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1857 | EXO | 29 | 2 | ptm7 | figs-activepassive | בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּשֶּׁ֔מֶן…מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּשָּׁ֑מֶן | 1 | Also take wafers without yeast rubbed with oil | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. You may need to shorten the sentences and make the alternate translation content separate sentences or mark it off with special punctuation. Alternate translation: “(mix them with oil) … (rub them with oil)” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1858 | EXO | 29 | 2 | wkyb | וּרְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּשָּׁ֑מֶן | 1 | Also take wafers without yeast rubbed with oil | These may have been rubbed with oil before or after baking. | |
1859 | EXO | 29 | 2 | r449 | translate-unknown | וְחַלֹּ֤ת…וּרְקִיקֵ֥י | 1 | bread…cakes…wafers | These are different kinds of food made from flour. While all the breads were somewhat flat because they were unleavened, the cakes were a bread enriched with oil, and the wafers were especially thin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1860 | EXO | 29 | 3 | gm58 | writing-pronouns | אוֹתָם֙ | 1 | You must put them | Alternate translation: “the bread, cakes, and wafers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1861 | EXO | 29 | 3 | cd6m | וְהִקְרַבְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖ם בַּסָּ֑ל וְאֶ֨ת־הַפָּ֔ר וְאֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֥י הָאֵילִֽם | 1 | present them with the bull and the two rams | Here, in the basket is almost parenthetical. You may need to restructure the sentence or use punctuation to make it clear that the bull and the two rams are connected to bring, and not to in the basket. Alternate translation: “and you shall bring them near (in the basket) along with the bull and the two rams” | |
1862 | EXO | 29 | 4 | a6rz | אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד | 1 | tent of meeting | The tent of meeting is another name for the Dwelling. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:21. | |
1863 | EXO | 29 | 5 | pr4i | translate-unknown | בְּחֵ֖שֶׁב | 1 | finely-woven waistband | This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1864 | EXO | 29 | 6 | ap2x | translate-unknown | הַמִּצְנֶ֖פֶת…הַמִּצְנָֽפֶת | 1 | turban | This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1865 | EXO | 29 | 6 | y59s | translate-unknown | נֵ֥זֶר הַקֹּ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | holy crown | This crown is described in Exodus 28:36 as being engraved with the words “Holy to Yahweh” and made of pure gold. There it is referred to by a different Hebrew word, which is translated as “rosette.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1866 | EXO | 29 | 6 | n4bt | figs-abstractnouns | אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַקֹּ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | holy crown | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1867 | EXO | 29 | 7 | rwuj | translate-unknown | שֶׁ֣מֶן הַמִּשְׁחָ֔ה | 1 | holy crown | See how you translated oil of anointing in 25:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1868 | EXO | 29 | 8 | v46k | writing-pronouns | בָּנָ֖יו | 1 | bring his sons | Alternate translation: “Aaron’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1869 | EXO | 29 | 9 | j3a8 | translate-unknown | אַבְנֵ֜ט | 1 | sashes | A sash is a decorative piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. See how you translated this word in Exodus 28:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1870 | EXO | 29 | 9 | bh2d | translate-unknown | מִגְבָּעֹ֔ת | 1 | headbands | A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:40. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1871 | EXO | 29 | 9 | r1x4 | translate-unknown | כְּהֻנָּ֖ה | 1 | The work of the priesthood | Here, the priesthood means the official office of priest. Alternate translation: “the duty of being priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1872 | EXO | 29 | 9 | ze9l | figs-explicit | וְהָיְתָ֥ה לָהֶ֛ם כְּהֻנָּ֖ה | 1 | will belong to them | The duty of being priests will also belong to the descendants of Aaron’s sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And the priesthood will belong to them and their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1873 | EXO | 29 | 9 | p7m9 | לְחֻקַּ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם | 1 | permanent law | Alternate translation: “a law that will not end.” See how you translated this in Exodus 28:43. | |
1874 | EXO | 29 | 9 | zbzk | figs-idiom | וּמִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְיַד־בָּנָֽיו | 1 | permanent law | The phrase, fill the hand, seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:41. Alternate translation: “And you shall ordain Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1875 | EXO | 29 | 9 | jhwb | וּמִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְיַד־בָּנָֽיו | 1 | tent of meeting | The phrase, fill the hand may be (1) a summary and reminder statement of the whole ordination process, (2) referring to the previous description, meaning that the priests have been ordained, or (3) referring to the following description, meaning that the priests are about to be ordained. It would probably be best to translate this in the way a mid-text summary reminder phrase would be spoken in your language, avoiding any indication that it refers only to the previous or following text. | |
1876 | EXO | 29 | 10 | wjko | 0 | tent of meeting | The purpose of the sacrifice explained here through verse 14 is to purify or cleanse the altar. This is made more clear in verses 36-37. | ||
1877 | EXO | 29 | 10 | sgur | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֖י אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד | 1 | tent of meeting | Here, face refers to the front of the tent. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1878 | EXO | 29 | 10 | rf0w | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וְסָמַ֨ךְ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּבָנָ֛יו אֶת־יְדֵיהֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הַפָּֽר | 1 | tent of meeting | The slaughter of the bull in the next verse occurs while the priests continue to have their hands on the bull’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) |
1879 | EXO | 29 | 12 | c2ud | translate-unknown | קַרְנֹ֥ת | 1 | the horns | These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1880 | EXO | 29 | 12 | xdl5 | כָּל־הַדָּ֣ם | 1 | the rest of the blood | Alternate translation: “the remaining blood” | |
1881 | EXO | 29 | 13 | x2c5 | וְהִקְטַרְתָּ֖ | 1 | covers the inner parts | Alternate translation: “and burn them to make smoke” | |
1882 | EXO | 29 | 13 | nsg6 | translate-unknown | הַכָּבֵ֔ד…הַכְּלָיֹ֔ת | 1 | liver…kidneys | The liver and kidneys are organs in the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1883 | EXO | 29 | 14 | eza8 | וְאֶת־בְּשַׂ֤ר הַפָּר֙ וְאֶת־עֹר֣וֹ וְאֶת־פִּרְשׁ֔וֹ תִּשְׂרֹ֣ף | 1 | But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung | Alternate translation: “But as for the remaining parts of the bull, including the flesh and dung, you shall burn it” | |
1884 | EXO | 29 | 14 | o262 | מִח֖וּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה | 1 | But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung | Alternate translation: “outside the borders of where the Israelites are camped” | |
1885 | EXO | 29 | 15 | pd0t | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וְסָ֨מְכ֜וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּבָנָ֛יו אֶת־יְדֵיהֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הָאָֽיִל | 1 | But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung | The slaughter of the ram in the next verse occurs while they continue to have their hands on the ram’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) |
1886 | EXO | 29 | 17 | w2nb | translate-unknown | קִרְבּוֹ֙ | 1 | the inner parts | Alternate translation: “the organs” See how you translated this in Exodus 29:13. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1887 | EXO | 29 | 18 | qc2i | וְהִקְטַרְתָּ֤ אֶת־כָּל־הָאַ֨יִל֙ | 1 | on the altar | Alternate translation: “and burn all of the ram to make smoke” | |
1888 | EXO | 29 | 18 | pwjk | figs-parallelism | עֹלָ֥ה ה֖וּא לַֽיהוָ֑ה רֵ֣יחַ נִיח֔וֹחַ אִשֶּׁ֥ה לַיהוָ֖ה הֽוּא | 1 | on the altar | These phrases are in parallel, with the second expanding and clarifying the first. In some languages, you may need to use a different structure to expand and clarify the burnt offering. Alternate translation: “It is a pleasant smelling burnt offering made by fire to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
1889 | EXO | 29 | 19 | zzsi | הַשֵּׁנִ֑י | 1 | on the altar | Except for the second, this verse is identical to verse 15. | |
1890 | EXO | 29 | 20 | j6b1 | figs-explicit | וְשָׁחַטְתָּ֣ אֶת־הָאַ֗יִל | 1 | Then you must kill the ram | They killed the ram by cutting its throat. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and kill the ram by cutting its throat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1891 | EXO | 29 | 21 | bxs6 | figs-explicit | וְלָקַחְתָּ֞ מִן־הַדָּ֨ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַֽל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ֮ וּמִשֶּׁ֣מֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה֒ וְהִזֵּיתָ֤ | 1 | Aaron will then be set apart for me | Moses would mix the blood and oil. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And you shall take some of the blood that is on the altar and mix it with some of the oil of anointing and sprinkle it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1892 | EXO | 29 | 22 | i3dc | translate-unknown | הַקֶּ֗רֶב…הַכָּבֵד֙…הַכְּלָיֹ֗ת | 1 | inner parts…liver…kidney | The entrails, liver, and kidneys refer to organs inside the body. See how you translated this in Exodus 29:13. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1893 | EXO | 29 | 23 | mcko | וְכִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽחַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְרָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִסַּל֙ הַמַּצּ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה | 1 | Take one loaf…before Yahweh | All of these items were in the basket mentioned in verse 2, not just the wafer. Be sure this is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and from the basket of bread without yeast that is before the face of Yahweh: one round loaf of bread, and one cake of bread of oil, and one wafer” | |
1894 | EXO | 29 | 23 | td8w | וְכִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽחַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְרָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִסַּל֙ הַמַּצּ֔וֹת | 1 | Take one loaf…before Yahweh | For 29:23, see how you translated similar words in Exodus 29:2. | |
1895 | EXO | 29 | 23 | i7vx | figs-metonymy | אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה | 1 | that is before Yahweh | This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “that you have placed before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1896 | EXO | 29 | 24 | b9bj | writing-pronouns | הַכֹּ֔ל | 1 | You must put these | Here, all these refers to the parts of the sacrifice mentioned in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
1897 | EXO | 29 | 24 | q6k5 | figs-123person | וְהֵנַפְתָּ֥ | 1 | You must put these | While the text reads, you shall raise, logically, it is Aaron and his sons who will raise the offerings at this point. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the third person. Alternate translation: “and they shall raise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1898 | EXO | 29 | 24 | xhhf | translate-symaction | וְהֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛ם תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה | 1 | You must put these | The act of raising the meat and bread symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out the process of handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they shall show that they are giving them to me by holding them up to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
1899 | EXO | 29 | 24 | ypit | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה | 1 | You must put these | This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1900 | EXO | 29 | 25 | e6bj | וְהִקְטַרְתָּ֥ הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חָה עַל־הָעֹלָ֑ה לְרֵ֤יחַ נִיח֨וֹחַ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אִשֶּׁ֥ה ה֖וּא לַיהוָֽה | 1 | You must put these | See how you translated similar phrases in verse 18. | |
1901 | EXO | 29 | 26 | bf71 | מֵאֵ֤יל הַמִּלֻּאִים֙ | 1 | ram of dedication | See how you translated this in verse 22. Alternate translation: “from the ram that you dedicated” | |
1902 | EXO | 29 | 26 | c21f | translate-symaction | וְהֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹת֛וֹ תְּנוּפָ֖ה | 1 | Aaron’s ram of dedication | The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in verse 24. Alternate translation: “and show that you are giving it to me by holding it up to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
1903 | EXO | 29 | 27 | dzkx | translate-symaction | הַתְּנוּפָ֗ה וְאֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַתְּרוּמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּנַ֖ף וַאֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּרָ֑ם | 1 | Aaron’s ram of dedication | The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in verse 24. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
1904 | EXO | 29 | 28 | uc2d | וְהָיָה֩ לְאַהֲרֹ֨ן וּלְבָנָ֜יו לְחָק־עוֹלָ֗ם מֵאֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא | 1 | This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons | Alternate translation: “This offering is what Aaron and his sons will always receive from the people” | |
1905 | EXO | 29 | 28 | q3ms | מֵאֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא וּתְרוּמָ֞ה יִהְיֶ֨ה מֵאֵ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מִזִּבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵיהֶ֔ם תְּרוּמָתָ֖ם לַיהוָֽה | 1 | This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons | The amount of repetition in this verse may make it difficult to translate smoothly. You may consider combining some phrases if that would work better in your language. Alternate translation: “for the Israelites must offer this portion from what they bring to Yahweh as peace offerings to him” | |
1906 | EXO | 29 | 29 | qta8 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבִגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ | 1 | The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in 28:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1907 | EXO | 29 | 29 | a59z | figs-idiom | וּלְמַלֵּא־בָ֖ם אֶת־יָדָֽם | 1 | The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him | Fill their hand seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:41. Alternate translation: “to ordain them in the clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1908 | EXO | 29 | 31 | l3xk | אֵ֥יל הַמִּלֻּאִ֖ים | 1 | the ram for the installation of the priests | The ram of consecration refers to the second ram, the one described in verses 19 and following. | |
1909 | EXO | 29 | 31 | u9kl | figs-explicit | בְּמָקֹ֥ם קָדֹֽשׁ | 1 | in a holy place | This is not the same as the Holy Place outside of the Most Holy Place. This probably refers to a place within the courtyard. However, its exact location is not otherwise specified. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1910 | EXO | 29 | 33 | mcdc | figs-idiom | לְמַלֵּ֥א אֶת־יָדָ֖ם | 1 | in a holy place | This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:41. Alternate translation: “to ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1911 | EXO | 29 | 34 | rhp7 | figs-activepassive | לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל | 1 | It must not be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1912 | EXO | 29 | 35 | yo59 | כָּ֔כָה | 1 | General Information: | Here, thus means “like this” and, as the next verses make clear, refers to the sacrificial ceremony outlined in this chapter which they must repeat seven times. | |
1913 | EXO | 29 | 35 | wrfs | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֥ת | 1 | General Information: | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
1914 | EXO | 29 | 35 | c2si | figs-idiom | תְּמַלֵּ֥א יָדָֽם | 1 | General Information: | This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:41. Alternate translation: “you shall ordain them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1915 | EXO | 29 | 36 | r5tx | 0 | General Information: | This verse and the next explain the purpose of the sacrifice detailed in verses 10-14. | ||
1916 | EXO | 29 | 36 | s81n | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וּפַ֨ר חַטָּ֜את תַּעֲשֶׂ֤ה לַיּוֹם֙ עַל־הַכִּפֻּרִ֔ים וְחִטֵּאתָ֙ עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חַ בְּכַפֶּרְךָ֖ עָלָ֑יו | 1 | General Information: | The phrase and you shall purify the altar by making atonement for it describes the purpose of offering the bull. You may want to use a stronger connector. In languages that need to put purpose first, you may need to re-order the clauses. Alternate translation: “And you shall offer a bull of purification for atonement daily, thus you shall purify the altar, by making atonement for it.” or “You shall purify the altar by making atonement for it: you shall offer a bull of purification daily for its atonement.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
1917 | EXO | 29 | 37 | pq5d | figs-possession | קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֔ים | 1 | Then the altar will be completely set apart to me | Here, holiest holy means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1918 | EXO | 29 | 37 | qk5h | יִקְדָּֽשׁ | 1 | will be set apart to Yahweh | Alternate translation: “will also become set apart” | |
1919 | EXO | 29 | 38 | e4r9 | figs-idiom | בְּנֵֽי־שָׁנָ֛ה | 1 | General Information: | The phrase sons of a year is an idiom meaning one year old. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1920 | EXO | 29 | 39 | qxst | figs-idiom | בֵּ֥ין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם | 1 | General Information: | The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1921 | EXO | 29 | 40 | x6i4 | translate-fraction | וְעִשָּׂרֹ֨ן…רֶ֣בַע…רְבִעִ֥ית | 1 | a tenth…the fourth part | A tenth means one part out of ten equal parts. A fourth means one part out of four equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1922 | EXO | 29 | 40 | nd8q | figs-explicit | וְעִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת | 1 | a tenth…the fourth part | Many commentators suggest that this means one tenth of an “ephah” even though “ephah” is not written. If your translation style retains the original measurement words, you may need to insert the word you are using for “ephah” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1923 | EXO | 29 | 40 | oxsl | translate-bvolume | וְעִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת…רֶ֣בַע הַהִ֔ין…רְבִעִ֥ית הַהִ֖ין | 1 | a tenth…the fourth part | The values given in the UST are approximations as the exact size of an ephah and a hin is not precisely known. An ephah (the implied measurement) may have been around 22 liters, so this is about 2.2 liters of flour. A hin may have been around 3.7 liters, so this is about one liter of both oil and wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
1924 | EXO | 29 | 41 | ibch | figs-idiom | בֵּ֣ין הָעַרְבָּ֑יִם | 1 | a tenth…the fourth part | The exact meaning of the phrase between the evenings is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. See how you translated it in verse 39. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1925 | EXO | 29 | 42 | j8cg | לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | throughout your generations | Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in Exodus 12:14. | |
1926 | EXO | 29 | 42 | h5r7 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | tent of meeting | This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1927 | EXO | 29 | 43 | ic8i | figs-activepassive | וְנִקְדַּ֖שׁ בִּכְבֹדִֽי | 1 | the tent will be set apart for me by my glory | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My awesome presence will dedicate the tent to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1928 | EXO | 30 | intro | z3yc | 0 | Exodus 30 General NotesThis chapter is mostly a return to instructions for building worship equipment for the sacred tent. The forms of “you” are mostly singular. However, they again refer to the workmen that Moses will instruct, so you should return to whatever form you have been following in chapters 25-28. Structure:
Special Concepts in this ChapterAtonementThrough the offering of blood and money, things and people were kept in God’s favor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) HolinessSome items in this chapter became so holy that they could make other things holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Unknown termsThere are a number of ingredient terms that are unknown even to scholars. | |||
1929 | EXO | 30 | 1 | v8vb | figs-youdual | וְעָשִׂ֥יתָ | 1 | You must make | Here, you refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1930 | EXO | 30 | 2 | w56e | translate-unknown | קַרְנֹתָֽיו | 1 | Its horns must be made | See how you translated horns in Exodus 27:2 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1931 | EXO | 30 | 2 | a39m | translate-bdistance | אַמָּ֨ה…וְאַמָּ֤ה…וְאַמָּתַ֖יִם | 1 | Its horns must be made | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm … 46cm … 94cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
1932 | EXO | 30 | 3 | d3uu | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 25:11, so see how you translated there. | ||
1933 | EXO | 30 | 4 | qyg4 | 0 | to be attached to it | When translating this verse, you may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles. See Exo 25:12, Exo 25:26, Exo 25:27, & Exo 27:4. | ||
1934 | EXO | 30 | 4 | bvxi | figs-idiom | לְבָתִּ֣ים | 1 | to be attached to it | Here, the word housings means that the rings will hold the poles. Since they are where the poles belong for use, they are figuratively their house. If you have a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “a place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1935 | EXO | 30 | 6 | ulvn | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י…לִפְנֵ֣י | 1 | to be attached to it | Here, before the face of means in front of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1936 | EXO | 30 | 6 | e87s | figs-yousingular | לְךָ֖ | 1 | to be attached to it | Here, you refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
1937 | EXO | 30 | 7 | o1zo | בַּבֹּ֣קֶר בַּבֹּ֗קֶר | 1 | General Information: | Alternate translation: “Each morning” or “Daily, in the morning” | |
1938 | EXO | 30 | 7 | l2rl | בְּהֵיטִיב֛וֹ אֶת־הַנֵּרֹ֖ת | 1 | General Information: | The lamps had burned overnight and weren’t needed during the day, so he would put them out and do whatever maintenance was required for them to be ready to burn again in the evening. Alternate translation: “trims the lamps” | |
1939 | EXO | 30 | 8 | nrgk | וּבְהַעֲלֹ֨ת אַהֲרֹ֧ן אֶת־הַנֵּרֹ֛ת | 1 | throughout your generations | This may indicate that in the morning Aaron had taken the lamps down, and he would light them and then put them up on the holders in the evening. | |
1940 | EXO | 30 | 8 | sq7x | figs-idiom | בֵּ֥ין הָעֲרְבַּ֖יִם | 1 | throughout your generations | The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. See how you translated it in 29:39. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1941 | EXO | 30 | 8 | qm7i | לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | throughout your generations | Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in Exodus 12:14. | |
