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1 | Reference | ID | Tags | SupportReference | Quote | Occurrence | Note |
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2 | front:intro | gtn1 | 0 | Introduction to RomansPart 1: General IntroductionOutline of the book of Romans
Who wrote the book of Romans?The Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and may other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire. What is the book of Romans about?Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” (16:26). In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16), How should the title of this book be translated?Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural ConceptsWhat are the titles used to refer to Jesus?In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12). How should theological terms in Romans be translated?Paul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” (5:1), “works of the law” (3:20), “reconcile” (5:10), “propitiation” (3:25), “sanctification” (6:19), and “the old man” (6:6). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.” Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us. What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel (11:5)?The idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as “the remnant.” In 11:1–9, Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) Part 3: Important Translation IssuesWhat did Paul mean by being “in Christ”?The phrase “in Christ” and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages. These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in 3:24 (“the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”), Paul referred to our being redeemed “because” of Jesus Christ. In 8:9 (“you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit”), Paul spoke of believers submitting “to” the Holy Spirit. In 9:1 (“I tell the truth in Christ”), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that “is in agreement with” Jesus Christ. Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use “in.” He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of “in,” such as, “by means of,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that represents the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]]) How are the ideas of “holy,” “saints” or “holy ones,” and “sanctify” represented in Romans in the ULT?The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:
The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. Singular and plural “you”In this book, the word “you” is almost always plural and refers to Paul’s audience. There are only four instances of singular “you,” three of which are quotations from the Old Testament (9:7, 17; 13:4, 15:9). Those exceptions will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) What are the major issues in the text of the book of Romans?For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.
The following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets (\[\]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the book of Romans.
(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
3 | 1:intro | hn5n | 0 | Romans 1 General NotesStructure and formatting
Special concepts in this chapterThe gospelThis chapter refers to the contents of the Book of Romans as “the gospel” (1:2). Romans is not a Gospel like Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John, which are historical accounts of the life of Jesus. Instead, chapters 1–8 present the biblical gospel, which is the good news of salvation. The gospel contains the following true ideas: Everyone has sinned. Jesus died for our sins. Jesus came back to life again so that we might live for his glory and receive eternal life when we die. Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of GodIn this chapter Paul explains that no one has an excuse for sinning. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the eternal punishment of God. The requirement for this punishment was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter“God gave them over”Many scholars view the phrases “God gave them over” and “God gave them up” as theologically significant. For this reason, it is important to translate these phrases with God playing a passive role in the action. God allows men to pursue their own sinful desires, he does not force them to act sinfully. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |||
4 | 1:1 | x3em | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | Παῦλος | 1 | In the culture of this time, letter writers would give their own names first. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
5 | 1:1 | plvo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Παῦλος | 1 | Paul is the name of a man, an apostle of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to Romans. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
6 | 1:1 | e417 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | δοῦλος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, κλητὸς ἀπόστολος | 1 | These two phrases give further information about Paul. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christ’s servant and apostle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
7 | 1:1 | v5b9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | κλητὸς ἀπόστολος, ἀφωρισμένος | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Jesus called to be an apostle and set apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
8 | 1:1 | ukts | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς εὐαγγέλιον Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, for introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Jesusset him apart. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to preach the gospel of God” or “so that I could announce the good news from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
9 | 1:1 | ji90 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | εὐαγγέλιον Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the gospel that comes from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the gospel from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
10 | 1:2 | cu3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | ὃ | 1 | Here, which marks that further information is going to be given about “the gospel of God” in the previous verse. Paul is emphasizing that “the gospel of God” has its origin in the holy Scriptures that also come from God. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “that is, the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
11 | 1:3 | lab1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | περὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about “the gospel of God.” Paul means that the message of God’s promised good news is about God’s Son, “Christ Jesus” (See verse 1). If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the gospel about his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
12 | 1:3 | lk5q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Son is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
13 | 1:3 | y2uy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τοῦ γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυεὶδ | 1 | Here, from a seed of David is an idiom meaning “David’s descendant.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who was born a descendant of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
14 | 1:3 | rj9f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | κατὰ σάρκα | 1 | Here, according to the flesh is an idiom meaning “with reference to physical descent.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “according to natural descent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
15 | 1:4 | nhz7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν | 1 | In this verse, Paul places these phrases in the order he wants to emphasize. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
16 | 1:4 | at5s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “whom God designated as the Son of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
17 | 1:4 | cp80 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Son of God is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
18 | 1:4 | h32u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει | 1 | Here, in power could refer to: (1) the means by which God designated Jesus as the Son of God. Alternate translation: “who was designated the Son of God by means of power” (2) a new level of power God gave to the Son of God. Alternate translation: “who was designated as the powerful Son of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
19 | 1:4 | m89w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe God’s Spirit that is characterized by holiness. This refers to the Holy Spirit. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an alternate expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
20 | 1:4 | js9m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of resurrection, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “by being resurrected from the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
21 | 1:4 | h97z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | νεκρῶν | 1 | Here, the phrase translated of dead ones refers to dead people. Here it means that Jesus physically died and was buried. If your language has a word or phrase for the place that dead people go, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “from the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
22 | 1:4 | zvql | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | νεκρῶν | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the place from where Jesus was resurrected. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the preposition “from” instead of “of.” Alternate translation: “from death” or “from among the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
23 | 1:4 | brej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν | 1 | Here, our refers to all Christians, so it is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
24 | 1:5 | ww9a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δι’ οὗ | 1 | Here, whom refers to Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
25 | 1:5 | jr9e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δι’ οὗ ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of grace and apostleship, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he who acted kindly toward us and made us his apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
26 | 1:5 | mosg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἐλάβομεν | 1 | Here, we is exclusive and your language may require you to mark this form. It could refer to: (1) Paul and other apostles, as in the UST. (2) Paul speaking about himself in a plural form. Alternate translation: “I received” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
27 | 1:5 | mv5n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς | 1 | Here, for introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Jesus made Paul and other people his apostles. Use a natural way in your language introduce a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
28 | 1:5 | krzj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of obedience and faith, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for people to faithfully obey Jesus among all the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
29 | 1:5 | cf3g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως | 1 | Here, obedience of faith could refer to: (1) obedience that is characterized by trust in God. Alternate translation: “for obedience by trusting in God” or “obedience that comes from trusting in God” (2) obedience that results from trusting in God. Alternate translation: “faith that results in obedience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
30 | 1:5 | eem9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | Here, the Gentiles could refer to: (1) the nations. Use this interpretation if you interpreted we to refer to all the apostles and retained it in your translation. Alternate translation: “among all people groups” (2) non-Jewish people groups. Use this interpretation if you interpreted we to refer only to Paul and translated it as “I”. Alternate translation: “among all non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
31 | 1:5 | rd3v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “we received grace and apostleship for the sake of his name, for obedience of the faith among all the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
32 | 1:5 | sxc7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul uses name figuratively. It could refer to: (1) Jesus himself. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Jesus” (2) Jesus’ reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Jesus’ fame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
33 | 1:6 | xurz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν οἷς | 1 | Here,whom refers to “the Gentiles” who were mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated “the Gentiles” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “among the nations” or “among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
34 | 1:6 | sks2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὑμεῖς | 1 | In this letter, with four exceptions, the words you and your are plural and refer to the recipients of this letter, who are members of the church at Rome (See 1:7). If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers in Christ at Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
35 | 1:6 | qq9z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | κλητοὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe called ones who were called by Jesus Christ. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “ones called by Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
36 | 1:7 | z85a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | πᾶσιν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ | 1 | In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, and they would name those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “To all of you who are in Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
37 | 1:7 | ymaj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ῥώμῃ | 1 | Rome is the name of a city, the capital city of the Roman Empire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
38 | 1:7 | zfwq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the adjective beloved as a noun in order to describe the church at Rome. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this words with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are loved of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
39 | 1:7 | rkdh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the beloved who are loved by God. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “loved by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
40 | 1:7 | v8bl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
41 | 1:7 | ys4e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns grace and peace with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ show his gracious acts to you and make you feel peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
42 | 1:7 | d8pa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Father here is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus and the relationship between God and believers. Alternate translation: “our Father God and the Lord Jesus, the Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
43 | 1:7 | j61d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | Πατρὸς ἡμῶν | 1 | When Paul writes our here, he is speaking of himself and his readers, so our would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. Alternate translation: “who is the Father of us Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
44 | 1:8 | yrau | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | πρῶτον μὲν εὐχαριστῶ τῷ Θεῷ μου διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ περὶ πάντων ὑμῶν, ὅτι ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ. | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “because your faith is being proclaimed throughout the whole world, I first want to thank my God through Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
45 | 1:8 | totr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | πρῶτον μὲν | 1 | First here indicates that Paul has finished his introduction to the letter, and what follows is the beginning of the content of the letter. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The first thing I want to say is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
46 | 1:8 | tdsj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῷ Θεῷ μου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form my God to express that he belongs to God. Paul does not mean that he owns God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the God I belong to” or “the God that owns me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
47 | 1:8 | bphf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faith, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
48 | 1:8 | efqs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that other believers are proclaiming how great the faith of the Roman believers is. Alternate translation: “other people are proclaiming your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
49 | 1:8 | k7qf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ | 1 | Here, the whole world is an exaggeration that refers to all the parts of the world that were familiar to Paul and his readers, particularly the Roman Empire. Paul is not referring to every place on the planet. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “across the known world” or “wherever the Roman Empire is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
50 | 1:9 | c7pa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γάρ | 1 | For indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul could say in the previous verse that he thanks God for the Roman believers. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You can be sure this is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
51 | 1:9 | twht | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | μάρτυς & μού ἐστιν ὁ Θεός, ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὡς ἀδιαλείπτως μνείαν ὑμῶν ποιοῦμαι | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses and make a new sentence if necessary. Alternate translation: “God is my witness how I continually make mention of you. I serve him in my spirit in the gospel of his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
52 | 1:9 | dx6p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | μάρτυς & μού & ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about God. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “my witness and I serve him in my spirit in the gospel of his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
53 | 1:9 | ll1e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | μάρτυς & μού | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of witness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who testifies about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
54 | 1:9 | ydnc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου | 1 | Here, spirit refers to the inner person, which is what a person thinks and feels. Paul means that he serves God with complete devotion. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “with my whole heart” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
55 | 1:9 | ih0v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ | 1 | Here, in indicates the means by which Paul served God and gospel refers specifically to proclaiming the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by proclaiming the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
56 | 1:9 | o66d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the gospel that is about God’s Son. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the gospel about his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
57 | 1:9 | r2l5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Υἱοῦ | 1 | Son is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
58 | 1:9 | f9p2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ἀδιαλείπτως | 1 | Here, continually is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frequently Paul prayed for the church at Rome. Paul does not mean that he spends all of his time praying for them. If your language would not use exaggeration in this way, use plain language and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I regularly” or “I habitually” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole) | |
59 | 1:9 | vtuq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | μνείαν ὑμῶν ποιοῦμαι | 1 | Here, making mention is an idiom for prayer. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I am … praying for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
60 | 1:10 | mdc8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | πάντοτε ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου, δεόμενος | 1 | This phrase means the same thing as “I continually make mention of you” in the previous verse. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how intensely he prays that God will allow him to visit the church at Rome. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase for the similar passage in the previous verse and in this verse provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “in all my prayers, I beg God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
61 | 1:10 | oi0x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | πάντοτε | 1 | Here, the word always is an exaggeration that figuratively express the frequency of Paul’s prayers to God for the church at Rome. Paul does not mean that he spends all of his time praying for them. If your language would not use exaggeration in this way, use plain language and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “frequently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
62 | 1:10 | b5wy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of will, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because God wills for me” or “because God wants me”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
63 | 1:11 | ki6h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this is a reason clause. Paul is indicating why he constantly prays to visit the church at Rome in verses 9–10. Use a natural way in your language to express the reason for something. Alternate translation: “I am always requesting this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
64 | 1:11 | gjdu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς | 1 | Paul uses see figuratively to describe not only seeing the Christians in Rome, but also visiting them and spending time with them. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to visit you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
65 | 1:11 | b23b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | Here, so that indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for why he wants to visit the believers at Rome. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
66 | 1:12 | pnnm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν | 1 | Here, and that is gives us further information about why Paul wants to share “some spiritual gift” with the church at Rome. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “namely” or “specifically” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
67 | 1:12 | ux1x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | συνπαρακληθῆναι ἐν ὑμῖν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to mutually encourage each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
68 | 1:12 | ddtm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | διὰ τῆς ἐν ἀλλήλοις πίστεως, ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to to refer to the trust in Jesus that both he and his readers shared. Paul means that they should mutually encourage each other because they have a mutual faith in Christ. If this is not clear in your language, you can state it explicitly. Alternate translation: “by both you and I sharing with one another how we trust in God” or “through talking about our common Christian faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
69 | 1:12 | e6py | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πίστεως | 1 | See how you translated this word in verse 5 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
70 | 1:13 | yi1f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes | οὐ θέλω δὲ ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν | 1 | Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I definitely want you to be informed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
71 | 1:13 | rwzn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἀγνοεῖν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
72 | 1:13 | u1cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Although the term brother is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
73 | 1:13 | zvrj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καὶ ἐκωλύθην ἄχρι τοῦ δεῦρο | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers will know that until now means “even at the present time.” He does not mean that he was no longer hindered at the moment he wrote these words. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but I have been hindered and still am now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
74 | 1:13 | b92o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐκωλύθην | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God hindered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
75 | 1:13 | gnu7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἵνα τινὰ καρπὸν σχῶ καὶ ἐν ὑμῖν | 1 | Here, fruit could refer to: (1) people believing in the gospel as a result of Paul’s preaching, which would connect this verse to the idea in verse 15. Alternative translation: “so that I might lead people to salvation among you also” (2) strengthening the believers in Rome, in which case this would have the same meaning as “some spiritual gracious gift” in verse 11. Alternative translation: “so that I might strengthen you also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
76 | 1:14 | s4bm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὀφειλέτης εἰμί | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of himself as if he was a debtor who owed money to people who were not Jews, such as Greeks and barbarians. Paul means that he was obligated to preach the gospel to non-Jews because God had commanded him to do so. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation, “I am obliged to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
77 | 1:14 | j2sz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις | 1 | Here Paul uses Greeks and barbarians figuratively to represent all the Gentiles referred to in the previous verse. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to all types of Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
78 | 1:14 | lio6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively here, using wise ones and foolish ones to represent all types of people among the Gentiles referred to in the previous verse. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to all types of people among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
79 | 1:14 | q728 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις, σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that he is obligated to preach the gospel to every kind of Gentile. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “to each and every kind of Gentile” or “to every single non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
80 | 1:15 | h9zv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὕτως | 1 | So here indicates that this a reason clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why someone does something. Alternate translation: “This is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
81 | 1:16 | oa6m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates the reason why Paul is eager to proclaim the gospel in Rome. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I am eager to do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
82 | 1:16 | mm2f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes | οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι | 1 | Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am greatly honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
83 | 1:16 | nvkv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον | 1 | Here, gospel refers specifically to the preaching of the gospel that was mentioned in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am not ashamed to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
84 | 1:16 | f5x9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δύναμις γὰρ Θεοῦ ἐστιν εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the gospel as the powerful way that God saves people. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for it is the powerful way that God saves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
85 | 1:16 | sz5b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, for indicates that salvation is the result of the gospel. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that results in the salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
86 | 1:16 | merb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν παντὶ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of salvation, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for saving everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
87 | 1:16 | htqe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to everyone who believes that Jesus is the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
88 | 1:16 | dwtm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι | 1 | Paul is speaking of Jewish people and Greek people in general, not of one particular Jew or Greek. If this might confuse your readers, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “both to the Jewish people first and to the Greek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
89 | 1:16 | u8on | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον | 1 | The phrase the Jew first means that the Jewish people were the first people to hear the gospel. Paul does not mean that the Jew is better or has a high status than the Greek. If this would confuse your readers, you could state it explicitly. Alternate translation: “both to the Jews who first heard the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
90 | 1:16 | al16 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἕλληνι | 1 | Here, the Greek refers to non-Jewish people in general. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the non-Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
91 | 1:17 | of98 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates that what follows is the reason why the gospel is the power of God that leads to salvation, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The gospel can save everyone who believes because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
92 | 1:17 | wfsc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it reveals the righteousness of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
93 | 1:17 | h38h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively about the righteousness of God as if it was an object that could be revealed. He means that people learn about the righteousness of God when someone proclaims the gospel to them. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “when people preach the gospel, those who hear it learn about the righteousness of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
94 | 1:17 | qr31 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ | 1 | Here Paul is using the possessive form of God that could refer to: (1) righteousness that comes from God. Alternate translation: “the righteousness from God” (2) righteousness that characterizes God. Alternate translation: “God’s righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
95 | 1:17 | gsl5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun righteousness in another way. Alternate translation: “how God causes people to become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
96 | 1:17 | ii3m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐν αὐτῷ | 1 | The pronoun it here refers to “the gospel” that was mentioned in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
97 | 1:17 | jl9i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν | 1 | Here, from faith to faith describes how the righteousness of God is revealed. It is an idiom that could mean: (1) completely by faith alone. Alternate translation: “by faith from beginning to end” or “through faith from first to last” (2) by the faith that all believers share, like how the phrase “from sea to sea” means “from one sea to another sea.” Alternate translation: “from one person’s faith to another person’s faith” (3) by faith that leads to increasing faith. Alternate translation: “through faith for faith” or “from one degree of faith to another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
98 | 1:17 | igg9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul uses just as it is written to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book (Habakkuk 2:4). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “just as it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
99 | 1:17 | bgvh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the prophet Habakkuk. Alternate translation: “just as the prophet Habakkuk wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
100 | 1:17 | oih2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται | 1 | In this sentence Paul quotes Habakkuk 2:4. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
101 | 1:17 | a9y7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται | 1 | Here, live could refer to: (1) eternal life. Alternative translation: “will live eternally by faith” (2) the quality of one’s physical life. Alternative translation: “will truly live by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
102 | 1:17 | e7eu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πίστεως | 2 | See how you translated this word in verse 5 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
103 | 1:18 | c69s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates that what follows is the reason why “the righteous one must live by faith,” as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The righteous one must live this way because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
104 | 1:18 | r15v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἀποκαλύπτεται & ὀργὴ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God is revealing his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
105 | 1:18 | wzy3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὀργὴ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here Paul uses wrath figuratively to refer to the outcome of God’s wrath, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. If this would confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God’s wrathful punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
106 | 1:18 | kjen | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of ungodliness and unrighteousness, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “against all the ungodly and unrighteous acts of men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
107 | 1:18 | fz23 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Here, ungodliness and unrighteousness of men figuratively refer to the people who do ungodly and unrighteous things. If this would confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “against people who do any ungodly or unrighteous deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
108 | 1:18 | td8t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of unrighteousness and truth, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “who, because they do not want to act righteously, keep holding back what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
109 | 1:18 | rztp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
110 | 1:18 | g3qm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about the nature of people, who are called ** men** in the previous phrase. It is not making a distinction between different kinds of men. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “these same people who in unrighteousness are holding back the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
111 | 1:18 | k4ql | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων | 1 | Here Paul speaks of truth figuratively as though it were a person who could be restrained or held back. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “who in unrighteousness prevent the truth from being known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
112 | 1:19 | jd85 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that it is any person. Alternate translation: “what people can know about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
113 | 1:19 | r6ef | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | αὐτοῖς & αὐτοῖς | 1 | The pronoun them refers to the ungodly and unrighteous people mentioned in the previous verse. Unless, otherwise noted, them, “their”, and “they” refer to ungodly and unrighteous people throughout verses 19–32. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all these ungodly and unrighteous people … all these ungodly and unrighteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
114 | 1:20 | fo6q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰ & ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ & καθορᾶται; ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of qualities, power, and nature, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what people cannot see about God, both how eternally powerful he is and who he is are clearly seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
115 | 1:20 | szu6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καθορᾶται | 1 | Paul uses seen figurative to refer to perceiving something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “are clearly perceived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
116 | 1:20 | abdl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθορᾶται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people can clearly see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
117 | 1:20 | uvc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | κόσμου | 1 | Paul uses the world figuratively to refer to the whole universe. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of all that God made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
118 | 1:20 | dr8v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τοῖς ποιήμασιν νοούμενα | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the things God has made understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
119 | 1:20 | dxr6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους | 1 | So indicates that this is a result clause. Use the natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation: “As a result, they are without excuse” or “This is why they are without excuse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
120 | 1:21 | pgta | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | γνόντες τὸν Θεὸν | 1 | Here Paul uses having known to imply that these people know about God or know that God exists. He does not mean that they know God personally. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having known about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
121 | 1:21 | iasg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | οὐχ ὡς Θεὸν ἐδόξασαν ἢ ηὐχαρίστησαν | 1 | Here, not glorify him and nor give him thanks mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that ungodly people dishonor God. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “they thanklessly despise God” or “they completely disregard God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
122 | 1:21 | c6v7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ηὐχαρίστησαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of expressions of thanks figuratively as if they were something that could be given to a person. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “did they thank him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
123 | 1:21 | dant | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how foolish these ungodly people became by refusing to honor God. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “they became completely senseless in the way they think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
124 | 1:21 | xm6i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they began to think futile things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
125 | 1:21 | d2c0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the heart as if it could mentally sense things or could become black in color. He also uses darkened figuratively to refer to someone losing the ability to understand something. He means that these people lack spiritual sensitivity and are unable to understand spiritual things. If your readers would not understand what a senseless heart or darkened mean in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “their heart became incapable of feeling or understanding spiritual things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
126 | 1:21 | t4p7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | καρδία | 1 | Here Paul uses heart figuratively to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “inner being” or “mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
127 | 1:21 | sw8q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | καρδία | 1 | The word heart is a singular noun that refers to the inner beings or minds of a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “inner beings” or “hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
128 | 1:22 | ddr2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἐμωράνθησαν | 1 | The phrase they became foolish is in contrast to what these unrighteous people claimed about themselves in the previous phrase. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “but they became foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
129 | 1:22 | ly68 | ἐμωράνθησαν | 1 | Alternate translation: “they became fools” or “they acted like fools” or “they started acting like fools” | ||
130 | 1:23 | k9xu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | καὶ | 1 | Here, and indicates that what follows describes what these ungodly and unrighteous people did after they “became foolish,” as stated in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “then they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
131 | 1:23 | x2wl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν. | 1 | Paul uses exchanged figuratively to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped worshiping God and started worshiping idols that resembled these creatures. If your readers would not understand what exchanged means in this context, you could use an express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
132 | 1:23 | qb7f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου | 1 | The two phrases the glory of the imperishable God and a likeness of an image of perishable man mean the opposite thing. Paul says the opposite thing with similar phrases to emphasize the contrast between God and man. Use a natural way in your language to express a contrast that uses parallel ideas. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
133 | 1:23 | r14e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what glorifies the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
134 | 1:23 | u971 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the relationship between glory and the imperishable God. This phrase could refer to: (1) the glory that characterizes God. Alternate translation: “the glory that characterizes the imperishable God” (2) the glory that belongs to God. Alternate translation: “the glory that belongs only to the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
135 | 1:23 | rfez | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος | 1 | The words translated as likeness and image were used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament to refer to the same thing (Genesis 1:26). Here Paul is using the possessive form to indicate that image is an explanation of likeness. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “a likeness, that is, an image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
136 | 1:23 | osrt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “and likenesses of birds, and likenesses of four-footed animals, and likenesses of creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
137 | 1:23 | rq7h | τετραπόδων | 1 | The phrase four-footed beasts refers to animals that walk on four feet. Use the most natural form to describe this kind of animal in your language. Alternate translation: “of quadrupeds” or “of four-legged beasts” | ||
138 | 1:24 | fvv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὸ | 1 | Therefore here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people rejecting the glory of God in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
139 | 1:24 | ec9q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if God were physically giving them to lusts. He means that God is allowing them to have what they desire. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God permitted them to become controlled by the lusts of their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
140 | 1:24 | tlv5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe lusts that come from their hearts. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lusts that come from their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
141 | 1:24 | le2o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν | 1 | See how you translated “heart” in verse 21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
142 | 1:24 | rkou | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν | 1 | This is a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people indulging in the lusts of their hearts. Use the natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation: “resulting in uncleanness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
143 | 1:24 | ze8i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of uncleanness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to become unclean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
144 | 1:24 | g0r4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν | 1 | Here Paul uses uncleanness figuratively to refer to sexual immorality as if it were something dirty. He means that these lustful people become spiritually impure as a result of doing sexually immoral acts. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “to become sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
145 | 1:24 | puad | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι | 1 | Here, to dishonor could refer to: (1) the result of God giving the people over to their lusts. Alternate translation: “which results in them dishonoring” (2) the purpose for which God gave them over to their lusts. Alternate translation: “in order to dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
146 | 1:24 | a8pm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν | 1 | In this clause Paul uses dishonor their bodies figuratively to refer to sexually immoral acts. This is a polite way of referring to a shameful act. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to commit sexually immoral acts” or “to indulging in sexually immoral activity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
147 | 1:25 | dv6h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἵτινες μετήλλαξαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ψεύδει | 1 | Paul uses exchanged figuratively to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped believing what is true about God and started believing in idols, which are false gods. If your readers would not understand what exchanged means in this context, you could use an express the meaning plainly. See how you translated exchanged in verse 23. Alternative translation, “these people refuse to trust what God says is true and accept what is false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
148 | 1:25 | koee | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ψεύδει | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of truth and lie, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is correct about God for what is incorrect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
149 | 1:25 | e9pj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe truth that is about God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun truth. Alternate translation: “the truth about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
150 | 1:25 | bl7p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ἐσεβάσθησαν καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that these people completely rejected worshiping the true God. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
151 | 1:25 | x3t4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ κτίσει | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of creation, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what was created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
152 | 1:25 | xrsa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about the Creator. It is not making a distinction between God and the Creator. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “God who is blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
153 | 1:25 | m8zg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας | 1 | After naming the Creator, Paul adds a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “may he be blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
154 | 1:25 | v1ex | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | εὐλογητὸς | 1 | Paul is using the adjective blessed as a noun in order to describe the Creator. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the blessed one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
155 | 1:26 | sk6f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
156 | 1:26 | hw81 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | πάθη ἀτιμίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe passions that are characterized by dishonor. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “dishonorable” instead of the noun “dishonor.” Alternate translation: “dishonorable passions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
157 | 1:26 | lk73 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πάθη ἀτιμίας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of passions and dishonor, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “dishonor themselves by doing what they are passionate about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
158 | 1:26 | j4ni | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | The word translated for introduces an explanation of passions of dishonor. This explanation begins after the word for and continues through the end of the next verse. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “That is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
159 | 1:26 | jqyi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν | 1 | Paul uses exchanged figuratively to describe the actions of ungodly women as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped doing natural sexual acts with men and started doing sexual acts with other women that are contrary to nature. If your readers would not understand what exchanged means in this context, you could use an express the meaning plainly. See how you translated exchanged in verses 23 and 25. Alternative translation, “stopped doing natural sexual acts with men and started doing unnatural sexual acts with women” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
160 | 1:26 | vs4a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν | 1 | Paul uses the natural use figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and men. This is a polite way of referring to something that would be offensive in some cultures. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
161 | 1:26 | qvr5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | τὴν παρὰ φύσιν | 1 | Paul uses contrary to nature figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and other women. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
162 | 1:27 | ji3l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὁμοίως τε καὶ οἱ ἄρσενες | 1 | This phrase emphasizes that what follows is similar to 1:26. Alternate translation: “in the same way even the males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
163 | 1:27 | gn3f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀφέντες | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these men as if they were leaving their location to go to another one. He means that they are abandoning or rejecting the way God intended for people to do sexual acts. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “having abandoned” or “having rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
164 | 1:27 | g3ja | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας | 1 | See how you translated the natural use in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
165 | 1:27 | qvi3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the natural use that is associated with the female. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an alternative expression. Alternate translation: “the natural use associated with the female” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
166 | 1:27 | pqpo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τῆς θηλείας | 1 | Paul is speaking of these females in general, not of one particular female. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
167 | 1:27 | yvm1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of lust as if it were something that could burn like a fire. He means that their lust is out of control like a burning fire. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “passionately lusted after one another” or “intensely desired each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
168 | 1:27 | ylj6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of lust, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “burned lustfully for one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
169 | 1:27 | kxwj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | ἄρσενες ἐν ἄρσεσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην κατεργαζόμενοι | 1 | This phrase refers to men doing sexual acts with other men. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “males shamelessly engaging in sexual activity with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
170 | 1:27 | u2hh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κατεργαζόμενοι | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of men doing sexual acts with each other as if it could produce something. He means that what they are doing is morally shameful. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “committing” or “engaging in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
171 | 1:27 | sjhb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | καὶ τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν, ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες | 1 | In the original language the phrase the penalty is at the front of the clause for emphasis. If it would be more natural in your language, you could arrange the order of these phrases to show that emphasis. Alternate translation: “and the penalty which was necessary for their perversion receiving in themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
172 | 1:27 | jtru | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | καὶ | 2 | Here, and indicates that what follows is the result of the shameless acts. Alternate translation: “and as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
173 | 1:27 | raet | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the penalty for their sinful activity as if it were something that they could receive inside of themselves. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “experiencing in their own bodies” or “receiving among themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
174 | 1:27 | x6fz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of penalty, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the punishing act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
175 | 1:27 | dbtt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of perversion, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which was necessary for their perverted acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
176 | 1:28 | bt7u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν, τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει | 1 | The phrase having God in their full awareness is an idiom that means “thinking about God” or “acknowledging God.” If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “they did not approve of thinking about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
177 | 1:28 | f53x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of full awareness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being fully aware of God” or “fully acknowledging that God exists” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
178 | 1:28 | yy1c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verses 24 and 26. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
179 | 1:28 | p8z2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν | 1 | Paul is speaking of the minds of these ungodly people in general, not of one particular mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “to disapproved minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
180 | 1:28 | r1pt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν | 1 | Here, mind refers to a person’s will and moral reasoning. The mind of one of these ungodly people is disapproved, which means that it has been rejected by God as worthless. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state these ideas explicitly. Alternate translation: “to a mind that has become worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
181 | 1:28 | ie4l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ποιεῖν | 1 | Here, to do could refer to: (1) the result of a disapproved mind. Alternate translation: “as a result they do” or “causing them to practice” (2) the purpose of a disapproved mind. Alternate translation: “so that they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
182 | 1:28 | aye6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα | 1 | The phrase those things that are not proper refers to what Paul describes in verses 29–31. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those improper things that follow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
183 | 1:29 | c2e2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany | General Information: | 0 | General Information:In verses 29–31 Paul uses a repetitive series of sentences and ideas to show how evil these ungodly and unrighteous people are. This is a list of the “things that are not proper” of which those people in verses 18–28 are guilty. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
184 | 1:29 | v0zj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πεπληρωμένους πάσῃ ἀδικίᾳ, πονηρίᾳ, πλεονεξίᾳ, κακίᾳ | 1 | Paul uses filled with figuratively to refer to these ungodly people as if they were a container filled with the sins that Paul lists in this clause. Like a container that has been filled with something, the people are completely controlled by these sins. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully controlled by unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, and malice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
185 | 1:29 | t4qm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πεπληρωμένους | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they filled themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
186 | 1:29 | uqks | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πεπληρωμένους πάσῃ ἀδικίᾳ, πονηρίᾳ, πλεονεξίᾳ, κακίᾳ; | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, and malice, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “filled with all unrighteous, wicked, covetous, and malicious thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
187 | 1:29 | a7s3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας | 1 | Paul uses full of figuratively to refer to these ungodly people as if they were a container full of the sins that Paul lists in this clause. Like a container that is full of something, the people are completely controlled by these sins. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully controlled by envy, murder, strife, deceit, and evil intent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
188 | 1:29 | dzda | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and evil intent, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they are full of envious, murderous, contentious, and deceitful thoughts, and they intend to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
189 | 1:30 | f4tt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | θεοστυγεῖς, ὑβριστάς, ὑπερηφάνους, ἀλαζόνας & ἀπειθεῖς | 1 | Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “people who hate God, people who are insolent, people who are arrogant, people who are boastful … people who are disobedient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
190 | 1:30 | th8q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | καταλάλους & ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns slanderers and inventors in another way. Alternate translation: “people who speak against others … people who invent ways to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