1942 | EXO | 30 | 9 | ckf9 | לֹא־תַעֲל֥וּ עָלָ֛יו קְטֹ֥רֶת זָרָ֖ה וְעֹלָ֣ה וּמִנְחָ֑ה | 1 | But you must offer | Later, in verses 34 and following, God describes how to make the one sort of incense that he wants burnt on this altar. Alternate translation: “You shall only offer up the kind of incense I tell you. You shall not make burnt or grain offerings on it.” | |
1943 | EXO | 30 | 10 | dgny | grammar-connect-logic-goal | קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים ה֖וּא לַיהוָֽה | 1 | horns | This last clause defines the purpose of the ritual described in this verse. See Exo 29:37. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “This is to make it holy of holies to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
1944 | EXO | 30 | 10 | k6xk | קַרְנֹתָ֔יו | 1 | horns | These were projections that looked like ox horns and were attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:2. | |
1945 | EXO | 30 | 10 | san2 | לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | throughout your generations | Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in Exodus 12:14. | |
1946 | EXO | 30 | 10 | jxn0 | figs-possession | קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים | 1 | throughout your generations | Here, holiest holy means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in Exodus 29:37. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1947 | EXO | 30 | 10 | uxb4 | figs-quotemarks | לַיהוָֽה | 1 | throughout your generations | After Yahweh, the direct quote that began in Exo 25:2 ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
1948 | EXO | 30 | 12 | dprx | figs-idiom | תִשָּׂ֞א אֶת־רֹ֥אשׁ | 1 | When you take | In this context, lift up the head means to take a census. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “take a census” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1949 | EXO | 30 | 12 | s73c | figs-you | תִשָּׂ֞א | 1 | When you take | This could mean: (1) you refers to Moses and the leaders of Israel in future generations when they take a census or (2) you refers to just Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
1950 | EXO | 30 | 12 | k5p1 | אִ֣ישׁ | 1 | a census of the Israelites | The leaders only counted the Israelite men. | |
1951 | EXO | 30 | 13 | y1kn | figs-idiom | כָּל־הָעֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַפְּקֻדִ֔ים | 1 | half a shekel of silver | This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1952 | EXO | 30 | 13 | i4wk | translate-bweight | הַשֶּׁ֖קֶל…בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל…גֵּרָה֙ הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל…הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל | 1 | half a shekel of silver | The shekel and the gerah are units of weight. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
1953 | EXO | 30 | 13 | a2py | translate-bmoney | הַשֶּׁ֖קֶל…בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל…הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל…הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל | 1 | half a shekel of silver | The shekel was used as both a weight and a unit of money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) |
1954 | EXO | 30 | 13 | w3hx | translate-fraction | מַחֲצִ֥ית…מַחֲצִ֣ית | 1 | half a shekel of silver | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
1955 | EXO | 30 | 13 | nfp6 | בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ עֶשְׂרִ֤ים גֵּרָה֙ הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל | 1 | according to the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary | There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. | |
1956 | EXO | 30 | 14 | uqt6 | figs-idiom | כֹּ֗ל הָעֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַפְּקֻדִ֔ים | 1 | from twenty years old and up | This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. It is the same phrase as in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1957 | EXO | 30 | 14 | vhim | figs-idiom | מִבֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה | 1 | from twenty years old and up | This is an idiom that refers to age. See the UST and how you translated the same idiom in Exo 7:7. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
1958 | EXO | 30 | 14 | k4h9 | figs-metaphor | מִבֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וָמָ֑עְלָה | 1 | from twenty years old and up | Larger numbers are spoken of as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from twenty years old and more” or “who is twenty years old or older” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1959 | EXO | 30 | 15 | e8xa | translate-bmoney | מִֽמַּחֲצִ֖ית הַשָּׁ֑קֶל | 1 | the half shekel | See how you translated this in Exodus 3:13. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) |
1960 | EXO | 30 | 15 | ew8p | figs-123person | נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | the half shekel | The plural form of you is used here. In many cases, since Yahweh is speaking to Moses about the people that will be counted, it may make more sense to change to the third person. However, Moses would be counted as well and would have to pay the ransom, so a form of you that could include Moses and all the other Israelite men would also be an appropriate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
1961 | EXO | 30 | 16 | z6tn | וְהָיָה֩ לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לְכַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | It must be a reminder to the Israelites before me, to make atonement for your lives | This sentence is very unclear. It is not clear who is being reminded of what. This could mean: (1) that it will remind Yahweh that the Israelites have given money for their lives, and therefore he should welcome them. (2) that it will remind the Israelites that they have given Yahweh money for their lives. Therefore, Yahweh will welcome them. | |
1962 | EXO | 30 | 16 | mwix | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | It must be a reminder to the Israelites before me, to make atonement for your lives | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1963 | EXO | 30 | 18 | v88y | translate-unknown | כִּיּ֥וֹר נְחֹ֛שֶׁת | 1 | bronze basin | Alternate translation: “a bronze bowl” or “a bronze tub” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1964 | EXO | 30 | 18 | bh82 | וְכַנּ֥וֹ | 1 | a bronze stand | The base is what the basin would be put upon. | |
1965 | EXO | 30 | 18 | iq8n | לְרָחְצָ֑ה | 1 | a basin for washing | This phrase, for washing, explains the purpose for which the priests were to use the bronze basin. | |
1966 | EXO | 30 | 19 | ivb1 | מִמֶּ֑נּוּ | 1 | water in it | Alternate translation: “in the water in the basin” | |
1967 | EXO | 30 | 20 | dyku | figs-explicit | וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ | 1 | water in it | The priests might die if they do not wash because God would kill them for being defiled in his presence. If your readers would not understand this you may want to include it in a footnote or in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
1968 | EXO | 30 | 20 | it0h | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ | 1 | water in it | Not dying is the goal of the priests’ washing. If the goal of some action needs to be placed elsewhere in the structure of your language move it to the usual location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
1969 | EXO | 30 | 21 | hp35 | וְהָיְתָ֨ה לָהֶ֧ם חָק־עוֹלָ֛ם ל֥וֹ וּלְזַרְע֖וֹ לְדֹרֹתָֽם | 1 | for Aaron and his descendants throughout their people’s generations | See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 12:17. | |
1970 | EXO | 30 | 23 | m9g7 | translate-unknown | בְּשָׂמִ֣ים | 1 | spices | These are parts of dried plants (other than the leaves) which people grind into a powder and put in oil or food to give it a nice smell or flavor. See how you translated this in Exodus 25:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1971 | EXO | 30 | 23 | zq43 | figs-ellipsis | חֲמֵ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת…חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּמָאתָ֑יִם…חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּמָאתָֽיִם | 1 | five hundred shekels…250 shekels | The next verse mentions that these are shekel weight measurements. You may want to include some indication of that here. Alternate translation: “500 shekels … 250 shekels … 250 shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
1972 | EXO | 30 | 23 | xga2 | translate-unknown | וְקִנְּמָן | 1 | cinnamon…cane | We know that cinnamon is a sweet spice taken from the inside of the bark of a tree that grows in south-east Asia. See Wikipeda (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1973 | EXO | 30 | 23 | t2me | translate-unknown | וּקְנֵה | 1 | cinnamon…cane | This plant is unknown to scholars. Alternate translation: “and reed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1974 | EXO | 30 | 24 | p9jh | translate-unknown | וְקִדָּ֕ה | 1 | cassia | It is known that cassia is a sweet spice taken from the bark of a tree that grows in east Asia. It is slightly different than the spice cinnamon in the previous verse. See Wikipeda (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1975 | EXO | 30 | 24 | n38f | translate-bweight | בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary | There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in Exodus 30:13. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
1976 | EXO | 30 | 24 | dv89 | translate-bvolume | הִֽין | 1 | one hin | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements. Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the hin, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
1977 | EXO | 30 | 25 | k3s5 | מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רֹקֵ֑חַ | 1 | the work of a perfumer | This could mean: (1) Moses was to have an ointment mixer do the work. (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way an ointment mixer would do it. | |
1978 | EXO | 30 | 25 | yv9l | translate-unknown | רֹקֵ֑חַ | 1 | a perfumer | This is a person who is skilled in mixing spices and oils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1979 | EXO | 30 | 25 | ioem | figs-abstractnouns | שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | a perfumer | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1980 | EXO | 30 | 26 | u241 | figs-you | וּמָשַׁחְתָּ֥ | 1 | You must anoint | Here, you may refer to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
1981 | EXO | 30 | 29 | np7g | אֹתָ֔ם | 1 | set them apart | Here, them refers to the items listed in Exodus 30:26-28. | |
1982 | EXO | 30 | 29 | m062 | figs-possession | קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים | 1 | set them apart | Here, holiest holy means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in Exodus 29:37. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1983 | EXO | 30 | 31 | k4s7 | לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | throughout your people’s generations | Alternate translation: “all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in Exodus 12:14. | |
1984 | EXO | 30 | 31 | e2ti | figs-abstractnouns | שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ | 1 | throughout your people’s generations | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in 30:25. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
1985 | EXO | 30 | 32 | rlk4 | figs-activepassive | עַל־בְּשַׂ֤ר אָדָם֙ לֹ֣א יִיסָ֔ךְ | 1 | It must not be applied to people’s skin | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall not pour it on the body of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
1986 | EXO | 30 | 32 | v3br | וּבְמַ֨תְכֻּנְתּ֔וֹ | 1 | with the same formula | Alternate translation: “and … with the same ingredients” or “and … with the same items” or “and … according to this recipe” | |
1987 | EXO | 30 | 32 | it0x | grammar-connect-logic-result | קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם | 1 | with the same formula | The second half of this statement (it shall be holy to you) explains to the people the result of this oil being holy, which is, they must respect it as a holy thing. It may make more sense in some languages to move this whole statement to the beginning of the verse, because the rule about pouring on someone’s body is an application of the result. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the verse): “Because it is sacred, you must treat it like it is sacred, therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
1988 | EXO | 30 | 33 | pa53 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵעַמָּֽיו | 1 | that person must be cut off from his people | See how you translated cut off in Exodus 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1989 | EXO | 30 | 33 | yhgi | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵעַמָּֽיו | 1 | that person must be cut off from his people | See how you translated cut off in 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
1990 | EXO | 30 | 34 | uo57 | translate-unknown | נָטָ֤ף׀ וּשְׁחֵ֨לֶת֙ וְחֶלְבְּנָ֔ה | 1 | General Information: | Here is a brief description of these materials, though we really do not know exactly what they are: stacte is a resin from certain gum plants, onycha is from certain shellfish or mollusks, and galbanum is another kind of gum resin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
1991 | EXO | 30 | 35 | y8yj | וְעָשִׂ֤יתָ אֹתָהּ֙ קְטֹ֔רֶת רֹ֖קַח מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רוֹקֵ֑חַ | 1 | blended by a perfumer | This could mean: (1) Moses was to have a perfumer do the work or (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way a perfumer would do it. See how you translated these words in Exodus 30:25. | |
1992 | EXO | 30 | 36 | nz2a | figs-you | וְשָֽׁחַקְתָּ֣…וְנָתַתָּ֨ה | 1 | You will grind it | Here, you probably refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
1993 | EXO | 30 | 36 | oj2r | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֤י | 1 | You will grind it | Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1994 | EXO | 30 | 36 | mxww | figs-metonymy | הָעֵדֻת֙ | 1 | You will grind it | Here, testimony probably refers to the sacred chest that contained the tablets of the law. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
1995 | EXO | 30 | 36 | i71b | figs-possession | קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים | 1 | You will grind it | Here, holiest holy means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in Exodus 29:37. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
1996 | EXO | 30 | 36 | t8y9 | figs-youdual | לָכֶֽם | 1 | You will regard | Here, you is plural and refers to Moses and all the people. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1997 | EXO | 30 | 37 | dq6c | figs-youdual | תַעֲשׂ֖וּ | 1 | you must not make any | The word you here refers to the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
1998 | EXO | 30 | 37 | yv1y | בְּמַ֨תְכֻּנְתָּ֔הּ | 1 | with the same formula | Alternate translation: “with the same ingredients” or “with the same items.” See how you translated this in Exodus 30:32. | |
1999 | EXO | 30 | 37 | wh25 | קֹ֛דֶשׁ תִּהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֖ לַיהוָֽה | 1 | It must be most holy to you | Alternate translation: “You must consider it to be most holy” | |
2000 | EXO | 30 | 38 | xn6v | לְהָרִ֣יחַ בָּ֑הּ | 1 | perfume | This could mean: (1) to enjoy the scent for oneself (2) to wear as a perfume. | |
2001 | EXO | 30 | 38 | sa1m | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵעַמָּֽיו | 1 | must be cut off from his people | See how you translated cut off in Exodus 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2002 | EXO | 30 | 38 | o6v0 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵעַמָּֽיו | 1 | must be cut off from his people | See how you translated cut off in 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2003 | EXO | 31 | intro | wfk7 | 0 | Exodus 31 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Special Concepts in this ChapterSabbathAs described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) | |||
2004 | EXO | 31 | 2 | m8ju | figs-idiom | קָרָ֣אתִֽי בְשֵׁ֑ם | 1 | I have called by name | Yahweh speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2005 | EXO | 31 | 2 | hf5r | translate-names | בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר | 1 | Bezalel…Uri…Hur | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2006 | EXO | 31 | 3 | f7sk | figs-metaphor | וָאֲמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit | Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have given my spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2007 | EXO | 31 | 3 | hley | figs-abstractnouns | בְּחָכְמָ֛ה | 1 | I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun skill in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2008 | EXO | 31 | 3 | my4f | figs-abstractnouns | וּבִתְבוּנָ֥ה | 1 | I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun understanding in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2009 | EXO | 31 | 3 | emp5 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְדַ֖עַת | 1 | I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun knowledge in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2010 | EXO | 31 | 3 | r6i5 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה | 1 | for all kinds of craftsmanship | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun craftsmanship in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2011 | EXO | 31 | 6 | jh61 | translate-names | אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב…אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ֙ | 1 | Oholiab…Ahisamak | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2012 | EXO | 31 | 6 | wcq7 | figs-idiom | וּבְלֵ֥ב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב נָתַ֣תִּי חָכְמָ֑ה | 1 | I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise | God speaks of making people able to make things as if he were putting the ability into their hearts. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have given skill to all who are wise” or “I have made all who are wise able to make things well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2013 | EXO | 31 | 11 | iusb | writing-pronouns | יַעֲשֽׂוּ | 1 | I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise | They refers to Bezalel and Oholiab as well as the unnamed other “skilled of heart” (talented craftsmen) referred to in verse 2 and verse 6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2014 | EXO | 31 | 13 | bveg | figs-quotemarks | לֵאמֹ֔ר | 1 | You must certainly keep Yahweh’s Sabbath days | A second-level direct quotation starts after saying. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. There are multiple possible endings for this quotation, which will be addressed in later verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
2015 | EXO | 31 | 13 | i1lw | figs-metaphor | אַ֥ךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ | 1 | You must certainly keep Yahweh’s Sabbath days | Yahweh uses the phrase keep my Sabbaths as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “You must certainly obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2016 | EXO | 31 | 13 | gw13 | לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | throughout your people’s generations | Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in Exodus 12:14. | |
2017 | EXO | 31 | 14 | dsya | figs-quotemarks | לָכֶ֑ם | 1 | throughout your people’s generations | One possible ending place for the second-level quotation that began in the previous verse is after to you. The rest of Yahweh’s instructions to Moses in this section do not use the second person to address Israel directly, so you may close the second-level quotation here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
2018 | EXO | 31 | 14 | plq5 | figs-activepassive | מ֣וֹת יוּמָ֔ת | 1 | must surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2019 | EXO | 31 | 14 | fz1g | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה | 1 | must surely be cut off from his people | See how you translated cut off in 12:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2020 | EXO | 31 | 15 | v4dv | translate-numbers | שֵׁ֣שֶׁת | 1 | but the seventh day | Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
2021 | EXO | 31 | 15 | fvga | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י | 1 | but the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
2022 | EXO | 31 | 15 | lrat | שַׁבַּ֧ת שַׁבָּת֛וֹן | 1 | but the seventh day | Alternate translation: “a Sabbath of complete rest” | |
2023 | EXO | 31 | 15 | fxuo | figs-activepassive | מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת | 1 | must surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2024 | EXO | 31 | 16 | t9hw | figs-metaphor | וְשָׁמְר֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּ֑ת | 1 | must keep the Sabbath | Yahweh uses the phrase keep my Sabbaths as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel must obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2025 | EXO | 31 | 16 | n7q2 | לְדֹרֹתָ֖ם | 1 | They must observe it throughout their people’s generations | See how you translated “throughout their people’s generations” in Exodus 12:42. Alternate translation: “; they and all the generations of their descendants must observe it.” | |
2026 | EXO | 31 | 16 | yef8 | בְּרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם | 1 | lasting covenant | Alternate translation: “A covenant that will always exist” or “A lasting covenant” | |
2027 | EXO | 31 | 17 | oc30 | figs-activepassive | וַיִּנָּפַֽשׁ | 1 | lasting covenant | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he refreshed himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2028 | EXO | 31 | 18 | xc6h | figs-activepassive | כְּתֻבִ֖ים בְּאֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | written on by his own hand | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh wrote on with his own hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2029 | EXO | 32 | intro | vv2w | 0 | Exodus 32 General NotesStructure and formattingThe events in verses 1-6 of this chapter occured while Moses spoke with God and therefore happened sometime during the events recorded between Exodus 24:15 and Exodus 31. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18. Special Concepts in this ChapterIdolatryThe making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |||
2030 | EXO | 32 | 1 | oan6 | writing-newevent | 0 | the people saw | This chapter begins with a major scene shift, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
2031 | EXO | 32 | 1 | cfk8 | figs-metaphor | וַיַּ֣רְא הָעָ֔ם | 1 | the people saw | Here, the word saw is used to indicate understanding or realization of a situation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And the people realized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2032 | EXO | 32 | 1 | lnau | figs-rpronouns | וַיִּקָּהֵ֨ל הָעָ֜ם | 1 | the people saw | This means the people both decided to gather and were the ones gathering. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2033 | EXO | 32 | 1 | k2i1 | figs-idiom | ק֣וּם | 1 | Come, make us an idol | Arise strengthens the force of the command following it. The people were demanding that Aaron make an idol for them. It did not necessarily mean that he should literally stand up. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2034 | EXO | 32 | 1 | mrb5 | figs-metonymy | יֵֽלְכוּ֙ לְפָנֵ֔ינוּ | 1 | go before us | Here, before our faces means ahead of. The Israelites want idols to lead them. Alternate translation: “shall lead us” or “shall be our leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2035 | EXO | 32 | 1 | wulk | כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה | 1 | go before us | People showed disrespect by putting the word this before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people. | |
2036 | EXO | 32 | 2 | p86s | writing-pronouns | וְהָבִ֖יאוּ | 1 | bring them to me | Here, them refers to the golden rings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2037 | EXO | 32 | 3 | ckg2 | figs-hyperbole | כָּל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | All the people | This refers to all the people who rejected Moses as their leader and Yahweh as their God. Later parts of the text reveal that there were people still faithful to Moses and Yahweh and that the Israelites had a great deal more gold. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many or most. Alternate translation: “many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
2038 | EXO | 32 | 4 | uf9e | translate-unknown | וַיָּ֤צַר אֹתוֹ֙ בַּחֶ֔רֶט וַֽיַּעֲשֵׂ֖הוּ עֵ֣גֶל מַסֵּכָ֑ה | 1 | fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf | Most likely this means that Aaron melted the gold and poured it into a mold that had the shape of a calf. When the gold cooled and became hard, he removed the mold, and the hardened gold had the shape of a calf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2039 | EXO | 32 | 4 | cc7s | writing-pronouns | וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ | 1 | fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf | The identity of the speakers, referred to as they, remains unknown. Alternate translation: “And someone said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2040 | EXO | 32 | 4 | ence | figs-123person | אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙…הֶעֱל֖וּךָ | 1 | fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf | Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. Alternate translation: “These are our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
2041 | EXO | 32 | 4 | n17v | אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf | In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating these … gods as singular. Alternate translation: “this is your god” | |
2042 | EXO | 32 | 5 | ztx4 | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֣רְא אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | When Aaron saw this | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what he saw explicitly. “Aaron saw what the people did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2043 | EXO | 32 | 5 | odaq | figs-metonymy | לְפָנָ֑יו | 1 | When Aaron saw this | Here, before its face means in front of. Alternate translation: “in front of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2044 | EXO | 32 | 5 | p2df | figs-explicit | לְפָנָ֑יו | 1 | When Aaron saw this | Here, it is the golden bull-calf. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in front of the bull-calf idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2045 | EXO | 32 | 6 | as6u | figs-euphemism | לְצַחֵֽק | 1 | to carouse in wild celebration | This word may imply drunken and sexual sin (for a sexual implication see Genesis 26:8). However, the only actions mentioned in the text are singing (v. 18) and dancing (v. 19), so translators should avoid using a term that is overly suggestive. Alternate translation: “to revel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
2046 | EXO | 32 | 7 | iajs | writing-newevent | 0 | to carouse in wild celebration | Here there is a scene shift back to the top of the mountain with Moses and Yahweh, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
2047 | EXO | 32 | 7 | tcek | figs-rpronouns | שִׁחֵ֣ת | 1 | to carouse in wild celebration | Here, themselves is used to indicate that the Israelites actions made the Israelites corrupt. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “have acted corruptly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2048 | EXO | 32 | 8 | eua5 | figs-metaphor | סָ֣רוּ מַהֵ֗ר מִן־הַדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוִּיתִ֔ם | 1 | left the way that I commanded them | Here God speaks of the people disobeying what he commanded them as if he had told them to walk on a certain road, and they left that road. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They have quickly stopped doing what I commanded them to do” or “They have quickly stopped obeying what I commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2049 | EXO | 32 | 8 | tg9e | figs-quotemarks | אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּךָ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | left the way that I commanded them | This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
2050 | EXO | 32 | 8 | w7v8 | figs-quotesinquotes | אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּךָ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | left the way that I commanded them | You may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that these are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2051 | EXO | 32 | 8 | sjj1 | אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | left the way that I commanded them | In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating these … gods as singular. See how you translated this in verse 4. Alternate translation: “This is your god” | |
2052 | EXO | 32 | 8 | f62v | figs-123person | אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙…הֶֽעֱל֖וּךָ | 1 | left the way that I commanded them | Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. See how you translated this in verse 4. Alternate translation: “our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
2053 | EXO | 32 | 9 | ffe2 | figs-metaphor | עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֖רֶף | 1 | a stiff-necked people | Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. The image comes from an animal that does not want to go the way his master is trying to direct him (not going in the way God commanded). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “is a rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2054 | EXO | 32 | 9 | my87 | grammar-collectivenouns | הַזֶּ֔ה…הֽוּא | 1 | a stiff-necked people | The word people is a collective noun, so the pronouns referring to the people are singular. You may use plural pronouns if that is the normal usage in your language. Alternate translation: “these … they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
2055 | EXO | 32 | 10 | fmk3 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְעַתָּה֙ | 1 | Now then | So now is used here to mark that Yahweh’s next statements are a result of what he has said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2056 | EXO | 32 | 10 | sd9w | figs-idiom | וְיִֽחַר־אַפִּ֥י בָהֶ֖ם | 1 | My anger will burn hot against them | This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And let me be angry with them”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2057 | EXO | 32 | 10 | vc2u | writing-pronouns | אוֹתְךָ֖ | 1 | from you | Here, you refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2058 | EXO | 32 | 11 | h62e | figs-rquestion | לָמָ֤ה יְהוָה֙ יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּךָ֙ בְּעַמֶּ֔ךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הוֹצֵ֨אתָ֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּכֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּבְיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה | 1 | why does your anger burn against your people…a mighty hand? | Moses used this question to try to persuade Yahweh not to be so angry with his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, do not let your nose burn against your people whom you have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a strong hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
2059 | EXO | 32 | 11 | nuwf | figs-idiom | יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּךָ֙ בְּעַמֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | My anger will burn hot against them | This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry with his people. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “are you angry with your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2060 | EXO | 32 | 11 | t2cv | figs-doublet | בְּכֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּבְיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה | 1 | great power…mighty hand | These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. If doubling in this way would not convey emphasis in your language, you will need to find a way to translate it that does give emphasis. Alternate translation: “using your very strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2061 | EXO | 32 | 11 | ph43 | figs-metonymy | וּבְיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה | 1 | a mighty hand | Here, hand represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in Exodus 6:1. Alternate translation: “and with powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2062 | EXO | 32 | 12 | r8ij | figs-rquestion | לָמָּה֩ יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵאמֹ֗ר בְּרָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָם֙ לַהֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָם֙ בֶּֽהָרִ֔ים וּ֨לְכַלֹּתָ֔ם מֵעַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה | 1 | Why should the Egyptians say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth?’ | Moses used this question to try to persuade God not to destroy his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: If you destroy your people, the Egyptians might say, ‘He brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
2063 | EXO | 32 | 12 | yvez | figs-quotesinquotes | יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵאמֹ֗ר בְּרָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָם֙ לַהֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָם֙ בֶּֽהָרִ֔ים וּ֨לְכַלֹּתָ֔ם מֵעַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה | 1 | Why should the Egyptians say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth?’ | After saying, this is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “the Egyptians say that you brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2064 | EXO | 32 | 12 | kzh7 | figs-metonymy | מֵעַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה | 1 | face of the earth | Here, face means “surface.” Alternate translation: “from the surface of the land” or “from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2065 | EXO | 32 | 12 | fns1 | שׁ֚וּב מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | Turn from your burning anger | Alternate translation: “Stop your burning anger” or “Stop being so angry” | |
2066 | EXO | 32 | 12 | iz5q | figs-idiom | שׁ֚וּב מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔ךָ וְהִנָּחֵ֥ם עַל־הָרָעָ֖ה לְעַמֶּֽךָ | 1 | Turn from your burning anger | Here, Yahweh’s anger (burning nose) and plan to punish the people are spoken of as things that he could turn away from and repent of (repentance also means to turn from). This imagery may not translate into your language, and you may need to use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Calm down, and please do not stay determined to do evil to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2067 | EXO | 32 | 12 | p1df | figs-idiom | מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | your burning anger | This is an idiom that means anger. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from your terrible anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2068 | EXO | 32 | 13 | t9sa | זְכֹ֡ר | 1 | Call to mind Abraham | Alternate translation: “Think about” | |
2069 | EXO | 32 | 13 | p8jq | נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתָּ | 1 | you swore | Alternate translation: “you made an oath” | |
2070 | EXO | 32 | 13 | q1g1 | וְכָל־הָאָ֨רֶץ הַזֹּ֜את אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֗רְתִּי אֶתֵּן֙ לְזַרְעֲכֶ֔ם | 1 | They will inherit it forever | That is, the land of Canaan. | |
2071 | EXO | 32 | 15 | cx7z | figs-activepassive | לֻחֹ֗ת כְּתֻבִים֙ מִשְּׁנֵ֣י עֶבְרֵיהֶ֔ם מִזֶּ֥ה וּמִזֶּ֖ה הֵ֥ם כְּתֻבִֽים | 1 | tablets of the covenant decrees | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had written on both the sides of the tablets, on this side and on that side he had written.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2072 | EXO | 32 | 16 | w3ua | figs-infostructure | וְהַ֨לֻּחֹ֔ת מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים הֵ֑מָּה וְהַמִּכְתָּ֗ב מִכְתַּ֤ב אֱלֹהִים֙ ה֔וּא | 1 | The tablets were God’s own work, and the writing was God’s own writing | These two sentences have an unusual structure that places emphasis on tablets and writing. If your language would emphasize these topics in a different way than moving them to the beginning of the sentence, follow your language’s natural usage for emphasis. Alternate translation: “And the tablets themselves were the work of God. And the writing itself was the writing of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2073 | EXO | 32 | 17 | cua3 | writing-participants | יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ | 1 | he said to Moses | Joshua was last mentioned in Exodus 24:13. The text does not say if he was on top of the mountain with Moses or if he waited for him part way up. Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
2074 | EXO | 32 | 18 | r0gm | writing-poetry | אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְאֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ | 1 | he said to Moses | These lines are widely considered to be poetic. It is not clear why a poetic form is used here. In some languages it may not be appropriate to convey this response in poetic form, in which case another form may be used. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) |
2075 | EXO | 32 | 18 | m4k0 | figs-parallelism | אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְאֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ | 1 | he said to Moses | The poetic form here is parallelism in the repetition of sound of singing. If it would be unclear to say that Moses heard the sound of singing in the third line after saying he didn’t hear the sound of singing twice before, something more like the more contrastive UST may be followed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
2076 | EXO | 32 | 18 | fdg8 | figs-explicit | ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ | 1 | he said to Moses | If it is unclear to say that Moses hears the sound of singing after twice saying he didn’t hear that, you may want to make the type of singing explicit. Consider referring to your translation of the last word of verse 6 (to play in the ULT). Alternate translation: “the sound of playful singing I hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2077 | EXO | 32 | 19 | hr2j | figs-idiom | וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | the tablets | This is an idiom for being angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and Moses was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2078 | EXO | 32 | 19 | d8zo | תַּ֥חַת | 1 | the tablets | Alternate translation: “at the bottom of” | |
2079 | EXO | 32 | 21 | du5l | figs-quotesinquotes | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן מֶֽה־עָשָׂ֥ה לְךָ֖ הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֑ה כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖יו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה׃ | 1 | Then Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people…a great sin on them?” | Moses’ question is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternate translation: “Then Moses asked Aaron what the people did to him, that he had brought such a great sin on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2080 | EXO | 32 | 21 | np73 | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖יו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה | 1 | you have brought such a great sin on them | Moses spoke of causing people to sin as if sin were an object and Aaron put it on them. Alternate translation: “that you have caused them to sin greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2081 | EXO | 32 | 22 | z2ch | figs-idiom | אַל־יִ֥חַר אַ֖ף | 1 | Do not let your anger burn hot | This is an idiom for anger. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not be angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2082 | EXO | 32 | 22 | vdy2 | figs-idiom | כִּ֥י בְרָ֖ע הֽוּא | 1 | they are set on doing evil | This is probably an idiom that could mean (1) that the people are prone to evil or (2) that the people were in trouble (that is, they felt troubled because of not having contact with God). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “that they are set on evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2083 | EXO | 32 | 22 | h6dm | figs-123person | הֽוּא | 1 | they are set on doing evil | Here, it is used because people is grammatically singular in Hebrew. Alternate translation: “they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
2084 | EXO | 32 | 23 | w91d | figs-quotesinquotes | עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣נוּ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֵלְכ֖וּ לְפָנֵ֑ינוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֨נוּ֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽוֹ׃ | 1 | they are set on doing evil | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2085 | EXO | 32 | 23 | zn68 | זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָאִ֗ישׁ | 1 | this Moses | People showed disrespect by putting the word this before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people. See how you translated this in verse 1. | |
2086 | EXO | 32 | 24 | yq7s | figs-quotesinquotes | וָאֹמַ֤ר לָהֶם֙ לְמִ֣י זָהָ֔ב הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ | 1 | So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’ | Whoever has gold, take it off yourself is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, this can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “So I told them that whoever had any gold should take it off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2087 | EXO | 32 | 24 | yy82 | figs-rpronouns | הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ | 1 | So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’ | Aaron instructs people to take their own gold off. Alternate translation: “you take off your own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2088 | EXO | 32 | 24 | wvin | grammar-connect-logic-result | וָאַשְׁלִכֵ֣הוּ בָאֵ֔שׁ וַיֵּצֵ֖א הָעֵ֥גֶל הַזֶּֽה | 1 | So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’ | Aaron claims an unusual sequence of events here. The translation should surprise an audience unfamiliar with the story. He states that the result of simply throwing gold in the fire is the apperance (by its own power or volition it seems) of the calf. This is a lie. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2089 | EXO | 32 | 25 | ck1f | פָרֻ֖עַ | 1 | were running wild | Alternate translation: “were behaving wildly” or “were not controlling themselves” | |
2090 | EXO | 32 | 25 | csg0 | grammar-collectivenouns | כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | were running wild | Here, the pronoun it agrees with the grammatical number of people (singular). If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that they were let loose, for Aaron had let them loose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
2091 | EXO | 32 | 26 | jis7 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֕אמֶר מִ֥י לַיהוָ֖ה אֵלָ֑י | 1 | Then Moses stood at the entrance…“Whoever is on Yahweh’s side, come to me.” | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that whoever was for Yahweh should come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2092 | EXO | 32 | 26 | ryb5 | figs-idiom | מִ֥י לַיהוָ֖ה | 1 | Whoever is on Yahweh’s side | Moses speaks of being loyal to Yahweh as being for Yahweh. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever serves Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2093 | EXO | 32 | 27 | xsl3 | עִבְר֨וּ וָשׁ֜וּבוּ מִשַּׁ֤עַר לָשַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה | 1 | go back and forth from entrance to entrance | Alternate translation: “Go from one side of the camp to the other, starting at one entrance to the camp and going to the entrance on the other side of the camp” | |
2094 | EXO | 32 | 28 | at4i | translate-numbers | כִּשְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אַלְפֵ֖י | 1 | three thousand of the people | Alternate translation: “about three thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
2095 | EXO | 32 | 29 | to5d | figs-idiom | מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְכֶ֤ם | 1 | You have been placed into Yahweh’s service | This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:41. However, this usage is different from that text, as here it is not specified what authority they are given or what they are consecrated for other than for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Consecrate yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2096 | EXO | 32 | 29 | rkp6 | מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְכֶ֤ם הַיּוֹם֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה | 1 | You have been placed into Yahweh’s service | Here it is unclear if fill should be rightly understood as in the past or as a new command. You may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “You have filled your hand for Yahweh today” | |
2097 | EXO | 32 | 29 | c6fg | figs-explicit | כִּ֛י אִ֥ישׁ בִּבְנ֖וֹ וּבְאָחִ֑יו | 1 | for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that they did this in obedience to God explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you have obeyed Yahweh, because each man was against his son and against his brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2098 | EXO | 32 | 29 | l54l | וְלָתֵ֧ת עֲלֵיכֶ֛ם הַיּ֖וֹם בְּרָכָֽה | 1 | for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother | This phrase is difficult to interpret. Several options depend on exactly how the conjunction, preposition, and verb combination are interpreted. The first difficulty is related to the difficulty with the previous verb: have they already been blessed or are they going to be blessed? (Alternate translation: “to have put a blessing on yourselves today”) The second difficulty is: should the clause connections be understood to say that the blessing is because of their actions, or more strongly, that a desire for blessing motivated them to take action? (Alternate translation: “and therefore a blessing is put on you today” or “so that a blessing may be put over you today”) The third difficulty is: while ultimately all blessing is from Yahweh, which is the subject here, Yahweh or the Levites? (Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh is putting a blessing on you today”) As with the previous clause, you may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “, by that you brought blessing on yourselves” | |
2099 | EXO | 32 | 30 | kvj4 | figs-doublet | חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה | 1 | You have committed a very great sin | Here, sin used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with great, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “You have sinned extremally badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2100 | EXO | 32 | 30 | r5fn | figs-abstractnouns | חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה | 1 | You have committed a very great sin | If your language does not use an abstract noun for sin, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2101 | EXO | 32 | 31 | ccpg | figs-doublet | חָטָ֞א הָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ חֲטָאָ֣ה | 1 | You have committed a very great sin | Here, sin is used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with great, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “this people has sinned extremely badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2102 | EXO | 32 | 31 | y049 | figs-abstractnouns | חֲטָאָ֣ה | 1 | You have committed a very great sin | If your language does not use an abstract noun for sin, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2103 | EXO | 32 | 31 | yeta | אֱלֹהֵ֥י | 1 | You have committed a very great sin | Alternate translation: “a god” | |