191 | 1:30 | qq50 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe inventors who invent evil things. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they invent evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
192 | 1:31 | i7ix | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἀσυνέτους, ἀσυνθέτους, ἀστόργους, ἀνελεήμονας | 1 | Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “people who are senseless, faithless, heartless, and merciless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
193 | 1:32 | cxx8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ δικαίωμα | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteous decree, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is rightly decreed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
194 | 1:32 | ytu6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a the righteous decree that comes from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s righteous decree” or “what God decrees is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
195 | 1:32 | z12q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὅτι | 1 | Here, that indicates that what follows is the content of the the righteous decree of God. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “namely,” or “in other words,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
196 | 1:32 | iqg1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτὰ & τοῖς πράσσουσιν | 1 | The pronouns such things and things and them refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in verses 28–31. If this would confuse your readers, you could make state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things … these improper things … those who keep doing these improper things” or “these kinds of evil things … these evil things … those who keep doing these evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
197 | 1:32 | p9e9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἄξιοι θανάτου | 1 | Paul is using the adjective worthy as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who deserve death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
198 | 1:32 | t0ls | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of death, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
199 | 1:32 | awth | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die spiritually” or “are worthy of spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
200 | 2:intro | dse2 | 0 | Romans 2 General NotesStructure and formatting
In this chapter Paul shifts his audience from Roman Christians to people who “judge” other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) Special concepts in this chapter“The Law”In this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. Paul says that those who try to obey the Law of Moses will not be justified by trying to obey it. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapterIn verses 1–5 Paul uses the singular pronoun “you” and the singular noun “man” to refer to all people in general. If your language does not use singular pronouns or singular nouns to refer to a group of people, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-crowd]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |||
201 | 2:1 | y6ts | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὸ | 1 | Therefore here marks a new section of the letter. It also introduces a result clause that summarizes the consequences of the behavior that Paul described in 1:18–32. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
202 | 2:1 | d7pj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-crowd | εἶ & κρίνεις & σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις & πράσσεις, ὁ κρίνων | 1 | Paul uses the singular pronoun you here to refer to all people in general. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “every one of you is … every one of you judges … every one of you condemns yourself … every one of you who judges practices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-crowd]]) | |
203 | 2:1 | atxo | ἀναπολόγητος | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:20. | ||
204 | 2:1 | md5e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | ὦ ἄνθρωπε | 1 | O man here is an exclamation that is meant to convict every judgmental person in the human race. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this idea. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
205 | 2:1 | x3mi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | ἄνθρωπε | 1 | Here, man is a singular noun that refers to humanity in general. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter Alternate translation: “human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
206 | 2:1 | n2mu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | Here, for introduces a reason clause. In the rest of the verse Paul gives the reasons why anyone who judges is without excuse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because” or “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
207 | 2:1 | jt4b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | The word translated that which is a pronoun that refers to any way or any time a person might judge someone else. You may need to make this explicit in your language. Alternate translation: “anytime” or “in anything that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
208 | 2:1 | ybp2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τὸν ἕτερον | 1 | Here, the other refers to any other person. You may need to make this explicit in your language. Alternate translation: “any other person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
209 | 2:1 | nz11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | Here, for introduces a clause that explains why these judgmental people are self-condemned. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
210 | 2:1 | wumc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | τὰ & αὐτὰ | 1 | The phrase the same things refers to acts for which people judge one another. Use a natural way in your language to communicate this idea. Alternate translation: “the very same deeds” or “the same things you judge them for doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
211 | 2:2 | jr4i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | οἴδαμεν | 1 | Here, we could refer to: (1) Paul and the church at Rome. Alternate translation: “all of us believers in Christ” (2) mankind in general. Alternate translation: “all people” Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
212 | 2:2 | qca8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the judgment that God does. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s judgment” or “how God judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
213 | 2:2 | kfy1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of judgment and truth, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how God judges is according to what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
214 | 2:2 | lfqn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κατὰ ἀλήθειαν | 1 | This phrase indicates the manner in which God will judge those who act sinfully. He will judge them according to the sins they truly committed. If this phrase might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “based on the facts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
215 | 2:2 | j46f | τοὺς & πράσσοντας | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:32. | ||
216 | 2:2 | mjao | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰ τοιαῦτα | 1 | Here, such things refers to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in 1:28–32. If this would confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things” or “these kinds of evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
217 | 2:3 | zwg7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ? | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that these judgmental people should know that God will finally judge them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But you should not think, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things, that you will escape from the judgment of God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
218 | 2:3 | jct9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | τοῦτο | 1 | The pronoun this refers to the final clause of this verse that you will escape from the judgment of God. You could use a natural way in your language to make this idea explicit. Alternate translation: “this fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
219 | 2:3 | ysys | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that you will escape from the judgment of God, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
220 | 2:3 | rk75 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | ὦ ἄνθρωπε | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
221 | 2:3 | mo4p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτά | 1 | The phrases such things and the same things refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in 1:28–32. See how you translated such things in verse 2 and the same things in verse 1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
222 | 2:3 | bd82 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, judgment is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who someone could escape from. Paul means that no one can avoid God’s judgment. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “that you will not prevent God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
223 | 2:3 | hpej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
224 | 2:4 | pex3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας καταφρονεῖς, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει? | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that these judgmental people should know that the kindness of God leads them to repentance. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who scorn the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience surely know that the kindness of God leads you to repentance!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
225 | 2:4 | v9yf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-crowd | καταφρονεῖς & σε | 1 | In this verse Paul uses the singular pronoun you here to refer to all of humanity in general. See how you translated you in verses 1 and 3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-crowd]]) | |
226 | 2:4 | w537 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of God’s kindness and forbearance and patience as if they were wealth that could be acquired or rejected. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “acquiring his wonderful kindness and forbearance and patience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
227 | 2:4 | swj9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind the words kindness, forbearance, and patience, you could express these ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of how kind, forbearing, and patient he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
228 | 2:4 | pplt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας & τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the kindness, forbearance, and patience that characterize God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of God’s kindness, forbearance, and patience … God’s kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
229 | 2:4 | acip | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει | 1 | Paul speaks of the kindness of God figuratively as if it were a person who could lead someone to repentance. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God uses his kindness to cause you to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
230 | 2:4 | u0io | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει | 1 | Here, to repentance is a goal clause. Paul is stating the goal of the kindness of God. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a goal clause. Alternate translation: “leads you to repent” or “guides you to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
231 | 2:4 | jamv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | μετάνοιάν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of repentance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
232 | 2:5 | agl8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were a hard substance. He means that these people stubbornly refuse to repent from their judgmental way of life. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “But according to your stubbornness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
233 | 2:5 | v6z1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν | 1 | Here, heart figuratively refers to a person’s will or inner being. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unrepentant will” or “unwillingness to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
234 | 2:5 | fv4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of wrath figuratively as if it were an object that someone could store up. He means that the longer people refuse to repent, the greater is God’s wrath against them. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you are increasing how much wrath God has against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
235 | 2:5 | s7cs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὀργὴν & ὀργῆς | 1 | Here Paul uses wrath figuratively to refer to the outcome of God’s wrath, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of this word in 1:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
236 | 2:5 | pck0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers will know that both the day of wrath and the revelation of the righteous judgment of God refer to the time in the future when God will punish all wicked people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the time God finally punishes wicked people and reveals his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
237 | 2:5 | uz3k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a day that is characterized by wrath and by the revelation of the righteous judgment of God. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning differently. Alternate translation: “on the day characterized by God’s wrath and the revelation of his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
238 | 2:5 | ay1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of wrath, revelation, and judgment, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day of God’s wrathful acts when he reveals how righteously he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
239 | 2:5 | fnpj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the righteous judgment of God as what the revelation reveals. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an alternate expression. Alternate translation: “when God reveals his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
240 | 2:5 | sume | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the righteous judgment that is carried out by God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an alternate expression. Alternate translation: “of God judging righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
241 | 2:6 | frov | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations | ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ | 1 | This clause is a quotation from the Old Testament (Psalm 62:12). If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
242 | 2:6 | jwcx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul uses pay back figuratively to refer to appropriately punishing or rewarding someone as if the punishment or reward was reciprocal payment for that person’s deeds. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will appropriately punish or reward each one according to his deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
243 | 2:6 | gj1q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun deeds in another way. Alternate translation: “how he acts” or “what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
244 | 2:7 | ylpm | General Information: | 0 | General Information:In verses 7–10 Paul explains what he means when he said in verse 6 that God will “pay back to each according to his deeds.” | ||
245 | 2:7 | rrbf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον; | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “eternal life to those who are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility according to endurance of good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
246 | 2:7 | gec6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ζωὴν αἰώνιον | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “eternal life is what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
247 | 2:7 | sqdo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῖς & ζητοῦσιν | 1 | Paul uses seeking figuratively to refer to these people as if they were trying to find something. He means that they are trying to live in such a way as to obtain glory and honor and incorruptibility. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to those who … keep trying to attain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
248 | 2:7 | zyff | τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ & ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον | 1 | Here, according to could indicate: (1) the means by which these people are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility. Alternate translation: “everlasting life to those who, by means of endurance of good work, are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility” (2) the reason why God gives these people everlasting live. Alternate translation: “because they endure in good work and are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility, everlasting life” | ||
249 | 2:7 | d2gw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of endurance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to the fact that they keep on doing good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
250 | 2:7 | ub51 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns glory, honor, and incorruptibility in another way. Alternate translation: “for God to glorify, honor, and cause them to live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
251 | 2:8 | j1e6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐξ ἐριθείας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of ambition, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from being selfishly ambitious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
252 | 2:8 | fcb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how sinful these people are. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “who are disobedient to all that is true and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
253 | 2:8 | xhtm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ | 1 | Here, the truth is spoken of figuratively as if it were a person whom someone could disobey, and unrighteousness is spoken of as if it were a person whom someone could obey. Paul means that these people reject what God says is true and right by disobeying him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who reject what God says is true and right by disobeying him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
254 | 2:8 | m7pm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ ἀληθείᾳ & τῇ ἀδικίᾳ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of truth and unrighteousness, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is true … what is unrighteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
255 | 2:8 | ytny | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the verse 6. Alternate translation: “wrath and anger is what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
256 | 2:8 | exor | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὀργὴ | 1 | Here Paul uses wrath figuratively to refer to the outcome of God’s wrath, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of this word in 1:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
257 | 2:8 | wa6f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of wrath and anger, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God is wrathful and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
258 | 2:8 | blwx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός | 1 | The words wrath and anger mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize God’s intense anger toward people who are disobedient to the truth. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “fierce wrath” or “angry wrath” or “wrathful anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
259 | 2:9 | ospb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Tribulation and distress as if these ideas were located on top of a person. He means that every evil person will experience Tribulation and distress. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Every human soul that produces the evil will experience tribulation and distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
260 | 2:9 | qonf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Tribulation and ** distress**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “difficult and distressing times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
261 | 2:9 | u8f7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία | 1 | These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how intense God’s judgment will be against these people. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “Distressing tribulation” or “Intense distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
262 | 2:9 | ck9i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Paul uses soul of man to refer to the whole life of a person. If this might confuse your readers, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
263 | 2:9 | msox | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Although the term man is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
264 | 2:9 | n7q4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | τὸ κακόν | 1 | Paul is using the adjective evil as a noun in order to describe things people do. If your language does not use adjectives in this way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “what is evil” or “things that are evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
265 | 2:9 | a9s5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) the Jews will have greater responsibility because God offered salvation to them first. Alternate translation: “especially for the Jewish person and also for the non-Jewish person” (2) the Jews will be judged before non-Jews, which is the same meaning as in 1:16. Alternate translation: “first for the Jewish person and then for the non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
266 | 2:9 | csnc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἕλληνος | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
267 | 2:10 | i9tg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δόξα & καὶ τιμὴ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of glory and honor, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God will glorify and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
268 | 2:10 | t2od | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰρήνη | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of peace, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, peace could refer to: (1) feeling calm and secure. Alternate translation: “a peaceful feeling” (2) being at peace with God. Alternate translation: “a peaceful relationship with God” (3) both a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God. “a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
269 | 2:10 | ib56 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | τὸ ἀγαθόν | 1 | Paul is using the adjective good as a noun in order to describe things people do. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “good deeds” or “things that are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
270 | 2:10 | u06j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
271 | 2:11 | eol0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | οὐ & ἐστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of favoritism, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God does not honor one type of person above another” or “God is not more favorable toward one person than another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
272 | 2:12 | wkx8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in verses 12–16 gives the reason for the phrase “there is no favoritism with God” in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to make this emphasis explicit. Alternate translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
273 | 2:12 | ecsk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὅσοι & ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον | 1 | Paul uses this phrase to refer to non-Jews, which he calls “the Greek” in verses 9–10. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many non-Jewish people as have sinned without the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
274 | 2:12 | t3qs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | ἀνόμως & ἀνόμως & νόμῳ & νόμου | 1 | The word law is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. See the discussion of this term in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “without God’s laws … without God’s laws … God’s laws … God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
275 | 2:12 | m6cy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἀνόμως & ἀνόμως | 1 | Here, without the law refers to not knowing God’s law. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “without knowing God’s law” or “in ignorance of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
276 | 2:12 | qkh4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | καὶ ἀπολοῦνται | 1 | Here Paul uses perish figuratively to refer to eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will also be punished eternally” or “will also experience eternal punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
277 | 2:12 | jwvz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον | 1 | Paul uses this phrase to refer to Jews, who are the people to whom God gave his law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many Jewish people as have sinned with the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
278 | 2:12 | w4cp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God will judge by his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
279 | 2:12 | a0k4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ νόμου | 1 | Here, by indicates that the law is the standard by which God will judge those who know his law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to what the law requires” or “by what the law says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
280 | 2:13 | sw8x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives the reason why God judges both groups of people mentioned in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why someone does something. Alternate translation: “God judges both groups of people impartially because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
281 | 2:13 | a8ra | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμου & νόμου | 1 | See how you translated the law in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
282 | 2:13 | eg4h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὐ & δίκαιοι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul uses with God figuratively here to describe righteous people as if they were located in the presence of God. He means that God makes them right with himself. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “are not made righteous by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
283 | 2:13 | c1bu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “God will justify the doers of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
284 | 2:14 | q2id | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that verses 14–16 give another reason why God judges both groups of people mentioned in verse 12. Verses 14–16 explain why Gentiles who do not know God’s law are still sinners. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why someone does something. Alternate translation: “God also judges both groups of people impartially because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
285 | 2:14 | vlum | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα & νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they own or possess the law. He means that they are unaware of the law that God gave to the Jewish people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated “without the law” in verse 12. Alternative translation: “who are unaware of God’s law … who are unaware of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
286 | 2:14 | zhmw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμον & τοῦ νόμου & νόμον | 1 | See how you translated the law in verse 12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
287 | 2:14 | h53h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | φύσει & ποιῶσιν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun nature in another way. Alternate translation: “naturally do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
288 | 2:14 | atda | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the specific rules that make up the law. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rules within the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
289 | 2:14 | symg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος | 1 | Here Paul speaks of Gentiles figuratively as if they were a law. Paul means that the non-Jewish people still have their own rules about what is right and wrong that are also part of God’s law. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning in plainly. Alternate translation: “are actually obeying the God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
290 | 2:15 | xl6v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the non-Jewish people obeying some basic rules from the Law of Moses as if they were showing the work of the law to other people. He means that non-Jewish people demonstrate that they naturally understand some rules of the law by obeying those rules. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who make others aware that they understand the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
291 | 2:15 | wtit | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the works of the law as if they can be written on the surfaces of peoples’ hearts. He means that God has enabled non-Jewish people to know generally what is right or wrong even though they do not know the Law of Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they know the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
292 | 2:15 | x35c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the work that characterizes obeying the law. This phrase has a similar meaning to “the things of the law” in the previous verse. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the work that the law requires a person to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
293 | 2:15 | v60q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God wrote on their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
294 | 2:15 | ja5s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν | 1 | See how you translated “heart” in 1:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
295 | 2:15 | jmeo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | συνμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως | 1 | Paul uses the singular conscience figuratively to refer to the individual consciences of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “their consciences bearing witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
296 | 2:15 | z28q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | συνμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως | 1 | Here Paul uses conscience figuratively as if it were a person bearing witness in a courtroom. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their conscience confirms that this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
297 | 2:15 | ub8t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | συνμαρτυρούσης & καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων, τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων | 1 | This clause explains what bearing witness means. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer or begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “bearing witness, namely, the thoughts of each person both accusing or even defending them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
298 | 2:15 | qk53 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων, τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων | 1 | Here, thoughts are spoken of figuratively as if they were a person who could accuse or defend someone in court. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation (remove preceding comma): “by accusing or defending them in the way they think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
299 | 2:16 | o6kx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ | 1 | Here, day refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a point in time is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
300 | 2:16 | c5fp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε κρίνει ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers will know that the day when God will judge refers to the time in the future when God will judge everyone, as Paul also mentioned in verses 2 and 5. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future time when God finally judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
301 | 2:16 | lyvd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe secrets that men have. These secrets are specifically secret thoughts that people have, as indicated by the word “thoughts” in the previous verse. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “men’s secrets” or “the secrets that men keep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
302 | 2:16 | gxet | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of secrets, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what men secretly think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
303 | 2:16 | r8hz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | τῶν ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of human beings” or “of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
304 | 2:16 | xb7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου, διὰ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “through Christ Jesus, according to my gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
305 | 2:16 | e9bp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the gospel as if it belongs to him. He means that this is the gospel God has entrusted him to preach. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “according to God’s gospel that I preach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
306 | 2:17 | lc6m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | δὲ | 1 | Connecting Statement:But here indicates that in verses 17–29 Paul changes topics from talking about non-Jewish people who don’t know the Law of Moses to Jews who know the Law. He explains why the Jews as well cannot escape God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” or “However” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
307 | 2:17 | cnq7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Here, if indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to verse 21. Paul speaks as if these descriptions of Jews were hypothetical possibilities, but he means that they are actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” or “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
308 | 2:17 | kfe8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd | σὺ | 1 | Even though Paul is speaking to Jewish people, he is hypothetically addressing an individual, so you and your and yourself is singular throughout 2:17–27 unless otherwise noted. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of you and your and yourself in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
309 | 2:17 | pglg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the Jews as if they named themselves. He means that they consider themselves to be Jews. If this would confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “you call yourself Jewish” or “you regard yourself as truly Jewish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
310 | 2:17 | gz6j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἐπαναπαύῃ νόμῳ, | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context, which is God’s judgment of sinners. Alternate translation: “rely upon the law to escape God’s judgment” or “rely upon the law to save you from God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
311 | 2:17 | dapj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καυχᾶσαι ἐν Θεῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the Jews as if they were boasting inside of God. He means that the Jews brag that they are the only nation that knows God. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “brag that you are the only ones who know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
312 | 2:18 | xn6w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | καὶ γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα, καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα, κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου, | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “and because you are instructed from the law, you know his will and approve of what is excellent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
313 | 2:18 | qxkt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ θέλημα | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun will in another way. Alternate translation: “what God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
314 | 2:18 | aqbh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others having instructed you from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
315 | 2:19 | nk76 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι | 1 | Paul uses the word yourself to emphasize how convinced the Jews are that they are the only ones who can spiritually guide others. Use a way that is natural in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and you have convinced yourself that you alone are a guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
316 | 2:19 | wi7z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν | 1 | Paul uses guide figuratively to refer to the Jews as if they were the only people who could clearly see. He also uses blind figuratively to refer to non-Jews as if they were unable to see. He means that the Jews think they are the only ones who can teach others God’s truth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that you are the only ones who can teach others what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
317 | 2:19 | beop | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of guide, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that you can guide blind men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
318 | 2:19 | ql0b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | τυφλῶν | 1 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “to blind people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
319 | 2:19 | j76c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ὁδηγὸν & τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the two ideas into one. Alternate translation: “the only ones who can guide those who are unaware of what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
320 | 2:19 | xlge | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει | 1 | Here Paul uses light figuratively to refer to a Jewish person, and he uses those in darkness figuratively to refer to non-Jews. He means that the Jews think they can teach non-Jews about God the way that a light shines on people who are in a dark place. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who can reveal what is true about God to those who do not know about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
321 | 2:20 | ymey | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the third phrase gives the reason for the result that the first two phrases describe. Alternate translation: “since having in the law the form of the knowledge and of the truth, you believe you should be an instructor of foolish men, a teacher of little children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
322 | 2:20 | pf6v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the only people who can instruct those people who are as foolish as children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
323 | 2:20 | ar5a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | διδάσκαλον νηπίων | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the non-Jews as if they were little children. He means that they are ignorant about God. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “people who are spiritually ignorant” or “people who are like uneducated infants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
324 | 2:20 | ose0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the law as if it were a physical shape that someone could possess. He means that the law contains God’s true knowledge that the Jews think they exclusively own. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “understanding through God’s law how a person can truly know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
325 | 2:20 | ua61 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive forms of the knowledge and of the truth to describe the form of the law. Here, of knowledge and of the truth could indicate: (1) what the law contains. Alternate translation: “the form that contains the knowledge and the truth” (2) what the law represents. Alternate translation: “what represents knowledge and truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
326 | 2:20 | y6i5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of knowledge and ** truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what we know about God and what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
327 | 2:21 | vy0h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις? ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν, κλέπτεις? | 1 | In verses 21–23 Paul transitions from his description of the Jews in verses 17–20 to a series of rhetorical questions. These questions emphasize the hypocrisy of the Jews, who thought they were superior to non-Jews because they knew the Law of Moses. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate Paul’s words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “then you, who teach another, do not teach yourself! You, who preach not to steal, actually steal!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
328 | 2:21 | rftq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is the second half of the factual conditional statement that Paul began with “if you name yourself a Jew” in verse 17. Paul wants to show that what the Jews believe and how they live are in contrast. If you divided verses 17–21 into separate sentences, then you may need to include a short form of the “if” statement here. Alternate translation: “if all this is really true, then” or “since all this is really true, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
329 | 2:21 | uq9y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | ἕτερον | 1 | Here, another is a singular pronoun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular pronouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
330 | 2:21 | abq0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις | 1 | Here Paul implies that the Jews need to teach themselves because they do not actually obey the laws that they teach. They act as if they do not know the Law of Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you don’t obey the law, do you not teach yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
331 | 2:22 | parm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν, μοιχεύεις? ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα, ἱεροσυλεῖς? | 1 | Like in the previous verse, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form twice to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You, who says not to commit adultery, actually commit adultery! You, who abhor idols, actually rob temples!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
332 | 2:22 | dmpg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἱεροσυλεῖς | 1 | Here Paul implies that the temples the Jews rob are where idols are kept and worshipped. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “do you rob temples where idols are kept” or “should you actually enter an idol temple and rob it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
333 | 2:23 | z80m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου, τὸν Θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις | 1 | Like in the previous two verses, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You, who boast in the law, actually dishonor God through the transgression of the law!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
334 | 2:23 | grr3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι | 1 | Paul uses in the law figuratively as if it were something that people could boast inside of. He means that the Jews brag that they are the only nation who knows God’s law, which has similar meaning to “boast in God” in verse 17. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “You, who brag that you are the only ones who know God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
335 | 2:23 | ob98 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of transgression, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by transgressing the law” or “by breaking the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
336 | 2:24 | yp4l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τὸ γὰρ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “For, just as it is written, ‘the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
337 | 2:24 | z54i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things I have said about you are true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
338 | 2:24 | lk5n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | In this clause Paul quotes part of Isaiah 52:5. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
339 | 2:24 | c4sk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to indicate the name that belongs to God. Paul does not mean that God is a name. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
340 | 2:24 | mvwq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul uses the name of God figuratively to refer toGod himself. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
341 | 2:24 | ccm9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles blaspheme the name of God because of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
342 | 2:24 | m2bq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because of you the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
343 | 2:24 | pg0g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δι’ ὑμᾶς | 1 | Paul quotes Isaiah implying that the bad behavior of the Jews is what causes the Gentiles to blaspheme the name of God. Since the Jews were supposed to represent God to the world, their bad behavior misrepresented God so that the Gentiles blasphemed him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a result of how you act” or “because of the way you behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
344 | 2:24 | e144 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | δι’ ὑμᾶς | 1 | Here, you is the plural and refers to the Jewish people. This is the only occurrence of plural you in verses 17–27. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
345 | 2:24 | edrf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something Isaiah wrote, you could indicate Isaiah as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
346 | 2:24 | end9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul uses it is written to indicate a quotation from an Old Testament book (Isaiah 52:5). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
347 | 2:25 | vdu7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that [verses 25–29] provide another reason why both Jews and Gentiles will be punished for their sins, as stated in verse 12. Paul is arguing against the idea that circumcision guaranteed a Jew’s salvation, which some Jews believed. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jews will be judged along with Gentiles because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
348 | 2:25 | vp6o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | περιτομὴ & ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of circumcision and uncircumcision, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Alternate translation: “being circumcised … your being circumcised has become being uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
349 | 2:25 | wm24 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὠφελεῖ | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word here that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “benefits you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
350 | 2:25 | pqhz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | παραβάτης νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who transgresses the law. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “one who transgresses the law” or “one who breaks the law”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
351 | 2:25 | xq62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν | 1 | Here, your circumcision becomes uncircumcision is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how important it is for God’s people to practice the law. Paul does not mean that the person who transgresses God’s law is no longer physically circumcised. If this would confuse your readers, you express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is as if you are not circumcised” or “it is the same as if you were never circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
352 | 2:26 | vt7f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo | ἐὰν οὖν | 1 | Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the benefits for the uncircumcised one who keeps the requirements of the law. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Let’s suppose then that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
353 | 2:26 | r9i4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἡ ἀκροβυστία | 1 | Paul is using the adjective uncircumcision as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who are uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
354 | 2:26 | nf3j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | φυλάσσῃ | 1 | Here, keeps is an idiom that means “obeys.” If your readers would not understand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
355 | 2:26 | mkhr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe requirements found in the law. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “what the law requires” or “the law’s requirements” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
356 | 2:26 | be71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize how important it is do what the law requires. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “certainly God will consider his uncircumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
357 | 2:26 | rjb5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “will God not consider his circumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
358 | 2:26 | gjuy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ & περιτομὴν | 1 | See how you translated these abstract nouns in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
359 | 2:27 | rkxz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | καὶ | 1 | And here could indicate that what follows is continuing the rhetorical question in the previous verse. If you choose the translate the passage in this way, then replace the ending exclamation point with a question mark. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
360 | 2:27 | lqz2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία, τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “since he is fulfilling the law, the uncircumcised by nature will judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
361 | 2:27 | tpno | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἡ & ἀκροβυστία | 1 | See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
362 | 2:27 | h2lj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of nature, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the naturally uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
363 | 2:27 | zwh8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τελοῦσα | 1 | Here, fulfilling is an idiom that means “fully obeying.” If your readers would not understand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is fully obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
364 | 2:27 | sv4b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς | 1 | Here, through could mean: (1) the Jews will be judged despite having the letter and circumcision. Alternate translation: “despite having letter and circumcision” (2) the Jews will be judged while having the letter and circumcision. Alternate translation: “while having letter and circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
365 | 2:27 | nxa1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | γράμματος | 1 | Paul is figuratively describing the law by association with the letters that make up the law. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the written law code” or “God’s written law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
366 | 2:27 | lkll | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | περιτομῆς | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
367 | 2:27 | q795 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | παραβάτην νόμου | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun transgressor with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “someone who transgresses the law” or “someone who breaks God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
368 | 2:28 | g2vh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is the reason for what has just been stated. This verse is Paul’s conclusion to the statements he made in verses 25–27. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact” or “Truly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
369 | 2:28 | lfuj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Ἰουδαῖός | 1 | Here Paul uses Jew to refer to someone who is one of God’s people because he truly trusts in God for salvation, like Abraham did. Jew here does not refer to someone who only has Jewish ancestors. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a spiritual Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
370 | 2:28 | rohy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ φανερῷ | 1 | Here, visibly refers to the Jewish religious practices that other people can see, such as circumcision or wearing special clothing. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does externally visible Jewish rituals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
371 | 2:28 | n34i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἡ & περιτομή | 1 | Here Paul uses circumcision figuratively to refer to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, like how circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This was called “circumcision of the heart” in the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 30:6; Jeremiah 4:4). Here, circumcision does not refer to the Jewish ritual. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “this spiritual circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
372 | 2:28 | s44m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | ἐν σαρκὶ | 1 | Paul uses the flesh figuratively to mean “the whole body,” which is made of flesh. If this would confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “on the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
373 | 2:29 | b6ag | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος | 1 | The word translated secretly refers to something that other people cannot see or that is hidden. The meaning here is the opposite of “visibly” in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a Jew in an inward way not seen by others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
374 | 2:29 | u7b6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Ἰουδαῖος | 1 | Here Paul uses Jew figuratively in the same way he did in the previous verse. See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
375 | 2:29 | d1go | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | περιτομὴ καρδίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a circumcision that is performed in the heart. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “circumcision is performed in the heart” or “circumcision is an inward change” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
376 | 2:29 | hbiv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | περιτομὴ καρδίας | 1 | The phrase circumcision of the heart is an idiom that refers to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, like how circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This expression first occurred in the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 30:6; Jeremiah 4:4).If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. See how you translated “this circumcision” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “truly belonging to God’s people is by removal of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
377 | 2:29 | n4pp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | καρδίας | 1 | See how you translated this word in 1:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
378 | 2:29 | ffa3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν Πνεύματι, οὐ γράμματι | 1 | Here, both occurrences of in indicate the means by which something happened. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Spirit, not by means of the letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
379 | 2:29 | kjc9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν Πνεύματι | 1 | Here, the Spirit could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, who changes a person’s thoughts and attitude when God saves that person, as in the UST. (2) a person’s spirit, which would require interpreting in to refer to a place. Alternate translation: “in one’s spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
380 | 2:29 | gcoq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | γράμματι | 1 | See how you translated letter in verse 27. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
381 | 2:29 | dlac | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος | 1 | The pronoun whose refers to the one who is inwardly a Jew. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “that inward Jew’s praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
382 | 2:29 | qa6b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form whose to indicate who receives the praise. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “his praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
383 | 2:29 | r4gm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἐξ ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “from people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
384 | 3:intro | y2kb | 0 | Romans 3 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 4 and 10–18 of this chapter, which are quotations from the Old Testament. Important figures of speech in this chapterRhetorical QuestionsIn verses 1–9 and 27–31 Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying. You may need to indicate that Paul is asking these questions as if he were a non-Christian Jew responding to his arguments. When Paul asks the rhetorical questions, he is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. When Paul answers those questions, he is speaking as himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this change in speakers with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |||
385 | 3:1 | v788 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:In verses 1–9 Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that both “Jews and Greeks” are “under sin.” | ||
386 | 3:1 | a1l0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in 2:28–29. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
387 | 3:1 | dawv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς? | 1 | This verse contains two rhetorical questions connected by or. Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in 2:28–29. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then the Jew certainly has no advantage, and circumcision certainly has no benefit!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
388 | 3:1 | b7ls | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς | 1 | In this verse Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
389 | 3:1 | bjfo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of advantage or benefit, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “How then is being a Jew advantageous, or how is being circumcised beneficial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
390 | 3:1 | h4h3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τοῦ Ἰουδαίου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form of the Jew to describe for whom there is the advantage. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “for the Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