2104 | EXO | 32 | 32 | brpu | figs-ellipsis | וְעַתָּ֖ה אִם־תִּשָּׂ֣א חַטָּאתָ֑ם | 1 | blot me out of the book | Moses leaves out his conclusion, perhaps as a way of making this conditional phrase into a request, or perhaps to avoid suggesting to God what would be good for him to do. However, if leaving out a conclusion would be misunderstood in your language you may need to rephrase it or add the implied conclusion. Alternate translation: “But now, if you forgive their sin, good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2105 | EXO | 32 | 32 | c72y | figs-metonymy | מְחֵ֣נִי | 1 | blot me out of the book | Here, me refers to the name of Moses. Alternate translation: “erase my name from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2106 | EXO | 32 | 32 | ahb3 | figs-explicit | אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּתָֽבְתָּ | 1 | the book that you have written | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what God had written in the book explicitly. Alternate translation: “in which you have written the names of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2107 | EXO | 32 | 33 | igb4 | figs-metonymy | אֶמְחֶ֖נּוּ מִסִּפְרִֽי | 1 | that person I will blot out of my book | Here, him represents that person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will erase that person’s name from my book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2108 | EXO | 32 | 33 | qwk9 | מִסִּפְרִֽי | 1 | my book | This refers to the book of Yahweh that Moses spoke of in Exodus 32:32. | |
2109 | EXO | 32 | 34 | xn8p | grammar-connect-logic-result | וּבְי֣וֹם פָּקְדִ֔י וּפָקַדְתִּ֥י עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם חַטָּאתָֽם | 1 | But on the day that I punish them, I will punish them | Yahweh makes it clear that he will punish the people because they sinned by making and worshiping the idol. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “However, because they sinned, one day I will come to punish them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2110 | EXO | 32 | 35 | wv1v | figs-explicit | עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָעֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן | 1 | they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made | The people are being spoken of as having made the calf themselves (along with Aaron) because they demanded it and gave their gold for it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they were guilty along with Aaron of making the calf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2111 | EXO | 32 | 35 | h3kl | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּגֹּ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָעָ֑ם עַ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָעֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן | 1 | they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “And because they had made the calf (that Aaron made), Yahweh plagued the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2112 | EXO | 33 | intro | g5k3 | 0 | Exodus 33 General NotesThis chapter is largely about Moses continuing to negotiate for a closer relationship between Yahweh and himself and Yahweh and the people. There are a number of important theological issues addressed, especially Yahweh’s holiness and character. Several key terms appear. Structure:
Potential Translation IssuesYahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them. Verses 7-11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. While the term in verses 7-11 is often used interchangeably with the Dwelling that will be built in chapters 35-39, it is a temporary and different tent. One distinguishing feature is that it is well outside the camp, while the Dwelling will be in the center of the camp. The word tent in verses 7-11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is referred to. | |||
2113 | EXO | 33 | 1 | p8xp | figs-quotesinquotes | לֵאמֹ֔ר לְזַרְעֲךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶֽנָּה | 1 | General Information: | The words which follow saying are a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
2114 | EXO | 33 | 2 | tlen | וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֥י לְפָנֶ֖יךָ מַלְאָ֑ךְ וְגֵֽרַשְׁתִּ֗י אֶת־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ הָֽאֱמֹרִ֔י וְהַֽחִתִּי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י הַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִֽי | 1 | General Information: | See how you translated these in Exodus 23:20 and 23:23. | |
2115 | EXO | 33 | 3 | yyt4 | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | that land, which is flowing with milk and honey | Here, milk is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; honey is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See how you translated this in Exodus 3:8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2116 | EXO | 33 | 3 | y347 | figs-metaphor | זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | flowing with | God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in Exodus 3:8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2117 | EXO | 33 | 3 | ah5t | figs-metaphor | קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ | 1 | a stubborn people | Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. See how you translated this in Exodus 32:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2118 | EXO | 33 | 4 | jemj | figs-gendernotations | וְלֹא־שָׁ֛תוּ אִ֥ישׁ עֶדְי֖וֹ עָלָֽיו | 1 | jewelry | Here, his and him refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the men and women did not put on their ornaments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2119 | EXO | 33 | 4 | cf7g | translate-unknown | עֶדְי֖וֹ | 1 | jewelry | This may have referred to beautiful clothing as well as chains and rings made from gold or silver that had could have had jewels in them. Alternate translation: “his adornments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2120 | EXO | 33 | 4 | qwuu | translate-versebridge | 0 | jewelry | Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) | |
2121 | EXO | 33 | 5 | rn40 | figs-events | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | jewelry | The word had places Yahweh’s statement back in time. It can be understood from context as Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4. If you are reversing the order of the verses for your language, you should adjust the verbal sequencing in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) |
2122 | EXO | 33 | 5 | ndhx | figs-quotations | אֱמֹ֤ר אֶל־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ | 1 | jewelry | You may want to make the introductory portion of this quotation,Say to the sons of Israel, indirect to keep from having a quote inside a quote. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2123 | EXO | 33 | 5 | rzr5 | figs-metaphor | קְשֵׁה־עֹ֔רֶף | 1 | a stubborn people | Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. See how you translated this in Exodus 32:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2124 | EXO | 33 | 5 | hakp | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | רֶ֧גַע אֶחָ֛ד אֶֽעֱלֶ֥ה בְקִרְבְּךָ֖ וְכִלִּיתִ֑יךָ וְעַתָּ֗ה | 1 | a stubborn people | Because the surrounding narrative clearly shows that this is not what Yahweh did or will do, this is a hypothetical situation. Some languages may need to reorder the clauses. Alternate translation: “Since I would destroy if I went up among you for one moment, then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
2125 | EXO | 33 | 5 | l6ax | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְעַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְךָ֙ מֵֽעָלֶ֔יךָ וְאֵדְעָ֖ה מָ֥ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽךְ | 1 | a stubborn people | The goal of the Israelites removing their ornaments is so that Yahweh can consider his reaction. Some languages may need to reorder this structure. Alternate translation: “So that I will know what I will do to you, take your ornaments down from on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
2126 | EXO | 33 | 5 | gb16 | figs-explicit | וְעַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְךָ֙ מֵֽעָלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | a stubborn people | This was a way for the Israelites to show that they were sorry for sinning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2127 | EXO | 33 | 6 | tomy | figs-rpronouns | וַיִּֽתְנַצְּל֧וּ | 1 | a stubborn people | Here, themselves refers to the Israelites; they are both the ones doing the action and the ones to whom the action is done. A special form of verb or pronoun may be required to translate this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2128 | EXO | 33 | 6 | i0c5 | figs-explicit | מֵהַ֥ר חוֹרֵֽב׃ | 1 | a stubborn people | Here, from means “from that point of time and continuing into the future.” Try to find a form in your language that means “from then on” for your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2129 | EXO | 33 | 7 | wsfe | grammar-connect-time-background | 0 | a stubborn people | Verses 7-11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) | |
2130 | EXO | 33 | 7 | fb65 | הָאֹ֜הֶל | 1 | a stubborn people | The word tent in verses 7-11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up, or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is being referenced. Here it refers to the “tent of meeting.” | |
2131 | EXO | 33 | 8 | h2us | אָהֳל֑וֹ | 1 | a stubborn people | This refers to the people’s tents. | |
2132 | EXO | 33 | 9 | yt4f | עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽעָנָ֔ן | 1 | the pillar of cloud | See how you translated this in 13:21. | |
2133 | EXO | 33 | 9 | vam7 | figs-explicit | יֵרֵד֙ | 1 | would come down | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where the pillar of cloud would come down from explicitly. Alternate translation: “would come down from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2134 | EXO | 33 | 9 | ghf8 | figs-metonymy | וְדִבֶּ֖ר | 1 | would come down | Grammatically, the most likely referent for this pronoun is the pillar of cloud. By metonymy and based on verse 11, this probably refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2135 | EXO | 33 | 10 | nyoe | figs-parallelism | וְרָאָ֤ה כָל־הָעָם֙ אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽעָנָ֔ן עֹמֵ֖ד פֶּ֣תַח הָאֹ֑הֶל וְקָ֤ם כָּל־הָעָם֙ וְהִֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ פֶּ֥תַח אָהֳלֽוֹ | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | This verse uses contrastive parallelism. The presence of Yahweh is represented in the cloud that stands at the entrance of the tent, while the people prostrate themselves at the entrance to their tents. It would be good to try to retain the contrasting image in your translation if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
2136 | EXO | 33 | 10 | zvaf | עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽעָנָ֔ן | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | See how you translated this in 13:21. | |
2137 | EXO | 33 | 10 | dm01 | אָהֳלֽוֹ | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | This refers to the people’s tents. | |
2138 | EXO | 33 | 11 | zrb8 | figs-metaphor | פָּנִ֣ים אֶל־פָּנִ֔ים | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | Speaking directly to each other rather than through dreams and visions is spoken of as if Moses and God saw each other’s faces while they spoke. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh would speak directly to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2139 | EXO | 33 | 11 | lqe0 | figs-simile | כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִ֖ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֑הוּ | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | The metaphor of speaking face to face is explained by the simile here. How you translated face to face in your language may determine how you should translate this explanation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
2140 | EXO | 33 | 11 | rcsu | writing-participants | וּמְשָׁ֨רְת֜וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֤עַ בִּן־נוּן֙ נַ֔עַר | 1 | Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face | Joshua has been introduced before but not mentioned since Exodus 32:17. Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
2141 | EXO | 33 | 12 | ohra | writing-newevent | 0 | See | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
2142 | EXO | 33 | 12 | hlsl | figs-quotations | הַ֚עַל אֶת־הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה…דַעְתִּ֣יךָֽ בְשֵׁ֔ם וְגַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָֽי | 1 | See | You may want to make these two second-level quotations indirect to reduce the levels of quotation. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2143 | EXO | 33 | 12 | unz8 | רְ֠אֵה | 1 | See | This is an interjection to get someone’s attention. Alternate translation: “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” | |
2144 | EXO | 33 | 12 | w7fs | figs-idiom | יְדַעְתִּ֣יךָֽ בְשֵׁ֔ם | 1 | I know you by name | To know someone by name is to know them well. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2145 | EXO | 33 | 12 | uhjs | figs-activepassive | וְגַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָֽי | 1 | you have also found favor in my eyes | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and my eyes find you favorable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2146 | EXO | 33 | 12 | a7jr | figs-idiom | וְגַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָֽי | 1 | you have also found favor in my eyes | Here, found favor in my eyes is an idiom that means “I am pleased with you” so it means that God is pleased with Moses. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you please me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2147 | EXO | 33 | 12 | y281 | figs-metaphor | וְגַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָֽי | 1 | you have also found favor in my eyes | Here, in my eyes is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you have also found favor in my evaluation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2148 | EXO | 33 | 12 | es6z | figs-abstractnouns | וְגַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָֽי | 1 | you have also found favor in my eyes | Here, favor is an abstract noun that you could express in another way if necessary in your language. Alternate translation: “and you have also been found approved in my eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2149 | EXO | 33 | 13 | e6vv | מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֜ן בְּעֵינֶ֗יךָ…אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ | 1 | Now if I have found favor in your eyes | Here, found favor in your eyes is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun favor into another form. Finally, in your eyes is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase you have found favor in my eyes in Exodus 33:12. | |
2150 | EXO | 33 | 13 | zi7j | figs-metaphor | הוֹדִעֵ֤נִי נָא֙ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֔ךָ | 1 | show me your ways | Here, ways is a metaphor either: (1) for Yahweh’s plans or (2) for the holy life he requires. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: (1) “please cause me to know what you are going to do in the future” (2) “please cause me to know how people can do what pleases you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2151 | EXO | 33 | 13 | gtv4 | אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ | 1 | show me your ways | This instance of the phrase find favor in your eyes means in the future. Consider how to translate it in your language to convey an on-going situation. Alternate translation: “I can always find favor in your eyes” | |
2152 | EXO | 33 | 13 | o1ew | וּרְאֵ֕ה כִּ֥י עַמְּךָ֖ הַגּ֥וֹי הַזֶּֽה׃ | 1 | show me your ways | Moses is requesting that Yahweh would again see, perceive, consider, or recognize the Israelites as his special people. In this way, Moses would know that Yahweh had truly forgiven them. | |
2153 | EXO | 33 | 14 | gh8q | figs-metonymy | פָּנַ֥י יֵלֵ֖כוּ | 1 | My own presence will go | Yahweh’s face represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “I will go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2154 | EXO | 33 | 14 | esdd | figs-explicit | פָּנַ֥י יֵלֵ֖כוּ וַהֲנִחֹ֥תִי לָֽךְ | 1 | My own presence will go | The preposition connected to you here has a very flexible meaning and seems to be connected to both will go and will cause rest. If this would be unclear, consider repeating it in both clauses. Alternate translation: “My face will go with you and I will cause rest for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2155 | EXO | 33 | 14 | hl15 | figs-yousingular | לָֽךְ | 1 | go with you…give you | The word you here refers to Moses. It is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
2156 | EXO | 33 | 15 | a2hc | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨יךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים | 1 | go with you…give you | If your face is not going is a hypothetical situation in which Moses makes a request that they not go anywhere without Yahweh. In some languages you may need to place the request first. Alternate translation: “Do not take us up from here if your face is not going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
2157 | EXO | 33 | 15 | m5cq | figs-metonymy | אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨יךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים | 1 | go with you…give you | Yahweh’s face represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “If you are not going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2158 | EXO | 33 | 16 | cgl8 | figs-rquestion | וּבַמֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא כִּֽי־מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְעַמֶּ֔ךָ הֲל֖וֹא בְּלֶכְתְּךָ֣ עִמָּ֑נוּ וְנִפְלֵ֨ינוּ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְעַמְּךָ֔ מִכָּ֨ל־הָעָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָֽה | 1 | how will it be known…people? | This verse contains two or three rhetorical questions, and the length of the second is debated. The first rhetorical question, “And in what then will it be known that I have found favor in your eyes, I and your people?” is used for emphasis and means, “There is only one way people will know that I and your people please you.” The second, “Is it not in your going with us?” is used to answer the first question and means “That way is your going with us.” It is possible that the rest of the verse is (1) a statement further clarifying how Yahweh’s favor is demonstrated (ULT, UST), (2) an extension of the second rhetorical question (“Is it not in your going with us so that I and your people shall be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”), or (3) a separate rhetorical question making the same point (“And shall I and your people be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”) Moses used these questions in order to emphasize that if Yahweh does not go with them, no one will know that Yahweh is pleased with Moses and the people. Use whatever forms would be natural in your language to present an argument like this. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
2159 | EXO | 33 | 16 | d36k | figs-infostructure | וּבַמֶּ֣ה | 1 | For otherwise | This refers back to Moses’ hypothetical situation in the previous verse, that is, Yahweh not going with them. Use whatever connecting forms are necessary to make that clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2160 | EXO | 33 | 16 | tu8e | figs-activepassive | וּבַמֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא | 1 | how will it be known | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And in what then will people know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2161 | EXO | 33 | 16 | u82a | figs-idiom | מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Will it not only be if | Here, found favor is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun favor into another form. Finally, eyes are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase you have found favor in my eyes in Exodus 33:12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2162 | EXO | 33 | 17 | chua | grammar-connect-logic-result | גַּ֣ם אֶת־הַדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֑ה כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּעֵינַ֔י וָאֵדָעֲךָ֖ בְּשֵֽׁם | 1 | you have found favor in my eyes | Here, for signals a reason clause. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because you have found favor in my eyes, and I know you by name, I will also do this thing that you have spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2163 | EXO | 33 | 17 | ln7y | figs-idiom | מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּעֵינַ֔י | 1 | you have found favor in my eyes | Here, you have found favor in my eyes is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun favor into another form. Finally, eyes are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase you have found favor in my eyes in Exodus 33:12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2164 | EXO | 33 | 17 | aln2 | figs-yousingular | מָצָ֤אתָ | 1 | General Information: | Here, you is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
2165 | EXO | 33 | 17 | u2nv | figs-idiom | וָאֵדָעֲךָ֖ בְּשֵֽׁם | 1 | I know you by name | To know someone by name is to know them well. See how you translated this in Exodus 33:12. Alternate translation: “and I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2166 | EXO | 33 | 18 | w73v | figs-abstractnouns | כְּבֹדֶֽךָ | 1 | I know you by name | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2167 | EXO | 33 | 19 | sx1a | figs-metaphor | אֲנִ֨י אַעֲבִ֤יר כָּל־טוּבִי֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יךָ | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | Yahweh speaks of his goodness like it was an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2168 | EXO | 33 | 19 | e3o3 | figs-abstractnouns | טוּבִי֙ | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of goodness, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2169 | EXO | 33 | 19 | gzr5 | figs-metonymy | עַל־פָּנֶ֔יךָ…לְפָנֶ֑יךָ | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | Here, face means “you.” Alternate translation: “above you … before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2170 | EXO | 33 | 19 | d4z9 | וְקָרָ֧אתִֽי בְשֵׁ֛ם יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | The meaning of the phrase is unclear. It may mean that Yahweh will disclose something about his character to Moses. Alternate translation: “and I will proclaim my name, ‘Yahweh,’ ” | |
2171 | EXO | 33 | 19 | vqq6 | figs-parallelism | וְחַנֹּתִי֙ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָחֹ֔ן וְרִחַמְתִּ֖י אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲרַחֵֽם | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They stress Yahweh’s divine prerogative to do whatever he wants. The structure also parallels Yahweh’s I AM statements in Exodus 3:14. If this form of parallelism would be misunderstood in your language, consider another form that emphasizes that Yahweh is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
2172 | EXO | 33 | 20 | c20q | writing-quotations | וַיֹּ֕אמֶר | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | In some languages it may be better to omit And he said at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19-34:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) |
2173 | EXO | 33 | 20 | fyc0 | כִּ֛י לֹֽא־יִרְאַ֥נִי הָאָדָ֖ם וָחָֽי | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | Alternate translation: “because no person can live after he has seen me” | |
2174 | EXO | 33 | 21 | loep | writing-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | I will make all my goodness pass before you | In some languages it may be better to omit And Yahweh said at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19-34:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) |
2175 | EXO | 33 | 21 | s4iy | הִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | See | Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” | |
2176 | EXO | 33 | 22 | qhe6 | figs-metaphor | בַּעֲבֹ֣ר כְּבֹדִ֔י | 1 | See | Yahweh speaks of his glory as if it were an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “while I pass over gloriously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2177 | EXO | 33 | 22 | o5as | figs-abstractnouns | כְּבֹדִ֔י | 1 | See | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2178 | EXO | 33 | 22 | ivf5 | figs-personification | וְשַׂכֹּתִ֥י כַפִּ֛י עָלֶ֖יךָ | 1 | See | Here Yahweh speaks as if he, like a person, had hands that could cover things. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use a simile to retain the image, as this figure is important to retain and extends into the next verse. Alternate translation: “I will cover you as with a hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
2179 | EXO | 33 | 23 | fmu8 | figs-personification | וַהֲסִרֹתִי֙ אֶת־כַּפִּ֔י וְרָאִ֖יתָ אֶת־אֲחֹרָ֑י וּפָנַ֖י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ | 1 | you will see my back | The strong personification image of Yahweh continues throughout this verse and should be retained, if possible. You may have to use similes if this would be misunderstood in your culture. Alternate translation: “Then it will be as if I stop covering you with a hand, and you will see a small part of my glory, like a person’s back, but not my full glory, like a person’s face.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
2180 | EXO | 33 | 23 | jq7t | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וּפָנַ֖י | 1 | you will see my back | Here, but my face is moved to the front of the clause to emphasize contrast with my back. If your language has a certain way of contrasting elements, be sure to make a strong contrast between Yahweh’s face and back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
2181 | EXO | 33 | 23 | gw1n | figs-activepassive | וּפָנַ֖י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ | 1 | but my face will not be seen | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but you will not see my face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2182 | EXO | 34 | intro | smp6 | 0 | Exodus 34 General NotesOutline
Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter
“He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children”This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent’s sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) | |||
2183 | EXO | 34 | 1 | ppyw | writing-quotations | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | tablets of stone | Yahweh continues to speak to Moses, but there is a change of topic here, so you may want to retain the speech introduction. However, if it would be misunderstood, you could simply continue the quotation from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Yahweh continued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) |
2184 | EXO | 34 | 1 | zf77 | figs-infostructure | אֲשֶׁ֥ר שִׁבַּֽרְתָּ | 1 | tablets of stone | This clause reminds the reader of what tablets are being mentioned by reminding you of what had happened to the previous tablets. If it would be more helpful in your language to attach it to the first mention of the tablets in this verse, you could rearrange it like the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2185 | EXO | 34 | 1 | s1kv | לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִ֖ים | 1 | tablets of stone | Alternate translation: “flat slabs of stone” See how you translated this in Exodus 31:18 | |
2186 | EXO | 34 | 3 | ck6d | figs-metonymy | וְגַם־אִ֥ישׁ אַל־יֵרָ֖א בְּכָל־הָהָ֑ר | 1 | Do not let anyone else be seen anywhere on the mountain | Being seen doing something represents doing that. Alternate translation: “and do not let anyone else be anywhere on the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2187 | EXO | 34 | 3 | x3rx | גַּם־הַצֹּ֤אן וְהַבָּקָר֙ אַל־יִרְע֔וּ אֶל־מ֖וּל הָהָ֥ר הַהֽוּא | 1 | No flocks or herds are even to graze in front of the mountain | Alternate translation: “Even flocks or herds are not allowed to come near the mountain to eat.” | |
2188 | EXO | 34 | 5 | sp7f | writing-pronouns | וַיִּתְיַצֵּ֥ב עִמּ֖וֹ שָׁ֑ם וַיִּקְרָ֥א | 1 | stood with Moses there | The pronouns are not clear here, but the referents are probably as in the following alternate translation: “and Yahweh stood with Moses there, and Yahweh proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2189 | EXO | 34 | 5 | r9ey | figs-metonymy | וַיִּקְרָ֥א בְשֵׁ֖ם יְהוָֽה | 1 | he pronounced the name “Yahweh.” | This could mean: (1) “he spoke the name ‘Yahweh’” (2) “he proclaimed who Yahweh is.” For the second meaning, name would represent who God is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2190 | EXO | 34 | 6 | fz1q | figs-123person | יְהוָ֣ה׀ יְהוָ֔ה אֵ֥ל רַח֖וּם וְחַנּ֑וּן | 1 | Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious | God is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am God, and I am merciful and gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
2191 | EXO | 34 | 6 | t0kd | figs-doublet | רַח֖וּם וְחַנּ֑וּן | 1 | Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious | This is emphasizing that Yahweh cares for people and acts kindly toward them. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2192 | EXO | 34 | 6 | f7iq | figs-idiom | אֶ֥רֶךְ אַפַּ֖יִם | 1 | Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious | The phrase long of nostril is an idiom that means Yahweh does not get angry easily or quickly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “slow to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2193 | EXO | 34 | 6 | j7we | figs-abstractnouns | וְרַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת | 1 | abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness, you could express the same idea in another way. (For covenant faithfulness, see Exodus 20:6). Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2194 | EXO | 34 | 6 | d1qj | figs-doublet | חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת | 1 | abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness | This is emphasizing that Yahweh always does what he promises toward the people he loves. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2195 | EXO | 34 | 7 | lt2j | figs-abstractnouns | נֹצֵ֥ר חֶ֨סֶד֙ לָאֲלָפִ֔ים | 1 | keeping covenant faithfulness for thousands of generations | See how you translated covenant faithfulnessin the previous verse. Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands of generations” or “faithful to his covenant with thousands of generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2196 | EXO | 34 | 7 | x90l | figs-hyperbole | לָאֲלָפִ֔ים | 1 | But he will | This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” It is deliberately contrasted with third and fourth later in the verse to emphasize how much longer God’s covenant faithfulness is than his anger. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that conveys a very long time. Alternate translation: “for every generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
2197 | EXO | 34 | 7 | dxkb | figs-metonymy | לָאֲלָפִ֔ים | 1 | But he will | The word thousands is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “to innumerable people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2198 | EXO | 34 | 7 | hllt | figs-litany | עָוֺ֛ן וָפֶ֖שַׁע וְחַטָּאָ֑ה | 1 | But he will | This list is meant to convey the idea of every kind of wrong. If a list like this would be misunderstood in your language you may need to use other terms or forms to make this point. Alternate translation: “every kind of sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) |
2199 | EXO | 34 | 7 | e2qc | figs-abstractnouns | עָוֺ֛ן וָפֶ֖שַׁע וְחַטָּאָ֑ה…עֲוֺ֣ן | 1 | But he will | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of iniquity, transgression, and sin, you could express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2200 | EXO | 34 | 7 | x397 | figs-123person | וְנַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה | 1 | he will by no means clear the guilty | Yahweh is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “But I will certainly not acquit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
2201 | EXO | 34 | 7 | ts1b | figs-ellipsis | וְנַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה | 1 | will by no means clear the guilty | Whom Yahweh will not acquit is not stated. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translations: “But he will certainly not clear the guilty” or “But he will certainly not say that the guilty are innocent” or “But he will certainly not free guilty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2202 | EXO | 34 | 7 | lyrg | figs-metonymy | עֲוֺ֣ן | 1 | will by no means clear the guilty | Here, iniquity refers to the consequences or the punishment for iniquity. Alternate translation: “the punishment for the iniquity of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2203 | EXO | 34 | 7 | px85 | figs-metaphor | פֹּקֵ֣ד׀ עֲוֺ֣ן אָב֗וֹת עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְעַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים | 1 | He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children | The iniquity of the fathers is spoken of as if it were something capable of visiting people. This means that Yahweh makes the consequences of people’s sins affect their descendants. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “punishing the sons and the sons of the sons for the iniquity of the fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2204 | EXO | 34 | 7 | c3tb | figs-metonymy | עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְעַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים | 1 | their children | The references to sons and sons of the sons represents descendants. Alternate translation: “on their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2205 | EXO | 34 | 7 | d462 | figs-explicit | עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִֽים | 1 | their children | Here, “generation” is implied after third and fourth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2206 | EXO | 34 | 7 | pacu | figs-metonymy | עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִֽים | 1 | their children | Here, third and fourth means “several.” If this would not be understood and your language has a way of referring to an unspecified (but approximately 3-4) number, you may have to use it here. Alternate translation: “on a few generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2207 | EXO | 34 | 8 | c1qt | figs-rpronouns | וַיִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ | 1 | their children | Here, himself means that Moses did this action to his own body. Some languages may use a special form to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2208 | EXO | 34 | 8 | mf8o | figs-doublet | וַיִּקֹּ֥ד אַ֖רְצָה וַיִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ | 1 | their children | These two verbs have very similar meanings and are often used together to express people’s physical and spiritual posture in worship. If such repetition would be misunderstood in your language, you may need to express the physical action and spiritual action explicitly. Alternate translation: “and bowed to the ground in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2209 | EXO | 34 | 9 | mh3a | figs-idiom | מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | If now I have found favor in your eyes | Here, found favor is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun favor into another form. Finally, eyes are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase I have found favor in your eyes in Exodus 33:12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2210 | EXO | 34 | 9 | vhu5 | figs-metaphor | עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ ה֔וּא | 1 | If now I have found favor in your eyes | Moses speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. See how you translated this in Exodus 32:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2211 | EXO | 34 | 9 | hw66 | figs-doublet | לַעֲוֺנֵ֥נוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵ֖נוּ | 1 | our iniquity and our sin | The words iniquity and sin mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “all our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2212 | EXO | 34 | 10 | zwsm | 0 | your people | Starting in this verse, the covenant is largely repeated and consists of two parts: (1) what Yahweh will do, which is detailed in verses 10-11 (and briefly restated in verse 24) and (2) what is required of the Israelites, which is detailed in verses 12-26. For further context, see Exodus 19:5 and following, and 23:20-24:8. Verses 12-26 are another list of ten commandments. | ||
2213 | EXO | 34 | 10 | ps7o | figs-idiom | כֹּרֵ֣ת בְּרִית֒ | 1 | your people | To cut a covenant means to make a covenant. The terminology refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “am about to make a covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2214 | EXO | 34 | 10 | zdq6 | figs-possession | עַמְּךָ֙ | 1 | your people | Here, the people are referred to as belonging to Moses. This refers to his being their leader. Alternate translation: ”the people you lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
2215 | EXO | 34 | 10 | itdx | כָל־הָ֠עָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֨ה בְקִרְבּ֜וֹ | 1 | your people | This phrase is ambiguous and could refer to: (1) the nations that surrounded Israel or (2) the Israelites (who surrounded Moses). Attempt to maintain the ambiguity if you can; otherwise you may choose one, perhaps following another locally known translation’s choice. | |
2216 | EXO | 34 | 10 | bj1a | כִּֽי־נוֹרָ֣א ה֔וּא אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י עֹשֶׂ֥ה עִמָּֽךְ | 1 | it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you | This means that what Yahweh is doing causes people to be afraid. In this case, people will fear Yahweh when they see what he does. Alternate translation: “for what I am doing with you will cause fear” | |
2217 | EXO | 34 | 10 | s7uz | figs-youdual | עִמָּֽךְ | 1 | I am doing with you | Here, you refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
2218 | EXO | 34 | 11 | xtkf | figs-metonymy | גֹרֵ֣שׁ מִפָּנֶ֗יךָ | 1 | I am doing with you | Here, from before your faces means “ahead of you” or “on your behalf.” Yahweh is emphasizing who is doing the driving out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2219 | EXO | 34 | 11 | kfix | translate-names | אֶת־הָאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְהַחִתִּי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִֽי | 1 | I am doing with you | See how you translated these in Exodus 33:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2220 | EXO | 34 | 12 | fmc9 | 0 | General Information: | Verses 12-16 are the first of these ten commandments. The original language is structured such that every clause in these verses is subordinate to the initial, Guard yourself. That sort of structure may not be possible in your language (as it is not in English). | ||
2221 | EXO | 34 | 12 | mnpv | figs-rpronouns | לְךָ֗ | 1 | General Information: | Here, yourself means that each Israelite should guard against committing these sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
2222 | EXO | 34 | 12 | n1il | figs-hypo | פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְמוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּקִרְבֶּֽךָ | 1 | General Information: | This sentence contains two hypotheticals as a warning. Each is introduced by lest. Use a marker in your language that introduces a hypothetical situation, but also see the next note. Alternate translation: “If you were to cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, probably he would become as a trap in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
2223 | EXO | 34 | 12 | t1hz | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְמוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּקִרְבֶּֽךָ | 1 | General Information: | The second of these hypothetical statements is logically dependent on and follows after the first as a result. As you mark these hypotheticals, use a form that communicates that the second is a result of the first. Alternate translation: “because if you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, then he will become as a trap in your midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
2224 | EXO | 34 | 12 | b459 | figs-idiom | תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ | 1 | General Information: | See how you translated this in 34:10. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2225 | EXO | 34 | 12 | tnka | grammar-collectivenouns | לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב…יִהְיֶ֥ה | 1 | General Information: | The word inhabitant is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronoun he is agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … they become” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
2226 | EXO | 34 | 12 | lxz8 | figs-simile | פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְמוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּקִרְבֶּֽךָ | 1 | they will become a trap among you | People who tempt others to sin are spoken of as if they were a trap. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “lest those remaining people tempt you to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
2227 | EXO | 34 | 13 | wkbx | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | כִּ֤י | 1 | they will become a trap among you | This word marks a strong contrast with the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation, followed by a new sentence: “Do the opposite!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
2228 | EXO | 34 | 13 | tfd1 | figs-infostructure | אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן וְאֶת־אֲשֵׁרָ֖יו תִּכְרֹתֽוּן | 1 | they will become a trap among you | This unusual word order reflects the original in bringing each item the Israelites must destroy into focus. You should use whatever form in your language would emphasize or focus on each item that they must destroy. Alternate translation, as separate sentences: “as for their altars, break them down! As for their stone pillars, smash them to pieces! As for their trees where they worship the goddess Asherah, cut them all down!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2229 | EXO | 34 | 13 | gbp0 | grammar-collectivenouns | תִּכְרֹתֽוּן | 1 | they will become a trap among you | For some reason only this pronoun is singular, referring back the singular “inhabitant” in the previous verse. Translate it based on your decision in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
2230 | EXO | 34 | 14 | fzjz | translate-symaction | לֹ֥א תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה | 1 | Yahweh, whose name is Jealous | To bow to another god means to worship it. This imagery is throughout scripture and should be retained in translation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you shall not bow to worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
2231 | EXO | 34 | 14 | vmx2 | figs-metaphor | כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔וֹ אֵ֥ל קַנָּ֖א הֽוּא׃ | 1 | Yahweh, whose name is Jealous | The repeated word jealous means that God is concerned to keep his honor. If his people worship other gods, he loses honor, because when his people do not honor him, other people also will not honor him. This is pictured in a metaphor of a jealous spouse who is concerned that his spouse be faithful to him. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. The UST makes this image explicit as a simile, which can be done occasionally but would probably be too long for repeated use in a translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh jealously guards his reputation. He is a God jealous of his honor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2232 | EXO | 34 | 14 | s5sd | figs-metonymy | כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔וֹ | 1 | whose name is Jealous, | Here, the word name represents God’s character. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2233 | EXO | 34 | 15 | r70f | grammar-collectivenouns | לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב…וְקָרָ֣א…מִזִּבְחֽוֹ | 1 | General Information: | The word inhabitant is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronouns he and his are agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. See how you translated this in verse 12. Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … and they invite … from their sacrifice” or “with the inhabitants of … and one of them invites … from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
2234 | EXO | 34 | 15 | udz0 | figs-hypo | פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָאָ֑רֶץ וְזָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶ֗ם וְזָבְחוּ֙ לֵאלֹ֣הֵיהֶ֔ם וְקָרָ֣א לְךָ֔ | 1 | Connecting Statement: | Most of this verse is a sort of chain of logically consecutive hypothetical events that Yahweh is warning the Israelites against. Your language may have a specific way this sort of argument must be structured or phrased. One way to see this would be to repeat lest before every verb in verse 15-16. Alternate translation: “If you cut a covenant the inhabitant of the land, and if they then prostitute after their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and if he then invites you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
2235 | EXO | 34 | 15 | f1e3 | פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְיוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | Connecting Statement: | This phrase is exactly the same as the second clause of verse 12. It serves as a reminder of the command Yahweh is giving as he begins to expand on the “trap” he mentioned in verse 12. Your language may need to mark this repetition in a particular way. Alternate translation: “Remember: keep yourself lest you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land” | |