391 | 3:1 | l79f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς περιτομῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form of the circumcision to describe from where the benefit comes. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that comes from circumcision” or “from being circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
392 | 3:2 | eq3o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον | 1 | In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘Great in every way!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
393 | 3:2 | rri9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The advantage of the Jew and the benefit of the circumcision is great is every way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
394 | 3:2 | kzlh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον | 1 | Great in every way is an exaggeration that Paul uses to emphasize the value of being Jewish and being circumcised. Paul does not mean that everything about being a Jew and being circumcised is beneficial. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that shows enthusiasm. Alternate translation: “Great in many ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
395 | 3:2 | f2fa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πρῶτον μὲν & ὅτι | 1 | Here, indeed first, that could indicate that: (1) what follows is the first reason in a list of several reasons why being a Jew is beneficial, in which case Paul does not continue the list in this chapter. Alternate translation: “the first of many benefits is indeed that” or “one benefit is indeed that” (2) what follows is the most important reason why being a Jew is beneficial. Alternate translation: “the primary benefit is indeed that” or “the most important thing is indeed that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
396 | 3:2 | mrej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God entrusted them with his sayings” or “God trusted them with the sayings of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
397 | 3:2 | jkgk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, the sayings of God could refer to: (1) the entire Old Testament. Alternate translation: “with what God said in the Scriptures” (2) direct speech from God in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “with the messages that God announced to them in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
398 | 3:2 | qide | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, the possessive form of God could refer to: (1) sayings that came from God. Alternate translation: “with the sayings from God” (2) says that are about God. Alternate translation: “with the sayings about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
399 | 3:3 | d9k3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γάρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
400 | 3:3 | mclv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί & εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες? μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει? | 1 | In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But some of them were unfaithful! Their unfaithfulness surely cannot nullify the faithfulness of God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
401 | 3:3 | fd0w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί γάρ εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες? μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει? | 1 | In this verse Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
402 | 3:3 | i36p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | τινες | 1 | The pronoun some refers to some Jewish people. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “some Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
403 | 3:3 | pkae | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of unfaithfulness or faithfulness, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “The fact that they are unfaithful will not nullify God’s faithful acts, will it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
404 | 3:3 | moq7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the faithfulness that characterizes God. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the faithfulness that characterizes God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
405 | 3:4 | djn7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
406 | 3:4 | z465 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | May it never be is an exclamatory phrase that communicates a strong prohibition. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating a strong prohibition. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not” or “Certainly not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
407 | 3:4 | kz4j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | δὲ | 1 | Instead here indicates that what follows is a contrast to the idea in the previous verse that unfaithful Jews could “nullify the faithfulness of God.” Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But” or “However” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
408 | 3:4 | ld9h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative | γινέσθω & ὁ Θεὸς ἀληθής | 1 | Here, let God be true is an imperative phrase, but this is not a command. Instead, Paul is exclaiming that people must consider that God is always truthful regardless of what people think. Use a form in your language that would be used in this type of situation. Alternate translation: “let people always know that God is true” or “may people always declare that God is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) | |
409 | 3:4 | nud9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος ψεύστης | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of liar, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “every man lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
410 | 3:4 | fesk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος ψεύστης | 1 | Paul is leaving out some words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “let every man be a liar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
411 | 3:4 | hfdf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος | 1 | Although the term man is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
412 | 3:4 | te39 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
413 | 3:4 | b8gv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by David, a king of Israel. Alternate translation: “just as King David wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
414 | 3:4 | f0oq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου, καὶ νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from Psalm 51:4. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
415 | 3:4 | xli0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ὅπως | 1 | So that indicates that what follows is the result of what David had written previously in Psalm 51:4, which is about how David had sinned. Paul assumes that his readers would be familiar with the earlier part of that verse. If this would confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have sinned so that” or “Because of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
416 | 3:4 | h0ne | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου, καὶ νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε | 1 | In this sentence, you and your refer to God and are singular. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
417 | 3:4 | lnnr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιωθῇς & ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people would acknowledge how righteous you are … when people attempt to judge you” or “you would prove yourself to be righteous … when others try to judge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
418 | 3:4 | tj8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου | 1 | Paul records David using words figuratively to describe the things that God said by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
419 | 3:5 | gw3a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | εἰ δὲ | 1 | But here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. In this verse, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement that Paul made in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If indeed that is true” or “Now if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
420 | 3:5 | putf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? | 1 | In these sentences Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
421 | 3:5 | hjyp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | εἰ & ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? | 1 | Paul is using a hypothetical situation to develop the argument that an unbelieving Jew would make. Alternate translation: “suppose our unrighteousness commends the righteousness of God. Then what will we say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
422 | 3:5 | y6vv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν & ἐροῦμεν | 1 | Here, our and we are used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Jewish … will we Jews say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
423 | 3:5 | y0r5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the ideas behind unrighteousness and righteousness in another way. Alternate translation: “how unrighteous we are … how righteous God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
424 | 3:5 | ho67 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? | 1 | In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question here to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. This sentence is also the answer to the hypothetical question that precedes it. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly cannot be unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
425 | 3:5 | v30z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | εἰ & ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? | 1 | If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine the hypothetical conditional statement of the first sentence with the rhetorical question of the second sentence. Alternate translation: “if our unrighteousness commends the righteousness of God, then we certainly cannot say that God is unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
426 | 3:5 | e9ux | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὴν ὀργήν | 1 | Here Paul uses wrath figuratively to refer to the outcome of God’s wrath, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of wrath in 1:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
427 | 3:5 | j631 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside | (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) | 1 | Paul could be saying this as an aside in order to show that he is not trying to challenge the righteousness of God. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “I am reasoning like a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
428 | 3:5 | sd4g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) | 1 | Here, the phrase according to men is an idiom meaning “the way people do” or “like a human being.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I speak based on how human beings perceive things” or “I speak according to mere human reasoning”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
429 | 3:6 | gd5f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | See how you translated this in verse 4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
430 | 3:6 | zg9s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον | 1 | Here Paul is giving the reason why God is “not unrighteous for imposing his wrath,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for expressing the reason why someone does something. Alternate translation: “Because if God were unrighteous, how would he judge the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
431 | 3:6 | x1y3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον | 1 | In this clause Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question here to emphasize that God could not judge the world if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly could not judge the world!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
432 | 3:6 | lnp3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὸν κόσμον | 1 | Here Paul uses world figuratively to refer to the people who live in the world. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
433 | 3:7 | htfa | General Information: | 0 | General Information:In verses 7–9, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in verse 6. A note will inform you of the one parenthetic statement within these verses in which Paul interjects his own voice into the argument. | ||
434 | 3:7 | b9k1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | εἰ δὲ | 1 | But here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. In this verse, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in the previous verse. See how you translated this in verse 5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
435 | 3:7 | c2u5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | εἰ & ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι | 1 | Paul is using a hypothetical situation to develop the argument an unbelieving Jew would make. Alternate translation: “suppose the truth of God through my life abounds to his glory. Then why am I still being judged as a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
436 | 3:7 | xysz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But if the truth of God abounds to his glory through my lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
437 | 3:7 | j9ji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of truth, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or another way. Alternate translation: “how truthful God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
438 | 3:7 | lbji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the truth that characterizes God. Use a natural way in your language to communicate this idea. Alternate translation: “God’s truthfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
439 | 3:7 | fa7j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι & κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | Here Paul uses the pronoun my and I to refer to a Jewish person who might give this hypothetical response. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternative translation: “when we Jews act falsely … are we … as sinners” or “when we Jews lie … are we … as sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
440 | 3:7 | o3po | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of lie, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when I act falsely” or “when I lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
441 | 3:7 | je41 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here, to indicates that this is a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “with the result that he is glorified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
442 | 3:7 | h61j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or another way. Alternate translation: “to demonstrate how glorious he is” or “to glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
443 | 3:7 | yv5j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι | 1 | In this clause Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse, which was also repeated in the previous clause. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “surely I should not still be judged as a sinner!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
444 | 3:7 | iiqc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἔτι κἀγὼ & κρίνομαι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “does God still judge me” or “should God still keep on judging me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
445 | 3:7 | pgus | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sinner, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “someone who sins” or “as if I were sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
446 | 3:8 | vw1x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | καὶ | 1 | And here indicates that in this verse Paul continues speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement he made in verse 6. If it would help your readers, you could state this with a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “Furthermore” or “In addition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
447 | 3:8 | kb9d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | καὶ μὴ καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν, ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά? | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “And not, ‘Let us do evil, so that good may come,’ just as we are blasphemed and just as some affirm we say?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
448 | 3:8 | wr3g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | καὶ μὴ | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And why not say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
449 | 3:8 | pr4u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | μὴ & ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά | 1 | In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using an elided question here to emphasize that God could not judge the world if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you should say … ‘Let us do the evil things, so that the good things may come!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
450 | 3:8 | o3pz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside | καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν | 1 | Paul is saying this as an aside in order to show that people have been falsely accusing him of teaching that people should sin in order to show how good God is. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “Some people blaspheme us and affirm that we are saying such things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
451 | 3:8 | veic | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | βλασφημούμεθα & ἡμᾶς | 1 | When Paul says we and us, he could be (1) speaking only of himself in a formal manner. Alternate translation: “I am blasphemed … me” (2) speaking of himself and all other Christians. Alternate translation: “we Christians are blasphemed … us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
452 | 3:8 | klaa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | βλασφημούμεθα | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people blaspheme us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
453 | 3:8 | vbpa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations | μὴ καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν, ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “not say (just as we are blasphemed and just as some affirm us to say) that we should do the evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
454 | 3:8 | pe2c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside | ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν | 1 | Paul is saying this as an aside in order to show that the people who have been falsely accusing him of teaching people to “do the evil things, so that the good things may come” deserve to be judged by God. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
455 | 3:8 | re0k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν | 1 | The pronoun whose here refers to the people who slander Paul by claiming that he teaches people to “do the evil things, so that the good things may come.” If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the judgment of those who say this is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
456 | 3:8 | g87e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of judgment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who are justly judged” or “whom God justly judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
457 | 3:9 | z3wu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν? προεχόμεθα? | 1 | Here Paul concludes his series of rhetorical questions by using the same phrase What then. See how you translated this phrase in verse 1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
458 | 3:9 | y6uz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | προεχόμεθα? | 1 | Paul is using the question form to express the objection that a Jew might have to what Paul has said previously. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely we are not better off!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
459 | 3:9 | ajj8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | προεχόμεθα | 1 | Here, we is used exclusively to speak of Paul and his fellow Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Are we Jews better off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
460 | 3:9 | g85q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | οὐ πάντως | 1 | Not at all is an exclamatory phrase that communicates a strong negative response to the previous statement. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this idea. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not!” or “In no way!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
461 | 3:9 | cbgq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | οὐ πάντως | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “We are not better off at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
462 | 3:9 | a01e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | προῃτιασάμεθα γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “We are not better off because we have already accused” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
463 | 3:9 | qvjy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | προῃτιασάμεθα | 1 | Here, we could mean: (1) Paul is speaking only of himself in a formal manner. Alternate translation: “I have already accused” (2) Paul is speaking of himself and other Christians. Alternate translation: “we Christians have already accused” See how you translated we in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
464 | 3:9 | hgs3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἕλληνας | 1 | Here, Greeks refers to non-Jewish people in general. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
465 | 3:9 | x4eb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὑφ’ ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | The phrase under sin is an idiom that means “under the power of sin” or “controlled by one’s desire to sin.” If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “controlled by sin” or “ruled by sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
466 | 3:10 | m5r6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany | General Information: | 0 | General Information:In verses 10–18 Paul uses Old Testament quotations as a repetitive series of sentences in order to show how evil all types of people are. In verses 10–12 he emphasizes the general nature of their evil conduct by repeating the word none four times, and the phrase not even one twice. In verses 13–18 he uses specific examples of their evil conduct. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the accusations against humanity. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
467 | 3:10 | u88n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
468 | 3:10 | zkzr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just as the prophets wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
469 | 3:10 | ju1k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς | 1 | This sentence is Paul’s paraphrase of Psalm 14:3. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
470 | 3:10 | yt5d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that not even one type of person is righteous. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “There is not even one type of person who is righteous” or “Absolutely no one who is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
471 | 3:10 | bscu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς | 1 | Paul is using the singular adjectives none righteous and one as nouns in order to describe all people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these adjectives with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “There are no righteous people, not any people” or “There is no righteous person, not even one person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
472 | 3:11 | b0m7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ συνίων; οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ἐκζητῶν τὸν Θεόν | 1 | This sentence is Paul’s paraphrase of Psalm 14:2 and Psalm 53:3. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
473 | 3:11 | kqs5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | οὐκ ἔστιν & οὐκ ἔστιν | 1 | Paul is using the adjectives none as nouns in order to describe all people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these adjectives with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “There are no people … There are no people” or “There is no person … There is no person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
474 | 3:11 | h9e9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ συνίων | 1 | Here, who understands refers to someone who is able to think wisely or correctly. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “There is none who is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
475 | 3:11 | mn84 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁ ἐκζητῶν τὸν Θεόν | 1 | Her, Paul quotes David usingseeks figuratively to describe people attempting to know God as if God were lost and people needed to find him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attempts to know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
476 | 3:12 | lg0i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | πάντες ἐξέκλιναν, ἅμα ἠχρεώθησαν; οὐκ ἔστιν ποιῶν χρηστότητα, οὐκ ἔστιν ἕως ἑνός | 1 | This sentence is quotation of Psalm 14:3 and Psalm 53:4. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
477 | 3:12 | cen3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐξέκλιναν | 1 | Paul quotes David using turned away figuratively to describe these people as if they had left a path that leads to where God is. David means that they refuse to live according to God’s rules. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “refuse to live the way God requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
478 | 3:12 | a72h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἅμα ἠχρεώθησαν | 1 | Here, useless implies that these sinful people are so sinful that they do not benefit God or humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “They together became worthless for benefitting anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
479 | 3:12 | na87 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | οὐκ ἔστιν ποιῶν χρηστότητα, οὐκ ἔστιν ἕως ἑνός | 1 | These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that not even one type of person can continually do kindness. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “There is not even one type of person who does kindness” or “Absolutely no one who is doing kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
480 | 3:12 | v9ed | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | οὐκ & ἑνός | 1 | See how you translated none and one in verse 10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
481 | 3:12 | b3g1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | χρηστότητα | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of kindness, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “what is kind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
482 | 3:13 | xr4g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν | 1 | These two sentences are a quotation from Psalm 5:10. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
483 | 3:13 | c7rh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν; ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν | 1 | These three sentences mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing three times, in slightly different ways, to show how harmful the words are that these people say. If saying the same thing three times might confuse your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The things they say are deadly, deceptive, and damaging” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
484 | 3:13 | nmrs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s throats in general, not of one particular throat. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “throats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
485 | 3:13 | sx6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν | 1 | Here Paul quotes David using throat figuratively to describe something people would say by using their throats to say it. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
486 | 3:13 | bbq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul quotes David using opened grave figuratively to describe these people’s throat as if it were a deep hole containing rotting corpses. He means that the things these people say are morally corrupt and offend God. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Their throats express moral corruption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
487 | 3:13 | pemg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν | 1 | Here Paul quotes David using tongues figuratively to describe something people would say to deceive someone by using their tongues to say it. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
488 | 3:13 | d82g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from Psalm 140:3. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
489 | 3:13 | b4bp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἰὸς ἀσπίδων | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe poison that comes from asps, which are venomous snakes. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Asp’s poison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
490 | 3:13 | qk16 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἰὸς ἀσπίδων | 1 | Paul quotes David using poison of asps figuratively to refer to what people say as if what they say contained poison. He means that the things they say harm people like deadly venom. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “What hurts people like a poisonous snake bite” or “Speech that hurts people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
491 | 3:13 | u40o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν | 1 | Here Paul quotes David using lips figuratively to describe something people would say to harm someone by using their lips to say it. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
492 | 3:14 | ucnr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ὧν τὸ στόμα ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from Psalm 10:7. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
493 | 3:14 | ujjd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τὸ στόμα | 1 | Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s mouths in general, not of one particular mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “mouths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
494 | 3:14 | sqr5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὧν τὸ στόμα | 1 | Here Paul quotes David using mouth figuratively to describe people speaking curses and bitter things by using their mouth to say them. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
495 | 3:14 | j0sg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει | 1 | Paul quotes David using cursing and bitterness figuratively as if these concepts were thins with which people could fill or load their mouth. He means that these people habitually curse and say bitter things against others. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “habitually curses and says bitter things against others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
496 | 3:15 | e67d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | General Information: | 0 | General Information:Verses 15–17 are Paul’s paraphrase of Isaiah 59:7–8. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
497 | 3:15 | vds1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν | 1 | Paul quotes Isaiah using feet, a part of the human body, to refer to the whole person. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
498 | 3:15 | quph | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐκχέαι αἷμα | 1 | Paul quotes Isaiah using pour out blood figuratively to refer to violently murdering people, which usually causes blood to come out of the people who are murdered. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
499 | 3:16 | bc96 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | σύντριμμα καὶ ταλαιπωρία | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Destruction and suffering, you could express the same ideas with other expressions. Alternate translation: “They demolish lives and make people suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
500 | 3:16 | rrgr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν | 1 | Here, ways is an idiom meaning “wherever they go” or “how they behave.” It refers to a person’s daily life. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “characterize how they behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
501 | 3:17 | zbrd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὁδὸν | 1 | See how you translated “ways” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
502 | 3:17 | jb6b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ὁδὸν εἰρήνης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a way that is characterized by peace. He means that these people do not understand how to live peacefully. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a peaceful way” or “a peaceful way to behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
503 | 3:18 | wr0x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from Psalm 36:1. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
504 | 3:18 | bx27 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of fear, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “They are not afraid of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
505 | 3:18 | frt1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | φόβος Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe fear that people should feel toward for God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “fear for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
506 | 3:18 | m89o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν | 1 | Here,before their eyes is an idiom that refers to thinking about something. Paul means that these people do not think at all about how terrifying God is. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in their minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
507 | 3:19 | lrdp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | δὲ | 1 | Now here indicates that what follows summarizes Paul’s teachings about the law and “the righteousness of God” in verses 1–9. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
508 | 3:19 | gc8t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | οἴδαμεν | 1 | Here, we is used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Jews know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
509 | 3:19 | e8h2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει & λαλεῖ | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a person who could speak. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as many things as God says in the law, he speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
510 | 3:19 | n399 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὁ νόμος & τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | Here Paul uses the law figuratively to refer to the entire Old Testament, which includes the law. Here he is not referring to only the Law of Moses, as he did earlier in the chapter. We know this because in verses 10–18 Paul quoted verses from parts of the Old Testament that are not in the Law of Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Scriptures … the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
511 | 3:19 | b0g5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | Paul uses those with the law to refer to the Jews. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated a similar phrase in 2:12. Alternative translation: “to Jews” or “to those who know the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
512 | 3:19 | end8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | Here, so that introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for what the law says. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
513 | 3:19 | cy5r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ | 1 | Here, every mouth may be shut is an idiom that means “no one can say anything to excuse themselves.” Paul means that no one can defend themselves before God because everyone has sinned. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no human beings can excuse themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
514 | 3:19 | js71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | φραγῇ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may stop talking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
515 | 3:19 | w12y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | πᾶς ὁ κόσμος | 1 | Paul usesall the world figuratively to refer to all the people living in the world. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
516 | 3:19 | wwq3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὑπόδικος γένηται & τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | The phrase may become accountable to God means that God will judge everyone at the final judgment according to how they lived their lives. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God would judge all the people in the world as guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
517 | 3:20 | ezbo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διότι | 1 | Here. because introduces a reason clause. Paul is stating the reason why all humanity is “accountable to God,” as stated in the previous verse. Use natural way in your language to indicate a reason clause. You may need to begin a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” or “As a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
518 | 3:20 | vzot | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σὰρξ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “God will not justify any flesh” or “God will not make any flesh righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
519 | 3:20 | xs9x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | σὰρξ | 1 | Paul uses flesh figuratively to refer to a human being, who is made of flesh. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
520 | 3:20 | d6vi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐξ ἔργων νόμου & διὰ & νόμου ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας | 1 | In this verse Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a person who could justify someone or give them full awareness. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by doing what God requires in his law … God gives full awareness of sin through his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
521 | 3:20 | w5qb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐξ ἔργων νόμου | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in 2:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
522 | 3:20 | i7zi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμου & νόμου | 1 | In this verse law is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. It does not refer to the entire Old Testament, as in the previous verse. See how you translated this use of law in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
523 | 3:20 | llh9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here, before him is an idiom meaning “in his presence” or “from his perspective.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in his presence” or “before his judgment seat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
524 | 3:20 | xgpp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of full awareness and sin, you could express the same ideas in different way. Alternate translation: “fully aware of being sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
525 | 3:20 | aety | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe full awareness about the sin a person has committed. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “full knowledge about sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
526 | 3:20 | jdw9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ & νόμου | 1 | Here, through law indicates the means by which a person becomes fully aware of sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
527 | 3:21 | fqz4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | νυνὶ δὲ | 1 | But now here indicates that what follows is in contrast to Paul’s discussion about the law in 2:1–3:20. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Yet now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
528 | 3:21 | y3te | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | νυνὶ δὲ χωρὶς νόμου, δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ πεφανέρωται | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But now, the righteousness of God has been made known apart from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
529 | 3:21 | e5ky | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | νόμου & τοῦ νόμου | 1 | While the first occurrence of the law in this verse refers to the laws that God gave the Jews through Moses, the second occurrence refers to the first five books in the Old Testament that were written by Moses. The ULT shows this different by using the law and the Law respectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the laws God gave Israel … the part of Scripture that Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
530 | 3:21 | nlj0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | χωρὶς νόμου | 1 | Here, apart from the law could mean: (1) apart from doing what the law requires. Alternate translation: “without having to do what the law requires” (2) outside of what the law says. Alternate translation: “not related to what the law says” or “differently than what the law says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
531 | 3:21 | e4qe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ πεφανέρωται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God has made his righteousness visible” or “God has revealed his righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
532 | 3:21 | qkis | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
533 | 3:21 | gvca | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Law and the Prophets bearing witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
534 | 3:21 | tnf8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν | 1 | Here Paul uses the Law and the Prophets figuratively as if they were people who could witness or testify in a courtroom. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what God says in the Law and the Prophets is a written testimony to this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
535 | 3:21 | bgyx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν | 1 | Paul is using the name of two parts of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Law and the Prophets, to represent the entire Hebrew Scriptures in general. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
536 | 3:22 | pec5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | δὲ | 1 | Here, but indicates that what follows explains how a person receives “the righteousness of God”. It does not indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “namely,” or “even” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
537 | 3:22 | cvhy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
538 | 3:22 | q4m1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | διὰ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, faith in Jesus Christ is a possessive form that indicates faith that is associated with Jesus Christ. This could refer to: (1) trust in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “by trusting in Jesus Christ” or “by believing in Jesus Christ” (2) the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “through the faithfulness that Jesus Christ possesses” or “through how faithful Jesus Christ is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
539 | 3:22 | c4mg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τοὺς πιστεύοντας | 1 | Paul is leaving out some words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “those who believe in him” or “those who believe in Jesus for salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
540 | 3:22 | o6qe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γάρ | 1 | Here, for introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason why the righteousness of God is for all those who believe. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why something is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
541 | 3:22 | daa3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | οὐ & ἐστιν διαστολή | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of distinction, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “God does not discriminate” or “God is not partial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
542 | 3:23 | x1hu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason why “there is no distinction,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why something is true. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
543 | 3:23 | akn9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | πάντες | 1 | Here Paul uses the adjective all as a noun that refers to all the people who have existed or will exist. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
544 | 3:23 | jbe9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὑστεροῦνται τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of all people as if they were something that fails to reach its destination. He means that they lack or do not attain the glory of God. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “lack the glory of God” or “fail to attain the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
545 | 3:23 | vwsf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here the possessive form the glory of God could refer to: (1) the glory that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned. Alternate translation: “the glory God once gave them” or “the glory from God” (2) glorifying God, as in the similar phrase “the glory of the imperishable God” in 1:23. Alternate translation: “of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
546 | 3:24 | ibi2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι | 1 | Here, grace is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could justify someone. Paul means that God graciously makes people righteous as a gift. If this might confuse your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and are gifted with becoming righteous because God is gracious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
547 | 3:24 | evs8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers know that those who are being justified freely are “all” those who “have sinned” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “all people are being freely justified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
548 | 3:24 | jgcu | δωρεὰν | 1 | Alternate translation: “as a gift” or “without payment” | ||
549 | 3:24 | atij | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι, διὰ τῆς ἀπολυτρώσεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of grace and redemption, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “by God being gracious through redeeming them in Christ Jesus” or “due to how kind God is, because Christ Jesus redeemed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
550 | 3:24 | hyeb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀπολυτρώσεως | 1 | The word translated as redemption refers to rescuing someone from captivity by paying a ransom. Your language may require you to indicate what the people are redeemed from. This could mean: (1) Jesus redeems people from eternal punishment. Alternative translation: “redemption from eternal punishment” (2) Jesus redeems people from being enslaved to sin. Alternative translation: “redemption from enslavement to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
551 | 3:24 | lno6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Here, Paul speaks figuratively of redemption as if it were an object that could be inside Jesus. Paul means that God redeemed all people who believe in Jesus by uniting them to Christ Jesus. If your readers might misunderstand this, you can express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that comes through union with Christ Jesus” or “that is through being united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
552 | 3:25 | ci0v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὃν προέθετο ὁ Θεὸς ἱλαστήριον | 1 | Here Paul uses presented figuratively as if Jesus were an Old Testament atonement sacrifice that was presented to God in the temple. He means that Jesus’ death was a sacrifice for the sins of humankind. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “whom God offered to atone for the sins of humanity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
553 | 3:25 | t2d8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἱλαστήριον, διὰ πίστεως & εἰς ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of propitiation, faith, demonstration, or righteousness, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “to atone for people’s sins by trusting … to demonstrate how he makes people righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
554 | 3:25 | m159 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι | 1 | Here Paul uses his blood figuratively to refer to Jesus’ death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in Christ’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
555 | 3:25 | ieq9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ἔνδειξιν | 1 | Here, for indicates that the phrase that follows is the purpose for which God presented Jesus as a propitiation. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order to demonstrate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
556 | 3:25 | ze9m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ | 1 | See how you translated “the righteousness of God” in 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
557 | 3:25 | siri | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | διὰ τὴν πάρεσιν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of overlooking, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because he overlooked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
558 | 3:25 | ydoj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῶν προγεγονότων ἁμαρτημάτων | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sin, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “how they had sinned previously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
559 | 3:26 | b2f6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐν | 1 | Here, in introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason for God “overlooking of the sins that happened previously,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the reason why something is true. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
560 | 3:26 | lm1r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of forbearance, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because God is so forbearing” or “since God forbears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
561 | 3:26 | cg55 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe God who is characterized by forbearance. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in God’s forbearance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
562 | 3:26 | b1xa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | πρὸς τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
563 | 3:26 | v1c9 | ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ | 1 | Alternate translation: “at this time in history” or “currently” | ||
564 | 3:26 | jjwq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν | 1 | Here, so that indicates that what follows is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God now demonstrates his righteousness. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that he would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
565 | 3:26 | x6cf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Paul is speaking of all people who have faith in Jesus, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “anyone who is from faith in Jesus” or “every person who trusts in Jesus”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
566 | 3:26 | qdkw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Here Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who is characterized by faith in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who is characterized by faith in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
567 | 3:26 | ab0w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | πίστεως Ἰησοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
568 | 3:27 | emwi | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:In verses 27–31 Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that God alone makes people righteous through faith in Jesus. Like in verses 1–9, Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew when he asks the rhetorical questions, but he is speaking as himself when he answers those questions. | ||
569 | 3:27 | e0wc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in verses 21–26. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If it is God who makes people righteous through faith in Jesus, then where is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
570 | 3:27 | fjm4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question here to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in verses 21–26. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There then is no grounds for boasting!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
571 | 3:27 | mvs0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of boasting as if it were an object that could be in a location. He means that no one can boast because only God makes people righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Then can anyone boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
572 | 3:27 | pub7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of boasting, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Who then can boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
573 | 3:27 | px29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐξεκλείσθη | 1 | In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical question in the previous sentence. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘It is excluded!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
574 | 3:27 | eufl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐξεκλείσθη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has excluded it” or “God does not allow it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
575 | 3:27 | v3ut | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | διὰ ποίου νόμου? τῶν ἔργων? & διὰ νόμου πίστεως | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Through what kind of law is a person made righteous? Is a person made righteous through the works of the law? … a person made righteous through a law of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
576 | 3:27 | dpny | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | διὰ ποίου νόμου? τῶν ἔργων? | 1 | In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous sentence and in verses 21–26. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely through a kind of law! Surely through the works!” or “Surely a person is made righteous through a kind of law! Surely a person is made righteous through works!”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
577 | 3:27 | bgyy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῶν ἔργων? | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a law that is characterized by works. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Through a law characterized by works?” or “By doing what the law requires?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
578 | 3:27 | h9wb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐχί, ἀλλὰ διὰ νόμου πίστεως | 1 | In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous two sentences. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘No! But through a law of faith.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
579 | 3:27 | tg79 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | οὐχί | 1 | No! is an exclamation that communicates a strong contrast to the previous statement. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “Not at all!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
580 | 3:27 | ynz1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | διὰ νόμου πίστεως | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a law that is characterized by faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “through a law characterized by faith” or “by doing what faith requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
581 | 3:27 | mlcq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πίστεως | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faith, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “of trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
582 | 3:28 | qe9p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows explains what “the law of faith” means in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
583 | 3:28 | jtqq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | λογιζόμεθα | 1 | Here, we is used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Christian Jews, as indicated in verse 9. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we believing Jews consider” or “we believing Jews regard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
584 | 3:28 | t8um | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἄνθρωπον | 1 | Although the term man is masculine, Paul is using the word here in the generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “humankind” or “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
585 | 3:28 | ph88 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιοῦσθαι & ἄνθρωπον | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “that God justifies a man” or “that God makes a man righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
586 | 3:28 | jb14 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | πίστει | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faith, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
587 | 3:28 | s747 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου | 1 | See how you translated “apart from the law” in verse 21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
588 | 3:28 | ycx2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἔργων νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to refer to the works that God requires in the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the works that the law requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
589 | 3:29 | hdbq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἢ | 1 | Or here indicates that the next two sentences are the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Or you Jews might say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
590 | 3:29 | ineu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? ναὶ, καὶ ἐθνῶν | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Is he not also God of Gentiles? Yes, he is also God of Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
591 | 3:29 | m8eo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐθνῶν & ἐθνῶν | 1 | See how you translated this word in 1:5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
592 | 3:29 | ch7p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Ἰουδαίων ὁ Θεὸς μόνον? οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God is surely not only the God of Jews! He is surely also the God of Gentiles!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
593 | 3:29 | rq5m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ναὶ, καὶ ἐθνῶν | 1 | In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous two sentences. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘Yes, also of Gentiles’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
594 | 3:29 | gp74 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | ναὶ | 1 | Yes is an exclamation word that communicates enthusiasm. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating enthusiasm. Alternate translation (change the period to an exclamation point): “Of course!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
595 | 3:30 | vur7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἴπερ | 1 | Paul uses if as if the rest of the verse were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since we know” or “Because it is true that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
596 | 3:30 | qdiu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἴπερ | 1 | This phrase introduces the reason why Paul could say in the previous verse that God is also the God of the Gentiles. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “since, indeed” or “we know this is true because, indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
597 | 3:30 | ux30 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἷς ὁ Θεός | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of God as if he were a number. He means that God is the one and only true God for both Jews and Gentiles. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “there is only one God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