2236 | EXO | 34 | 15 | n4nt | figs-idiom | תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית | 1 | Connecting Statement: | See how you translated this in verse 12. Alternate translation: “you make a covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2237 | EXO | 34 | 15 | gtd8 | figs-metaphor | וְזָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶ֗ם | 1 | for they prostitute themselves to their gods | In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and they worship their gods” or “because they worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2238 | EXO | 34 | 15 | d1m0 | figs-metonymy | וְזָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶ֗ם | 1 | for they prostitute themselves to their gods | This phrase may also be seen as a metonymy because sexual sin was a regular part of worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “and they worship by fornicating with their gods’ cult prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2239 | EXO | 34 | 15 | vijl | figs-ellipsis | וְקָרָ֣א לְךָ֔ | 1 | for they prostitute themselves to their gods | Here, what the inhabitant will invite the Israelite to is not stated, but can be inferred from context. At the most basic level it is an invitation to eat food the Israelites were forbidden to eat. It is unclear how much more participation in worshiping false gods is implied. If your language requires that you specify what the Israelite is being invited into you may have to add some information. Alternate translation: “and he will invite you to eat from his sacrifice” or “and he will invite you to a feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2240 | EXO | 34 | 15 | ygd9 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְאָכַלְתָּ֖ מִזִּבְחֽוֹ | 1 | for they prostitute themselves to their gods | The first part of the sin Yahweh is warning against in this and the next verse is to eat from his sacrifice. This clause is the result of disobedience regarding the covenant and the logical conclusion of the series of hypothetical events Yahweh presents before this. Alternate translation: “as a result, you will eat from his sacrifice” or “then you will eat from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2241 | EXO | 34 | 15 | hhbc | figs-synecdoche | וְאָכַלְתָּ֖ מִזִּבְחֽוֹ | 1 | for they prostitute themselves to their gods | Here, and you eat from his sacrifice may represent any and all parts of the worship of the other nations’ false gods. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2242 | EXO | 34 | 15 | bj2i | figs-explicit | וְאָכַלְתָּ֖ מִזִּבְחֽוֹ | 1 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the consequence of eating food that is sacrificed to another god explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will eat some of his sacrifice and become guilty of worshiping his gods” or “and you will prostitute yourself to his god by eating some of his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2243 | EXO | 34 | 16 | jaic | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | 0 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | The string of hypothetical actions, each with its logical result continues throughout this verse. Continue translating the transitions between clauses as you decided in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
2244 | EXO | 34 | 16 | d4ma | figs-metaphor | וְזָנ֣וּ בְנֹתָ֗יו אַחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיהֶ֔ן | 1 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and his daughters worship their gods” or “and his daughters worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2245 | EXO | 34 | 16 | k0lr | figs-metaphor | וְהִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔יךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽן | 1 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. The metaphor is clear here since it is referring to Israelite men who should be Yahweh worshipers. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and cause your sons to worship their gods” or “and cause your sons to worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2246 | EXO | 34 | 16 | p98a | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְהִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔יךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽן | 1 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | This is the climatic consequence of living in peace the nations God is driving out before them: complete apostacy from Yahweh and loss of the next generation to wickedness. Specifically it is the result of intermarriage with the pagans, which God has explicitly forbidden for this very reason. If your language marks the final consequence of a string of actions in a particular way it may be appropriate to use it here. Alternate translation: “and in the end, they will cause even your sons to prostitute after their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2247 | EXO | 34 | 17 | lgab | 0 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | The prohibition here is focused on making gods. In your translation make sure that the focus is not on the method, but the god-making. | ||
2248 | EXO | 34 | 17 | rux0 | מַסֵּכָ֖ה | 1 | you will eat some of his sacrifice | See how you translated molten metal in Exodus 32:4. | |
2249 | EXO | 34 | 18 | s1rr | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to most of Exodus 23:15. | ||
2250 | EXO | 34 | 18 | u5be | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֨ת | 1 | seven days | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
2251 | EXO | 34 | 18 | i5ck | translate-hebrewmonths | הָאָבִ֑יב…הָֽאָבִ֔יב | 1 | in the month of Aviv | This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated Aviv in Exodus 13:4. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
2252 | EXO | 34 | 19 | ly7d | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to Exodus 13:12. | ||
2253 | EXO | 34 | 20 | sbrs | 0 | buy back | This verse is very similar to Exodus 13:13. | ||
2254 | EXO | 34 | 20 | j4tv | figs-explicit | בְשֶׂ֔ה…וַעֲרַפְתּ֑וֹ | 1 | buy back | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express explicitly that either the lamb or donkey must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2255 | EXO | 34 | 20 | c5ow | לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה | 1 | buy back | Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey” | |
2256 | EXO | 34 | 20 | yz8x | כֹּ֣ל בְּכ֤וֹר בָּנֶ֨יךָ֙ תִּפְדֶּ֔ה | 1 | buy back | Firstborn sons and firstborn donkeys belonged to Yahweh, but Yahweh did not want them sacrificed to Him. Instead, the Israelites were to sacrifice a lamb in their place. This allowed the Israelites to buy the donkeys and sons back from Yahweh. | |
2257 | EXO | 34 | 20 | u2p5 | figs-doublenegatives | וְלֹֽא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖י רֵיקָֽם | 1 | No one may appear before me empty-handed | Here understatement is used to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. This portion of the verse is identical to the end of Exodus 23:15. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “come to me without a proper offering” or “always bring an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
2258 | EXO | 34 | 21 | w9ed | 0 | General Information: | This command is similar to that in Exodus 20:9. | ||
2259 | EXO | 34 | 21 | n2ka | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י | 1 | General Information: | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
2260 | EXO | 34 | 21 | swm8 | בֶּחָרִ֥ישׁ וּבַקָּצִ֖יר | 1 | Even at plowing time and in harvest | Alternate translation: “Even when you are preparing the soil or gathering the crops” | |
2261 | EXO | 34 | 22 | lhxb | 0 | Festival of Ingathering | This verse is similar to Exodus 23:16, however the first festival is named Festival of Weeks here and “Festival of the Harvest” in 23:16. | ||
2262 | EXO | 34 | 22 | d13l | וְחַג֙ הָֽאָסִ֔יף | 1 | Festival of Ingathering | This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. See how you translated this in Exodus 23:16. Alternate translation: “and the Festival of the Ingathering” | |
2263 | EXO | 34 | 22 | xqy4 | figs-metaphor | תְּקוּפַ֖ת הַשָּׁנָֽה | 1 | Festival of Ingathering | Like “the exiting of the year” in Exodus 23:16, this refers to the end of the year. Here, the year is pictured as something that can turn. Which, thinking of the planet, is highly astronomically accurate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2264 | EXO | 34 | 23 | zh58 | 0 | General Information: | Except for God of Israel and dropping “to,” this verse is identical to Exodus 23:17. | ||
2265 | EXO | 34 | 23 | iagy | figs-metonymy | יֵרָאֶה֙…אֶת־פְּנֵ֛י הָֽאָדֹ֥ן | 1 | General Information: | Here to appear before the face of the Lord Yahweh means to gather to worship. Before the face is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2266 | EXO | 34 | 25 | zx2v | 0 | General Information: | See the very similar Exodus 23:18. | ||
2267 | EXO | 34 | 25 | e8v2 | figs-explicit | דַּם־זִבְחִ֑י | 1 | the blood of my sacrifice | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that the blood is from an animal explicitly. Alternate translation: “the blood of an animal that you sacrifice to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2268 | EXO | 34 | 26 | bv0a | 0 | the blood of my sacrifice | This verse is identical to Exodus 23:19. | ||
2269 | EXO | 34 | 27 | x6j9 | כִּ֞י עַל־פִּ֣י׀ הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֗לֶּה | 1 | the blood of my sacrifice | Alternate translation: “for in accordance with these words” or “for according to these words” | |
2270 | EXO | 34 | 27 | ybz6 | figs-idiom | כָּרַ֧תִּי אִתְּךָ֛ בְּרִ֖ית | 1 | the blood of my sacrifice | See how you translated this in verse 12. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2271 | EXO | 34 | 28 | j9t4 | translate-numbers | עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת | 1 | forty days | Alternate translation: “10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
2272 | EXO | 34 | 28 | wt1c | אַרְבָּעִ֥ים יוֹם֙ וְאַרְבָּעִ֣ים לַ֔יְלָה | 1 | for forty days and nights | Alternate translation: “for 40 days, including the nights” | |
2273 | EXO | 34 | 28 | yun2 | writing-pronouns | וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב | 1 | He wrote | Here, he probably refers to Moses, based on Yahweh’s command in the previous verse. However, Exodus 34:1 opens the possibility that Yahweh wrote. It is best to leave it ambiguous, but if you must specify, saying Moses is better. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2274 | EXO | 34 | 29 | t1s0 | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֗י | 1 | had become radiant | This marks a change of scene which you should mark in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
2275 | EXO | 34 | 29 | x70x | figs-infostructure | וַיְהִ֗י בְּרֶ֤דֶת מֹשֶׁה֙ מֵהַ֣ר סִינַ֔י וּשְׁנֵ֨י לֻחֹ֤ת הָֽעֵדֻת֙ בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּרִדְתּ֖וֹ מִן־הָהָ֑ר | 1 | had become radiant | The statement about Moses’ descent from the mountain is repeated almost verbatim, but does not refer to two events. If this would be misunderstood you may need to state it only once in translation as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Then Moses came down from Mount Sinai. As he was coming down from the mountain, he was carrying the two tablets of the testimony in his hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2276 | EXO | 34 | 29 | yagj | figs-infostructure | וּמֹשֶׁ֣ה לֹֽא־יָדַ֗ע כִּ֥י קָרַ֛ן ע֥וֹר פָּנָ֖יו בְּדַבְּר֥וֹ אִתּֽוֹ | 1 | had become radiant | In some languages it will make more sense to state that Moses’ face shone before saying that he did not know that as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
2277 | EXO | 34 | 29 | d9zk | קָרַ֛ן | 1 | had become radiant | Alternate translation: “became radiant” | |
2278 | EXO | 34 | 30 | yn9s | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּֽירְא֖וּ | 1 | had become radiant | They were afraid because of his bright face. Alternate translation: “because of that, they were afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
2279 | EXO | 34 | 32 | kt23 | וַיְצַוֵּ֕ם אֵת֩ כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אִתּ֖וֹ | 1 | all the commands that Yahweh had given him | This means that Moses commanded the Israelites to obey everything Yahweh had commanded Moses to command the Israelites to do. | |
2280 | EXO | 34 | 34 | fzm1 | grammar-connect-time-background | 0 | he would remove | This and the next verse give a general statement about Moses’s practice for an unstated amount of time (it was probably from this point until his death as he continued to talk to Yahweh). You should mark this with a form in your language that is used for on-going action like would or the UST’s “Whenever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) | |
2281 | EXO | 34 | 34 | m1sv | figs-activepassive | יְצֻוֶּֽה | 1 | what he was commanded | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2282 | EXO | 35 | intro | lew9 | 0 | Exodus 35 General NotesStructure\r\r
Translation Issues in this Chapter
| |||
2283 | EXO | 35 | 2 | hfaq | 0 | This verse is very similar to Exodus 31:15. | |||
2284 | EXO | 35 | 2 | g6oe | translate-numbers | שֵׁ֣שֶׁת | 1 | the seventh day | Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
2285 | EXO | 35 | 2 | c559 | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י | 1 | the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
2286 | EXO | 35 | 2 | ax6u | figs-activepassive | שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֮ תֵּעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒ | 1 | Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Six days you shall work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2287 | EXO | 35 | 2 | zij9 | figs-activepassive | כָּל־הָעֹשֶׂ֥ה ב֛וֹ מְלָאכָ֖ה יוּמָֽת | 1 | Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death | If your language would not use passive here, you can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must execute anyone who works on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2288 | EXO | 35 | 4 | jdb8 | 0 | General Information: | In verses 4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to collect the things Yahweh commanded him to collect in Exodus 25:2-7. You should check your translation for consistency between these passages. | ||
2289 | EXO | 35 | 4 | ugn4 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶל־כָּל־עֲדַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר זֶ֣ה הַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | General Information: | Verses 5-19 are a second-level direct quotation. If it would be better to reduce the quotation level in your language, you may want to make this introductory comment (everything after the first saying) an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Moses told all of the congregation of the sons of Israel the things that Yahweh commanded, saying,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2290 | EXO | 35 | 5 | h5c8 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to Exodus 25:2-3. | ||
2291 | EXO | 35 | 5 | n2c8 | קְח֨וּ מֵֽאִתְּכֶ֤ם תְּרוּמָה֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה | 1 | Take an offering for Yahweh | Alternate translation: “Take up a collection for Yahweh from what you have” | |
2292 | EXO | 35 | 5 | qq0a | figs-ellipsis | כֹּ֚ל | 1 | Take an offering for Yahweh | Here, “from” is omitted but suggested by the sentence grammar. Also, every means “every person.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “from every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2293 | EXO | 35 | 5 | pqa2 | figs-idiom | כֹּ֚ל נְדִ֣יב לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | General Information: | This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part often varies. Alternate translation: “from everyone who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2294 | EXO | 35 | 5 | gx87 | 0 | General Information: | After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list. | ||
2295 | EXO | 35 | 6 | r12v | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 25:4. | ||
2296 | EXO | 35 | 6 | g615 | figs-explicit | וּתְכֵ֧לֶת וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְתוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י | 1 | General Information: | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2297 | EXO | 35 | 6 | cad9 | translate-unknown | וְתוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י | 1 | General Information: | A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2298 | EXO | 35 | 7 | nmv4 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 25:5. | ||
2299 | EXO | 35 | 7 | l5bq | translate-unknown | מְאָדָּמִ֛ים | 1 | ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides | When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2300 | EXO | 35 | 7 | wmsl | translate-unknown | תְּחָשִׁ֖ים | 1 | ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides | The meaning of this word is not known; it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. Sea cows on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2301 | EXO | 35 | 7 | tzrk | translate-unknown | שִׂטִּֽים | 1 | ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides | A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See on Wikipedia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2302 | EXO | 35 | 8 | ikm4 | 0 | General Information: | Except for several uses of the word and, this verse is identical to Exodus 25:6. | ||
2303 | EXO | 35 | 8 | y11w | translate-unknown | וּבְשָׂמִים֙ | 1 | General Information: | Here, spices are made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2304 | EXO | 35 | 9 | f1dd | 0 | General Information: | Except for an initial and, this verse is identical to Exodus 25:7. | ||
2305 | EXO | 35 | 9 | hcs9 | translate-unknown | וְאַ֨בְנֵי־שֹׁ֔הַם | 1 | General Information: | An onyx stone is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
2306 | EXO | 35 | 9 | kk7z | וְאַבְנֵ֖י | 1 | General Information: | Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “and treasured gems for” | |
2307 | EXO | 35 | 10 | dc4b | figs-metonymy | וְכָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב | 1 | Every skilled man | Here, heart and spirit are both referring to things innately possessed by a person, that is, traits of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftsman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated this in Exodus 28:3. Alternate translation: “And every man with a skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2308 | EXO | 35 | 10 | lkp4 | figs-ellipsis | צִוָּ֖ה | 1 | Every skilled man | Here, some the words that a sentence would need to be complete in some languages are left out. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2309 | EXO | 35 | 10 | ugjb | 0 | Every skilled man | After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list. | ||
2310 | EXO | 35 | 11 | s0ip | מִכְסֵ֑הוּ | 1 | clasps | See how you translated this in Exodus 26:14. | |
2311 | EXO | 35 | 11 | j5t7 | קְרָסָיו֙ | 1 | clasps | The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in Exodus 26:6. | |
2312 | EXO | 35 | 11 | u022 | קְרָשָׁ֔יו | 1 | clasps | See how you translated this in Exodus 26:15. | |
2313 | EXO | 35 | 11 | pvft | בְּרִיחָ֖יו | 1 | clasps | See how you translated this in Exodus 26:26. | |
2314 | EXO | 35 | 11 | f1gk | עַמֻּדָ֖יו | 1 | clasps | See how you translated this in 26:32. | |
2315 | EXO | 35 | 11 | syn4 | אֲדָנָֽיו | 1 | bases | These are heavy objects that rest on the ground and keep the object attached to them from moving. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. | |
2316 | EXO | 35 | 12 | rj7s | 0 | atonement lid | |||
2317 | EXO | 35 | 13 | l641 | figs-metonymy | לֶ֥חֶם הַפָּנִֽים | 1 | bread of the presence | Here, face figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence” See how you translated this in Exodus 25:30. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2318 | EXO | 35 | 14 | obmd | 0 | bread of the presence | See 25:31-37 for these items. | ||
2319 | EXO | 35 | 15 | ht7x | מִזְבַּ֤ח הַקְּטֹ֨רֶת֙…שֶׁ֣מֶן הַמִּשְׁחָ֔ה…קְטֹ֣רֶת הַסַּמִּ֑ים | 1 | bread of the presence | For the altar, see 30:1. For the oil, see 30:25. For the incense, see 30:7. | |
2320 | EXO | 35 | 16 | h116 | 0 | bronze grate | For the grate, see Exodus 27:4. Most of the rest of the verse is almost identical to 30:28. | ||
2321 | EXO | 35 | 17 | h8zl | קַלְעֵ֣י…מָסַ֖ךְ | 1 | hangings | These were large curtains made of cloth. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:36. | |
2322 | EXO | 35 | 17 | x54f | עַמֻּדָ֖יו | 1 | posts | These were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in Exodus 27:10. | |
2323 | EXO | 35 | 17 | xtm8 | אֲדָנֶ֑יהָ | 1 | bases | These were blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in Exodus 26:19. | |
2324 | EXO | 35 | 18 | n44r | יִתְדֹ֧ת…יִתְדֹ֥ת | 1 | tent pegs | These were sharp pieces of wood or metal used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:19. | |
2325 | EXO | 35 | 19 | x1pc | 0 | finely-woven garments | Except for for serving in the Holy Place and two “ands,” this verse is identical to 31:10. | ||
2326 | EXO | 35 | 20 | w6rg | figs-metonymy | מִלִּפְנֵ֥י מֹשֶֽׁה | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | Alternate translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2327 | EXO | 35 | 21 | p2ls | figs-parallelism | וַיָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜וֹ אֹת֗וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | These two phrases parallel each other and mean the same thing. It would be good to keep this poetic repetition in your translation unless it would be misunderstood. If repetition here would not highlight the joyful giving spirit of the Israelites in your language, you may need to combine the phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who was motivated, body and soul, came and gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
2328 | EXO | 35 | 21 | r34y | figs-synecdoche | וַיָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜וֹ אֹת֗וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | Here, heart and spirit both refer to a person’s will, their desire to do something. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using different body and spirit words or concepts which you can use. If your language would not express a person’s will in this way, you could translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “And every man whose will lifted him came, and all who felt impelled brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2329 | EXO | 35 | 21 | ckmu | figs-metaphor | אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | Here, heart lifted is a metaphor for being willing or excited. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using a different body part or a different action. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “who was excited” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2330 | EXO | 35 | 21 | u7kq | figs-gendernotations | כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜וֹ אֹת֗וֹ | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | Here, man, whose, and him all refer to men and women in a general way. This is made explicit in the next verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you may use terms that include men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2331 | EXO | 35 | 21 | kew0 | figs-abstractnouns | וּלְבִגְדֵ֖י הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ | 1 | all the tribes of Israel | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun holiness in another way. See how you translated this in 28:2. Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2332 | EXO | 35 | 22 | mwx8 | figs-synecdoche | כֹּ֣ל׀ נְדִ֣יב לֵ֗ב | 1 | all who had a willing heart | Here, heart refers to a person’s will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. This is a shortening and combining of the figure used in the previous verse: heart and impelled are brought together. See how you translated these ideas in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “anyone whose will impelled him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2333 | EXO | 35 | 22 | yzsw | ל׀ נְדִ֣יב | 1 | all who had a willing heart | Alternate translation: “who were impelled of” | |
2334 | EXO | 35 | 22 | wwp2 | figs-litany | חָ֣ח וָנֶ֜זֶם וְטַבַּ֤עַת וְכוּמָז֙ כָּל־כְּלִ֣י זָהָ֔ב | 1 | brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments | These are different kinds of jewelry. The exact identity of each object is not known. The phrase all of the things of gold could either modify the whole list, meaning “all these items were made of gold,” or could mean “many other gold things.” If taken as a summary statement, in some languages it may be clearer to move it to the front of the list. Alternate translation: “all kinds of gold jewelry including necklaces, nose rings, signet rings, and gold ornaments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) |
2335 | EXO | 35 | 22 | frci | figs-gendernotations | וְכָל־אִ֕ישׁ | 1 | brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments | Although the term men is used, the word here is used in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2336 | EXO | 35 | 23 | s3ky | 0 | Everyone who had…brought them | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 25:4-5. | ||
2337 | EXO | 35 | 23 | dweo | figs-activepassive | וְכָל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֣א אִתּ֗וֹ | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “And every man who owned” or “And every man having” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2338 | EXO | 35 | 23 | hg0d | figs-gendernotations | וְכָל־אִ֞ישׁ | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | Here man includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2339 | EXO | 35 | 23 | t3ti | figs-hyperbole | וְכָל־אִ֞ישׁ | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | The phrase every man is used here without the restriction, “who was willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “And very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
2340 | EXO | 35 | 24 | qpep | figs-activepassive | וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א אִתּ֜וֹ | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “and everyone who owned” or “and everyone having” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2341 | EXO | 35 | 24 | zk6i | כָּל־מֵרִ֗ים | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | Here, all is limited by presenters, meaning only everyone who brought contributions. Avoid implying that every single Israelite did this (though very many did). Alternate translation: “All who decided to offer” | |
2342 | EXO | 35 | 24 | loob | figs-hyperbole | וְכֹ֡ל | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | The phrase all is used here without the restriction, “who were willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “and very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
2343 | EXO | 35 | 24 | bab9 | figs-metonymy | לְכָל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת הָעֲבֹדָ֖ה | 1 | Everyone who had…brought them | Here, service refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase work of the service refers to building the Dwelling as a place for worshiping Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for any of the building of a place for worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2344 | EXO | 35 | 25 | ae9d | figs-metonymy | חַכְמַת־לֵ֖ב | 1 | blue, purple, or scarlet wool | Here, heart is referring to something innately possessed by a person, that is, a trait of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftswoman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 28:3. Alternate translation: “who possessed the skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2345 | EXO | 35 | 25 | ebm5 | אֶֽת־הַתְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וְאֶת־הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֔ן אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י | 1 | blue, purple, or scarlet wool | This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in Exodus 25:4. | |
2346 | EXO | 35 | 26 | k1gy | figs-synecdoche | אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָשָׂ֥א לִבָּ֛ן אֹתָ֖נָה | 1 | whose hearts stirred them up | Here, heart refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to use her skills for Yahweh. This is the same as the first phrase in verse 21. Alternate translation: “whose wills impelled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2347 | EXO | 35 | 27 | f13n | 0 | The leaders brought…breastpiece | Beginning with onyx, this verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:7. | ||
2348 | EXO | 35 | 28 | h3a1 | 0 | they brought spices…fragrant incense | Exodus 25:6 has almost identical words, arranged slightly differently. | ||
2349 | EXO | 35 | 29 | hqle | figs-infostructure | 0 | whose heart was willing | The order of clauses in the ULT is reversed from the original because of required English sentence structure. In the original, The sons of Israel brought a freewill offering to Yahweh is at the end of the verse. Other languages may be able to retain the original order. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
2350 | EXO | 35 | 29 | li5z | figs-synecdoche | אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֣ב לִבָּם֮ אֹתָם֒ | 1 | whose heart was willing | Here, heart refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. See how you translated this in 25:2 and 35:22. Alternate translation: “whose will impelled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2351 | EXO | 35 | 29 | w582 | figs-metonymy | אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לַעֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah | Here, by the hand of Moses refers to Moses as a messenger for Yahweh’s commands, not to Moses being the one who would build all these things. If this imagery of carrying a message would be misunderstood in your language, you may use another figure or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh had told Moses to tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2352 | EXO | 35 | 30 | z1e2 | 0 | Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah | What Moses says in this verse is a quote from Exodus 31:2 | ||
2353 | EXO | 35 | 30 | kx4o | translate-names | בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר | 1 | Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah | These are men’s names. See 31:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2354 | EXO | 35 | 31 | zd74 | 0 | filled Bezalel…craftsmanship | This verse is a quote from Exodus 31:3 | ||
2355 | EXO | 35 | 31 | gse9 | figs-metaphor | וַיְמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit | Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he has given his spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2356 | EXO | 35 | 31 | jsd7 | figs-abstractnouns | בְּחָכְמָ֛ה | 1 | He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun skill in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2357 | EXO | 35 | 31 | hnju | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְדַ֖עַת | 1 | He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun understanding in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2358 | EXO | 35 | 31 | qx5o | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְדַ֖עַת | 1 | He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun knowledge in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2359 | EXO | 35 | 31 | cf63 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה | 1 | He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit | If your language does not use an abstract noun for craftsmanship, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2360 | EXO | 35 | 32 | r7e3 | 0 | to make artistic designs…bronze | This verse is identical to Exodus 31:4, except for the first and. | ||
2361 | EXO | 35 | 33 | fj6f | 0 | also to cut and set stones…craftsmanship | This verse is identical to Exodus 31:5 except for the final of invention. | ||
2362 | EXO | 35 | 34 | xd67 | figs-idiom | וּלְהוֹרֹ֖ת נָתַ֣ן בְּלִבּ֑וֹ | 1 | He has put it in his heart to teach | Here, put in his heart is an idiom referring to ability and desire. These are spoken of as if they are something that could be placed in a heart. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he gave to them the ability and desire to teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2363 | EXO | 35 | 34 | ab2z | translate-names | וְאָֽהֳלִיאָ֥ב…אֲחִיסָמָ֖ךְ | 1 | Oholiab son of Ahisamak, from the tribe of Dan | These are names of men. See how you translated these names in Exodus 31:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2364 | EXO | 35 | 35 | ehu7 | 0 | filled them with skill | This verse summarizes and pulls together many previously mentioned things. See 28:3 (skill of heart), 25:4 (for materials), 26:36 (embroiderer), 28:32 (weaver), 26:31 (skillful workman), 31:3 (craftsman), 28:6 (designer of designs). | ||
2365 | EXO | 35 | 35 | rcv9 | figs-metaphor | מִלֵּ֨א אֹתָ֜ם חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב | 1 | filled them with skill | Here, skill to create beautiful objects is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “He has made them very skillful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2366 | EXO | 35 | 35 | jvtd | figs-synecdoche | חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב | 1 | filled them with skill | Here, of heart refers to possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2367 | EXO | 36 | intro | nz4n | 0 | Exodus 36 General NotesStructure\r \r
Translation issues
| |||
2368 | EXO | 36 | 1 | ubk2 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is the end of a quotation from Moses that begin in 35:30. It should be connected as visually as possible to the previous verses, as the chapter break here is poorly placed. | ||
2369 | EXO | 36 | 1 | ds99 | translate-names | בְצַלְאֵ֨ל וְאָהֳלִיאָ֜ב | 1 | Bezalel | Bezalel and Oholiab are the names of men. See how you translated this in Exodus 31:2 and 31:6 as well as in the end of chapter 35. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2370 | EXO | 36 | 1 | y1h1 | figs-gendernotations | אִ֣ישׁ | 1 | Bezalel | We know from 35:25 that women were included in the skilled workers, so man means every person. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2371 | EXO | 36 | 1 | tr3p | figs-synecdoche | חֲכַם־לֵ֗ב | 1 | to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability | Here, of heart refers to innately possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with innate ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2372 | EXO | 36 | 1 | ah6j | figs-abstractnouns | חָכְמָ֤ה | 1 | to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun skill in another way. See 35:31. Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2373 | EXO | 36 | 1 | d6os | figs-abstractnouns | וּתְבוּנָה֙ | 1 | to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun understanding in another way. See 35:31. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2374 | EXO | 36 | 1 | mdi4 | figs-metonymy | מְלֶ֖אכֶת עֲבֹדַ֣ת הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | according to all that Yahweh has commanded | Here, service refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase work of the service refers to building the Dwelling (Holy Place) where the Israelites would worship Yahweh. See 35:24. Alternate translation: “the building of the Holy Place for worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2375 | EXO | 36 | 2 | tda7 | אֶל־בְּצַלְאֵ֘ל וְאֶל־אָֽהֳלִיאָב֒ וְאֶל֙ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חֲכַם־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה חָכְמָ֖ה בְּלִבּ֑וֹ | 1 | in whose mind Yahweh had given skill | See how you translated this in the previous verse. | |
2376 | EXO | 36 | 2 | vvtz | figs-abstractnouns | חָכְמָ֖ה | 1 | in whose mind Yahweh had given skill | See how you translated skill in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2377 | EXO | 36 | 2 | yuq8 | figs-metaphor | כֹּ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | See how you translated this in 35:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
2378 | EXO | 36 | 3 | est0 | וַיִּקְח֞וּ | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | Alternate translation: “and the craftsmen took” | |
2379 | EXO | 36 | 3 | xkix | figs-metonymy | מִלִּפְנֵ֣י | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | Here, before the face means with Moses. Moses had received and kept the building materials. Alternate translation: “from the custody of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2380 | EXO | 36 | 3 | mtkr | figs-idiom | בַּבֹּ֥קֶר בַּבֹּֽקֶר | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | This is an idiom meaning every morning or every day. Use a similar expression or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “morning by morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2381 | EXO | 36 | 4 | b772 | figs-nominaladj | הַ֣חֲכָמִ֔ים | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | Here the adjective skilled is used as a noun in order to describe the group of craftsmen. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the skilled workers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) |
2382 | EXO | 36 | 4 | pz6u | figs-idiom | אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | Here, every single man translates an idiom that cannot be rendered literally and sensibly in English. The original is ”a man a man.” If your language would use repetition to emphasize that each and every man came to see Moses, you can follow the original; otherwise use a phrase or structure that emphasizes that they all came. Alternate translation: “every man without exception” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2383 | EXO | 36 | 4 | gjrz | figs-gendernotations | אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | whose heart stirred within him | As previously, noted, there were some women who contributed (particularly in the cloth crafts) so this use of man may include women. Alternate translation: “every single worker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
2384 | EXO | 36 | 5 | tni7 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמְרוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֵּאמֹ֔ר מַרְבִּ֥ים הָעָ֖ם לְהָבִ֑יא מִדֵּ֤י הָֽעֲבֹדָה֙ לַמְּלָאכָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לַעֲשֹׂ֥ת אֹתָֽהּ | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The craftsmen told Moses that the people were bringing much more than enough for doing the work that Yahweh has commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2385 | EXO | 36 | 6 | es1y | figs-quotations | אִ֣ישׁ וְאִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ־ע֛וֹד מְלָאכָ֖ה לִתְרוּמַ֣ת הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that no one should bring any more contributions for the work of the Holy Place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
2386 | EXO | 36 | 6 | k3g1 | figs-metonymy | וַיַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֥וֹל | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | Here, sound refers to the message. This means they spread Moses’ message orally. Alternate translation: “everyone to share this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2387 | EXO | 36 | 6 | ak26 | figs-genericnoun | אִ֣ישׁ וְאִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | Here, man and woman is intended to mean everyone, or in this case because of the negation, no one. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one shall make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
2388 | EXO | 36 | 6 | k1qm | מְלָאכָ֖ה | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | Here, work means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter. | |
2389 | EXO | 36 | 6 | utcw | figs-ellipsis | מֵהָבִֽיא | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | In some languages you may need to provide an object for this sentence. Alternate translation: “from bringing contributions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2390 | EXO | 36 | 7 | ipiu | וְהַמְּלָאכָ֗ה | 1 | The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.” | Here, work means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter. | |
2391 | EXO | 36 | 8 | kw33 | 0 | General Information: | Except for tense and the addition of every skilled of heart among the doers of the work, this verse is identical to Exodus 26:1. | ||
2392 | EXO | 36 | 8 | l7ub | figs-synecdoche | כָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֜ב | 1 | ten curtains made from fine linen | See how you translated this in 35:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
2393 | EXO | 36 | 8 | zz0w | figs-genericnoun | עָשָׂ֥ה | 1 | ten curtains made from fine linen | Throughout verses 8-38 the word he used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “they made” or “a craftsman made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
2394 | EXO | 36 | 9 | p2mr | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 26:2. Tense is implied. | ||
2395 | EXO | 36 | 10 | z6sq | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:3. | ||
2396 | EXO | 36 | 11 | yw91 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:4. | ||
2397 | EXO | 36 | 12 | k1qq | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:5. | ||
2398 | EXO | 36 | 13 | z2zi | 0 | General Information | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:6. | ||
2399 | EXO | 36 | 14 | m2ac | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:7. | ||
2400 | EXO | 36 | 15 | fa6i | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:8. | ||
2401 | EXO | 36 | 16 | wwj6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to the first sentence of Exodus 26:9. | ||
2402 | EXO | 36 | 17 | qt9b | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:10. | ||
2403 | EXO | 36 | 18 | mq1j | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to Exodus 26:11. The difference is the absence of the middle clause from 26:11. | ||
2404 | EXO | 36 | 19 | p3ke | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:14. | ||
2405 | EXO | 36 | 20 | t739 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:15. | ||
2406 | EXO | 36 | 21 | prx5 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 26:16. | ||
2407 | EXO | 36 | 22 | l8yx | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:17. | ||
2408 | EXO | 36 | 23 | ev65 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:18. | ||
2409 | EXO | 36 | 24 | ln2x | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:19. | ||
2410 | EXO | 36 | 25 | w2wz | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:20. | ||
2411 | EXO | 36 | 26 | gbm9 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 26:21. | ||
2412 | EXO | 36 | 27 | a7js | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:22. | ||
2413 | EXO | 36 | 28 | hw9c | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:23. | ||
2414 | EXO | 36 | 29 | u396 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 26:24. | ||
2415 | EXO | 36 | 30 | mu5n | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 26:25. | ||
2416 | EXO | 36 | 30 | r252 | figs-explicit | שְׁנֵ֤י אֲדָנִים֙ שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַקֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָאֶחָֽד | 1 | and so on | The list formula from 26:25 is strangely shortened here but has the same meaning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2417 | EXO | 36 | 31 | cf2p | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:26. | ||
2418 | EXO | 36 | 32 | p4wd | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:27. | ||
2419 | EXO | 36 | 33 | h94y | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 26:28. | ||
2420 | EXO | 36 | 34 | i17v | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:29. | ||
2421 | EXO | 36 | 35 | pfc5 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:31. | ||
2422 | EXO | 36 | 36 | hg2q | 0 | General Information: | Aside from some verbal differences, this verse is very similar to Exodus 26:32. | ||
2423 | EXO | 36 | 37 | r5ya | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 26:36. | ||
2424 | EXO | 36 | 38 | pr67 | 0 | General Information: | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 26:37. | ||
2425 | EXO | 37 | intro | mt99 | 0 | Exodus 37 General NotesStructure\r\r
Potential translation issues
| |||
2426 | EXO | 37 | 1 | byr3 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:10. | ||
2427 | EXO | 37 | 2 | kb3s | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 25:11. | ||
2428 | EXO | 37 | 3 | pb6v | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:12. | ||
2429 | EXO | 37 | 4 | nr8y | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:13. | ||
2430 | EXO | 37 | 5 | v9j7 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:14. | ||
2431 | EXO | 37 | 6 | liw8 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:17. | ||
2432 | EXO | 37 | 7 | nhi3 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:18. | ||
2433 | EXO | 37 | 8 | g96y | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:19. | ||
2434 | EXO | 37 | 9 | e6na | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:20. | ||
2435 | EXO | 37 | 10 | ktf8 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:23. | ||
2436 | EXO | 37 | 11 | l2kv | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:24. | ||
2437 | EXO | 37 | 12 | i1ba | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:25. | ||
2438 | EXO | 37 | 13 | b56c | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:26. | ||
2439 | EXO | 37 | 14 | tc3u | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:27. | ||
2440 | EXO | 37 | 15 | zkr8 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 25:28. | ||
2441 | EXO | 37 | 16 | h598 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 25:29. | ||
2442 | EXO | 37 | 17 | edx6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:31. | ||
2443 | EXO | 37 | 18 | kuh2 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 25:32. | ||
2444 | EXO | 37 | 19 | g1y9 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 25:33. | ||
2445 | EXO | 37 | 20 | nl54 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 25:34. | ||
2446 | EXO | 37 | 21 | x1u5 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:35. | ||
2447 | EXO | 37 | 22 | ks9z | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:36. | ||
2448 | EXO | 37 | 23 | b2jq | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical with Exodus 25:37-38, excluding the purpose clause in v. 37 (“and it will hold up its lamps, and it will make light on the side of its face”). | ||
2449 | EXO | 37 | 24 | uz5h | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 25:39. | ||
2450 | EXO | 37 | 25 | el8w | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 30:1-2. | ||
2451 | EXO | 37 | 26 | ep66 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 30:3. | ||
2452 | EXO | 37 | 27 | zez2 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 30:4. | ||
2453 | EXO | 37 | 28 | hw37 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 30:5. | ||
2454 | EXO | 37 | 29 | c992 | 0 | General Information: | For the oil, see Exodus 30:25, and for the incense see 25:6 and 30:35. | ||
2455 | EXO | 38 | intro | hp86 | 0 | Exodus 38 General Notes
| |||
2456 | EXO | 38 | 1 | r81c | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:1. | ||
2457 | EXO | 38 | 2 | g71x | 0 | General Information | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 27:2. | ||
2458 | EXO | 38 | 3 | v73t | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:3. | ||
2459 | EXO | 38 | 4 | rx7v | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:4 and Exodus 27:5. One part of 27:4 is rearranged into 38:5. | ||
2460 | EXO | 38 | 5 | kp6w | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to the second half of Exodus 27:4. | ||
2461 | EXO | 38 | 6 | l258 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:6. | ||
2462 | EXO | 38 | 7 | ys63 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:7 and the first part of 27:8. | ||
2463 | EXO | 38 | 8 | e6gd | וַיַּ֗עַשׂ אֵ֚ת הַכִּיּ֣וֹר נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְאֵ֖ת כַּנּ֣וֹ נְחֹ֑שֶׁת | 1 | large bronze basin with a bronze stand | This portion is almost identical to Exodus 30:18. | |
2464 | EXO | 38 | 8 | mdx9 | figs-explicit | בְּמַרְאֹת֙ | 1 | He made the basin out of mirrors | The bronze came from the mirrors. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the bronze mirrors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
2465 | EXO | 38 | 9 | clk6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to Exodus 27:9. | ||
2466 | EXO | 38 | 10 | nz6q | 0 | General Information | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 27:10. | ||
2467 | EXO | 38 | 11 | mp6n | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:11. | ||
2468 | EXO | 38 | 11 | xl4c | figs-ellipsis | מֵאָ֣ה בָֽאַמָּ֔ה | 1 | cubits | Here, “the curtains of the courtyard” and “long” are both omitted. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the curtains of the courtyard were 100 cubits long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2469 | EXO | 38 | 12 | g5iz | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:12. | ||
2470 | EXO | 38 | 13 | iju3 | 0 | General Information | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 27:13. | ||