598 | 3:30 | rjxp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | ὃς δικαιώσει περιτομὴν ἐκ πίστεως, καὶ ἀκροβυστίαν διὰ τῆς πίστεως | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about who God is. It is not making a distinction between the one true God and false gods. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is the one who will justify the circumcision by faith, and the uncircumcision through the same faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
599 | 3:30 | kw62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | περιτομὴν & ἀκροβυστίαν | 1 | The words circumcision and uncircumcision are singular nouns that refers to groups of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the circumcised people … the uncircumcised people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
600 | 3:30 | gk5d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | περιτομὴν & ἀκροβυστίαν | 1 | Here Paul uses the circumcision figuratively to refer to the Jews by associating them with circumcision, and he uses the uncircumcision figuratively to refer to the Gentiles by associating them with uncircumcision. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people … the non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
601 | 3:30 | s9i4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐκ πίστεως & διὰ τῆς πίστεως | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 26. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
602 | 3:31 | vj40 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν | 1 | Here, then indicates that this sentence is the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then you Jews might say, ‘Do we nullify the law’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
603 | 3:31 | y6qx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express the response that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we surely nullify the law through the same faith!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
604 | 3:31 | nzr7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | οὖν καταργοῦμεν | 1 | Here, we is used exclusively to speak of the unbelieving Jews whom Paul is speaking on behalf of. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Do we Jews then nullify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
605 | 3:31 | cw0k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν | 1 | Here, nullify the law means to make the law useless or no longer applicable to anyone. Paul is stating that the Jews might worry that he is teaching that the Law of Moses does not have any function at all because God makes people righteous by faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do we make the law useless” or “Do we throw away the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
606 | 3:31 | aj6s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | διὰ τῆς πίστεως | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
607 | 3:31 | pjgc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ γένοιτο! ἀλλὰ νόμον ἱστάνομεν | 1 | In these two sentences Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous sentence. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be! Instead, we establish the law’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
608 | 3:31 | rhy5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
609 | 3:31 | ppvo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | νόμον ἱστάνομεν | 1 | Here, we is used exclusively to refer to Paul and other Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Christians uphold the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
610 | 3:31 | c295 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | νόμον ἱστάνομεν | 1 | Paul uses uphold figuratively to refer to the law as if it were an object that people could hold up high. The meaning of uphold here is the opposite meaning of nullify earlier in the verse. It could mean: (1) Christians fulfill the requirements of the law by trusting in Jesus, who fulfilled the law for them. Alternate translation: “we fulfill the law by faith” (2) Christians value the law and affirm that it is useful. Alternative translation: “we confirm that the law is useful” or “we affirm that the law has value”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
611 | 4:intro | f9jc | 0 | Romans 4 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 7–8 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterThe purpose of the law of MosesIn this chapter Paul continues to develop his argument based on what he wrote in the previous chapter. He explains how God made Abraham, the ancestor of all Jews, righteous a long time before God gave the Jews the Law of Moses. Even Abraham could not become righteous by what he did. Rather, God made Abraham righteous on the basis of Abraham’s faith. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person righteous. People have always become righteous only by faith. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) CircumcisionCircumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, being circumcised never made anyone righteous. In this chapter Paul uses “circumcision” to refer to Jews and “uncircumcision” to refer to non-Jews. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterRhetorical QuestionsIn verses 1, 3, and 9–10 Paul continues using rhetorical questions like he did in the previous chapter. He does this in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying. | |||
612 | 4:1 | q7wc | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Verses 1–12 are a series of rhetorical questions and answers that Paul uses to emphasize that even Abraham, the ancestor of the Jewish people, was made righteous by God “through faith.” | ||
613 | 4:1 | gxv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in 3:27–31. See how you translated What then in 3:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
614 | 4:1 | gw29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? | 1 | In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in 3:27–31. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh, has surely discovered something!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
615 | 4:1 | rhrp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? | 1 | In this verse and the first part of the next verse, Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
616 | 4:1 | s4b5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἐροῦμεν | 1 | In verses 1–9 Paul uses we exclusively to speak of himself and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “will we Jews say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
617 | 4:1 | ot88 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “that Abraham has discovered, who is our forefather according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
618 | 4:1 | fk5t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | κατὰ σάρκα | 1 | See how you translated according to the flesh in 1:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
619 | 4:2 | pmua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα | 1 | These clauses continue the the statements that a Jew might have to against Paul that began in the previous verse. You may need to indicate this with a closing quotation mark at the end of these clauses or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
620 | 4:2 | ka9b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is a the reason for the statement in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This must be the case because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
621 | 4:2 | oe12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ & Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that the unbelieving Jew might think that this is actually true. In Paul’s time some Jewish teachers taught that Abraham had a right to boast because of his faith. However, since translating this as if it were true might confuse your readers, it is best to use a hypothetical sentence, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
622 | 4:2 | wvmh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Ἀβραὰμ & ἐδικαιώθη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God justified Abraham” or “God made Abraham right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
623 | 4:2 | sibe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐξ ἔργων | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers would understand that worksmeans “works of the law” as in 3:28. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by doing what God requires from his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
624 | 4:2 | mefy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀλλ’ οὐ πρὸς Θεόν | 1 | In this clause Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous clauses and previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘But not before God!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
625 | 4:2 | me3d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἀλλ’ οὐ πρὸς Θεόν. | 1 | What follows the word but here is an emphatic contrast to what was just stated. Paul is negating the argument that he presented earlier in this verse and in the previous verse. You could make this emphasis explicit by replacing the period with an exclamation point or another natural way in your language for introducing am emphatic contrast. Alternate translation: “but certainly not before God!” or “however not from God’s perspective!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
626 | 4:2 | z9wx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πρὸς Θεόν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Abraham as if he were located in the presence of God. He means that Abraham could not boast to God about his righteousness if it was righteous by works. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “from God’s perspective” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
627 | 4:3 | w9i5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse is the reason why Paul said in the previous verse that Abraham cannot boast “before God.” Use a natural way in your language to introduce a reason clause. Alternative translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
628 | 4:3 | hih3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the scripture surely says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
629 | 4:3 | g1wz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει | 1 | Here Paul uses say figuratively as if the scripture were a person who could speak. He means that the scripture he is about to quote contains information related to the topic he is discussing. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what information is in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
630 | 4:3 | r9te | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει? | 1 | Here Paul uses what does the scripture say to indicate a quotation from an Old Testament book (Genesis 15:6). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what is written in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
631 | 4:3 | xdtx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἡ Γραφὴ | 1 | Here, the scripture refers specifically to the quotation from Genesis 15:6 that follows in this verse. It does not refer to the Scriptures in general. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the scripture that Moses wrote in Genesis” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
632 | 4:3 | smc6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God counted it to him as righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
633 | 4:3 | az65 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐλογίσθη | 1 | The pronoun it refers to Abraham’s faith, which was implied by the statement that Abraham believed God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his faith was counted” or “his trust in God was counted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
634 | 4:3 | qked | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteousness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or another way. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
635 | 4:4 | ihul | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | δὲ | 1 | Now here indicates that what follows in verses 4–5 is an explanation of the scripture quotation in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact” or “Certainly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
636 | 4:4 | oojx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo | τῷ & ἐργαζομένῳ | 1 | Here, the one who works refers to a hypothetical person who obeys the laws God gave through Moses and is “made righteous by works” (see verse 2). However, since the meaning of verses 4–5 is given in the next verse, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) | |
637 | 4:4 | dsl8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὁ μισθὸς οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he does not consider his wage as grace” or “he does not regard his pay as grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
638 | 4:4 | xo4x | κατὰ χάριν & κατὰ ὀφείλημα | 1 | Alternate translation: “as a matter of grace … as a matter of obligation” or “as a gift … as an obligation” | ||
639 | 4:4 | ossx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | κατὰ χάριν & κατὰ ὀφείλημα | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of grace and obligation, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “as what is gracious … as what is owed” or “something gifted … something owed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
640 | 4:5 | ynp2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | δὲ | 1 | Now here indicates that what follows in this verse is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use natural way in your language to express contrasting ideas. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
641 | 4:5 | j3ir | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῷ & μὴ ἐργαζομένῳ | 1 | Here, the one who does not work refers to a person who does not obey the laws God gave through Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the one who is does not obey God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
642 | 4:5 | fezj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸν δικαιοῦντα | 1 | Here, the one who makes righteous refers to God. If this would your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who justifies” or “God who makes righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
643 | 4:5 | tovp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | τὸν ἀσεβῆ | 1 | Paul is using the singular adjective phrase the ungodly as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in this way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are ungodly” or “people who do ungodly things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
644 | 4:5 | va3e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | λογίζεται ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “God counted his faith as righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
645 | 4:5 | s00l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of faith and righteousness, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “how he trusts … as being righteous” or “how he trusts in God … as being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
646 | 4:6 | hil6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καὶ Δαυεὶδ λέγει | 1 | Paul uses David also speaks of here to introduce a scripture quotation from Psalm 31:1–2, which King David wrote. This occurs in verses 7–8. If your readers would not understand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “David also wrote in the Old Testament” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
647 | 4:6 | s0v1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of blessedness, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “how blessed the man is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
648 | 4:6 | vyse | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the man that is characterized by blessedness. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the blessed man” or “the happy man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
649 | 4:6 | x40j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Paul is speaking of people in general, not of one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
650 | 4:6 | c6zs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | ᾧ ὁ Θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about the the man. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the man God counts as righteous apart from works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
651 | 4:6 | lilj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteousness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
652 | 4:6 | o260 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | χωρὶς ἔργων | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:28. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
653 | 4:7 | zqwl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι | 1 | This verse is the beginning of a quotation from Psalm 31:1–2. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
654 | 4:7 | dur6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι | 1 | These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how Blessed these people are. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How blessed are those people whom God forgives completely for all their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
655 | 4:7 | lq4w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὧν & αἱ ἀνομίαι & ὧν & αἱ ἁμαρτίαι | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of lawless deeds and sins, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the lawless things they have done … the sins they have committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
656 | 4:7 | d4f4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἀφέθησαν & ἐπεκαλύφθησαν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God forgives … God covers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
657 | 4:7 | hj2w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι | 1 | Paul quotes David leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “blessed are those whose sins have been covered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
658 | 4:7 | hqfm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐπεκαλύφθησαν | 1 | Paul quotes David using covered figuratively to refer to God forgiving sins as if he covers sins so that he no longer sees them. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have been forgiven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
659 | 4:8 | jjov | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | μακάριος ἀνὴρ, οὗ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται Κύριος ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from Psalm 31:1–2. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
660 | 4:8 | yox7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | μακάριος ἀνὴρ, οὗ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται Κύριος ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | This verse means the same thing as the two clauses in the previous verse. Paul the same thing here, in a slightly different way, to emphasize how Blessed people are home God forgives for their sins. Use a natural way in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “How truly blessed is a man whose sin the Lord does certainly not count!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
661 | 4:8 | kpfe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | ἀνὴρ | 1 | Paul quotes David speaking of people in general, not of one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
662 | 4:8 | y21b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sin, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “sinful deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
663 | 4:8 | jdrm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὐ μὴ λογίσηται | 1 | Paul quotes David using count figuratively to refer to God remembering or regarding people’s sins after he has forgiven them. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does certainly not regard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
664 | 4:8 | yxh2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐ μὴ | 1 | The phrase certainly not translates two negative words in Greek. Paul quotes David using them together to emphasize how certain it is that God does not regard people’s sin after he has forgiven them. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “never” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
665 | 4:9 | qtgb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Then here introduces a result clause. This verse indicates the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in verses 6–8. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
666 | 4:9 | g4f6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν, ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “this blessedness is surely upon the circumcision and also upon the uncircumcision!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
667 | 4:9 | alrb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος | 1 | Here, this blessedness refers to joyful state of those people whom God forgives and makes righteous, as mentioned in verses 6–8. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is this blessed state of being forgiven by God” or “is this blessed forgiveness from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
668 | 4:9 | jmym | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν & ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν | 1 | Paul speaks of blessedness figuratively as if it were an object that could be put upon someone. He means that both circumcised and uncircumcised people can receive the blessing of forgiveness from God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is this blessedness given to the circumcision … to the uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
669 | 4:9 | dn7v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | τὴν περιτομὴν & τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν | 1 | See how you translated these words in 3:30. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
670 | 4:9 | mrsm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γάρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows answers the rhetorical question. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
671 | 4:9 | w2xt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | λέγομεν | 1 | Here Paul uses we exclusively to refer to Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Jewish people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
672 | 4:9 | o51f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | λέγομεν | 1 | Paul uses we say here to introduce a modified scripture quotation from Genesis 15:6, which Moses wrote. If your readers would not understand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “we say what Moses wrote in the Old Testament” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
673 | 4:9 | m3uh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλογίσθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἡ πίστις εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | See how you translated the similar clauses in verses 3 and 5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
674 | 4:10 | trz4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη? ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? | 1 | In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to emphasize that Abraham was made righteous without being circumcised. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. You may need to combine these sentences. Alternate translation: “Then you surely know how it was counted to him! You surely know whether it was in circumcision or in uncircumcision!” or “Then you surely know how it was counted to him, whether in circumcision or in uncircumcision!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
675 | 4:10 | unuf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | πῶς οὖν | 1 | Here, then introduces a result clause that is in the form of a rhetorical question. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “How as a result” or “So then how” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
676 | 4:10 | uj5i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | πῶς | 1 | How here means “in what circumstances.” Paul is not asking how God made Abraham righteous, but is asking whether or not Abraham was circumcised when God made him righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In what circumstances” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
677 | 4:10 | bw38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐλογίσθη & οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ | 1 | In this verse the pronoun it refers to Abraham’s faith, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was Abraham’s faith counted … His faith was not in circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
678 | 4:10 | p5rp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “How then did God count it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
679 | 4:10 | wbta | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | Here Paul is leaving out some the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “Was it counted being in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? It was not counted in circumcision, but in uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
680 | 4:10 | zj6b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of circumcision and uncircumcision, you could express the same ideas in verbal way. Paul implies that Abraham is the subject of these sentences. Alternate translation: “While Abraham was circumcised, or while he was uncircumcised? It was not while he was circumcised, but while he was uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
681 | 4:11 | unmg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | περιτομῆς & ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ & δι’ ἀκροβυστίας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of circumcision and uncircumcision, you could express the same ideas in verbal way. Alternate translation: “of being circumcised … while being uncircumcised … through being uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
682 | 4:11 | d564 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | σημεῖον & περιτομῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the sign that is circumcision. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the sign that is circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
683 | 4:11 | rjhr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about the sign of circumcision. Circumcision is not only a sign, but also a seal. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these clauses clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, a seal of the righteousness of the faith that he had in his uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
684 | 4:11 | wm54 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a seal that proves the righteousness to be real. If this is not clear in your language, you could indicate this with a different form. Alternate translation: “a seal that proves the righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
685 | 4:11 | n31z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe righteousness that comes from faith. If this is not clear in your language, you could indicate this with an adjective phrase or a verbal form. Alternate translation: “of the righteousness from faith” or “of being right with God that comes from trusting in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
686 | 4:11 | zlwg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | This clause gives us further information about the faith that Abraham had. Paul is referring to the faith that Abraham had before he was circumcised. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that Abraham had in his uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
687 | 4:11 | mob7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of uncircumcision as if it were a location someone could be in. He means that Abraham was in the state of being uncircumcised. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while he was uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
688 | 4:11 | f5vv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν | 1 | Here, so that introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God required Abraham to become circumcised. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that he would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
689 | 4:11 | ue6v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πατέρα πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων δι’ ἀκροβυστίας | 1 | Paul uses father figuratively to refer to Abraham as if he physically produced those who believe in God. Paul means that Abraham spiritually represents all uncircumcised non-Jews who trust in God. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “the spiritual representative of all those who believe through uncircumcision” or “like the father of all those who believe through uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
690 | 4:11 | etyl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δι’ ἀκροβυστίας | 1 | Here the word translated as through refers to a going through a time period. If this would confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during uncircumcision” or “throughout the time they were uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
691 | 4:11 | hm61 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην | 1 | Here, so that indicates that this clause could refer to: (1) the purpose of Abraham being the father of all those who believe. Alternate translation: “in order that the righteousness would be counted to them” (2) the result of Abraham being the father of all those who believe. Alternate translation: “resulting in the righteousness being counted to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
692 | 4:11 | y88e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην | 1 | See how you translated counted in verses 3–5 and 9–10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
693 | 4:11 | ehib | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteousness, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
694 | 4:12 | v9bu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς | 1 | Here, and indicates that what follows is another purpose for God commanding Abraham to be circumcised after he trusted in God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could repeat some of the information from the previous sentence and start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and also so that he would be the father of circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
695 | 4:12 | u8j3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | πατέρα περιτομῆς & τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul uses father of circumcision here figuratively. He means that Abraham is both the physical ancestor and spiritual ancestor of Jewish people who are both physically circumcised and have the “circumcision of the heart,” which Paul refers to in 2:29. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual representative of those who are physically and spiritually circumcised … our spiritual representative” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
696 | 4:12 | krkf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers will know that these two clauses refer to those Jews who are not only circumcised in their bodies, but also have the same faith in God that Abraham had before he was circumcised. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those Jews who are not only circumcised, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham in uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
697 | 4:12 | s9jt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ | 1 | Here, follow in the steps is an idiom that means to follow someone’s example. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who follow the example of the faith of our father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
698 | 4:12 | btrd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the faith that our father Abraham had. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of our father Abraham’s faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
699 | 4:12 | u5ur | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ | 1 | Here, our refers to Paul and his fellow believing Jews, as in 3:9. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “of our Jewish father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
700 | 4:12 | ykdc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ | 1 | Here, in uncircumcision has the same meaning as “through circumcision” stated in the previous verse. See how you translated the phrase there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
701 | 4:13 | i6xc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here gives the reason why Abraham is the spiritual “father” of both non-Jews and Jews, as stated in verses 11–12. If it would be clearer to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
702 | 4:13 | e0a3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἐπαγγελία & τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of promise and heir, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God promised … that he would inherit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
703 | 4:13 | yqxx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἢ | 1 | Here, the world translated or indicates that the promise is to Abraham and his seed. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
704 | 4:13 | ew13 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul uses seed figuratively to refer to “offspring.” Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
705 | 4:13 | ct1f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | κόσμου | 1 | Here the world could refer to: (1) all the land of the world. Although God had promised to give the land of Canaan to Abraham’s descendants, the Jews in Paul’s time understood that this promise included the whole earth. This will indeed take place when Jesus, a descendent of Abraham, rules over the whole world. Alternate expression: “of all the land in the world” (2) the people who live in the world, as in 3:19. Alternate translation: “of the people who live in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
706 | 4:13 | pjyt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐ & διὰ νόμου & ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης | 1 | Here the word translated as through indicates the means by which God gave ** the promise**. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was not by means of the law but by means of the righteousness” or “was not on the basis of the law but on the basis of the righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
707 | 4:13 | kquo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | νόμου | 1 | See how you translated the law in 3:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
708 | 4:13 | iqsm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαιοσύνης πίστεως | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
709 | 4:14 | hba4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that verses 14–15 give the reasons why God’s promise to Abraham was given “through the righteousness of faith” and not “through the law,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
710 | 4:14 | n0x6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo | εἰ & οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι, κεκένωται ἡ πίστις | 1 | Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of how people inherit God’s promises. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “suppose the heirs are from the law, then the faith has been emptied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
711 | 4:14 | ksui | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι & ἡ πίστις & ἡ ἐπαγγελία | 1 | See how you translated “heir”, the law, and faith in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
712 | 4:14 | k4ip | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κληρονόμοι | 1 | Here, heirs refers to “Abraham” and “his seed” from the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs, Abraham or his seed, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
713 | 4:14 | w977 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι | 1 | Here, from the law refers to those who try to obey the Law of Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs are those who try to obey the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
714 | 4:14 | hxvd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κεκένωται ἡ πίστις | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of faith as if it were a container that could be emptied. He means that faith would become powerless or useless to make a person righteous if simply obeyingthe law allows a person to inherit God’s promises. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “then it would be impossible to become righteous by trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
715 | 4:15 | v1ow | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates that the rest of the verse gives the reason why inheriting God’s promise by obeying the law would nullify faith and the promise, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be clearer to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
716 | 4:15 | qma4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὁ & νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the law as if it were a person who could produce something. He means that the law causes God to punish people because they cannot obey it. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the law results in wrath for those who do not obey it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
717 | 4:15 | h1x1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὀργὴν | 1 | See how you translated the same use of this word in 1:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
718 | 4:15 | px0m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὗ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος, οὐδὲ παράβασις | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the law and transgression as if they were located in a specific place. Here, where means that God’s law exists. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “but where the law is not present, neither is transgression present” or “but in a place where God’s law does not exist, transgression also does not exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
719 | 4:15 | t0wx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | παράβασις | 1 | See how you translated the same use of this word in 2:23. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
720 | 4:16 | defl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo | ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | Here, it refers to the promise mentioned later in the verse and introduced in verse 13. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the promise is by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) | |
721 | 4:16 | nchm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | Here, by indicates the means by which someone acquires the promise. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person acquires God’s promise by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
722 | 4:16 | bc5k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God makes faith the means for acquiring the promise. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
723 | 4:16 | fvax | κατὰ χάριν | 1 | Alternate translation: “by grace” or “on the basis of grace” | ||
724 | 4:16 | cgpq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | χάριν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of grace, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “how gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
725 | 4:16 | v8it | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς τὸ εἶναι βεβαίαν, τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν | 1 | Here, so that could indicate: (1) a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order for the promise to be certain” (2) a result clause. Alternate translation: “with the result that the promise might be certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
726 | 4:16 | qalp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν | 1 | See how you translated this word in verse 13. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
727 | 4:16 | r8ji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι | 1 | The phrase all the seed is singular but refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “all the descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
728 | 4:16 | xzsp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι | 1 | See how you translated seed in 4:13.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
729 | 4:16 | a4ai | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ | 1 | These clauses give us further information about the phrase all the seed. They distinguish between a seed associated with the law and a seed associated with the faith. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “both from those believers associated with Abraham through the law, and those associated with the faith of Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
730 | 4:16 | ns6r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐκ τοῦ νόμου | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 14. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
731 | 4:16 | qctv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ | 1 | Here, from the faith of Abraham refers to those who trust in God the way Abraham did. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has the same faith as Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
732 | 4:16 | welr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul uses father figuratively to refer to Abraham as if he physically produced all human beings. Paul means that Abraham is the physical ancestor of all believing Jews and the spiritual ancestor of all believing non-Jews. If your readers would not understand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who spiritually represents all of us who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
733 | 4:16 | kd6g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | πάντων ἡμῶν | 1 | Here, us all refers to all the seed and so is inclusive of all believing Jews and non-Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “of all believers in God” or “of all of us who trust in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
734 | 4:17 | nuj8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | καθὼς γέγραπται, ὅτι πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε | 1 | Here Paul interrupts the sentence he began in the previous verse and inserts these two clauses in order to support his argument. If this would confuse your readers, you could mark these clauses in a way that shows they are inserted into the middle of a sentence, as in the UST. You could also move these clauses to the end of the verse so that they do not divide the main sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
735 | 4:17 | ibwm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul uses a quotation from the Old Testament in order to support the statement in the previous verse that Abraham “is the father of us all.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make the relationship between this verse and the previous verse clearer. Alternate translation: “The fact that Abraham is the father of us all is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
736 | 4:17 | iju4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul uses just as it is written to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book (Genesis 17:5). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “just as it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
737 | 4:17 | sjm0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by Moses. Alternate translation: “just as Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
738 | 4:17 | peaf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε | 1 | In this clause Paul quotes Genesis 17:5. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
739 | 4:17 | mxm5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | τέθεικά σε & ἐπίστευσεν | 1 | The pronoun I refers to God, and you and he refer to Abraham. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, have appointed you, Abraham, as … Abraham trusted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
740 | 4:17 | n6l7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν | 1 | Paul quotes God using father figuratively to refer to Abraham as if he were going to physically produce children who would comprise many nations. God means that Abraham would become the spiritual ancestor of a large amount of people from many nations who trust in God like Abraham. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the spiritual representative of numerous groups of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
741 | 4:17 | ph37 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσεν Θεοῦ, | 1 | Here Paul continues the sentence from the previous verse that he had interrupted with the first two clauses in this verse. This clause completes the previous statement from the previous verse, “who is the father of us all.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. You made need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Abraham is the father of us all in the presence of God whom he trusted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
742 | 4:17 | ifwu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κατέναντι & Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul uses in the presence of figuratively to refer to Abraham as if he were physically present with God. Paul means that God personally considers Abraham to represent the believers that come from many nations. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “according to what God thinks” or “in God’s view” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
743 | 4:17 | s67j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | οὗ ἐπίστευσεν & τοῦ ζῳοποιοῦντος τοὺς νεκροὺς, καὶ καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα | 1 | These clauses give further information about God. If this might confuse your readers, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer by making new sentences or by another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is the God whom he trusted. It is this God who makes the dead live and calls the things not existing as existing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
744 | 4:17 | tg2e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the things not existing as if God were calling to them. Paul means that God creates things by commanding them to exist, as Moses describes in Genesis 1:3–27. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “summons into being things that did not previously exist” or “by speaking creates things that did not previously exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
745 | 4:18 | emih | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὃς & αὐτὸν & σου | 1 | The pronouns who and he and your refer to Abraham, not God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
746 | 4:18 | g8fm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὃς παρ’ ἐλπίδα, ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν | 1 | Here, against hope is an idiom meaning “what seems hopeless.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “although it seemed hopeless, he believed on the basis of hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
747 | 4:18 | auah | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὃς παρ’ ἐλπίδα, ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of hope, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “who hopefully believed although it seemed hopeless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
748 | 4:18 | n62i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἐπίστευσεν | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “believed in God” or “believed what God had promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
749 | 4:18 | bs6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸν | 1 | Here, so that indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the result of Abraham believing on the basis of hope. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “which resulted in him becoming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
750 | 4:18 | qbdq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
751 | 4:18 | b92q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | τὸ εἰρημένον | 1 | Here Paul uses what was said to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book (Genesis 15:5). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what was said in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
752 | 4:18 | cryi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸ εἰρημένον | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was spoken by God. Alternate translation: “what God said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
753 | 4:18 | p5el | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers would know the rest of what God said in the verse he is quoting (Genesis 15:5). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Look now at the heavens and count the stars, if you are able to count them. So will your seed be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
754 | 4:18 | i2ev | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ σπέρμα | 1 | See how you translated seed in verse 16.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
755 | 4:19 | ycte | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει, κατενόησεν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα ἤδη νενεκρωμένον, ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων, καὶ τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “He considered his own body as already having died (being about a hundred years old)—and the deadness of the womb of Sarah—but he was not weakening in the faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
756 | 4:19 | m9gq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes | καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει | 1 | Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “And being strengthened in the faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
757 | 4:19 | s6u1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Abraham’s faith as if it were something that a person could be weakening in. He means that Abraham kept trusting God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not ceasing to trust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
758 | 4:19 | b3w6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ πίστει | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faith, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “in how he trusted God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
759 | 4:19 | bn9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἤδη νενεκρωμένον | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Abraham as if he actually thought his body was dead. Paul means that Abraham knew he was too old to produce a child. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “unable to father a child” or “useless for procreating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
760 | 4:19 | bfsr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων | 1 | Here Paul provides background information about Abraham’s age to help his readers understand why Abraham considered his own body as already being dead. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “since he was about one hundred years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | |
761 | 4:19 | hro2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας | 1 | Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “he also considered the deadness of the womb of Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
762 | 4:19 | ghhm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of deadness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that the womb of Sarah was dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
763 | 4:19 | qil5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Sarah’s womb as if it were dead. He means that she was unable to conceive children. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “how Sarah was unable to conceive” or “that Sarah could not bear children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
764 | 4:19 | yx92 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας | 1 | Paul assumes that his readers would know that Sarah had been unable to become pregnant throughout her life, as described in the Old Testament book of Genesis. This fact makes Abraham’s faith even more amazing. If your readers would be unfamiliar with the story of Abraham and Sarah, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the deadness of the womb of Sarah, since she could never become pregnant before” or “the deadness of the womb of Sarah, which had always been dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
765 | 4:20 | qn5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Abraham did not waver in unbelief about what God promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
766 | 4:20 | kicf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | δὲ | 1 | But here indicates that what follows emphasizes Abraham’s faith in the promise of God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
767 | 4:20 | o3zu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς & τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | The word translated as toward could also mean “with regard to” or “regarding.” If it might be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with regard to the promise of God” or “regarding the promise of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
768 | 4:20 | qcod | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the promise that comes from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the promise that came from God” or “the promise from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
769 | 4:20 | wgmc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of promise, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “the things God promised” or “the things God said would happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
770 | 4:20 | ep2z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ | 1 | Here, did not waver and unbelief form a double negative expression. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “he did not waver in belief” or “his belief did not waver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
771 | 4:20 | th2x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ & τῇ πίστει | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of the unbelief and the faith, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “by distrusting … by trusting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
772 | 4:20 | zdj5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God strengthened him in the faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
773 | 4:20 | a4g4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Abraham’s faith as if it were something that a person could be strengthened in. He means that God enabled Abraham to continue trusting him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “was enabled to keep on trusting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
774 | 4:20 | ew3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δοὺς δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “having glorified God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
775 | 4:21 | y2sh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πληροφορηθεὶς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God fully convinced him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
776 | 4:21 | plbf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐπήγγελται & ἐστιν | 1 | The pronoun he refers to God, not Abraham. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God had promised, God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
777 | 4:21 | j12r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὃ ἐπήγγελται | 1 | Here, what he had promised refers to the promise Paul describes in verse 13. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the things God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
778 | 4:22 | ympp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὸ καὶ | 1 | Here, therefore introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “And for this reason” or “And this is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
779 | 4:22 | wlnh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | This clause is a quotation from Genesis 15:6. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
780 | 4:22 | i56a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | See how you translated this in verse 3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
781 | 4:23 | zdc0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | οὐκ ἐγράφη & δι’ αὐτὸν μόνον, ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases and combine them. Alternate translation: “Now the phrase ‘it was counted to him,’ was not written only for his sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
782 | 4:23 | r65c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | αὐτὸν & αὐτῷ | 1 | The pronouns his and him refer to Abraham. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s … to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
783 | 4:23 | bfiw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οὐκ ἐγράφη & δι’ αὐτὸν μόνον | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses wrote the quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses did not write it only for Abraham’s sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
784 | 4:23 | bmlm | δι’ αὐτὸν | 1 | Alternate translation: “for him” or “regarding him” | ||
785 | 4:23 | ae1u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ, | 1 | This clause is a quotation from Genesis 15:6. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
786 | 4:23 | jft0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ | 1 | See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
787 | 4:24 | pfc9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | δι’ ἡμᾶς, οἷς μέλλει λογίζεσθαι, τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν, ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | Here, our and whom refer to all those who believe in Jesus. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “for the sake us believers who are about to be counted, to we who believe in the one who raised from the dead ones Jesus, the Lord of us all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
788 | 4:24 | ffdm | δι’ ἡμᾶς | 1 | See how you translated “for his sake” in the previous verse. | ||
789 | 4:24 | nh4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οἷς μέλλει λογίζεσθαι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “to whom God is about to count it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
790 | 4:24 | bu1m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | μέλλει | 1 | Here the pronoun it refers to the “faith” mentioned in verses 5 and 20. Previously it referred to Abraham’s faith, but in this verse it refers to our faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “our faith is about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
791 | 4:24 | mujr | λογίζεσθαι | 1 | See how you translated counted in the previous verse. | ||
792 | 4:24 | artt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν, ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | This clause refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
793 | 4:24 | i6vl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν | 1 | Here, raised is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who caused Jesus our Lord to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
794 | 4:24 | iq69 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | Here, the phrase translated the dead ones refers to dead people. Here it means that Jesus physically died and was buried. If your language has a word or phrase for the place that dead people go, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “from the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
795 | 4:25 | irue | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὃς & ἡμῶν & τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν | 1 | Here the pronoun who refers to Jesus, and our refers to all “those who believe” in him, as mentioned in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus … we believers’ … the justification of us believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
796 | 4:25 | cca1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὃς παρεδόθη & ἠγέρθη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “whom God gave up … God raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
797 | 4:25 | b999 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὃς παρεδόθη | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Jesus as if he were a thing that could be given up to another person. Paul means that God allowed people to arrest and kill Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who was allowed to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
798 | 4:25 | op41 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | διὰ τὰ παραπτώματα ἡμῶν & διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of trespasses and justification, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “because we trespassed … to make us righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
799 | 4:25 | imvc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ τὰ παραπτώματα ἡμῶν | 1 | Here Paul uses for the sake of differently than he did in verses 23–24. Here Paul uses this phrase to indicate the reason why Jesus was given up. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of our trespasses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
800 | 4:25 | gmbd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἠγέρθη | 1 | See how you translated raised in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
801 | 4:25 | hzop | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν | 1 | Here Paul uses for the sake of differently than he did in the first part of this verse. Here Paul uses this phrase to indicate one of the purposes for Jesus being raised. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of our justification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
802 | 5:intro | i1dt | 0 | Romans 5 General NotesStructure and formatting
Special concepts in this chapterThe second AdamAdam was the first man and the first “son” of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. In this chapter Paul describes Jesus as the “second Adam” and the true son of God. Jesus brings eternal life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapterIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people those who have been “justified by faith” in verse 1. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |||
803 | 5:1 | age4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | οὖν | 1 | Therefore, here marks a new section of the letter. It also introduces a result clause that summarizes the blessed results of a person becoming righteous by trusting in Jesus, which Paul just discussed in 1:18–4:25. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Since all these things are true” or “As a result of everything that I have just told you being true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
804 | 5:1 | xmp3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | δικαιωθέντες & ἐκ πίστεως, εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν, διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Let us have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, because we have been justified by faith” or “We can have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, since we have been justified by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
805 | 5:1 | xott | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιωθέντες | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “because God makes us righteous” or “since God makes us right with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
806 | 5:1 | wbwx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 4:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
807 | 5:1 | ldru | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants | εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν | 1 | Some ancient copies say “we have peace,” which makes sense, since verses 1–5 are a list of blessings that belong to those people who have been justified by faith. If the reading let us have peace is correct, this phrase may be indicating Paul’s desire that his fellow believers continue to experience the peace they have with God. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider using the reading in that translation. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, we recommend that you follow the readings of ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |
808 | 5:1 | kjpb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative | ἔχωμεν | 1 | Paul uses the phrase let us have peace to exhort his Christian readers to continue living peacefully with God. It is not a command. This phrase does not imply that those who have been justified by faith do not yet have peace with God. Use a form in your language that communicates an exhortation. Alternate translation: “we must continue to have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) | |
809 | 5:1 | hi12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of peace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
810 | 5:1 | o2yr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they could possess or own peace. He means that they can live peacefully with God. If your readers would not understand what have peace means in this context, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “let us live in a peaceful manner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
811 | 5:1 | s6xd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἔχωμεν & ἡμῶν | 1 | Here and throughout this chapter the pronouns us and our inclusively refer to all those having been justified by faith in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us believers … our” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
812 | 5:1 | xaeg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, through indicates that our Lord Jesus Christ is the means by which believers have peace with God. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have peace with God, as briefly mentioned in 4:25. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what our Lord Jesus Christ did for us” or “which was caused by our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
813 | 5:2 | slyh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δι’ οὗ καὶ τὴν προσαγωγὴν ἐσχήκαμεν, τῇ πίστει εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην, ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of access, faith, or grace, you could express the same ideas another way. Alternate translation: “through whom we also access and stand in how gracious God is by trusting in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
814 | 5:2 | tsbo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὗ | 1 | The pronoun whom refers to “our Lord Jesus Christ,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
815 | 5:2 | i50u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | καὶ & ἐσχήκαμεν & ἑστήκαμεν & καυχώμεθα | 1 | The pronoun we in this verse refers inclusively to all believers in Christ. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “we believers also have … we believers stand … we believers boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
816 | 5:2 | af0n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην, ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of grace as if it were a location that someone could access and stand within. He means that trusting in Jesus allows believers to confidently experience how gracious God is toward his people. If your readers would not understand this, you express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to confidently experience how kind God is” or “to safely experience how gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
817 | 5:2 | dxcu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | καυχώμεθα ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope and glory, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “we may boast because we are confident that we will be glorified with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
818 | 5:2 | zp5p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using possessive forms to describe how glory relates to God. This could refer to: (1) the glory that God shares with believers. This was the same glory that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in 3:23. Alternate translation: “of sharing in the glory God has” or “of the glory from God” (2) glorifying God, as in the similar phrase “the glory of the imperishable God” in 1:23. Alternate translation: “of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
819 | 5:3 | q5p7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὐ μόνον δέ | 1 | The pronoun this here refers to boasting about “the hope of the glory of God,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And we not only boast on the basis of the hope of the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
820 | 5:3 | c644 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν | 1 | Here, in our sufferings could mean: (1) believers can boast about their sufferings. Alternate translation: “we can also boast about our sufferings” (2) believers can boast while they are experiencing sufferings. Alternate translation: “we can also boast when we are distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
821 | 5:3 | xeak | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰδότες | 1 | Here, knowing indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why believers can boast in our sufferings. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
822 | 5:3 | c0rl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν & ἡ θλῖψις & ὑπομονὴν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of sufferings, suffering, and endurance, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “when we suffer … when we suffer … a way to endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
823 | 5:3 | vmbf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany | ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται | 1 | Paul uses a repetitive series of clauses in this clause and the next verse to show how many reasons there are for Christians to boast about their suffering. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” Use a form in your language that someone would use to list a series of reasons for something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
824 | 5:3 | lo57 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of endurance as if it were an object that could be produced. He means that when Christians trust in God while suffering, they develop greater endurance than they had before experiencing suffering. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “this suffering helps us know how to endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
825 | 5:4 | w7c2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἡ δὲ ὑπομονὴ δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ ἐλπίδα | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “and endurance produces character, and this character produces hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
826 | 5:4 | dt8w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ & ὑπομονὴ | 1 | See how you translated endurance in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
827 | 5:4 | gjvh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ | 1 | The word translated character refers specifically to someone who has been approved by God because they have successfully endured testing. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of character, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “makes us approved by God, and when God approves us it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
828 | 5:4 | eh9c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐλπίδα | 1 | See how you translated hope in verse 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
829 | 5:5 | u4xh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει, ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “And because the love of God has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us, that hope does not disappoint” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
830 | 5:5 | rctz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς | 1 | Here, that hope refers to the hope of the glory of God in verse 2. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And being confident in God’s glory” or “And the hope of the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
831 | 5:5 | qka8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of love as if it were something that could be poured out of a container, and speaks figurative of our hearts as though they were containers that could be filled. He means that the Holy Spirit has completely revealed to God’s people how much God loves them. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “because the Holy Spirit, who was given to us, has deeply revealed how much God loves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
832 | 5:5 | dc95 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit, who God gave us, has poured the love of God into our hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
833 | 5:5 | clmb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how love relates to God. Here, the love of God could refer to: (1) God’s love for us. Alternate translation: “God’s love” or “God’s love for us” (2) our love for God. Alternate translation: “love for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
834 | 5:5 | glt1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν | 1 | See how you translated this word in 1:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
835 | 5:6 | x5eg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in verses 6–8 explains “the love of God” in verse 5. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
836 | 5:6 | a7s7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | ἔτι & ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀσθενῶν | 1 | In this clause Paul is describing something that was true during the time period he is describing in the rest of the verse. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “during the time we were still being weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
837 | 5:6 | xqr3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἔτι & ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀσθενῶν | 1 | Here, weak means that people are completely unable to make themselves righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we still being powerless to make ourselves righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
838 | 5:6 | xl85 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὑπὲρ ἀσεβῶν | 1 | Here, ungodly ones refers to we mentioned earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “on behalf of us ungodly ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
839 | 5:7 | o92c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains how surprising it is that Christ would die on the behalf of ungodly sinners, as stated in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
840 | 5:7 | h089 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo | μόλις γὰρ & τις ἀποθανεῖται & γὰρ & τάχα τις | 1 | Paul uses someone twice in this verse to indicate two hypothetical situations. He does this to help his readers recognize how rare it is for someone to voluntarily die on behalf of another person. Use the natural form in your language for expressing hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Let us consider how rare it would be for someone to die … Let us, though, suppose that just maybe someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
841 | 5:7 | x60d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | γὰρ & τάχα τις | 2 | What follows the word though here is in contrast to what Paul stated in the previous sentence. Although someone will hardly die for a righteous person, someone might possibly be willing to die for a good person. Although Paul does not state the difference between a righteous person and a good person, he contrasts both examples to emphasize how unlikely it is for a person to die on the behalf of another person. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, perhaps someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
842 | 5:7 | mqyq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καὶ τολμᾷ ἀποθανεῖν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of dying as if it were a dare or challenge for someone to overcome. He means that someone would be brave enough to give their life for the sake of someone else. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “might even be willing to die” or “would even be brave enough to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
843 | 5:8 | qh0h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | ἑαυτοῦ | 1 | Paul uses the word his own to emphasize how much God loves his people. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “his very own” or “his personal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
844 | 5:8 | vh6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀγάπην εἰς ἡμᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of love, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how much God loves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
845 | 5:8 | c8vd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | ἔτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὄντων ἡμῶν | 1 | In this clause Paul is describing something that was true during the time period he is describing in the rest of the verse. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “during the time we were still being sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
846 | 5:8 | fel5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ἔτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὄντων ἡμῶν, Χριστὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἀπέθανεν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Christ died for us, while we were still being sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
847 | 5:8 | w7hy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἁμαρτωλῶν | 1 | Paul is using the adjective sinners as a plural noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who lived sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
848 | 5:9 | vnxd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | πολλῷ οὖν μᾶλλον | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is the result of what Paul described in verses 6–8. If it would be more natural in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a result, much more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
849 | 5:9 | tewt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | πολλῷ οὖν μᾶλλον | 1 | Much more then here strongly emphasizes that what follows is another important result of what Christ did for us. Use a natural way in your language to express strong emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is then much more certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
850 | 5:9 | zp4v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | δικαιωθέντες νῦν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | This clause states the reason why we can be much more certain that we will be saved. Use the most natural way in your language to express a reason clause. Alternate translation: “because we have now been justified by his blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
851 | 5:9 | x9yi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δικαιωθέντες νῦν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his blood having now justified us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
852 | 5:9 | nvs3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | See how you translated his blood in 3:25. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
853 | 5:9 | jbaz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | σωθησόμεθα δι’ αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
854 | 5:9 | bev3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς ὀργῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of the wrath, you could use a different expression. Here, the wrath refers specifically to “the day of wrath”, which is mentioned in 2:5. Alternate translation: “the Final Judgment” or “from when God finally judges sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
855 | 5:10 | wply | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an alternate expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
856 | 5:10 | mz06 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ & ἐχθροὶ ὄντες | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since being enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
857 | 5:10 | rnc5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | κατηλλάγημεν τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the death of his Son reconciled us to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
858 | 5:10 | cu3c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Son is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
859 | 5:10 | o1m6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | πολλῷ μᾶλλον | 1 | Here, much more strongly emphasizes that what follows is an important result of having been reconciled with God. See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “it is much more certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
860 | 5:10 | n817 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καταλλαγέντες | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express this idea with an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he having reconciled us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
861 | 5:10 | e4ug | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | καταλλαγέντες | 1 | This clause states the reason why we can be much more certain that we will be saved. Use the most natural way in your language to express a reason clause. Alternate translation: “because we have been reconciled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
862 | 5:10 | tmxf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | σωθησόμεθα ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express this idea with an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his life will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
863 | 5:10 | gcto | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | σωθησόμεθα | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the similar statement in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “we will be saved when God finally judges people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
864 | 5:10 | eeo4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here life implies the life that Jesus has after God made him alive again. This resurrection life showed that God had accepted Jesus’ death as the payment for the sins of everyone who trusts in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus’ life after God caused him to become alive again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
865 | 5:10 | b3z4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of life, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “him being alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
866 | 5:11 | a0vk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὐ μόνον δέ | 1 | The pronoun this could refer to: (1) what Paul said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Not only are we saved by his life, but” (2) what Paul said in verses 2–10. Alternate translation: “Not only are all these things true, but” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
867 | 5:11 | zp36 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καὶ καυχώμενοι ἐν τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were boasting inside of God. Paul means that these believers in Christ boast about how great God is. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we also are boasting about how great God is” or “we also are boasting because of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
868 | 5:11 | uukm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, through indicates that our Lord Jesus Christ is the means by which believers can boast. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to be able to boast. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what our Lord Jesus Christ did for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
869 | 5:11 | r0zj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δι’ οὗ νῦν τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν | 1 | Here, through indicates that Jesus is the means by which believers have received the reconciliation. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have peace with God, as briefly mentioned in 4:25. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what he did for us that caused us to receive the reconciliation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
870 | 5:11 | xjes | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | νῦν τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of reconciliation, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “we have now been reconciled with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
871 | 5:12 | hjx4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | διὰ τοῦτο | 1 | For this reason here indicates that what follows in verses 12–21 is Paul’s explanation of the relationship between human sin and God’s grace. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
872 | 5:12 | wf9f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὥσπερ δι’ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθεν, καὶ διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος; καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin and death figuratively as if they were objects that could enter a place or spread within people. Paul means that the way God intended for the world and human beings to function became thoroughly corrupted by sin and death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “just as through one man sinned began to exist in the world, and that sin would result in that man’s death, so also all men born after that man would die too” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
873 | 5:12 | pa8s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δι’ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Paul uses the phrase one man to refer to Adam, the first human being. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly, as in verse14. Alternate translation: “through the first man Adam” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
874 | 5:12 | smc2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἁμαρτία & τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος; καὶ οὕτως & ὁ θάνατος | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of sin and death, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “sinful things … sinful things, living things could die, so also the ability to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
875 | 5:12 | uxcs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and through sin death entered into the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
876 | 5:12 | xhbv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀνθρώπους | 1 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
877 | 5:12 | jy25 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐφ’ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον | 1 | Here the pronoun which could refer to: (1) the fact that Paul states in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “because of this fact, namely, that all sinned” (2) the one man mentioned earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “because of the one man all sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
878 | 5:12 | si2i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | πάντες | 1 | Paul is using the adjective all as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “all men” or “all humanity” or “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
879 | 5:13 | at4i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in verses 13–14 explains how death and sin existed before the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
880 | 5:13 | e6bx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἄχρι γὰρ νόμου & μὴ ὄντος νόμου | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “For until the law came … when there was no law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
881 | 5:13 | abjg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμου & νόμου | 1 | In this verse law refers to the laws that God gave the Jews through Moses. See how you translated law in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
882 | 5:13 | v51t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτία & ἁμαρτία | 1 | See how you translated sin in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
883 | 5:13 | uyd4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were an object that could exist in a place. Paul means that people sinned in the world before God gave his laws to Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people sinned in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
884 | 5:13 | juq7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἁμαρτία & οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται | 2 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God did not charge them with sinning” or “God did not reckon it as sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
885 | 5:13 | izno | ἁμαρτία & οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται | 2 | Alternate translation: “a record of sin is not kept” or “no account is kept of sins” | ||
886 | 5:13 | v5l9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | μὴ ὄντος νόμου | 1 | Here, being could indicate: (1) the reason why sin is not charged. Alternate translation: “because there was no law” (2) the time when sin is not charged. Alternate translation: “when there was no law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
887 | 5:13 | j04c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ ὄντος νόμου | 1 | Here, no law implies that God had not yet given people his laws that could help them identify what sin is. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “being no law to identify to people what sin is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
888 | 5:14 | bd3q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ θάνατος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς | 1 | Here, death is spoken of figuratively as though it were a king who ruled over people. Paul means that nobody could prevent themselves from dying. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no human could escape dying from Adam until Moses, even those” or “human life inevitably ended in death from Adam until Moses, even the lives of those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
889 | 5:14 | u66m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ὁ θάνατος | 1 | See how you translated death in verse 12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
890 | 5:14 | pdrh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως | 1 | Here, Adam refers to the period of time when Adam lived and Moses refers to the period of time when Moses lived. If this would confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the time when Adam lived until the time when Moses lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
891 | 5:14 | w24g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ | 1 | This phrase gives us further information about over whom death ruled. It is not making a distinction between those who lived during the time of Adam and Moses. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “even over the people who did not disobey God in the same way that Adam did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
892 | 5:14 | skns | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of likeness, transgression, and pattern, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the same way that Adam transgressed, who typifies the one who is coming” or “exactly how Adam transgressed, who resembles the one who is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
893 | 5:14 | k2w7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how the likeness relates to the transgression. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “like Adam’s transgression” or “in the same way Adam transgressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
894 | 5:14 | e4ze | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Adam as if he were a model or pattern. Paul means that Adam’s role is similar to the role of the one who is coming because both people do things that affect all human beings. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Adam, who is a replica of the one who is coming” or “Adam, who models the one who is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
895 | 5:14 | mu4s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ μέλλοντος | 1 | The phrase the one who is coming refers to Jesus. Paul means that Adam represents the ideal human being, Jesus, who would come in the future. If this is not clear in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “representing Jesus who would come in the future” or “prefiguring Jesus who was destined to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
896 | 5:15 | x37x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ παράπτωμα & τὸ χάρισμα & τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι & ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of trespass, gracious gift, grace, and gift, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “how Adam trespassed … what God graciously gave … when the one man trespassed … how gracious God is and what he graciously gave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
897 | 5:15 | ieb0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “the gracious gift is not like the trespass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
898 | 5:15 | sful | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates that what follows explains the difference between the trespass and the gracious gift. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
899 | 5:15 | yxej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of the gracious gift are superior to the consequences of the trespass. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
900 | 5:15 | kdhb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the trespass that was committed by the one man. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “by one man’s trespass” or “because one man trespassed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
901 | 5:15 | mm6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | τοῦ ἑνὸς | 1 | Paul is using the adjective phrase the one as a noun in order to refer to Adam, as in the previous verse. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could make these references explicit. Alternate translation: “of Adam, the one man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
902 | 5:15 | e9me | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | οἱ πολλοὶ & τοὺς πολλοὺς | 1 | Here Paul is using the adjective many as a noun in order to describe a large group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
903 | 5:15 | h6c3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | πολλῷ μᾶλλον | 1 | Here, how much more strongly emphasizes the difference between the results of the trespass of Adam and the grace of God that comes through Jesus Christ. Use a natural way in your language to express strong emphasis. Alternate translation: “even more certainly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
904 | 5:15 | tfhj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι, τῇ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “abounded to the many the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
905 | 5:15 | ejxz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe grace that comes from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s grace” or “the grace from God” or “how kind God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
906 | 5:15 | wn36 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the grace that comes from the one man. Use a natural way in your language to express this idea. Alternate translation: “from the one man” or “associated with the one man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
907 | 5:16 | ns9a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | καὶ οὐχ ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος, τὸ δώρημα; τὸ μὲν γὰρ κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς, εἰς κατάκριμα, τὸ δὲ χάρισμα ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων, εἰς δικαίωμα | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences, since the second sentence gives the reason for the result that the first sentence describes. Alternate translation: “Indeed, because the judgment came from one man unto condemnation, but the gift came from many trespasses unto justification. This is why the gift is not the same as through the one man who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
908 | 5:16 | rmpt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ δώρημα & τὸ δὲ χάρισμα | 1 | See how you translated these two phrases in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
909 | 5:16 | ok2k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as what came through one who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
910 | 5:16 | muum | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος | 1 | Here, one who sinned refers to Adam, as mentioned in verses 12–15. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Adam, the one who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
911 | 5:16 | ub9s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ & κρίμα | 2 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of judgment, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
912 | 5:16 | eusx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐξ ἑνὸς | 1 | Here, one refers to the one sin Adam committed. It does not refer to Adam himself, as the previous one does. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from Adam’s trespass” or “from the sin Adam committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
913 | 5:16 | xza3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐξ ἑνὸς | 1 | Here, from one could indicate: (1) that the judgment happened after the one trespass. Alternate translation: “after one” (2) that the judgment happened because of the one trespass. Alternate translation: “because of one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
914 | 5:16 | t4t8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς κατάκριμα & παραπτωμάτων, εἰς δικαίωμα | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of condemnation, trespasses, and justification, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to cause God to condemn … sinful deeds people have done, to cause God to justify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
915 | 5:16 | s82t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς κατάκριμα | 1 | Here, to indicates that was follows is the result of God’s judgment. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “resulted in condemnation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
916 | 5:16 | m5k4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων | 1 | Here, from many trespasses could indicate: (1) that the gracious gift happened after many trespasses. Alternate translation: “after many trespasses” (2) that the gracious gift happened because of many trespasses. Alternate translation: “because of many trespasses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
917 | 5:16 | jarb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς δικαίωμα | 1 | Here, to indicates that was follows is the result of God’s gracious gift. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “resulted in justification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
918 | 5:17 | n5zx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows further explains the difference between the trespass and the gift, as discussed in verses15–16. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
919 | 5:17 | mhtc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of the gift are superior to the consequences of the trespass. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
920 | 5:17 | lcyd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
921 | 5:17 | whbf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | τοῦ ἑνὸς & τοῦ ἑνός & τοῦ ἑνὸς | 1 | See how you translated the first occurrence of one in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
922 | 5:17 | yvq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι, ὁ θάνατος & τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης & ἐν ζωῇ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “because the one man trespassed, the fact that people die … how abundantly kind God is and how he makes people righteous … by living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
923 | 5:17 | kz6z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 14. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
924 | 5:17 | mtr9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ τοῦ ἑνός | 1 | Here, through indicates that the one is the reason why death ruled. Use an expression in your language that indicates a reason. Alternate translation: “because of the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
925 | 5:17 | lf7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | πολλῷ μᾶλλον | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verses 10 and 15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
926 | 5:17 | hfvt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν, διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “through the one man Jesus Christ will … rule in life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
927 | 5:17 | xy6h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἱ & ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were kings who rule in a location called life. This could mean: (1) they will have control over their sinful desires while physically alive. Alternate translation: “will those … have control over their sinfulness while alive” (2) they will rule with Jesus Christ while living eternally. Alternative translation: “will those … rule and live eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
928 | 5:17 | nr25 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης λαμβάνοντες | 1 | This clause describes the people who will rule in life. It is not making a distinction between those who receive and those who rule. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “those who receive the abundance of the grace and the gift of the righteousness as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
929 | 5:17 | fodc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος & λαμβάνοντες | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe abundance that relates to grace. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “those who receive God’s abundant grace” or “those who experience how abundantly gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
930 | 5:17 | o8c3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how righteousness is a gift. Use a natural way in your language to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the gift, which is being made righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
931 | 5:17 | ehbk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, through indicates that the one, Jesus Christ is the reason why his people will rule in life. Use an expression in your language that indicates a reason. Alternate translation: “because of the one, Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
932 | 5:17 | uifs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | The phrase the one, Jesus Christ refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to rule in life. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what the one, Jesus Christ has done for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
933 | 5:18 | e7cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἄρα οὖν ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς παραπτώματος, εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς κατάκριμα, οὕτως καὶ δι’ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος, εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς δικαίωσιν ζωῆς | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “So then, as one man trespassed and this trespass caused all men to become condemned, so also one man acted righteously and this act caused all men to become justified for living eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
934 | 5:18 | mccf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἄρα οὖν | 1 | So then indicates that what follows in verses 18–21 summarizes the ideas of verses 12–17. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “Finally” or “In summary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
935 | 5:18 | sfwg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | δι’ & δι’ | 1 | See how you translated through in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
936 | 5:18 | z0jq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | παραπτώματος & κατάκριμα & δικαίωσιν | 1 | See how you translated these abstracts nouns in verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
937 | 5:18 | n8pr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | πάντας ἀνθρώπους & πάντας ἀνθρώπους | 2 | Although the term men is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how your translated all men in verse 12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
938 | 5:18 | bcm2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | δικαίωσιν ζωῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how justification relates to life. This could mean: (1) justification that leads to life. Alternate translation: “justification that brings eternal life” (2) justification that is life. Alternate translation: “justification, which is eternal life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
939 | 5:18 | bmey | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζωῆς | 1 | Here, life refers to “eternal life.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of eternal life” or “for living forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
940 | 5:19 | hj69 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
941 | 5:19 | sjek | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ | 1 | See how you translated the similar connective words as and so also in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
942 | 5:19 | rgji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ & διὰ | 1 | See how you translated through in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
943 | 5:19 | z8r8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου & τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of disobedience and obedience, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. You may need to supply an object for the verbs, such as “God” or “God’s command.” Alternate translation: “the one man disobeying God … the one man obeying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
944 | 5:19 | qpsm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Here, the one man refers to “Adam.” See how you translated the similar use of one man in verse 12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
945 | 5:19 | q8lj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | διὰ τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου, ἁμαρτωλοὶ κατεστάθησαν οἱ πολλοί | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the disobedience of the one man caused many to become sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
946 | 5:19 | huig | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | οἱ πολλοί & οἱ πολλοί | 2 | See how you translated the many in verse 15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
947 | 5:19 | px2r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἁμαρτωλοὶ | 1 | See how you translated sinners in verse 8. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
948 | 5:19 | bhra | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | διὰ τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς, δίκαιοι κατασταθήσονται οἱ πολλοί | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the obedience of the one caused many to become righteous ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
949 | 5:19 | haks | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ ἑνὸς | 2 | Here, the one refers to “Jesus Christ.” See how you translated the third occurrence of **the one ** in verse 17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
950 | 5:20 | lah6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμος | 1 | See how you translated the law in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
951 | 5:20 | w958 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | παρεισῆλθεν | 1 | The word translated slipped in can mean to sneak in unnoticed, as in Jude 1:4. Paul may be stressing how the coming of the law was like an unwelcome person secretly intruding at some location. If this is confusing in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “intruded like a person sneaking in unnoticed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
952 | 5:20 | ttcw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ παράπτωμα & ἡ ἁμαρτία & ἡ χάρις | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns trespass in verses 15–18, sin in verses 12–13, and grace in verses 15 and 17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
953 | 5:20 | relk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα & ἐπλεόνασεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the trespass, sin, and grace as if they were objects that could increase in amount. He means that the power or influence of these concepts expanded throughout humanity. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the trespass might be more evident … sin became more evident, the grace became even more obvious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
954 | 5:20 | wbh3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα | 1 | This clause could refer to: (1) one of God’s purposes for giving the law. Alternate translation: “in order to increase the trespass” (2) the result of God giving the law. Alternate translation (with preceding comma): “resulting in the trespass increasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
955 | 5:20 | godn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὗ | 1 | Here Paul uses where figuratively to refer to sin and grace as if they were located somewhere. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “when” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
956 | 5:21 | ycy7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | The phrase so that here introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God caused grace to abound, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
957 | 5:21 | ymxy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ | 1 | See how you translated just as and so also in the verse 19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
958 | 5:21 | leu9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ & ἡ χάρις & δικαιοσύνης & ζωὴν αἰώνιον | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sin and grace in the previous verse, death and righteousness in verse 17, and eternal life in 2:7. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
959 | 5:21 | wmy8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ ἁμαρτία | 1 | Here, sin is spoken of figuratively as if it were a king ruling over people. Paul means that everyone was controlled by their sinful desires. While death ruled in verse 14, sin ruled after God gave the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone was controlled by sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
960 | 5:21 | wuh2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ | 1 | Here, in death could refer to: (1) the location in which sin ruled. Alternate translation: “in the place where death exists” (2) the means by which sin ruled. Alternate translation: “by means of death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
961 | 5:21 | kc21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | χάρις βασιλεύσῃ διὰ δικαιοσύνης | 1 | Here, grace is spoken of figuratively as if it were a king ruling over people. Paul means that God’s grace allows people to become righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how gracious God is might make people become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
962 | 5:21 | bk72 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ & διὰ | 1 | See how you translated through in the verses 17–19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
963 | 5:21 | c9nj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον | 1 | Here, to indicates that was follows is the result of God’s grace ruling through righteousness. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “resulted in eternal life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
964 | 5:21 | axr9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | The phrase Jesus Christ our Lord refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have eternal life. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what Jesus Christ our Lord has done for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
965 | 6:intro | v522 | 0 | Romans 6 General NotesStructure and formatting
Special concepts in this chapterSlaveryIn this chapter Paul frequently uses the metaphor of the relationship between slaves and their masters. He speaks figuratively of people who live sinfully as if they were slaves to sin and the death it causes (6:6, 16–17, 20). He also speaks figuratively of Christians as if God has freed them from being enslaved to sin and has himself or righteousness their master (6:18, 22). Because Christians are no longer controlled by their desire to sin, they should instead serve God and live in a way that glorifies him (6:12–14, 19). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/servant]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterRhetorical QuestionsIn verses 1–3, 15–16, and 21 Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to answer objections that people might make about what he is saying. Possible translation difficulties in this chapterInclusive languageIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people those who have been “baptized into Christ Jesus” in verse 3. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |||
966 | 6:1 | fxgw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in 5:20. See how you translated What then in 3:1 and 4:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
967 | 6:1 | pvg3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? | 1 | In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to address rumors some people may have been saying that misrepresented his teachings. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that we should continue in the sin so that the grace might increase!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
968 | 6:1 | t8tl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? | 1 | In this verse and the first part of the next verse, Paul is speaking as if he were a Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous chapter. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
969 | 6:1 | fj9e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν | 1 | When Paul says we in this verse, he is including all “who were baptized into Christ Jesus,” as mentioned in 6:3, so we is inclusive of all Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
970 | 6:1 | ngpt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ & ἡ χάρις | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sin and grace in 5:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
971 | 6:1 | sa16 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of sin as if it were a location. He is referring to the idea of people continuing to live sinfully after they have become Christians. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Should we continue to live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
972 | 6:1 | ju6f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of grace as if it were an object that could increase in amount, as he also does in 5:20. He is referring to the idea of Christians experiencing the power or influence of grace in their lives. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “so that we can experience more grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
973 | 6:1 | f5qt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ | 1 | The phrase so that here introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the supposed purpose for which someone would sin. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order to increase the grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
974 | 6:2 | e82n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
975 | 6:2 | pa6g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
976 | 6:2 | wvhg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We who died to sin surely cannot still live in it!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
977 | 6:2 | rgte | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ? | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of sin as if it were a location where Christians could live or die. Here, died to sin refers to the idea that Christians are no longer controlled by their sinful desires. By contrast, live in sin means to continue being controlled by sinful desires. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “We who are no longer controlled by our desire to sin, how could we still live as though we are controlled by that desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
978 | 6:3 | wwaw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ὅτι ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know that as many as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
979 | 6:3 | wh26 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὅσοι | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many people as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
980 | 6:3 | yy94 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as many people as someone baptized into Christ Jesus someone also baptized into his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
981 | 6:3 | bd11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Christ Jesus and his death as if they were locations into which someone could be baptized. Here, into Christ Jesus refers to being united with Christ Jesus, and into his death refers to sharing in the spiritual benefits of his death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning of these two phrases plainly. Alternative translation: “were baptized are united with Christ Jesus and also share in the benefits of his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
982 | 6:3 | tcve | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸν θάνατον | 1 | See how you translated death in 5:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
983 | 6:4 | m43r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | συνετάφημεν οὖν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Therefore, we were buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
984 | 6:4 | f4va | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | συνετάφημεν οὖν αὐτῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Christians as if they were buried with Jesus when they were baptized. Paul mentions burial because it emphasizes that Jesus did indeed die. Here he means that Christians are indeed united with Christ’s death and share in its spiritual benefits. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Then, we are indeed united with Christ’s death” or “Then, we are so united with Christ’s death that it is as if we were really buried with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
985 | 6:4 | vva7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον | 1 | Here, through indicates that the following phrase is the means by which Christians were buried with Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the baptism into his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
986 | 6:4 | kmn3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς τὸν θάνατον | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
987 | 6:4 | y71v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸν θάνατον & τῆς δόξης & ζωῆς | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns death in 6:3, glory in 5:2, and life in 5:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
988 | 6:4 | k1el | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν | 1 | Here, so that indicates that what follows is a purpose clause. Paul is stating one purpose for which God instituted baptism. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases to make this explicit. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order for us to walk in newness of life, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
989 | 6:4 | kado | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ | 1 | See how you translated just as and so also in the 5:19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
990 | 6:4 | z6zk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν | 1 | The point of this comparison is that the new way a Christian should live after being baptized is similar to being raised from the dead, like Christ was. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we should live in a new way, similar to when Christ was raised from death through the glory of the Father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
991 | 6:4 | dpy2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the glory of the Father raised Christ from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
992 | 6:4 | t47r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 4:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
993 | 6:4 | ce9z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 4:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
994 | 6:4 | gblc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe glory that comes from or characterizes the Father. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “through the glory from the Father” or “through the Father’s glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
995 | 6:4 | y29w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῆς δόξης | 1 | Here, the glory refers specifically to God’s glorious power. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the glorious power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
996 | 6:4 | r3hn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ Πατρός | 1 | Father is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
997 | 6:4 | gtns | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἡμεῖς & περιπατήσωμεν | 1 | Here Paul uses walk figuratively to refer to how a person lives and behaves. If this would be confusing in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “we … might act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
998 | 6:4 | hyab | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe life that is characterized by newness. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a new life” or “like those made newly alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
999 | 6:5 | msbq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1000 | 6:5 | jdzp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1001 | 6:5 | p6xk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σύμφυτοι γεγόναμεν τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of death as if it were something which Christians could be physically planted together with. He means that by being baptized Christians show that they participate in the spiritual benefits obtained by Christ’s death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we participate in Christ’s death through baptism” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1002 | 6:5 | z8wa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ & τῆς ἀναστάσεως | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of likeness and resurrection, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in what is like his death … his resurrecting from the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1003 | 6:5 | hg5y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul implies that likeness of his death refers to the “baptism” referred to in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of his death that is represented by baptism” or “in baptism that represents dying with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1004 | 6:5 | kfvs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἐσόμεθα | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of resurrection as if it were something to which Christians could become part of. He means that Christians will one day rise from the dead like Christ did. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we will also certainly be resurrected like Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1005 | 6:6 | fhvh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God crucified our old man together with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1006 | 6:6 | lu12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of our sinful human nature as if it were an old man who was nailed to the same cross as Christ. Paul means that when Christ was crucified he destroyed the power of sin and death that controlled all humans. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God destroyed the power of sin that controlled people when Christ was crucified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1007 | 6:6 | y0ib | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | συνεσταυρώθη | 1 | The pronoun him refers to Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was crucified with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1008 | 6:6 | n6o6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | Here, in order that introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God crucified our old man. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1009 | 6:6 | jpge | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might nullify the body of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1010 | 6:6 | jw00 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the body of sin as if it were a condition of slavery that could be cancelled. He means that Christ’s crucifixion removed the ability of sinful desires to control people. If your readers would not this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God might completely end how living sinfully controls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1011 | 6:6 | l6pd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how the body is related to sin. Use a natural way in your language to express this idea. Here, the body of sin could refer to: (1) how humans tend to sin. Alternate translation: “our human tendency to sin” or “how living sinfully controls us” (2) how sin controls the human body. Alternate translation: “how sin controls our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1012 | 6:6 | l3zm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτίας & ἁμαρτίᾳ | 1 | See how you translated the abstract noun sin in verse 1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1013 | 6:6 | c5ie | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | τοῦ μηκέτι δουλεύειν | 1 | Here, for could indicate: (1) God’s purpose for nullifying the body of sin. Alternate translation: “in order for it to no longer enslave” (2) the result of the body of sin being nullified. Alternate translation: “causing it to no longer enslave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1014 | 6:6 | rpax | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῦ μηκέτι δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the body of sin as if it could enslave people. Here he means that the desire to sin that controls people would no longer do so. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for it to no longer make us live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1015 | 6:7 | f893 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ & ἀποθανὼν | 1 | Here Paul implies that the one having died is the same “old man” whom Paul said “was crucified” with Christ in the previous verse. Paul means that God considers any person who has “died to sin” (6:2) to be freed from living sinfully. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who has died to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1016 | 6:7 | qvgd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | δεδικαίωται ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul continues the metaphor of sin enslaving people from the previous verse. Here Paul speaks figuratively of sin as if it were something that people need to be freed from. He means that the desire to sin that controls people would no longer do so. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer has to live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1017 | 6:7 | hoqm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δεδικαίωται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God has freed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1018 | 6:7 | geua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτίας | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1019 | 6:8 | mbx9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | In this verse, Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1020 | 6:8 | wwhf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀπεθάνομεν σὺν Χριστῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of Christians as if they physically died with Christ. He means that through baptism Christians show that they participate in the spiritual benefits obtained by Christ’s death and will one day live together with him. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we are united to Christ’s death when baptized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1021 | 6:8 | c724 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πιστεύομεν | 1 | Paul implies that since Christians have died with Christ, the result is that they have confidence that they will live together with him. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we are confident” or “this persuades us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1022 | 6:8 | nuc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καὶ συνζήσομεν αὐτῷ | 1 | Here Paul implies that live together with him refers to “eternal life”, as he mentioned in 5:21 and 6:4–5. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we will also live forever with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1023 | 6:9 | bebx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | εἰδότες ὅτι Χριστὸς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν, οὐκέτι ἀποθνῄσκει | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “knowing that Christ no longer dies, having been raised from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1024 | 6:9 | zdkc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | εἰδότες ὅτι | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1025 | 6:9 | gjqq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Χριστὸς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God raised Christ from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1026 | 6:9 | zkq2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | See how you translated the similar clause in verse 4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1027 | 6:9 | lvv8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | οὐκέτι ἀποθνῄσκει; θάνατος αὐτοῦ οὐκέτι κυριεύει | 1 | These two phrases mean similar things. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that Christ can never die again. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “he will absolutely never die again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
1028 | 6:9 | wem1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | θάνατος αὐτοῦ οὐκέτι κυριεύει | 1 | Here, death is spoken of figuratively as if it were a lord who could rule over someone. Paul means that Jesus could not possibly die again. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he no longer submits to being dead” or “he can never die again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1029 | 6:9 | kl3e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θάνατος | 1 | See how you translated the abstract noun death in verse 4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1030 | 6:10 | ehi9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For indicates that what follows is the reason why Christ “no longer dies,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to express a reason, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1031 | 6:10 | e290 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὃ | 1 | Here, that which refers to Christ’s death and life. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the death which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1032 | 6:10 | aw31 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀπέθανεν | 1 | Here, to sin implies that Christ died for the sake of freeing humanity from being “enslaved to sin.” It does not mean that Jesus himself was ever controlled by sin before he died. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he died for the sake of removing sin’s control over people” or “he died to stop sin from controlling people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1033 | 6:10 | j7bl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὃ | 2 | Here, that which refers to Christ’s life after God raised him from the dead. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the life which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1034 | 6:10 | z4yb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζῇ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Here, to God implies that Christ now lives for the sake of glorifying God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he lives for the sake of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1035 | 6:11 | zjjv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὑμεῖς | 1 | Throughout verses 11–23, the pronouns you and “your” are plural and refer to the believers in Rome to whom Paul wrote this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers at Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1036 | 6:11 | dw6l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἶναι νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ | 1 | See how you translated “died to sin” in verse 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1037 | 6:11 | bjxg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζῶντας & τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase “he lives to God” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1038 | 6:11 | nkvd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1039 | 6:12 | pp2t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating how he wants his readers to fact in response to what he said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1040 | 6:12 | s6h1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | μὴ & βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι | 1 | Here, sin is spoken of figuratively as if it were a king who rules over a place called mortal body. Paul means that Christians should not allow sin to control the way they use their bodies. See how you translated a similar use of rule in 5:21. Alternate translation: “do not let your physical body become controlled by sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1041 | 6:12 | z1ia | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι, | 1 | Although body here is a singular noun, Paul is referring to the bodies of his readers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a plural form. Alternate translation: “in your mortal bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1042 | 6:12 | cm8d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι | 1 | Here, body could refer to: (1) the whole person. Alternative translation: “in you” or “in your whole being” (2) the physical human body. Alternative translation: “in your physical body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1043 | 6:12 | r462 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here in order to indicates that what follows is the result of letting sin rule. Use a natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation: “causing you to obey its lusts” or “resulting in you obeying your lusts”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1044 | 6:12 | yg9l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here Paul speaks of lusts figuratively as if they were people who could be obeyed. He means that people can submit to their desire to do sinful things. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to submit to your lustful desires” or “in order to do what you lust for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1045 | 6:12 | zs9g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of lusts, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how it urges you to lust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1046 | 6:12 | kh3w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | αὐτοῦ | 1 | The pronoun its refers to mortal body. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “your mortal body’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1047 | 6:13 | wt07 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἀλλὰ παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Θεῷ, ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας, καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses to emphasize the similar ideas. Alternate translation: “And do not keep presenting your members as tools of unrighteousness to sin, but present your members as tools of righteousness to God. And present yourselves to God, as living from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1048 | 6:13 | mxto | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ & καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of body parts as if they were tools that could be offered to someone or used by someone. He means that he wants his readers to stop using their body parts for sinning, but instead to use them to live in the way God wants. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “And do not keep using your members to act unrighteously by sinning … and use your members to act righteously for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1049 | 6:13 | qncn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ὅπλα ἀδικίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe tools that are characterized by unrighteousness. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “as unrighteous tools” or “as tools for living unrighteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1050 | 6:13 | hlzf | ὅπλα & ὅπλα | 1 | The word translated as tools often refers to “weapons.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as weapons … as weapons” | ||
1051 | 6:13 | wq3m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of his readers as if they could offer themselves as slaves to their master, who is God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “devote yourselves to serving God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1052 | 6:13 | px9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας | 1 | The point of this comparison is that Christians should live in such a way that demonstrates that they are now dead to sin, but alive to God, as mentioned in verse 11). If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as those who are free from living sinfully” or “as those who are no longer controlled by living sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
1053 | 6:13 | vk76 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1054 | 6:13 | amyo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply this from the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “and present your members” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1055 | 6:13 | dz8u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe tools that are characterized by righteousness. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “as righteous tools” or “as tools for living righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1056 | 6:14 | xfz1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1057 | 6:14 | u36f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἁμαρτία & ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει, οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “because you are not under law, but under grace, do not allow sin to rule over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1058 | 6:14 | gez3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἁμαρτία & ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1059 | 6:14 | bl09 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative | ἁμαρτία & οὐ κυριεύσει | 1 | Paul is using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “sin must not rule over” or “do not allow sin to rule over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
1060 | 6:14 | caqv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γάρ | 1 | Here, for indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul urges his readers to not allow sin to lord over them. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1061 | 6:14 | a0dz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of law and grace as if they were rulers whose authority people have to live under. He means that Christians are no longer controlled by the requirements of the law, which resulted in people sinning more, as stated in 5:20. By contrast, Christians now serve the gracious God, as is explained in verses 15–23. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for the law no longer controls you, but you are now controlled by God’s grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1062 | 6:14 | eibi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμον | 1 | See how you translated law in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1063 | 6:14 | ypqx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὑπὸ χάριν | 1 | Here, grace refers specifically to God’s gracious empowering of people to stop sinning. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “controlled by God’s grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1064 | 6:15 | yk81 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in verses 1–14. See how you translated What then in 3:1, 4:1, and 6:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1065 | 6:15 | zxb8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν? ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν? | 1 | Here Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to address an objection that some people may have to what he said in the previous verses. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we should sin because we are not under law, but under grace!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1066 | 6:15 | rtts | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί οὖν? ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν? | 1 | In these two sentences, Paul is speaking as if he were a Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous verses. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
1067 | 6:15 | t4cc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὑπὸ νόμον & ὑπὸ χάριν | 1 | See how you translated these phrases in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1068 | 6:15 | t52x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote earlier in the verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1069 | 6:15 | c77g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:4 and 6:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1070 | 6:16 | n5j4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους εἰς ὑπακοήν, δοῦλοί ἐστε ᾧ ὑπακούετε— ἤτοι ἁμαρτίας εἰς θάνατον, ἢ ὑπακοῆς εἰς δικαιοσύνην? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know that to what you keep presenting yourselves as slaves for obedience, you become slaves to what you obey—whether of sin leading to death, or of obedience leading to righteousness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1071 | 6:16 | hn6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ᾧ & ᾧ | 1 | The pronoun translated what here indicates a general reference to a thing or person. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to whomever or whatever … to whomever or whatever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1072 | 6:16 | g6zz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους & δοῦλοί ἐστε ᾧ ὑπακούετε | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of people as if they could offer themselves as slaves to someone or something. He is referring to being controlled by someone or something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you keep being controlled by … you become controlled by what you obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1073 | 6:16 | psrr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ὑπακοήν | 1 | Here, for indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which these people are presenting themselves as slaves. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order to obey” or “for the purpose of obeying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1074 | 6:16 | zim4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοήν & ὑπακοῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of obedience, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to obey … to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1075 | 6:16 | h0ar | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἤτοι ἁμαρτίας εἰς θάνατον, ἢ ὑπακοῆς εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | Here, sin and obedience are spoken of as if they were masters that slaves would obey. Paul means that people can be controlled either by their desire to sin or a desire to obey God. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “whether you are controlled by sinning, leading to death, or you are controlled by obeying God, leading to righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1076 | 6:16 | gtzd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἁμαρτίας & ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe slaves that belong to sin or obedience. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “slaves that belong to sin … slaves that belong to obedience” or “sin’s slaves … obedience’s slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1077 | 6:16 | cyct | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτίας & δικαιοσύνην | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sin in verse 15 and righteousness in verse 13. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1078 | 6:16 | zfgc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς θάνατον & εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | Here, leading to indicates result. Use a natural way in your language to express the result of something. Alternate translation: “resulting in death … resulting to righteousness” or “causing death … causing righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1079 | 6:16 | d8gv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς θάνατον | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “leading to spiritual death” or “causing one to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1080 | 6:17 | xj75 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | χάρις & τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Here thanks be to God is an exclamatory phrase that communicates Paul’s thankfulness. Use an exclamation form that is natural in your language for communicating thanks. Alternate translation: “I give thanks to God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1081 | 6:17 | tl5d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ὅτι ἦτε δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Here that indicates that the clause that follows provides a contrast between who Paul’s readers were before they became Christians and who they were after they had listened from the heart to true Christian teaching. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “even though you were slaves of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1082 | 6:17 | yxt7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase of sin in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1083 | 6:17 | uwcy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὑπηκούσατε δὲ ἐκ καρδίας, εἰς & τύπον διδαχῆς | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the pattern of teaching figuratively as if it were a person who could be listened to. He means that his readers accepted the true Christian teaching that Christians were teaching them. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but you accepted the form of teaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1084 | 6:17 | ep7k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὑπηκούσατε | 1 | The word translated listened implies that the people who listened also responded by obeying what they heard. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you obeyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1085 | 6:17 | my2z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὑπηκούσατε & ἐκ καρδίας | 1 | Here, from the heart is an idiom that refers to being sincere or doing something with one’s will and emotions. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you totally listened” or “you listened from deep within” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1086 | 6:17 | lugj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | εἰς ὃν παρεδόθητε τύπον διδαχῆς | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the pattern of teaching as if it were a slave-master to which people are given over to as slaves when they become Christians. Paul means that Christians should submit to the authority of true Christian teaching. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the pattern of teaching that you were submitted to” or “to the pattern of teaching that you were handed over to, as if you are its slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1087 | 6:17 | pz14 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὃν παρεδόθητε | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave you over to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1088 | 6:18 | fcd1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐδουλώθητε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin and righteousness figuratively as if they were slave-masters that people could be enslaved to. Paul means that his readers are no longer controlled by their sinful desires, but are controlled by the desire to live righteously. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And having been freed from having to live sinfully, you now have to live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1089 | 6:18 | y2zg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐδουλώθητε | 1 | If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “And God having freed you from sin, he enslaved you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1090 | 6:18 | twpq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτίας & δικαιοσύνῃ | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sin and righteousness in verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1091 | 6:19 | jlmd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἀνθρώπινον λέγω, διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because of the weakness of your flesh, I speak as a man” or “Because you are still immature, I have to speak in simple terms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1092 | 6:19 | puvh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἀνθρώπινον λέγω | 1 | Here, the phrase as a man is an idiom meaning “the way people do” or “like a human being.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I am speaking based on how human beings perceive things” or “I am talking like a mere human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1093 | 6:19 | gt1n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν & τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν & τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of weakness, uncleanness, lawlessness, righteousness, and sanctification, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how weak your flesh is … to act impurely and to be more and more lawless … for living righteously, which leads to being sanctified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1094 | 6:19 | l4ah | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν | 1 | Here, the term flesh is an idiom that refers to human nature. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “your human weakness” or “your natural limitations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1095 | 6:19 | psmw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in verses 17–18. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1096 | 6:19 | x2kt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ὥσπερ & οὕτως | 1 | See how you translated just as and so in the 5:19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1097 | 6:19 | jbcz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | παρεστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν & παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of body parts as if they were slaves that could be offered to someone or used by someone. He means that his readers used to use use their body parts to act impurely and to disobey God’s laws, but now they should use them to live in the way God wants. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated similar phrases in verse 13. Alternative translation: “you used your members to act uncleanly and to disobey God more and more … use your members to act righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1098 | 6:19 | o0ta | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς ἁγιασμόν | 1 | The phrase leading to indicates result. Use a natural way in your language to express the result of something. Alternate translation: “resulting in sanctification” or “causing sanctification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1099 | 6:20 | s9pk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to express the result of something. Alternate translation: “This reason for this is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1100 | 6:20 | i1ze | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὅτε & δοῦλοι ἦτε τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ | 1 | Here, sin and righteousness are spoken of figuratively as though they were slave-masters. Paul means that when his readers had previously used their bodies to act sinfully, they were not serving God’s purposes as slaves of righteousness. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you were controlled by sin, you did not serve God” or “when you were living sinfully, you did not live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1101 | 6:20 | mu0y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony | ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ | 1 | Paul is not making a serious suggestion here that sinful people are not required to live righteously. Paul actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of free. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you were unrighteous” or “you were unable to live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
1102 | 6:21 | x3bn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τίνα & καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε, ἐφ’ οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε? τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences, since the second sentence gives the reason for the result that the first sentence describes. Alternate translation: “since the outcome of those things is death, what fruit were you then having because of which things you are now ashamed?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1103 | 6:21 | kjl5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίνα οὖν καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε, ἐφ’ οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the futility of being “slaves to sin” in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation in order to communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “So you were not then having any fruit because of which things you are now ashamed!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1104 | 6:21 | vgam | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | καρπὸν | 1 | Here, fruit is an idiom meaning “benefit” or “advantage.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “advantage” or “profit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1105 | 6:21 | pnbm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐφ’ οἷς & ἐκείνων | 1 | Here, which things and those things refer to sins. If it might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of which sins … of those sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1106 | 6:21 | j2ie | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of outcome and death, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “For those things finally result in you dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1107 | 6:21 | tj21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | θάνατος | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1108 | 6:22 | x8vw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | νυνὶ δέ | 1 | But now introduces a contrast with the previous two verses, a contrast that focuses on time. The word translated now refers to the time after the Roman believers became Christians. If this contrast would be misunderstood in your language, you could clarify what now refers to. Alternate translation: “But now that you believe in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1109 | 6:22 | cqlf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | This clause indicates the reason why Paul’s readers have fruit leading to sanctification. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason clause. Alternate translation: “because you have been freed from sin and have been enslaved to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1110 | 6:22 | fmtc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Here, sin and God are spoken of figuratively as though they were slave-masters. Paul means that Christians are no longer controlled by their desire to sin, but are supposed to obey God instead. See a similar phrase in verse 18. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having been freed from having to live sinfully and having began to serve God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1111 | 6:22 | z3ap | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God having freed you from sin and having enslaved you to himself” or “God having released you from being controlled by your sin and having caused you to serve him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1112 | 6:22 | npf3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἔχετε τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν | 1 | See how you translated fruit in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1113 | 6:22 | a478 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ἁγιασμόν, τὸ & τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sanctification in verse 19, outcome in verse 21, and eternal life in 5:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1114 | 6:22 | lvhh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς ἁγιασμόν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1115 | 6:23 | gacy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives the reason for what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language to make this emphasis explicit. Alternate translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1116 | 6:23 | ze3f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος | 1 | Here, sin is spoken of figuratively as if it were a person who could pay wages. Paul means that the result of living sinfully is eternal death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when a person lives sinfully it results in eternal death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1117 | 6:23 | juc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of death as if it were wages paid to those who sin. He means that the result of living sinfully is eternal death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “whoever lives sinfully receives eternal death as the result” or “whoever lives sinfully earns eternal death as if it were wages for work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1118 | 6:23 | iyv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the wages that come from sin. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sin’s wages” or “the wages that come from sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1119 | 6:23 | pizh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | θάνατος | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in verses 16 and 21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1120 | 6:23 | slyb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θάνατος; τὸ & χάρισμα & ζωὴ αἰώνιος | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns death in verse 21, gracious gift in 5:15–16, and eternal life in verse 22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1121 | 6:23 | cwkw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ & χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the gracious gift that comes from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s gracious gift” or “the gracious gift from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1122 | 6:23 | jn66 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of eternal life as if it were occupying space inside of Christ Jesus. Paul means that eternal life comes by being united to Christ Jesus, as stated in verse 11. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for those who are united to Christ Jesus” or “comes through being united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1123 | 7:intro | fl1y | 0 | Romans 7 General NotesStructure and formatting
Special concepts in this chapter“The Law”Throughout most of this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. However, in verses 21–25 Paul uses the word “law” in several different ways. Each of these different uses will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterMarriageScripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Possible translation difficulties in this chapterInclusive languageIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all Jewish believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in verses 1 and 4. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |||
1124 | 7:1 | mk7w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοί (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ), ὅτι ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐφ’ ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ? | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that the Jew is required to obey the Law of Moses his whole life. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know, brothers (for I am speaking to those who know the law), that the law is lord of the man for as long as he lives!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1125 | 7:1 | r9fl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοί & τοῦ ἀνθρώπου & ζῇ | 1 | Although the term brothers and the man and he are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both males and females. Alternate translation: “fellow Jewish believers … a person … that person lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
1126 | 7:1 | s4su | (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ) | 1 | Here Paul interrupts himself in order to clarify that he is specifically directing this part of the letter to the Jewish believers in the church at Rome. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate this. | ||
1127 | 7:1 | j67x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | Here, for indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul expects these brothers to understand what he is saying. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “I know you should understand this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1128 | 7:1 | ajk4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | λαλῶ | 1 | The pronoun I and throughout this chapter refers to Paul (see 6:19). If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, am speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1129 | 7:1 | k3h5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμον & ὁ νόμος | 1 | For every occurrence of the law in verses 1–20 translate the phrase in the same way you translated it in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1130 | 7:1 | okz5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a king. Paul means that, like a king, the law must be obeyed by those who are obligated to do so. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “like a king, the law must be obeyed by every Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1131 | 7:2 | as1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an example from God’s law that illustrates how “the law rules over the man for as long as he lives,” as Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “For example,” or “As an illustration,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1132 | 7:2 | j4sn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ; ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνήρ, κατήργηται & τοῦ ἀνδρός | 1 | Paul is speaking of Jewish married women and husbands in general, not of one particular woman or husband. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “married women remain bound by law to their living husbands, but if their husbands die, they have been released … of their husbands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1133 | 7:2 | hpn4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ & δέδεται νόμῳ & κατήργηται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law continually binds the married woman … God releases her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1134 | 7:2 | l6d9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ & κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a person who could tie a woman to her husband. Paul means that the law of Moses requires a married woman to stay married to her husband only while he is alive. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God requires in his laws that the married woman remain married to her living husband … she is no longer required to remain married to the husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1135 | 7:2 | ag23 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the law that is related to the husband. This phrase refers to the law already described in the previous clause. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the law that requires her to remain bound to the husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1136 | 7:3 | w3yw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἄρα οὖν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 5:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1137 | 7:3 | ss60 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, μοιχαλὶς χρηματίσει, ἐὰν γένηται ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “if she becomes married to another husband, the first husband being alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1138 | 7:3 | jbvc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς | 1 | In this clause Paul is describing something that was occurring during the same time period as what he describes in the next clause. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “at the same time that the husband is alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
1139 | 7:3 | ci5r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τοῦ ἀνδρὸς & ὁ ἀνήρ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1140 | 7:3 | r2m4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | μοιχαλὶς χρηματίσει | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law will title her an adulteress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1141 | 7:3 | wg4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐλευθέρα ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were an object or person someone could to be freed from. Paul means that the law that prohibited a woman from marrying another husband did not apply if her first husband died. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “she has been released from the law” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “she is no longer required to remain married to the first husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1142 | 7:4 | kvqw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ὥστε | 1 | So then here introduces the result of what Paul said in verses 1–3. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “Since this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1143 | 7:4 | ne64 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοί | 1 | See how you translated this word in verse 1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
1144 | 7:4 | z8zj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you also died to the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1145 | 7:4 | svrq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε | 1 | Paul uses the word yourselves to emphasize that even Jewish Christians are not required to obey the Law of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “you very Jews yourselves were also made dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1146 | 7:4 | vpwf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ | 1 | Here Paul uses made dead figuratively to refer to Jewish Christians not being required to obey the Law of Moses. Just as dead people don’t have to obey the law, so too Jewish Christians no longer have to obey it. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “your yourselves no longer have to obey the law” or “you yourselves are like dead people in that you do not have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1147 | 7:4 | v2tu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, through indicates that the body of Christ is the means by which believers were made dead to the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the body of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1148 | 7:4 | glzf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, the body of Christ refers to the death of Jesus’ body. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the death of Christ’s body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1149 | 7:4 | xw6f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ἑτέρῳ | 1 | Here, so that introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God made believers dead to the law. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order for us to become married to another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1150 | 7:4 | g59t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ἑτέρῳ | 1 | Here Paul uses married to another to refer to Christians being united with Christ as if they became married to him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “so that you might become united to Jesus” or “so that you might be united with Christ like a woman becomes married to another husband”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1151 | 7:4 | rj6u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τῷ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθέντι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to the one whom God raised from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1152 | 7:4 | t9nt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τῷ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθέντι | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in 4:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1153 | 7:4 | gxjj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Here, in order that introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God raised Jesus from dead ones. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order for us to produce fruit for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1154 | 7:4 | c4rl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul uses fruit here figuratively to refer to actions that please God as if they were fruit that a person could grow. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we might be able to do things pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1155 | 7:4 | ka0o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | καρποφορήσωμεν | 1 | When Paul says we in this verse, he is including all those whom he called brothers earlier in this verse and in verse 1, so we is inclusive of all Jewish Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1156 | 7:5 | i1zl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in the next two verses explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1157 | 7:5 | gmb9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἦμεν ἐν τῇ σαρκί | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the flesh as if it were a location that someone could be in. He means his readers used to live according to the desires of their sinful natures. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we were living according to our sinful natures” or “we were doing whatever we wanted to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1158 | 7:5 | bl7i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰ παθήματα τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of passions, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “wanting to sin that was through the law was working” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1159 | 7:5 | g2rg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the context. Paul said something similar about the law causing sin to increase in 5:20. Alternate translation: “that were increased through the law were working” or “that were stimulated by the law were working” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1160 | 7:5 | vlev | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Here, through indicates the means by which the sinful passions increased. Paul means that the law stimulated people’s desire to sin even more. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1161 | 7:5 | tvku | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the sinful passions are if they were people who could work within someone’s body parts. He means that people’s sinful desires caused them to sin with their bodies. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were causing us to use our members to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1162 | 7:5 | denv | τοῖς μέλεσιν | 1 | See how you translated members in 6:13. | ||
1163 | 7:5 | pnw6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι | 1 | Here, to introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to express the result of something. Alternate translation: “which resulted in producing fruit” “so that they would produce fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1164 | 7:5 | xed9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι | 1 | Here Paul uses fruitfiguratively to refer to the result or outcome of someone’s actions. Here Paul uses fruit differently than how he used it in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: or “so that the outcome was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1165 | 7:5 | m071 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῷ θανάτῳ | 1 | See how you translated the abstract noun death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1166 | 7:5 | ub7z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῷ θανάτῳ | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1167 | 7:6 | mze7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | νυνὶ δὲ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 6:22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1168 | 7:6 | l8w4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου & ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has released us from the law … to that which was holding us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1169 | 7:6 | j6i3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου & ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a slave-master from which someone must be released and who can hold people captive. Paul means that Christians do not have to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “we no longer have to obey the law … to that which we used to be required to obey” or “we are like slaves who have been released from the law … to that which we used to have to obey like slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1170 | 7:6 | l2l3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα | 1 | The phrase that by which we were being held refers to the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the law by which we were being held” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1171 | 7:6 | vcok | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀποθανόντες ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the law as if it were a location where Christians could die. Here, died to the law refers to the idea that Christians no longer have to obey the requirements of the laws God gave the Jews. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer being required to obey that by which we were being held” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1172 | 7:6 | zafg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ὥστε δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς | 1 | Here, so that indicates that what follows is the result of Christians having died to the law. Use the natural way in your language to indicate a result clause. Alternate translation: “the result being that we might serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1173 | 7:6 | f9n4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “we might serve God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1174 | 7:6 | c1j8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν καινότητι & οὐ παλαιότητι | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of newness and oldness, you could express the same ideas in another way. These words indicate different ways in which peopleserve God. Alternate translation: “in the new way … not in the old way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1175 | 7:6 | vhqd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν καινότητι Πνεύματος | 1 | Paul uses the possessive form to describe the newness that is produced by the Spirit. Paul means that the Holy Spirit enables Christians to live in a new way that pleases God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a new way that comes from the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1176 | 7:6 | rm8r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | παλαιότητι γράμματος | 1 | Paul uses the possessive form to describe the oldness that is determined by the letter. Paul means Christians do not live in the old way that the Law of Moses requires. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the old way that the letter requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1177 | 7:6 | iozz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | γράμματος | 1 | Paul uses the letter figuratively to refer to the law which is written down with letters. See how you translated this word in 2:27. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1178 | 7:7 | k1jj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verses, especially what he said in verse 5. See how you translated this phrase in 6:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1179 | 7:7 | bnyx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία? | 1 | In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using questions to address an objection that some people may have to what he said in verse 5 because they misunderstood him. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that the law is sin!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1180 | 7:7 | f3hc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία? | 1 | In these two sentences Paul is speaking as if he were a Jewish Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous verses. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
1181 | 7:7 | zl8m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἁμαρτία & τὴν ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sin, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something sinful … what things are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1182 | 7:7 | erx6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote earlier in the verse. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1183 | 7:7 | u8gm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:4 and 6:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1184 | 7:7 | y92j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἀλλὰ | 1 | But here indicates that what follows is in contrast to the idea that the law is sinful. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless,” or “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1185 | 7:7 | zzsf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this sentence is an example from God’s law that illustrates the importance of the law. See how you translated the same use of For in verse 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1186 | 7:7 | g0np | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τήν & ἐπιθυμίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of covetousness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what it means to be covetous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1187 | 7:7 | refv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν | 1 | Here Paul uses said to indicate a quotation from the law that is written in the Old Testament (Exodus 20:17). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
1188 | 7:7 | qb5v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the law as if it were a person who could say something. He means that God said what was written down in the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God said in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1189 | 7:8 | mz77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἀφορμὴν & λαβοῦσα ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could take an opportunity and produce covetousness within a person. Paul means that his desire to sin by coveting increased when he learned the commandment that prohibits coveting. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin, increasing as a result of the commandment, led me to covet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1190 | 7:8 | fh6x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | Here, the commandment refers specifically to the command, “You will not covet,” in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the command that we should not covet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1191 | 7:8 | w6ah | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of commandment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God commanded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1192 | 7:8 | zeb5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐπιθυμίαν | 1 | See how you translated covetousness in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1193 | 7:8 | r5i2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | χωρὶς & νόμου, ἁμαρτία νεκρά | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were someone who could be dead. Paul means that his desire to sin would not have increased if God had not given his laws. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if there were no law, my desire to sin would not have been stimulated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1194 | 7:9 | cag9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | χωρὶς νόμου | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively about the law as if it did not exist before he knew about it. Paul means that he not aware of God’s law at one time. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while unaware of the law” or “without knowledge of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1195 | 7:9 | sz5q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐλθούσης & τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of the commandment as if it were a person who could come to Paul. He means that he became aware of the commandment. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I became aware of the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1196 | 7:9 | i90y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς ἐντολῆς, ἡ ἁμαρτία | 1 | See how you translated these abstract nouns in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1197 | 7:9 | d4wm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | Here, the commandment could refer to: (1) all the commandments that make up God’s law. Alternate translation: “God’s commandments” (2) the commandment against coveting, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the commandment against coveting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1198 | 7:9 | q9le | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀνέζησεν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of sin as if it were a person who could come to life. This could mean: (1) Paul’s desire to sin was stimulated, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin was stimulated” (2) Paul realized that he was sinning, as mentioned in verse 7. Alternate translation: “I became aware of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1199 | 7:10 | ouxm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐγὼ & ἀπέθανον | 1 | Paul uses died here figuratively to refer to being spiritually dead, which is the spiritual condition of all non-Christians. Spiritual death results in eternal punishment in hell after a person’s body dies. Paul means here that he realized that he was spiritually dead when he understood God’s law. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I died spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1200 | 7:10 | mzx2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἐντολὴ | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1201 | 7:10 | jmso | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζωὴν | 1 | Here, life refers to “eternal life.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of eternal life” or “for living forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1202 | 7:10 | yu1u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἡ ἐντολὴ, ἡ εἰς ζωὴν | 1 | Here, for indicates the purpose for the commandment. Paul means that God’s laws were intended to give eternal life to people who could obey them. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “the commandment that was intended to cause life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1203 | 7:10 | a0rz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εὑρέθη μοι & αὕτη εἰς θάνατον | 1 | Here, for indicates that what follows is the result of the commandment. Paul means that God’s laws resulted in eternal death for people. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “it was found to result in death for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1204 | 7:10 | hkce | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | εὑρέθη & αὕτη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I found it to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1205 | 7:10 | jrrw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εὑρέθη & αὕτη | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the commandment as if it were an object that could be found. Paul means that he realized that God’s law results in spiritual death for people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I realized it was to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1206 | 7:10 | y97i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | θάνατον | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1207 | 7:11 | r582 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ & ἁμαρτία ἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | See how you translated this clause in verse 8. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1208 | 7:11 | qi99 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐξηπάτησέν με | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could deceive people. Paul means that his desire to sin tricked him into thinking that he could become righteous by obeying the commandment. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “caused me to deceive myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1209 | 7:11 | qljg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | δι’ αὐτῆς | 1 | The pronoun it refers to the commandment. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1210 | 7:11 | f6sx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἀπέκτεινεν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could kill people. Paul means that his desire to sin caused him to disobey God’s law, which resulted in Paul being spiritually dead. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “caused me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1211 | 7:12 | h0li | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ὥστε | 1 | So then here introduces the result of what Paul said in verses 7–11. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “Since this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1212 | 7:12 | i3ka | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ ἐντολὴ | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in verse 9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1213 | 7:13 | us69 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore here indicates that what follows is the result of what Paul said in verses 7–12. Use a natural way in your language to introduce the result of something. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1214 | 7:13 | e1bx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τὸ & ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος? | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the law did not directly cause him to become spiritually dead. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “surely what is good did not become death to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1215 | 7:13 | g451 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸ & ἀγαθὸν & διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ | 1 | Here, what is good refers to the law. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s good laws … through those good laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1216 | 7:13 | qwe9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it could become death. Paul is referring to the idea that God’s laws directly caused him to become spiritually dead. He rejects this idea in the next sentence. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “did … cause me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1217 | 7:13 | ee64 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | θάνατος & θάνατον | 1 | In this verse death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1218 | 7:13 | r84l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θάνατος & ἡ ἁμαρτία & ἁμαρτία & θάνατον & ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns sin and commandment in verse 11 and death in verse 10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1219 | 7:13 | hgm6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | μὴ γένοιτο! | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:4 and 6:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1220 | 7:13 | f9md | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | ἀλλὰ ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἵνα φανῇ ἁμαρτία διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But sin produced death in me in order that it might be shown to be sin through what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1221 | 7:13 | qoe9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἁμαρτία, ἵνα φανῇ ἁμαρτία διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον | 1 | Here, in order that indicates a purpose clause. Paul is stating a purpose for sin producing death. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “sin produced death in me for the purpose of showing itself to be sin through what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1222 | 7:13 | kvhi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | φανῇ ἁμαρτία | 1 | Here Paul uses shown figuratively as if sin were an object that people could see. Paul means that God’s laws enable people to recognize what sin is. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it might be recognized to be sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1223 | 7:13 | e7r4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ | 1 | Here, through indicates that what is good is the means by which sin is clearly understood to be sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1224 | 7:13 | m4l5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ ἁμαρτία & μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον; | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could kill someone. Paul means that his desire to sin caused him to disobey God’s law, which resulted in Paul being spiritually dead. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sin … caused me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1225 | 7:13 | pnq6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of death as if it were an object that could be inside a person. He means that he was spiritually dead. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: “killed me spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1226 | 7:13 | cuct | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα γένηται καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | Here, so that indicates a purpose clause. Paul is stating another purpose for sin producing death. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order for sin to become sinful beyond measure through the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1227 | 7:13 | a6zb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς | 1 | Here, through indicates that the commandment is the means by which sin becomes sinful beyond measure. Paul means that God’s laws provide a standard by which people can understand how extremely sinful sin is. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1228 | 7:13 | clht | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | γένηται καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could become more sinful. He means that God’s laws provide a standard by which people can understand how extremely sinful sin is. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sin might be recognized as sinful beyond measure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1229 | 7:13 | oy2w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν | 1 | The phrase beyond measure is an idiom that means “to a great degree” or “exceedingly.” If this might confuse your readers, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to an extreme degree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1230 | 7:14 | k5mg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things I have just said are true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1231 | 7:14 | quen | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ νόμος πνευματικός ἐστιν | 1 | Here, spiritual means that the source of the law is God’s Spirit. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law comes from God’s Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1232 | 7:14 | vxn0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | ἐγὼ & σάρκινός εἰμι | 1 | Paul uses the word myself to emphasize how the contrast between himself and the law. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I indeed am fleshly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1233 | 7:14 | big5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | σάρκινός | 1 | Here, fleshly refers to the weakness of sinful human nature, which is the inability to stop sinning without God’s help. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “spiritually frail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1234 | 7:14 | lx8f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πεπραμένος | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having sold myself into slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1235 | 7:14 | sr9e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πεπραμένος ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of himself as if he were a slave. Here, sold into slavery could refer to: (1) being influenced by one’s sinful human nature. In this case Paul would be speaking about his situation even after becoming a Christian. Alternate translation: “being under the influence of my sinful nature” (2) being controlled by one’s desire to sin. In this case Paul would be speaking about his situation before he became a Christian. Alternate translation: “being controlled by my desire to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1236 | 7:14 | p9pi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | See how you translated this idiom in 3:9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1237 | 7:15 | udc8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1238 | 7:15 | u3av | ὃ & κατεργάζομαι, οὐ γινώσκω | 1 | Alternate translation: “I am not sure why I do some of the things that I do” | ||
1239 | 7:15 | gneb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 2 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains “what I produce” in the previous sentence. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1240 | 7:15 | e8ki | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | οὐ & ὃ θέλω & ὃ μισῶ | 2 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “what I do not want to do … what I hate to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1241 | 7:15 | az2z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | οὐ & ὃ θέλω, τοῦτο πράσσω & ὃ μισῶ, τοῦτο ποιῶ. | 2 | The phrases I practice and I do are exaggerations that Paul uses to emphasize that he often does what he does not want to do. It does not mean that Paul always does these things. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what I do not want, this I often practice … what I hate, this I often do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1242 | 7:16 | xho0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ & ὃ οὐ θέλω | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since what I do not want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1243 | 7:16 | y26s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ὃ οὐ θέλω, τοῦτο ποιῶ | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1244 | 7:16 | q3b5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | σύνφημι τῷ νόμῳ, ὅτι καλός | 1 | Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I agree with the law and thus confess that it is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1245 | 7:17 | x667 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | νυνὶ δὲ | 1 | But now indicates that this verse is the logical conclusion based on what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a conclusion. Alternate translation: “So it is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1246 | 7:17 | k7ag | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | οὐκέτι ἐγὼ κατεργάζομαι | 1 | Paul uses the word myself to emphasize the contrast between himself and the sin that causes him to do what he does not want to do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “it is no longer I who produces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1247 | 7:17 | id6v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | αὐτὸ | 1 | The pronoun it here refers to doing the sinful acts that he does not want to do, as mentioned in the previous two verses. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinful deeds that I do not want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1248 | 7:17 | f6n8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ ἐνοικοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sin figuratively as if it were a person who could live inside of a person. Paul means that his desire to sin causes him to do what he does not want to do. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin deeply influences me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1249 | 7:18 | nqhc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous sentence. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1250 | 7:18 | kf8z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | οἶδα & ὅτι οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν ἐμοί, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, ἀγαθόν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I know that good does not live in me, (that is, in my flesh)” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1251 | 7:18 | p0ma | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν ἐμοί & ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, ἀγαθόν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of good as if it were a person who could live inside someone. He means that his sinful nature is not good at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “there is nothing good about me … about my flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1252 | 7:18 | p1c1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῇ σαρκί μου | 1 | Here Paul uses flesh figuratively to refer to his sinful nature. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my sinful nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1253 | 7:18 | kyx9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἀγαθόν & τὸ καλὸν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of good, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “any good thing … what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1254 | 7:18 | ye8x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 2 | For here indicates that the following sentence is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1255 | 7:18 | gvev | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὸ & θέλειν παράκειταί μοι | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the wanting to do good is present in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1256 | 7:18 | h934 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ & θέλειν παράκειταί μοι | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of wanting as if it were something that could exist inside a person. Paul means that he truly wants to do something good. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I truly want” or “I deeply desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1257 | 7:18 | uxwb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὸ & κατεργάζεσθαι τὸ καλὸν οὔ | 2 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the ability to produce the good is not in me” or “I am not able to produce the good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1258 | 7:19 | xftc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the last sentence of the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1259 | 7:19 | ri3b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἀγαθόν & κακὸν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of good and evil, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “good deeds … evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1260 | 7:19 | j69g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὃ θέλω & ἀγαθόν & ὃ οὐ θέλω κακὸν | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that these clauses would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the good I want to do … the evil I do not want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1261 | 7:20 | kfvj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ & ὃ οὐ θέλω, τοῦτο ποιῶ | 1 | See how you translated this clause in verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1262 | 7:20 | sk9q | οὐκέτι ἐγὼ κατεργάζομαι αὐτὸ, ἀλλὰ ἡ οἰκοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία | 1 | See how you translated these clauses in verse 17. | ||
1263 | 7:21 | rqfu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εὑρίσκω | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of a law as if it were an object that he could find. Paul means that he realized the law that is described in the rest of the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I realized that there was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1264 | 7:21 | qae3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἄρα | 1 | Here, then introduces a result clause. Verses 21–25 describe the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in verses 14–20. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1265 | 7:21 | y5vo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸν νόμον | 1 | Here, law refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this rule” or “a different kind of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1266 | 7:21 | xxq9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τῷ θέλοντι ἐμοὶ ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that evil is present in me, in me the one wanting to do good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1267 | 7:21 | mo4r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐμοὶ & ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται | 1 | Here Paul speaks of evil as if it were an object that could be inside a person. Paul means that he does evil deeds. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … I do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1268 | 7:21 | qn1r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τῷ θέλοντι & ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν | 1 | Here, the one wanting to do good is giving further information about me, which refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who is the one wanting to do good (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
1269 | 7:21 | hqp9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ καλὸν & τὸ κακὸν | 1 | See how you translated these abstract nouns in verse 19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1270 | 7:22 | mvod | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse is the reason why the previous verse is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1271 | 7:22 | x28l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | συνήδομαι & τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the law of God as if it were a location in which a person could delight. He means that God’s laws cause him to delight. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I delight because of the law of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1272 | 7:22 | nt65 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, the law of God refers to the laws that God gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says the law. See how you translated the similar expression in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1273 | 7:22 | m13q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον | 1 | Here, the inner man refers to a person’s mind. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the inner being” or “the mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1274 | 7:23 | zp7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | βλέπω | 1 | Here Paul uses see figuratively to refer to noticing or perceiving something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I perceive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1275 | 7:23 | fct8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἕτερον νόμον | 1 | Here, a different law refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this rule” or “a different kind of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1276 | 7:23 | ijp9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου, ἀντιστρατευόμενον | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of a different law as if it were a person who could fight within someone’s body parts. He means that his sinful desires caused him to use his body to do sinful things that he did not want to do. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were causing me to use my members to sin in opposition to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1277 | 7:23 | v8d8 | τοῖς μέλεσίν & τοῖς μέλεσίν | 2 | See how you translated members in 6:13. | ||
1278 | 7:23 | t7yh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ νοός μου | 1 | Here, the law of my mind could refer to: (1) a principle that Paul thinks, which is the delight for God’s laws that he said in the previous verse is in his “inner man.” Alternate translation: “the principle I have thought” or “the principle in my mind” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul says that he serves with his mind in verse 25. Alternate translation: “God’s law that is in my mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1279 | 7:23 | i8w4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | αἰχμαλωτίζοντά με | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of a different law as if it were a person who could take someone captive. He means that his sinful desires controlled him against his will. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “controlling me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1280 | 7:23 | u4ny | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ νόμῳ τῆς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Here the law of the sin could refer to: (1) that principle that people have a sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the law that is my sinful nature” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul previously said in verse 5 stimulate people to sin more. Alternate translation: “God’s laws that stimulate sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1281 | 7:23 | po29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ ὄντι ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the law of the sin as if it were something that could be inside someone. He means he has a sinful nature that influences what he does with his body parts. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that influences what I do with my members” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1282 | 7:24 | nu6u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | ταλαίπωρος ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπος! | 1 | This sentence is an exclamation that communicates despair. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Oh, how miserable I am!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1283 | 7:24 | hmhj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς με ῥύσεται ἐκ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize his despair. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one will rescue me from the body of this death!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1284 | 7:24 | md8e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe how the body relates to this death. This phrase could refer to: (1) the body that results in this death. Alternate translation: “the body that causes this death” (2) the body that is characterized by this death. Alternate translation: “this mortal body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1285 | 7:24 | q74f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῦ θανάτου τούτου | 1 | Here, this death could refer to: (1) physical death. Alternate translation: “that dies” (2) spiritual death. Alternate translation: “of this spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1286 | 7:25 | w9ui | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | This sentence is an exclamation that communicates joy. It is the answer to the rhetorical question that Paul asked in the previous verse. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating joy. Alternate translation: “Oh, how thankful I am to God through Jesus Christ our Lord!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1287 | 7:25 | omjd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Thanks be to God who did this through Jesus Christ our Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1288 | 7:25 | evnn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἄρα οὖν | 1 | So then indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of verses 14–24. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a clearer expression. See how you translated this phrase in 5:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1289 | 7:25 | adx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | αὐτὸς ἐγὼ | 1 | Paul uses the phrase I myself to emphasize the contrast between himself and the sin that causes him to do what he does not want to do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “it is indeed I who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1290 | 7:25 | sxn3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τῷ μὲν νοῒ δουλεύω νόμῳ Θεοῦ; τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ, νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively the law of God and the law of sin as if they were people whom he could serve. He means that he wants to obey the law of God but often obeys his desire to sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obey the law of God with the mind, but with the flesh, I obey the law of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1291 | 7:25 | e163 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | νοῒ | 1 | See how you translated mind in 1:28. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1292 | 7:25 | dzjl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | νόμῳ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1293 | 7:25 | cdkb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ, νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but with the flesh, I serve the law of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1294 | 7:25 | fm51 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῇ & σαρκὶ | 1 | Here Paul uses flesh figuratively to refer to his sinful nature. See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1295 | 7:25 | he4l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 23. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1296 | 8:intro | ev4r | 0 | Romans 8 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterIndwelling of the SpiritIn verses 9–17 and 26–27 Paul says that Holy Spirit dwells inside Christians to help them stop sinning and to intercede for them. The presence of the Holy Spirit within a person indicates that that person is a genuine Christian. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PredestinationMany scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestined” in verses 28–30 and “elect” in verse 33. Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])## Important figures of speech in this chapter Important figure of speech in this chapterRhetorical questionsIn verses 24 and 31–35 Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to emphasize that what he is saying is true. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LitanyIn verses 35 and [38–39(../08/38.md) Paul uses a repetitive series of words or phrases in order to emphasize the nothing can ever stop God from loving those who believe in Jesus. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapterFleshPaul uses “flesh” in a variety of ways throughout this letter. In this chapter he frequently uses it to refer to sinful human nature. However, he uses “flesh” to refer to Christ’s physical body in verse 3. Every use of “flesh” will be discussed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) Inclusive languageIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in verses 12. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |||
1297 | 8:1 | xq2y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα | 1 | Here, therefore now marks the beginning of a new section in the letter. It also introduces a result clause that concludes what Paul discussed in chapters 5–7. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Since all these things are true, there is no condemnation at all” or “As a result of everything that I have just told you being true, there is no condemnation at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1298 | 8:1 | xw65 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | κατάκριμα | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in 5:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1299 | 8:1 | ti0g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 3:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1300 | 8:2 | whhz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1301 | 8:2 | h1ka | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ὁ & νόμος τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the law that is characterized by the Spirit of life. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the law that is characterized by the Spirit of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1302 | 8:2 | vt9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ & νόμος | 1 | Here, the law refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. See how you translated the similar use of law in 7:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1303 | 8:2 | hq2t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the Spirit that produces life. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of the Spirit that produces life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1304 | 8:2 | x8uu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ Πνεύματος | 1 | Here, the Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1305 | 8:2 | ep3n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς ζωῆς & τῆς ἁμαρτίας & τοῦ θανάτου | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns life in 2:7, sin in 5:20, and death in 5:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1306 | 8:2 | ionb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῆς ζωῆς | 1 | Here, life refers to eternal life. See how you translated this use of the word in 5:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1307 | 8:2 | irh6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, ἠλευθέρωσέν σε | 1 | The phrase in Christ Jesus could refer to: (1) the means by which the Spirit sets a person free. Alternate translation: “of life set you free in Christ Jesus” (2) a characteristic of the life. Alternate translation: “of the life that is in Christ Jesus set you free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1308 | 8:2 | cgbe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse and in 3:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1309 | 8:2 | th4n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἠλευθέρωσέν σε ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the law of sin and death as if it were an object or person someone could be set free from. Paul means that the law that resulted in sin and death does not apply to those who are united with Christ Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has caused the law of sin and death to no longer control you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1310 | 8:2 | u82e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου | 1 | This could refer to: (1) the principle that people have a sinful nature that results in death, as mentioned in 7:23–25. Alternate translation: “the principle that is my sinful nature that leads to death” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul previously said in 7:5 stimulate people to sin more. Alternate translation: “God’s laws that stimulate sin and death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1311 | 8:2 | jlq1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ θανάτου | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1312 | 8:3 | mbh3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1313 | 8:3 | n9mr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός, ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “God did what the law was unable to do, in that it was weak through the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1314 | 8:3 | z2ej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Here, the law refers to the laws that God gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says the law. See how you translated this expression in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1315 | 8:3 | t8lj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου & ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | Paul implies that what the law was unable to do was to make people righteous, which is the main theme of this book. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law was unable to make people righteous … but God did so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1316 | 8:3 | j98t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the law figuratively as if it were a person who was unable to do something and was weak. Paul means that the laws God gave the Jews could not make people righteous because people are naturally sinful and unable to obey those laws. If this might confuse you readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the law could not stop people from sinning, because sinful human nature prevented people from obeying it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1317 | 8:3 | g6g4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει | 1 | This phrase is the reason why the law was unable to do what it was supposed to do. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “since it was weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1318 | 8:3 | uzkh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διὰ τῆς σαρκός | 1 | This phrase states the reason why the law was weak. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “on account of the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1319 | 8:3 | etf2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | διὰ τῆς σαρκός | 1 | Here Paul uses flesh figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the similar use of flesh in 7:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1320 | 8:3 | p4qq | τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας, ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας, καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας | 1 | This clause indicates how God condemned sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | ||
1321 | 8:3 | tc37 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having sent his own Son to the earth” or “having sent his own Son to mankind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1322 | 8:3 | csl8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Υἱὸν | 1 | Son is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
1323 | 8:3 | uf94 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the likeness that is characterized by sinful flesh. He means that Jesus had the same human flesh that sinful people have, although Jesus never sinned. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning in a clearer way. Alternate translation: “in the same flesh that sinful human beings have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1324 | 8:3 | xi5c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in flesh like sinful flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1325 | 8:3 | v0h2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας & τῇ σαρκί | 1 | Here Paul uses flesh figuratively to mean “the whole body,” which is made of flesh. See how you translated this use of flesh in 2:28. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1326 | 8:3 | hfr2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | περὶ ἁμαρτίας | 1 | This could mean: (1) Jesus was sent for the sake of doing away with sin. Alternate translation: “in order to do away with sin” (2) Jesus was an offering to pay for sin. Alternate translation: “as an offering for sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1327 | 8:3 | gid8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of sin as if it were a guilty person whom a judge could condemn. Paul means that God removed the power that sin has to control people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he canceled the power of sin” or “he destroyed how sin controls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1328 | 8:3 | es29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν τῇ σαρκί | 1 | Here, the flesh refers specifically to Jesus’ body that died on the cross. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in his Son’s body on the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1329 | 8:4 | zcsi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | Here, so that indicates that what follows is the purpose for which God “ condemned sin in the flesh” of Jesus. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1330 | 8:4 | j9ff | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The one doing the action could be: (1) us. Alternate translation: “we might fulfill the righteous deeds of the law” (2) God. Alternate translation: “God might fulfill in us the righteous deeds of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1331 | 8:4 | puta | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the righteous deeds of the law as if they were something that could be located inside a person. Paul means that God enables Christians to do those righteous deeds that his law required. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the righteous deeds of the law might be done by us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1332 | 8:4 | w2aa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a the righteous deeds that God commanded in the law. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous deeds that the law requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1333 | 8:4 | rttr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | τοῦ νόμου | 1 | Here, the law refers to the laws that God gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says the law. See how you translated this expression in 2:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1334 | 8:4 | bsp0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | ἡμῖν, τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ Πνεῦμα | 1 | This clause gives further information about us. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “us, that is, those walking not according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
1335 | 8:4 | acc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν | 1 | Here Paul uses walking figuratively to refer to how people behave or lives their lives. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those not behaving according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1336 | 8:4 | grhf | κατὰ σάρκα & κατὰ Πνεῦμα | 1 | Alternate translation: “determined by the flesh … determined by the Spirit” or “in conformity with the flesh … in conformity with the Spirit” | ||
1337 | 8:4 | bgg7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | κατὰ σάρκα | 1 | Here Paul uses flesh figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the similar use of flesh in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1338 | 8:5 | xzmt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1339 | 8:5 | s5sb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | σάρκα & τῆς σαρκὸς | 1 | See how you translated the flesh in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1340 | 8:5 | b9in | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς φρονοῦσιν | 1 | The phrase set their minds on is an idiom that refers to thinking carefully about something or being intent on doing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are intent on doing the things of the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1341 | 8:5 | evgr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe things that are related to the flesh. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “things pertaining to the flesh” or “fleshly things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1342 | 8:5 | cqwa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | οἱ δὲ κατὰ Πνεῦμα | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but those existing according to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1343 | 8:5 | x3o6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “set their minds on the things of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1344 | 8:5 | a2n5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe things that are related to the Spirit. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “things pertaining to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1345 | 8:6 | uc6w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1346 | 8:6 | vyw4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ & φρόνημα & τὸ & φρόνημα | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of mindset, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way of thinking … the way of thinking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1347 | 8:6 | my98 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ & φρόνημα τῆς σαρκὸς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a mindset that is focused on the flesh. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the mindset that is focused on the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1348 | 8:6 | b0wo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τῆς σαρκὸς | 1 | See how you translated the flesh in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1349 | 8:6 | czmn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | θάνατος | 1 | Here, is indicates that what follows is the result of the mindset of the flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “results in death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1350 | 8:6 | mbte | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | θάνατος | 1 | Here, death refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of death in 6:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1351 | 8:6 | oviz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ & φρόνημα τοῦ Πνεύματος | 2 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a mindset that is focused on the Spirit. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the mindset that is focused on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1352 | 8:6 | q470 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | ζωὴ καὶ εἰρήνη | 1 | Here, is indicates that what follows is the result of the mindset of the flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “results in life and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1353 | 8:6 | rqnl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ζωὴ καὶ εἰρήνη | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of life and peace, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “is living and being peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1354 | 8:6 | fjk8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζωὴ | 1 | Here, life refers to eternal life. See how you translated this use of the word in 5:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1355 | 8:7 | lsdo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | διότι | 1 | Here, because indicates that this verse and the next verse give the reasons why what Paul said in verses 5–6 is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1356 | 8:7 | gvcr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ φρόνημα τῆς σαρκὸς | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1357 | 8:7 | fpt4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἔχθρα | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of hostility, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is hostile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1358 | 8:7 | pm7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | Here, for indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1359 | 8:7 | thq8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται, οὐδὲ & δύναται | 1 | Here, it refers to the mindset of the flesh mentioned earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this mindset does not subject itself to … this mindset is not able to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1360 | 8:7 | z2ih | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται, οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the mindset of the flesh as if it were a person who could subject himself to something. Paul means that the person who thinks with this mindset is unable to submit to God’s laws. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who thinks this way does not subject himself to … for he is not able to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1361 | 8:7 | srp9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τῷ & νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the law of God as if it were a king or master whom someone could subject himself to. Paul is referring to someone obeying God’s laws. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it does not obey the law of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1362 | 8:7 | brde | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns | τῷ & νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 7:22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
1363 | 8:7 | bhje | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 2 | Here, for indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1364 | 8:8 | me7u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἱ & ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 7:5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1365 | 8:9 | vdhw | δὲ | 1 | However here indicates a strong contrast between people who have “the mindset of the flesh” referred to in the previous verse and the believers to whom Paul is writing this letter. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | ||
1366 | 8:9 | iybo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ | 1 | Paul uses the word yourselves to emphasize the contrast between his Christian readers and people who live in the flesh. Use a way that is natural in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “However, you are truly not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1367 | 8:9 | czm9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν σαρκὶ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1368 | 8:9 | e54u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Πνεύματι | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the Spirit as if he were a location that someone could be in. He could mean: (1) believers are controlled by the Holy Spirit, which is how in is used earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “controlled by the Spirit” (2) believers are united with the Holy Spirit, which is how Paul used in in verse 1. Alternate translation: “united with the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1369 | 8:9 | p55f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Πνεύματι & Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ & Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | 1 | These phrases all refer to the Holy Spirit. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit … the Holy Spirit of God … the Holy Spirit of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1370 | 8:9 | y3vg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | οὗτος | 1 | Here, this one refers to the person who does not have the Spirit of Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this person without the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1371 | 8:9 | akl1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who does not belong to Christ. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “this one does not belong to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1372 | 8:10 | ntqo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1373 | 8:10 | q8be | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of you as if you were a location that Christ could be in. See how you translated in you in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1374 | 8:10 | q2q4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν, τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is life because of righteousness even though the body is dead because of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1375 | 8:10 | lae8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τὸ & σῶμα νεκρὸν | 1 | Paul is speaking of the bodies of believers in general, not of one particular body. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “the bodies are dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1376 | 8:10 | e6g9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the body as if it were already dead. Paul means that the physical body of a Christian will still die because of sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the body will certainly die because of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1377 | 8:10 | yb1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα ζωὴ | 1 | Here, the Spirit is life could mean: (1) the Holy Spirit gives a person eternal life. In this case Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit and life refers to eternal life. Alternate translation: “but the Holy Spirit grants eternal life” (2) a believer’s spirit is alive. In this case Spirit refers to the spirits of individual believers. Alternate translation: “but the spirit is alive” or “but your spirits are alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1378 | 8:10 | ya21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteousness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because of your righteous status” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1379 | 8:11 | jlc9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1380 | 8:11 | i618 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸ Πνεῦμα & αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | These phrases refer to the Holy Spirit. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit … his Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1381 | 8:11 | b9pu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐκ νεκρῶν & ὁ ἐγείρας ἐκ νεκρῶν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν | 1 | These phrases refer to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of God, who raised Jesus from dead ones … God, who raised Christ Jesus from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1382 | 8:11 | jr6p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐκ νεκρῶν & ἐγείρας ἐκ νεκρῶν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in 4:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1383 | 8:11 | t27d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζῳοποιήσει καὶ τὰ θνητὰ σώματα ὑμῶν | 1 | Paul uses make alive to imply that he is referring to the resurrection of Christians after they have died. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will also resurrect your mortal bodies after you have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1384 | 8:11 | xi76 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ & αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | Here, through indicates the means by which God will make Christians alive. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of his Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1385 | 8:11 | e6t8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τοῦ ἐνοικοῦντος αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα ἐν ὑμῖν | 1 | Here, who lives in you gives further information about the Holy Spirit. It is not making a distinction between a Spirit that lives in you and a Spirit that does not. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “his Spirit, that is, the Spirit who lives in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
1386 | 8:12 | mv1r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | ἄρα οὖν | 1 | So then here indicates that what follows in verses 12–17 summarizes the ideas of verses 5–11. See how you translated this phrase in 5:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1387 | 8:12 | qw5b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοί | 1 | See how you translated this word in 7:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
1388 | 8:12 | e3j8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὀφειλέται ἐσμέν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of Christians as if they are debtors. He means that Christians are obligated to live according to the Spirit and not according to the flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have an obligation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1389 | 8:12 | fb3m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | οὐ τῇ σαρκὶ | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “we are not debtors to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1390 | 8:12 | ecoo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῇ σαρκὶ & τοῦ & σάρκα | 1 | Here Paul uses the flesh figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 7:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1391 | 8:12 | dh1m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ζῆν | 1 | Here, to live introduces an explanation of the flesh. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “that is, to live according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1392 | 8:12 | gplu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ζῆν | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1393 | 8:13 | dczr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1394 | 8:13 | ri75 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | κατὰ σάρκα ζῆτε | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 4 and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1395 | 8:13 | b9n5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μέλλετε ἀποθνῄσκειν | 1 | Here, die refers to dying spiritually, which is enduring eternal punishment in hell after experiencing physical death. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you are going to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1396 | 8:13 | ld2h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος θανατοῦτε | 1 | Here, put to death means “completely stop doing something.” If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you stop doing the practice of the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1397 | 8:13 | ze08 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the practices that are done with the body. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “what is done with the body” or “what you do with your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1398 | 8:13 | o1ly | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of practices, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is practiced with the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1399 | 8:13 | nwul | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰς πράξεις | 1 | Here, the practices refers specifically to sinful practices that a person does with his body. If this might confuse you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the sinful practices of the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1400 | 8:13 | xihu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τοῦ σώματος | 1 | Paul is speaking of bodies in general, not of one particular body. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of your bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1401 | 8:13 | dr0e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζήσεσθε | 1 | Here, live refers to living forever with God in heaven after experiencing physical death. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1402 | 8:14 | utms | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1403 | 8:14 | ojie | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὅσοι & οὗτοι | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many people as … these people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1404 | 8:14 | u8pv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὅσοι & Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἄγονται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as many as the Spirit of God leads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1405 | 8:14 | yz28 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Πνεύματι Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated the Spirit of God in verse 9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1406 | 8:14 | gd1i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | υἱοί Θεοῦ | 1 | Here Paul is using the term sons in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
1407 | 8:14 | wrk1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | υἱοί Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if God was their physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1408 | 8:15 | wpp9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1409 | 8:15 | zi1c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πάλιν | 1 | Here, again indicates that Paul’s readers had a spirit of slavery before they became Christians. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a second time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1410 | 8:15 | r57o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πνεῦμα | 1 | Here, spirit could refer to: (1) a person’s attitude or emotional state. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (2) a demonic spirit. Alternate translation: “a demonic spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1411 | 8:15 | av67 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | πνεῦμα δουλείας & Πνεῦμα υἱοθεσίας | 1 | In both of these phrases Paul is using the possessive form to describe something that causes something else to happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “a spirit that causes slavery … the Spirit that causes adoption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1412 | 8:15 | iwyy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δουλείας & φόβον & υἱοθεσίας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of slavery, fear, and adoption, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of being a slave … you being afraid … of those who have been adopted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1413 | 8:15 | c43f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς φόβον | 1 | Here, leading to indicates that fear is the result of receiving a spirit of slavery. Use a natural way in your language to express the result of something. Alternate translation: “resulting in fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1414 | 8:15 | ew0a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Πνεῦμα | 1 | Here, the Spirit could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, as indicated by the use of Spirit in the ULT. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit” (2) a person’s attitude or emotional state, as with the previous use of spirit in this verse. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1415 | 8:15 | ecq3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations | Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ | 1 | Here, cry out indicates that what follows is an emotional exclamation. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Oh, Abba! Father!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
1416 | 8:15 | vxs9 | Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ | 1 | Here Paul writes out the sounds of this Jewish Aramaic word Abba with Greek letters, which means Father. Since John translates the meaning next in the verse, you should write out this word using the most similar sounds in your language. | ||
1417 | 8:15 | ahnr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | ὁ Πατήρ | 1 | Father is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
1418 | 8:16 | mwbw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῷ Πνεύματι ἡμῶν | 1 | Here, spirit refers to a person’s attitude or emotional state. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1419 | 8:16 | aimw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τέκνα Θεοῦ | 1 | Here Paul uses children of God figuratively to refer to people who have a father-child relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. Here, children does not refer to young people, but only to the relationship that people have with their fathers. If you translate children using a literal term, choose a word that can refer to people of any age in relation to their fathers. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual offspring” or “spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1420 | 8:17 | agxk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1421 | 8:17 | izpd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | εἰ & τέκνα, καὶ κληρονόμοι; κληρονόμοι μὲν Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the end of the previous verse. Alternate translation: “if we are children, then we are also heirs: we are both heirs of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1422 | 8:17 | hfwo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τέκνα | 1 | See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1423 | 8:17 | fj7w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κληρονόμοι; κληρονόμοι μὲν Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul uses heirs figuratively to refer to Christians as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. He means that they will receive everything that God has promised to give Christians. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who will receive what God has promised us: both those who receive those things from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1424 | 8:17 | q751 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | συνκληρονόμοι & Χριστοῦ | 1 | Paul uses joint heirs figuratively to refer to Christians as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member along with Christ. He means that God will give to Christians what he gives to Christ. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we will also receive what God has promised us and Christ together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1425 | 8:17 | q6ka | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | συνπάσχομεν, ἵνα καὶ συνδοξασθῶμεν | 1 | The pronoun him here refers to Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we suffering together with Christ so that we may also be glorified together with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1426 | 8:17 | ggl6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | ἵνα | 1 | Paul uses so that here to state the goal for which Christians suffer together with Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1427 | 8:17 | j6ia | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καὶ συνδοξασθῶμεν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God may also glorify us together with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1428 | 8:18 | i5nu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in verses 18–25 gives further information about what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1429 | 8:18 | f3sv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | λογίζομαι | 1 | The pronoun I here refers to Paul (see 7:1). If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1430 | 8:18 | b3b1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | λογίζομαι & ὅτι οὐκ ἄξια τὰ παθήματα τοῦ νῦν καιροῦ, πρὸς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I cannot compare the sufferings of this present time with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1431 | 8:18 | oj49 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὰ παθήματα τοῦ νῦν καιροῦ & τὴν & δόξαν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of sufferings and glory, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the things that make us suffer in this present time … the glorious situation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1432 | 8:18 | jjb8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | μέλλουσαν & ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God will make known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1433 | 8:19 | qoj5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that this verse gives additional support for what Paul said in verse 17. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1434 | 8:19 | dn11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἡ & ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως & ἀπεκδέχεται | 1 | Here the phrase the eager expectation is an idiom Paul uses to emphasize how eagerly the creation is waiting. He does not mean that the eager expectation itself is waiting. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the creation is very eagerly expecting” or “the creation is eagerly expecting with much eagerness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1435 | 8:19 | d911 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ & ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως & ἀπεκδέχεται | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the creation as if it were a person who eagerly expects something. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “it is as if the creation is eagerly expecting with eager expectation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1436 | 8:19 | ulvv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς κτίσεως & τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of creation and revelation, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of the created things … the sons of God to be revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1437 | 8:19 | dm6s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the time when God will reveal his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1438 | 8:19 | sr2p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in verse 14. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1439 | 8:20 | nh58 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in verses 20–22 is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1440 | 8:20 | zjl2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ & ματαιότητι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of futility, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to being futile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1441 | 8:20 | gdfe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ κτίσις | 1 | See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1442 | 8:20 | l9ab | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God subjugated the creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1443 | 8:20 | yvl3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη, οὐχ ἑκοῦσα | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the creation as if it were a person who could be subjected to someone and could have a will. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “it is as if the creation was subjected against its will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1444 | 8:20 | taz4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὸν ὑποτάξαντα | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who subjected it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1445 | 8:20 | l7bf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐφ’ ἑλπίδι | 1 | Here, hope refers to the creation’s hope, which is why the creation is “eagerly expecting the revelation of the sons of God” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “on the basis of giving hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1446 | 8:20 | tof4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἑλπίδι | 1 | See how you translated hope in 5:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1447 | 8:21 | m3fi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | αὐτὴ ἡ κτίσις ἐλευθερωθήσεται ἀπὸ τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς, εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of the creation as if it were a person who was enslaved to someone and needed to be freed. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the creation itself will no longer decay, but will experience the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1448 | 8:21 | l6qc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | αὐτὴ ἡ κτίσις ἐλευθερωθήσεται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will free the creation itself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1449 | 8:21 | ovn5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἡ κτίσις | 1 | See how you translated the creation in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1450 | 8:21 | l3vw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς & τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of slavery, decay, freedom, and glory, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being enslaved to decay … being free to experience what is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1451 | 8:21 | r2n9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe slavery to decay. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “being enslaved to decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1452 | 8:21 | ba5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of decay as if it could enslave someone. He means that the creation was certain to decay. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being destined to decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1453 | 8:21 | tx57 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of freedom as if it were a location someone could enter into. Paul means that the creation will experience this freedom. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to experience the freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1454 | 8:21 | bv03 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the freedom that relates to the glory. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the freedom that comes from the glory” or “the freedom pertaining to the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1455 | 8:21 | zsks | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τῆς δόξης | 1 | Here Paul uses the possessive form the glory of the children of God to refer to the glory that God shares with believers. This was the same glory that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in 3:23. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the glory that God gives the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1456 | 8:21 | a5ix | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῶν τέκνων τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1457 | 8:22 | pcay | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse gives further support for what Paul said about the miserable condition of the creation in the previous two verses. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1458 | 8:22 | l69k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις συνστενάζει καὶ συνωδίνει | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the creation figuratively as if it were a woman who groans and labors in pain while giving birth to a baby. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the creation is like a woman groaning and laboring in pain while giving birth” or “all the creation is suffering greatly together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1459 | 8:23 | b5sz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔχοντες | 1 | This clause could refer to: (1) Paul and his Christian readers. Alternate translation: “those who have the firstfruit of the Spirit” (2) the reason why Christians groan. Alternate translation: “because we have the firstfruit of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1460 | 8:23 | qyic | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the firstfruit that is the Spirit. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the firstfruit, that is, the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1461 | 8:23 | wutm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὴν ἀπαρχὴν | 1 | Here Paul uses firstfruit figuratively to refer to the Holy Spirit as if it were the first crop that was harvested during the harvest season. Paul means that the Holy Spirit is the first part of the blessings that God gives Christians. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the first gift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1462 | 8:23 | xun5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | αὐτοὶ | 2 | Paul uses the word ourselves here to emphasize that Christians also share in the suffering of the creation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “our very selves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1463 | 8:23 | ch9t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν ἑαυτοῖς στενάζομεν | 1 | Here Paul uses *groan figuratively to refer to the the emotional anguish that Christians experience while they wait to be with God in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience emotional anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1464 | 8:23 | tiij | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | υἱοθεσίαν & τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν | 1 | See how you translated the abstract nouns adoption in verse 15 and redemption in 3:24. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1465 | 8:23 | k1wy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | υἱοθεσίαν ἀπεκδεχόμενοι | 1 | Here, our adoption refers to when we will become full members of God’s family, as adopted sons. Alternate translation: “waiting for when we are fully members of God’s family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1466 | 8:23 | qsb9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul is speaking of the bodies of believers in general, not of one particular body. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
1467 | 8:24 | oocv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason why Christians “groan” and are “eagerly expecting” to be fully adopted and redeemed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “We do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1468 | 8:24 | sv0h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ & ἐλπίδι & ἐλπὶς & ἐλπίς | 1 | See how you translated the abstract noun hope in 5:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1469 | 8:24 | xwvy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ & ἐλπίδι | 1 | Here, in could indicate: (1) that hope is associated with being saved. Alternate translation: “in association with this hope” (2) the means by which people are saved. In this case, hope would refer to faith. Alternate translation: “by this hope” | |
1470 | 8:24 | x4gi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐσώθημεν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God saved us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1471 | 8:24 | edze | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | βλεπομένη & βλέπει | 1 | Paul uses seen and sees figuratively here to refer to experiencing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “being experienced … he experiences” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1472 | 8:24 | pgmc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | βλεπομένη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people can see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1473 | 8:24 | rxxy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 2 | For here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1474 | 8:24 | tks9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὃ γὰρ βλέπει τις, ἐλπίζει? | 1 | Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the trust of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For surely no one hopes for what he sees!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1475 | 8:25 | ktqd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὃ οὐ βλέπομεν | 1 | See how you translated the similar use of “seen” and “sees” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1476 | 8:25 | g2pm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὃ οὐ βλέπομεν & ἀπεκδεχόμεθα | 1 | Here, what we do not see and it refer to the “adoption” and “redemption” mentioned in verse 23. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the adoption and redemption that we do not see … we are eagerly expecting these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1477 | 8:25 | l91v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | δι’ ὑπομονῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of endurance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “while enduring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1478 | 8:26 | bkwx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | συναντιλαμβάνεται & ὑπερεντυγχάνει | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “helps us … intercedes for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1479 | 8:26 | h8jy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ ἡμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of weakness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in our weak condition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1480 | 8:26 | a6e1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1481 | 8:26 | k5pn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | τὸ & τί προσευξώμεθα καθὸ δεῖ, οὐκ οἴδαμεν | 2 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “For we do not know the thing for which we should pray as we ought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
1482 | 8:26 | fbjc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns | αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα | 1 | Paul uses the word himself here to emphasize that Holy Spirit helps Christians. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “the very Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
1483 | 8:26 | jmp8 | στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις | 1 | Alternate translation: “with groanings that we cannot express in words” | ||
1484 | 8:27 | tq4n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας | 1 | Here, the one who searches the hearts refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, who searches the hearts,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1485 | 8:27 | v184 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας | 1 | The phrase searches the hearts means “examines thoughts and emotions.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who knows all our thoughts and feelings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1486 | 8:27 | tz5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας | 1 | See how you translated “heart” in 1:21. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1487 | 8:27 | bioe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ Πνεύματος | 1 | Paul is using the possessive form to describe the mindset that belongs to the Spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Spirit’s mindset” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
1488 | 8:27 | rgcb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | τὸ φρόνημα | 1 | See how you translated this abstract noun in 8:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1489 | 8:27 | fgdd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κατὰ Θεὸν | 1 | Here, God implies God’s will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to God’s will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1490 | 8:28 | u0ev | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἀγαθόν & πρόθεσιν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of good and purpose, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is good … what he purposes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1491 | 8:28 | q3ce | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τοῖς & κλητοῖς οὖσιν | 2 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for those whom God called” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1492 | 8:29 | m3vv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὓς προέγνω | 1 | Here, foreknew could mean: (1) God had determined to know them ahead of time, which is how this word is used in 1 Peter 1:20. Alternate translation: “whom he chose beforehand” (2) God knew what they would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “whom he knew beforehand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1493 | 8:29 | xhn2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here, image refers to how Christians will one day resemble Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated image in 1:23. Alternate translation: “to be a similar form that is like his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1494 | 8:29 | yuw2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Son is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
1495 | 8:29 | ojxg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς | 1 | Here, so that introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
1496 | 8:29 | r3vf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | αὐτὸν | 1 | The pronoun he refers to God’s Son, Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1497 | 8:29 | lf49 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ & πρωτότοκον | 1 | Here, firstborn could mean: (1) the most important person among God’s children. Alternate translation: “the person ranked first” (2) the first person to be resurrected. Alternate translation: “the first person to be resurrected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1498 | 8:29 | s552 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοῖς | 1 | Although the term brothers is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both males and females. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
1499 | 8:29 | lxym | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀδελφοῖς | 1 | Here, brothers refers to Christians, whom Paul calls “joint heirs with Christ” in verse 17. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1500 | 8:30 | hg3f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐκάλεσεν & ἐκάλεσεν | 1 | Here, called refers to God choosing people to be his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “chose to be his people … he chose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1501 | 8:30 | g29g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | ἐδόξασεν | 1 | Paul uses the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If this is confusing in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “will glorify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
1502 | 8:31 | uqou | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν | 1 | Here, then indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verses. See how you translated this phrase in 6:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1503 | 8:31 | xpu3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα? εἰ ὁ Θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ’ ἡμῶν?<br> | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in these two sentences to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say to these things: if God is for us, surely no one can be against us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1504 | 8:31 | ovfz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ | 1 | Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
1505 | 8:31 | s21a | ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν | 1 | Alternate translation: “is on our side” | ||
1506 | 8:32 | fqim | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ὅς γε τοῦ ἰδίου Υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο, ἀλλὰ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πάντων παρέδωκεν αὐτόν, πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν χαρίσεται? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “He who indeed did not spare his own Son but gave him up on behalf of us all will surely also with him freely give us all things!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1507 | 8:32 | mifc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ὅς | 1 | He who here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1508 | 8:32 | s9l9 | οὐκ ἐφείσατο | 1 | Alternate translation: “did not refrain from giving” or “did not refuse to give up” | ||
1509 | 8:32 | vyjk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἀλλὰ | 1 | Here, but indicates that what follows is a strong contrast from what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1510 | 8:32 | l73i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ ἰδίου Υἱοῦ | 1 | Here, Son is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
1511 | 8:32 | b3au | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | παρέδωκεν αὐτόν | 1 | Here, gave him up means that God allowed people to kill Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “gave him up to be killed” or “allowed him to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1512 | 8:33 | vr1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς ἐγκαλέσει κατὰ ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can bring an accusation against God’s elect!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1513 | 8:33 | tidd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τίς ἐγκαλέσει | 1 | Here, accusation implies an accusation that is based on facts. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a true accusation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1514 | 8:33 | ekqn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of elect, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “those who have been chosen by God” or “those whom God has elected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1515 | 8:33 | qmca | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | Θεὸς ὁ δικαιῶν | 1 | This sentences states the reason why the idea in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “No on can accuse them because God is the one who justifies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1516 | 8:34 | vt5r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς ὁ κατακρινῶν? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can condemn!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1517 | 8:34 | j1dj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὁ κατακρινῶν | 1 | Paul is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “the one who condemns us believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1518 | 8:34 | u627 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ ἀποθανών, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐγερθείς ὅς, καί ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὃς καὶ ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν | 1 | This sentences states the reason why the idea in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “No one can condemn because Christ Jesus is the one who died—but more than that, he was raised who also is at the right hand of God—who also intercedes on our behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
1519 | 8:34 | tw3l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐγερθείς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God raised him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1520 | 8:34 | dea5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐγερθείς | 1 | See how you translated raised in 4:25. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1521 | 8:34 | uc9o | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is using the adjective right as a noun in order to indicate the right side. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “at the right side of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
1522 | 8:34 | vd8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὅς, καί ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | In this culture, the place at the right side of a ruler was a position of honor. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at a place of honor next to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1523 | 8:35 | h9ba | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς ἡμᾶς χωρίσει ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one will separate us from the love of Christ!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1524 | 8:35 | btoo | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἡμᾶς χωρίσει ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here Paul speaks figuratively of love as if it were an object that someone can be separated from. He means that Christ cannot stop loving those who believe in him. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause Christ to stop loving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1525 | 8:35 | sxyq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/litany | θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? | 1 | Paul uses a repetitive series of words in this sentence to emphasize that nothing can stop Jesus from loving those who believe in him. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of various types of suffering that Christians may endure because of their faith. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone might have to endure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
1526 | 8:35 | ldx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? | 1 | Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely neither tribulation, nor distress, nor persecution, nor hunger, nor nakedness, nor danger, nor sword!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1527 | 8:35 | m2hl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? | 1 | Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “Will tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword separate us from the love of Christ?”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1528 | 8:35 | qe2z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Tribulation, distress, persecution, hunger, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “If people trouble us, or hurt us, or distress us, or persecute us, or cause us to be hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1529 | 8:35 | q2dc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία | 1 | Tribulation and distress mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Extreme tribulation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1530 | 8:35 | kcjr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἢ μάχαιρα | 1 | Here, sword refers to being killed violently. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or being killed violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1531 | 8:36 | clec | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul uses Just as it is written to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book (Psalm 44:22). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Just as it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
1532 | 8:36 | f2de | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the sons of Korah. Alternate translation: “just as the sons of Korah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1533 | 8:36 | wegb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks | ὅτι ἕνεκεν σοῦ, θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν; ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς | 1 | In these clauses Paul quotes Psalm 44:22. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
1534 | 8:36 | t67y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὅτι ἕνεκεν σοῦ | 1 | Here, your is singular and refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “For your sake, God,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1535 | 8:36 | s7wj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | θανατούμεθα & ἐλογίσθημεν | 1 | Here, we refers to the people who wrote this verse. It does not refer to God, who is the one being spoken to. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1536 | 8:36 | phxq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | θανατούμεθα & ἐλογίσθημεν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “our enemies put us to death … they consider us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1537 | 8:36 | h6v7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν | 1 | The phrase all day long is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frequently these people were being killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we are killed regularly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1538 | 8:36 | g3pi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς | 1 | Here Paul compares to sheep those whom people kill because they are loyal to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We are considered by those who kill us to only be as valuable as the sheep they kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
1539 | 8:36 | gmi0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | σφαγῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of slaughter, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1540 | 8:37 | wytd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | ἀλλ’ | 1 | But here indicates that what follows verses 37–39 is the negative answer to the rhetorical questions in verse 35. If you translated the rhetorical question in verse 35 as a question, then here you could use a natural way in your language for introducing a negative answer to that question. If you changed the rhetorical question in verse 35 to a statement, then here you could use a word that indicates strong contrast. Alternate translation: “No,” or “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
1541 | 8:37 | aii8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τούτοις | 1 | Here, these things refers to the list of various types of suffering mentioned in verse 35. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these kinds of suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1542 | 8:37 | iui3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὑπερνικῶμεν | 1 | Here, more than conquerors refers to those who have complete victory over their enemies. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have complete victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1543 | 8:37 | wcm6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς | 1 | Here, the one who loved us could refer to: (1) Christ, as in verse 35. Alternate translation: “through Christ, who loved us” (2) God, as in verse 39. Alternate translation: “through God, who loved us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1544 | 8:38 | fch1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | γὰρ | 1 | For here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
1545 | 8:38 | dgky | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πέπεισμαι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God convinced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1546 | 8:38 | nsm2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany | οὔτε θάνατος, οὔτε ζωὴ, οὔτε ἄγγελοι, οὔτε ἀρχαὶ, οὔτε ἐνεστῶτα, οὔτε μέλλοντα, οὔτε δυνάμεις | 1 | Paul uses a repetitive series of words in this verse and the next verse in order to emphasize that nothing can stop God from loving people who believe in Jesus. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of various things in the universe that might cause Christians to suffer. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone might have to endure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
1547 | 8:38 | ok7f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | θάνατος & ζωὴ & ἀρχαὶ & δυνάμεις | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of death, life, governments, or powers, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being dead … being alive … those who govern … powerful things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1548 | 8:38 | js9q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀρχαὶ | 1 | Here, governments could refer to: (1) demons, which is usually how Paul uses this word (1 Corinthians 15:24, Ephesians 6:12). Alternate translation: “ruling demons” (2) human kings and rulers. Alternate translation: “human rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1549 | 8:38 | q7ti | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δυνάμεις | 1 | This could refer to: (1) demons with power, which is how Paul uses this word in 1 Corinthians 15:24 and Ephesians 1:21. Alternate translation: “demonic powers” (2) human beings with power. Alternate translation: “powerful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1550 | 8:39 | fdxl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany | οὔτε ὕψωμα, οὔτε βάθος, οὔτε τις κτίσις ἑτέρα | 1 | These two phrases are the end of a repetitive series of words that Paul began in the previous verse in order to emphasize that nothing can stop God from loving those who believe in Jesus. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone might have to endure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) | |
1551 | 8:39 | ppaz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὕψωμα & βάθος | 1 | Here, height refers to everything that exists above a person, and depth refers to everything that exists below a person. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is above us … everything that is below us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1552 | 8:39 | ajct | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τις κτίσις ἑτέρα | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “any other thing that God has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1553 | 8:39 | sd7j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | δυνήσεται ἡμᾶς χωρίσαι ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated the similar phrase in verse 35. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1554 | 8:39 | fr5b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Here, which marks that Paul is giving further information about the love of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “that is, the love of God in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
1555 | 8:39 | tot5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in 6:23. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1556 | 9:intro | w6f4 | 0 | Romans 9 General NotesStructure and formatting
In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterFleshPaul uses the word “flesh” in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, who God named Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) In other chapters, Paul uses the word “brother” to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses “my brothers” to mean his kinsmen the Israelites. Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as “children of God” and “children of the promise.” PredestinationMany scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches extensively on a subject known as “predestination.” This is related to the biblical concept of “predestine.” Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterStone of stumblingPaul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This “stone of stumbling” causes them to “fall.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter“It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel”Paul uses the word “Israel” in this verse with two different meanings. The first “Israel” means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second “Israel” means those who are God’s people through faith. The UST reflects this. | |||
1557 | 9:1 | b89f | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul tells of his personal desire that the people of the nation of Israel will be saved. Then he emphasizes the different ways in which God has prepared them to believe. | ||
1558 | 9:1 | yg93 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι | 1 | These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1559 | 9:1 | h9mp | συνμαρτυρούσης μοι τῆς συνειδήσεώς μου ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit controls my conscience and confirms what I say” | ||
1560 | 9:2 | jx3a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ὅτι λύπη μοί ἐστιν μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη τῇ καρδίᾳ μου | 1 | Here, unceasing pain in my heart is an idiom that Paul uses to share his emotional distress. Alternate translation: “I tell you that I grieve very greatly and deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1561 | 9:2 | jky1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | λύπη & μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη | 1 | These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how great his emotions are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1562 | 9:3 | rh5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ηὐχόμην γὰρ ἀνάθεμα εἶναι αὐτὸς, ἐγὼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “I personally would be willing to let God curse me and, keep me apart from Christ forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1563 | 9:3 | eg9b | τῶν ἀδελφῶν | 1 | Here, brothers means fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
1564 | 9:4 | p1ys | οἵτινές εἰσιν Ἰσραηλεῖται | 1 | Alternate translation: “who, like me, are Israelites” | ||
1565 | 9:4 | l6vs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὧν ἡ υἱοθεσία | 1 | Here Paul uses the metaphor of adoption to indicate that the Israelites are like God’s children. Alternate translation: “who have God as their father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1566 | 9:6 | s2ma | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul emphasizes that those who are born in the family of Israel can really only be a true part of Israel through faith. | ||
1567 | 9:6 | equ8 | οὐχ οἷον δὲ, ὅτι ἐκπέπτωκεν ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Alternate translation: “But God has not failed to keep his promises” or “But God has kept his promises” | ||
1568 | 9:6 | wy8z | οὐ γὰρ πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ οὗτοι, Ἰσραήλ | 1 | God did not make his promises to all the physical descendants of Israel (or Jacob), but to his spiritual descendants, that is, those who trust in Jesus. | ||
1569 | 9:7 | s3rj | οὐδ’ ὅτι εἰσὶν σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ πάντες τέκνα | 1 | Alternate translation: “Nor are they all children of God just because they are Abraham’s descendants” | ||
1570 | 9:8 | s5xa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκὸς, | 1 | Here, children of the flesh is a metonym that refers to the physical descendants of Abraham. Alternate translation: “all of Abraham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1571 | 9:8 | y17u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in the verse 16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1572 | 9:8 | ta8t | τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας | 1 | The phrase children of the promise refers to people who will inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. | ||
1573 | 9:9 | up57 | ἐπαγγελίας & ὁ λόγος οὗτος | 1 | Alternate translation: “these are the words God used when he made the promise” | ||
1574 | 9:9 | wqb2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός | 1 | You can translate this in an active form to express that God will give a son to Sarah. Alternate translation: “I will give Sarah a son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1575 | 9:10 | mb5q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul refers to Isaac as our father because Isaac was the ancestor of Paul and of the Jewish believers in Rome. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1576 | 9:10 | icc1 | κοίτην, ἔχουσα | 1 | Alternate translation: “had become pregnant” | ||
1577 | 9:11 | h16y | μήπω γὰρ γεννηθέντων, μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον | 1 | Alternate translation: “before the children were born and before they had done anything, whether good or bad” | ||
1578 | 9:11 | a1gz | ἵνα ἡ κατ’ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις τοῦ Θεοῦ μένῃ | 1 | Alternate translation: “so that what God wants to happen according to His choice will happen” | ||
1579 | 9:11 | eez1 | μήπω γὰρ γεννηθέντων | 1 | Alternate translation: “before the children were born” | ||
1580 | 9:11 | iw56 | μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον | 1 | Alternate translation: “not because of anything they had done” | ||
1581 | 9:12 | ze3m | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:It may be necessary in your language to place this verse between verse 10 and verse 11: “our father Isaac, it was said to her, ‘The older will serve the younger.’ Now the children were not yet born and had not yet done anything good or bad, but so that the purpose of God according to choice might stand—not because of actions, but because of him who calls. It is just” | ||
1582 | 9:12 | d6mr | ἐκ τοῦ | 1 | because of God | ||
1583 | 9:12 | wv7n | ἐρρέθη αὐτῇ, ὅτι ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι | 1 | Alternate translation: “God said to Rebecca, ‘The older son will serve the younger son’” | ||
1584 | 9:13 | xt7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα, τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα | 1 | The word hated is an exaggeration. God loved Jacob much more than he loved Esau. He did not literally hate Esau. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1585 | 9:14 | m8xk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? | 1 | Paul is using the question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1586 | 9:14 | s1hm | μὴ γένοιτο! | 1 | “That is not possible!” or “Certainly not!” This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. | ||
1587 | 9:15 | kq2c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ Μωϋσεῖ γὰρ λέγει | 1 | Paul speaks about God’s talking with Moses as if it is being done in the present time. Alternate translation: “For God said to Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1588 | 9:16 | d4f5 | οὐ τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος | 1 | Alternate translation: “it is not because of what people want or because they try hard” | ||
1589 | 9:16 | ues3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος | 1 | Paul speaks of a person who does good things in order to gain God’s favor as if that person were running a race. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1590 | 9:17 | x1cj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | λέγει γὰρ ἡ Γραφὴ | 1 | Here the scripture is personified as if God were talking to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “For the scripture records that God said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1591 | 9:17 | xu7s | ἐξήγειρά σε & ἐνδείξωμαι & μου | 1 | Here the pronouns I and my refer to God as the speaker. | ||
1592 | 9:17 | nfv5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | σε | 1 | Here, you is singular and refers to Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1593 | 9:17 | pz5x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ἐξήγειρά σε | 1 | Here, raised is an idiom for causing something to be what it is. Alternate translation: “I made you the powerful man that you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1594 | 9:17 | gps5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “so that people might proclaim my name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1595 | 9:17 | jp6i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὸ ὄνομά μου | 1 | Here, name is a metonym that could refer to: (1) God in all of his being. Alternate translation: “who I am” (2) God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “how great I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1596 | 9:17 | jn7u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ | 1 | “wherever there are people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1597 | 9:18 | a1uv | ὃν δὲ θέλει, σκληρύνει | 1 | God makes stubborn whoever he wishes to make stubborn. | ||
1598 | 9:19 | z4j2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ἐρεῖς μοι οὖν | 1 | Paul is talking to the critics of his teaching as though he were only talking to one person. You may need to use the plural here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1599 | 9:19 | bbe4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἔτι μέμφεται? τῷ γὰρ βουλήματι αὐτοῦ, τίς ἀνθέστηκεν? | 1 | These rhetorical questions are complaints against God. You can translate them as strong statements. Alternate translation: “He should not find fault with us. No one has ever been able to withstand his will.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1600 | 9:19 | hqr7 | μέμφεται & αὐτοῦ | 1 | The words he and his here refer to God. | ||
1601 | 9:19 | n1ti | τῷ & βουλήματι αὐτοῦ, τίς ἀνθέστηκεν | 1 | Alternate translation: “who has ever stopped him from doing what he wanted to do” | ||
1602 | 9:20 | arw8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως? | 1 | Paul uses the potter’s right to make any kind of container he wants from the clay as a metaphor for the creator’s right to do whatever he wants with his creation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1603 | 9:20 | knb3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως? | 1 | Paul asks questions to emphasize his point. You can translate this as a strong statement. Alternate translation: “What a person has molded should never say to the one who molds it, ‘Why did you make me this way?’!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1604 | 9:20 | wcj3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως | 1 | This question is a rebuke and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have made me this way!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1605 | 9:21 | e94a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν? | 1 | This rhetorical question is a rebuke. Alternate translation: “The potter certainly has the right over the clay to make from the same lump a container for special occasions, but another for daily use.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1606 | 9:22 | we86 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σκεύη ὀργῆς | 1 | Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “people who deserve wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1607 | 9:23 | ufj7 | γνωρίσῃ & αὐτοῦ | 1 | The pronouns he and his here refer to God. | ||
1608 | 9:23 | v33r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σκεύη ἐλέους | 1 | Paul speaks of people as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “people who deserve mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1609 | 9:23 | she3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸν πλοῦτον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ | 1 | Paul compares God’s wonderful actions here to great riches. Alternate translation: “his glory, which is of great value, upon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1610 | 9:23 | t41s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἃ προητοίμασεν εἰς δόξαν | 1 | Here, glory refers to life in heaven with God. Alternate translation: “whom he prepared ahead of time in order that they might live with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1611 | 9:24 | y6vp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | καὶ & ἡμᾶς | 1 | The pronoun us here refers to Paul and fellow believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1612 | 9:24 | t8rn | ἐκάλεσεν | 1 | Here, called means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus. | ||
1613 | 9:25 | eqc2 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:In this section Paul explains how Israel’s unbelief as a nation was told ahead of time by the prophet Hosea. | ||
1614 | 9:25 | ewb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ Ὡσηὲ λέγει | 1 | Here, he refers to God. Alternate translation: “As God says also in the book that Hosea wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1615 | 9:25 | m82v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | τῷ Ὡσηὲ | 1 | Hosea was an Old Testament prophet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
1616 | 9:25 | gi5k | καλέσω τὸν οὐ λαόν μου, λαόν μου | 1 | Alternate translation: “I will choose for my people those who were not my people” | ||
1617 | 9:25 | yy15 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὴν οὐκ ἠγαπημένην, ἠγαπημένην | 1 | Here, the one refers to Hosea’s wife, Gomer, who represents the nation of Israel. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “I will choose her whom I did not love to be one whom I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1618 | 9:26 | qe9f | υἱοὶ Θεοῦ ζῶντος | 1 | The word living may refer to the fact that God is the only true God, and not like the false idols. Alternate translation: “children of the true God” | ||
1619 | 9:27 | zqi1 | κράζει | 1 | Alternate translation: “calls out” | ||
1620 | 9:27 | k9j8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης | 1 | Here Paul compares the number of the people of Israel to the number of grains of sand in the sea. Alternate translation: “too many to count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
1621 | 9:27 | wig1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | σωθήσεται | 1 | Paul uses the word saved in a spiritual sense. If God saves a person, it means that through believing in Jesus’ death on the cross, God has forgiven him and rescued him from being punished for his sin. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will save” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1622 | 9:28 | cm32 | λόγον & ποιήσει Κύριος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς | 1 | Here, word refers to how he has decided to punish people. Alternate translation: “the Lord will punish people on the earth according to how he has said” | ||
1623 | 9:29 | dl9x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἡμῖν & ἂν ἐγενήθημεν | 1 | Here the pronouns us and we refer to Isaiah and those to whom he spoke. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1624 | 9:29 | tk2e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὡς Σόδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν, καὶ ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν | 1 | God killed all of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah because of their sin. Alternate translation: “we all would have been destroyed like the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” or “God would have destroyed all of us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gommorah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1625 | 9:30 | m5l2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? | 1 | Paul uses this question to get the attention of his readers. Alternate translation: “This is what we must say.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1626 | 9:30 | ki4k | ὅτι ἔθνη | 1 | Alternate translation: “We will say that the Gentiles” | ||
1627 | 9:30 | bnl6 | τὰ μὴ διώκοντα δικαιοσύνην | 1 | Alternate translation: “who were not trying to please God” | ||
1628 | 9:30 | gl4m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δικαιοσύνην & τὴν ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | Here, by faith refers to placing one’s trust in Christ. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “because God made them right with him when they trusted in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1629 | 9:31 | f18n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς νόμον οὐκ ἔφθασεν | 1 | This means that the Israelites could not please God by trying to keep the law. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “were not able to please God by keeping the law because they could not keep it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1630 | 9:32 | y4pf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | διὰ τί? | 1 | This is an ellipsis. You can include the implied words in your translation. Alternate translation: “Why could they not attain righteousness?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1631 | 9:32 | e7p7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | διὰ τί? | 1 | Paul asks this question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1632 | 9:32 | j5jp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὡς ἐξ ἔργων | 1 | This refers to things that people do to try to please God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “by trying to do things that would please God” or “by keeping the Law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1633 | 9:33 | kx9c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can indicate that Isaiah wrote this. Alternate translation: “just as it has been written by Isaiah the prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1634 | 9:33 | ivt3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “as Isaiah the prophet wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1635 | 9:33 | dy6x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν Σιὼν | 1 | Here, Zion is a metonym that represents Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1636 | 9:33 | u3dj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου | 1 | Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1637 | 9:33 | mf6h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου | 1 | These phrases are metaphors that refer to Jesus and his death on the cross. It was as if the people stumbled over a stone because they were disgusted when they considered Jesus’ death on the cross. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1638 | 9:33 | tu4i | πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ | 1 | Because the stone stands for a person, you may need to translate this as “who believes in him.” | ||
1639 | 10:intro | c2li | 0 | Romans 10 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 8. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 18-20 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterGod’s righteousnessPaul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God’s righteousness. God gives us Jesus’ righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterRhetorical questionsPaul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter“I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation”Paul uses this prophecy to explain that God will use the church to make the Hebrew people jealous. This is so they will seek God and believe the gospel. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |||
1640 | 10:1 | pi37 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul continues stating his desire for Israel to believe but emphasizes that both those who are Jews as well as everyone else can only be saved by faith in Jesus. | ||
1641 | 10:1 | hj4b | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
1642 | 10:1 | tq7k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἡ μὲν εὐδοκία τῆς ἐμῆς καρδίας | 1 | Here, heart is a metonym for a person’s emotions or inner being. Alternate translation: “my greatest desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1643 | 10:1 | tmf2 | ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Alternate translation: “is that God will save the Jews” | ||
1644 | 10:2 | y7qg | μαρτυρῶ & αὐτοῖς | 1 | Alternate translation: “I declare truthfully about them” | ||
1645 | 10:3 | bw97 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀγνοοῦντες γὰρ τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | Here, righteousness refers to the way God puts people right with himself. You can make this explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “For they do not know how God puts people right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1646 | 10:3 | a6r4 | τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν | 1 | Alternate translation: “they did not accept God’s way of putting people right with himself” | ||
1647 | 10:4 | x1w8 | τέλος γὰρ νόμου Χριστὸς | 1 | Alternate translation: “For Christ completely fulfilled the law” | ||
1648 | 10:4 | f6pu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι | 1 | Here, believes means “trusts.” Alternate translation: “in order that he may make everyone who trusts in him right before God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1649 | 10:5 | qby2 | τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου | 1 | Alternate translation: “how the law makes a person right before God” | ||
1650 | 10:5 | wjn6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὅτι ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ἄνθρωπος, ζήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ | 1 | In order to be made right with God through the law, a person would have to keep the law perfectly, which is not possible. Alternate translation: “The person who perfectly obeys the law will live because the law will make him right before God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1651 | 10:5 | qkz4 | ζήσεται | 1 | Here, will live could refer to: (1) eternal life. (2) mortal life in fellowship with God. | ||
1652 | 10:6 | sr9z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ δὲ ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη οὕτως λέγει | 1 | Here, righteousness is described as a person who