2471 | EXO | 38 | 14 | n1xj | 0 | General Information | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 27:14. | ||
2472 | EXO | 38 | 15 | dlq7 | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to Exodus 27:15. | ||
2473 | EXO | 38 | 17 | s5g5 | 0 | General Information | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 27:17. | ||
2474 | EXO | 38 | 18 | hmi5 | 0 | General Information | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 27:16 and 18. | ||
2475 | EXO | 38 | 18 | yf6z | translate-bdistance | וְעֶשְׂרִ֤ים…חָמֵ֣שׁ | 1 | cubits | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m … 2.3m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) |
2476 | EXO | 38 | 18 | trz5 | וְקוֹמָ֤ה בְרֹ֨חַב֙ חָמֵ֣שׁ אַמּ֔וֹת | 1 | The curtain was made of | This probably refers to the general dimensions (20 cubits long by 5 cubits wide) but clarifies that the width would become the height of the curtain when the craftsmen or Levites set up the Dwelling. Alternate translation: “and the width, which corresponded to the height when hung, was five cubits” | |
2477 | EXO | 38 | 19 | fjw4 | 0 | General Information | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 27:17. | ||
2478 | EXO | 38 | 20 | ye5c | 0 | General Information | This verse is very similar to the second half of Exodus 27:19. | ||
2479 | EXO | 38 | 21 | k2ex | figs-activepassive | אֲשֶׁ֥ר פֻּקַּ֖ד | 1 | as it was taken | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Levites recorded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2480 | EXO | 38 | 21 | qivw | figs-idiom | עַל־פִּ֣י מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | Ithamar | This is an idiom referring to Moses telling them to make these records. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “following Moses’ instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2481 | EXO | 38 | 21 | op5h | figs-metonymy | בְּיַד֙ אִֽיתָמָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַכֹּהֵֽן | 1 | Ithamar | Here, by the hand of could mean: (1) Ithamar was in charge of the group that recorded these records (2) Ithamar was the scribe who actually wrote these records. Alternate translation: “under the direction of Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” or “written down by Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2482 | EXO | 38 | 21 | ex1t | translate-names | אִֽיתָמָ֔ר | 1 | Ithamar | Ithamar is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in Exodus 6:23. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2483 | EXO | 38 | 22 | d86g | translate-names | וּבְצַלְאֵ֛ל בֶּן־אוּרִ֥י בֶן־ח֖וּר | 1 | Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur | Bezalel, Uri, and Hur are the names of men. See how you translated these in Exodus 31:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2484 | EXO | 38 | 22 | i4ha | figs-ellipsis | מֹשֶֽׁה | 1 | Yahweh had commanded Moses | This sentence leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words. Alternate translation: “Moses to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2485 | EXO | 38 | 23 | f93b | translate-names | אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב בֶּן־אֲחִיסָמָ֛ךְ | 1 | Oholiab son of Ahisamak | Oholiab and Ahisamakare names of men. See how you translated these in Exodus 31:6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
2486 | EXO | 38 | 23 | wvw4 | חָרָ֣שׁ וְחֹשֵׁ֑ב וְרֹקֵ֗ם בַּתְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וּבָֽאַרְגָּמָ֔ן וּבְתוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י וּבַשֵּֽׁשׁ | 1 | an engraver, as a skillful workman, and as an embroiderer | This is very similar to part of Exodus 35:35. | |
2487 | EXO | 38 | 24 | tl4k | figs-activepassive | כָּל־הַזָּהָ֗ב הֶֽעָשׂוּי֙ | 1 | All the gold that was used for the project | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “All the gold that the craftsmen used” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2488 | EXO | 38 | 24 | y7hy | translate-bweight | תֵּ֤שַׁע וְעֶשְׂרִים֙ כִּכָּ֔ר וּשְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֧וֹת וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּשֶׁ֥קֶל הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ | 1 | twenty-nine talents | A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; by the shekel of the sanctuary specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in Exodus 30:13. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
2489 | EXO | 38 | 25 | ni5b | translate-bweight | מְאַ֣ת כִּכָּ֑ר וְאֶלֶף֩ וּשְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֜וֹת וַחֲמִשָּׁ֧ה וְשִׁבְעִ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּשֶׁ֥קֶל הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ | 1 | one hundred talents | A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time, by the shekel of the sanctuary specified which one was to be used. See the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
2490 | EXO | 38 | 26 | rp46 | 0 | one hundred talents | See how you translated many of the same things in Exodus 30:13-14. | ||
2491 | EXO | 38 | 26 | t2gi | translate-bweight | בֶּ֚קַע לַגֻּלְגֹּ֔לֶת מַחֲצִ֥ית הַשֶּׁ֖קֶל בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | one beka | A beka is 1/2 a shekel. A shekel is 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; by the shekel of the sanctuary specified which one was to be used. See verse 24. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “five and a half grams” or “5 1/2 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
2492 | EXO | 38 | 26 | fyy5 | translate-fraction | מַחֲצִ֥ית הַשֶּׁ֖קֶל | 1 | half a shekel | A half means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
2493 | EXO | 38 | 26 | nvf8 | figs-ellipsis | לְכֹ֨ל הָעֹבֵ֜ר עַל־הַפְּקֻדִ֗ים מִבֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָמַ֔עְלָה לְשֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת אֶ֨לֶף֙ וּשְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֔ים וַחֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וַחֲמִשִּֽׁים | 1 | half a shekel | Here the account leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The idea that this silver was “received” from these “men” is left out. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “received from every passer over to the counted ones from a son of 20 years and older—received from 603,550 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2494 | EXO | 38 | 26 | ll8b | figs-idiom | מִבֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ | 1 | This figure was reached on the basis of every person who was counted in the census | This is an idiom meaning 20 years old. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from those 20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
2495 | EXO | 38 | 27 | p7r5 | translate-bweight | מְאַת֙ כִּכַּ֣ר | 1 | One hundred talents of silver were cast | A talent is about 34 kilograms. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
2496 | EXO | 38 | 28 | nxf5 | figs-ellipsis | הָאֶ֜לֶף וּשְׁבַ֤ע הַמֵּאוֹת֙ וַחֲמִשָּׁ֣ה וְשִׁבְעִ֔ים | 1 | Bezalel | Here the words shekels of silver have been omitted because they are understood from verse 25. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the 1,775 shekels of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2497 | EXO | 38 | 28 | rcda | 0 | Bezalel | See how you translated some of these in Exodus 27:17. | ||
2498 | EXO | 38 | 29 | p3mr | translate-bweight | שִׁבְעִ֣ים כִּכָּ֑ר וְאַלְפַּ֥יִם וְאַרְבַּע־מֵא֖וֹת שָֽׁקֶל | 1 | seventy talents and 2,400 shekels | A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) |
2499 | EXO | 38 | 30 | rck7 | מִכְבַּ֥ר | 1 | grate | A grate is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:4. | |
2500 | EXO | 38 | 31 | bvr9 | יִתְדֹ֧ת…יִתְדֹ֥ת | 1 | tent pegs | These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in Exodus 27:19. | |
2501 | EXO | 39 | intro | mll6 | 0 | Exodus 39 General Notes
| |||
2502 | EXO | 39 | 1 | h8kg | 0 | as Yahweh had commanded Moses | See how you translated similar instructions in Exodus 28:4-5. | ||
2503 | EXO | 39 | 1 | e1xh | figs-abstractnouns | בִּגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ | 1 | as Yahweh had commanded Moses | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of holiness, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in 28:2. Alternate translation: “the holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
2504 | EXO | 39 | 2 | b9mg | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:6. | ||
2505 | EXO | 39 | 4 | pq62 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | This verse is very similar to 28:7. | ||
2506 | EXO | 39 | 5 | g75w | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:8. | ||
2507 | EXO | 39 | 6 | k7vw | 0 | General Information: | See how you translated many of these words in Exodus 28:9 and especially Exodus 28:11. Here, as there, the sons of Israel literally means the twelve sons, Rueben through Benjamin, not the Israelite nation. | ||
2508 | EXO | 39 | 7 | ize6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to the first half of Exodus 28:12. | ||
2509 | EXO | 39 | 8 | mlf6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:15; a few words are omitted here. | ||
2510 | EXO | 39 | 9 | lkt1 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:16; a few words are added or repeated here. | ||
2511 | EXO | 39 | 10 | m54c | 0 | They set in it | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:17. | ||
2512 | EXO | 39 | 11 | qx96 | 0 | an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond | This verse is identical to Exodus 28:18. | ||
2513 | EXO | 39 | 12 | kk8t | 0 | a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst | This verse is identical to Exodus 28:19. | ||
2514 | EXO | 39 | 13 | l9wa | 0 | a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:20. | ||
2515 | EXO | 39 | 14 | z5va | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:21. | ||
2516 | EXO | 39 | 15 | byz8 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:22. | ||
2517 | EXO | 39 | 16 | b8m6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 28:23-24. | ||
2518 | EXO | 39 | 17 | w2s4 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:24. | ||
2519 | EXO | 39 | 18 | bw76 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 28:25 except for verb tense. | ||
2520 | EXO | 39 | 19 | nd41 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 28:26 except for verb tense. | ||
2521 | EXO | 39 | 20 | w8wz | 0 | General Information: | This verse is identical to Exodus 28:27 except for verb tense. | ||
2522 | EXO | 39 | 21 | zu91 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to Exodus 28:28 except for the note about Yahweh’s command. | ||
2523 | EXO | 39 | 22 | vdw1 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical to most of Exodus 28:31-32. | ||
2524 | EXO | 39 | 23 | cyc1 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 28:32. | ||
2525 | EXO | 39 | 24 | eak6 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to part of Exodus 28:33. | ||
2526 | EXO | 39 | 25 | sx9b | 0 | General Information: | This verse is similar to parts of Exodus 28:33. | ||
2527 | EXO | 39 | 26 | gtg5 | 0 | General Information: | The first part of this verse is almost identical to the first part of Exodus 28:34. | ||
2528 | EXO | 39 | 27 | pz63 | 0 | General Information: | Verses 27-29 reflect Exodus 28:39, 40, and 42 but in a different order. | ||
2529 | EXO | 39 | 28 | um4e | 0 | turban | Verses 27-29 reflect Exodus 28:39, 40, and 42 but in a different order. | ||
2530 | EXO | 39 | 29 | hn5g | 0 | sash | Verses 27-29 reflect Exodus 28:39, 40, and 42 but in a different order. | ||
2531 | EXO | 39 | 30 | kq33 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is almost identical Exodus 28:36. See 29:6 for the crown of holiness. | ||
2532 | EXO | 39 | 31 | fml2 | 0 | General Information: | This verse is very similar to Exodus 28:37. | ||
2533 | EXO | 39 | 32 | jh64 | writing-endofstory | 0 | General Information: | This verse marks the end of the narrative of the construction of the Dwelling. More precisely, it seems to mark the beginning of an ending section. Use the natural form in your language for expressing the conclusion of a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) | |
2534 | EXO | 39 | 32 | z1z7 | figs-doublet | מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד | 1 | So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything | The tabernacle and tent of meeting are the same thing. The two interchangeable terms are brought together here in a poetic doubling to bring this part of the narrative to a close. If your readers would find this confusing you may need to simplify to one or expand in explanation like in the UST. Alternate translation: “holy meeting tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2535 | EXO | 39 | 32 | et19 | figs-parallelism | וַֽיַּעֲשׂוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כְּ֠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֖ה כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ | 1 | So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything | Here, thus they did parallels the whole rest of the sentence. Like the doubling of the terms for tabernacle this brings the narrative of building to an emphatic conclusion. If this sort of parallelism would convey a meaning other than this emphatic conclusion in your language you may need to use another natural way to close the narrative with emphasis on the Israelites complete obedience. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel faithfully did exactly according to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
2536 | EXO | 39 | 33 | ri54 | writing-newevent | 0 | So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything | This verse starts a short narrative of the Israelites bringing and presenting the items for the Dwelling to Moses for inspection. It is a summary of the construction and extended conclusion to the last few chapters. Your team may need to decide how to group verse 32, as it both closes the construction narrative and introduces this next section, which ends with a very similar summary statement in verses 42-43. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
2537 | EXO | 39 | 33 | y9ym | 0 | clasps | This verse, especially the list of items, is very similar to 35:11. | ||
2538 | EXO | 39 | 34 | z6r6 | וְאֶת־מִכְסֵ֞ה עוֹרֹ֤ת הָֽאֵילִם֙ הַמְאָדָּמִ֔ים וְאֶת־מִכְסֵ֖ה עֹרֹ֣ת הַתְּחָשִׁ֑ים | 1 | the covering of ram skins dyed red, the covering of fine leather | See how you translated similar phrases to this in Exodus 26:14. | |
2539 | EXO | 39 | 34 | l0fi | פָּרֹ֥כֶת הַמָּסָֽךְ | 1 | the covering of ram skins dyed red, the covering of fine leather | See how you translated similar phrases to this in 35:12. | |
2540 | EXO | 39 | 35 | i7d9 | 0 | atonement lid | See how you translated similar phrases to this in 35:12. | ||
2541 | EXO | 39 | 36 | knn8 | 0 | bread of the presence | This verse is almost identical to 35:13. | ||
2542 | EXO | 39 | 37 | nzph | 0 | bread of the presence | This verse is very similar to 35:14. | ||
2543 | EXO | 39 | 38 | elv1 | 0 | bread of the presence | This verse is very similar to 35:15. | ||
2544 | EXO | 39 | 39 | e755 | 0 | grate | This verse is almost identical with 35:16. | ||
2545 | EXO | 39 | 40 | i8lm | 0 | Connecting Statement: | This verse is almost identical with 35:17 and parts of 35:18. | ||
2546 | EXO | 39 | 40 | ajt4 | figs-doublet | הַמִּשְׁכָּ֖ן לְאֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד | 1 | the Dwelling, the tent of meeting | These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in verse 32. Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2547 | EXO | 39 | 41 | z3ip | 0 | the Dwelling, the tent of meeting | This verse is identical to 35:19. | ||
2548 | EXO | 39 | 42 | ct6k | 0 | Thus the people | This verse is almost identical to the second half of verse 32. | ||
2549 | EXO | 39 | 43 | t26m | וְהִנֵּה֙ | 1 | behold | Here, the word behold draws attention to the information that follows. Use a word or marking in your language that draws attention to the next information. | |
2550 | EXO | 39 | 43 | z79s | writing-endofstory | 0 | As Yahweh had commanded, in that way they did it | This (and really verse 42) is the end of the conclusion of the construction of materials portion of the story. The ending began in verse 32. If your language has specific features that should be part of the end of a section like this, consider using them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) | |
2551 | EXO | 40 | intro | fa6e | 0 | Exodus 40 General NotesStructure and Formatting
Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter
| |||
2552 | EXO | 40 | 1 | ea7j | writing-newevent | 0 | There is a transition to a new event at the beginning of this chapter. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | ||
2553 | EXO | 40 | 2 | bgv1 | translate-ordinal | בְּיוֹם־הַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֖וֹן בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “On day one of the month, in month one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
2554 | EXO | 40 | 2 | gzk3 | figs-doublet | מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד | 1 | the first day of the first month of the new year | These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in 39:32. Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2555 | EXO | 40 | 2 | clkf | figs-ellipsis | לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | the first day of the first month of the new year | Here, the new or next year is omitted because it can be inferred from context. However, if that would be misunderstood by your readers (perhaps they would think it just meant ”next month” or something), you could add a phrase to make it clear that it is the first month of the year. This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See Exodus 12:2. Alternate translation: “month of the year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
2556 | EXO | 40 | 3 | l7fp | וְסַכֹּתָ֥ עַל | 1 | place the ark of the testimony in it | Alternate translation: “and you shall conceal” | |
2557 | EXO | 40 | 5 | b3ct | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֖י | 1 | place the ark of the testimony in it | Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2558 | EXO | 40 | 6 | o5sz | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֕י | 1 | place the ark of the testimony in it | Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2559 | EXO | 40 | 6 | nqha | figs-doublet | מִשְׁכַּ֥ן אֹֽהֶל־מוֹעֵֽד | 1 | place the ark of the testimony in it | These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in 39:32. Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
2560 | EXO | 40 | 10 | yiq8 | figs-possession | קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִֽׁים | 1 | General Information: | Here, holiest holy means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in Exodus 29:37. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
2561 | EXO | 40 | 12 | gqld | 0 | General Information: | Verses 12-15 are similar to Exodus 29:4-9. | ||
2562 | EXO | 40 | 16 | xl61 | writing-newevent | 0 | General Information: | This statement starts a new section in which Moses does all the things just as Yahweh had commanded; this poetic obedience statement was seen so often in the previous chapter. You may wish to mark this transition and poetic statement in a particular way in your language that is similar to how you did in the last chapter. See 39:32. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
2563 | EXO | 40 | 17 | r6pc | figs-activepassive | הוּקַ֖ם הַמִּשְׁכָּֽן | 1 | So the Dwelling was set up | The use of the passive here indicates that the important thing is the completion of the task of setting up the tent on the specific date Yahweh had commanded. If your language would show that focus in a different way, use a natural form to do that. Alternate translation: “that they set up the Dwelling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2564 | EXO | 40 | 17 | gzu5 | בַּחֹ֧דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּשָּׁנָ֥ה הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | the first day of the first month | This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See Exodus 12:2. | |
2565 | EXO | 40 | 17 | wnh8 | translate-ordinal | בַּחֹ֧דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּשָּׁנָ֥ה הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּאֶחָ֣ד | 1 | in the second year | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month one, year two, on day one of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
2566 | EXO | 40 | 18 | kk4n | figs-metonymy | וַיָּ֨קֶם מֹשֶׁ֜ה אֶת־הַמִּשְׁכָּ֗ן וַיִּתֵּן֙ אֶת־אֲדָנָ֔יו | 1 | Moses set up | Moses was the leader. It would have been impossible for him to do all this personally; the people helped him set up the Dwelling. All references to Moses from here to all the Dwelling assembly listing through verse 33 can be understood this way. Alternate translation: “And Moses directed the people to raise up the Dwelling, and they placed its bases”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2567 | EXO | 40 | 20 | chx4 | writing-pronouns | וַיִּקַּ֞ח…וַיָּ֥שֶׂם | 1 | Moses set up | In this verse and the next, there may be an exception to the word he meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2568 | EXO | 40 | 21 | yhbs | writing-pronouns | וַיָּבֵ֣א…וַיָּ֗שֶׂם | 1 | Moses set up | In this verse and the previous verse, there may be an exception to the word he meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
2569 | EXO | 40 | 23 | b3pp | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י | 1 | Moses set up | Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2570 | EXO | 40 | 25 | t2o2 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י | 1 | Moses set up | Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2571 | EXO | 40 | 26 | i5gg | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֖י | 1 | in front of the curtain | Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2572 | EXO | 40 | 27 | iwuo | 0 | in front of the curtain | See 30:7. | ||
2573 | EXO | 40 | 35 | ysd8 | וְלֹא־יָכֹ֣ל מֹשֶׁ֗ה לָבוֹא֙ אֶל־אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֔ד כִּֽי־שָׁכַ֥ן עָלָ֖יו הֶעָנָ֑ן וּכְב֣וֹד יְהוָ֔ה מָלֵ֖א אֶת־הַמִּשְׁכָּֽן | 1 | Yahweh’s glory filled | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because the cloud had settled on it and the glory of Yahweh had filled the Dwelling, Moses was not able to go into the tent of meeting.” | |
2574 | EXO | 40 | 36 | ak35 | figs-activepassive | וּבְהֵעָל֤וֹת הֶֽעָנָן֙ | 1 | was taken up from over | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whenever Yahweh’s cloud moved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2575 | EXO | 40 | 37 | s8y2 | figs-activepassive | וְאִם־לֹ֥א יֵעָלֶ֖ה הֶעָנָ֑ן וְלֹ֣א יִסְע֔וּ עַד־י֖וֹם הֵעָלֹתֽוֹ | 1 | that it was lifted up | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if Yahweh did not take up the cloud, then they would not set out until the day he took it up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
2576 | EXO | 40 | 38 | i8hu | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י כָל־בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | that it was lifted up | Here, before the eyes of refers to being able to see. All the Israelites could see the cloud and fire. Alternate translation: “and all the house of Israel could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
2577 | EXO | 40 | 38 | bhi5 | figs-metaphor | בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | that it was lifted up | Here, house represents a people group, the Israelites, who were descended from Jacob, who was also named Israel. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use a metaphor from your language or translate the meaning. This is a common biblical metaphor, so you may want to check other places this occurs. The house of Israel is equivalent to “sons of Israel” or “Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |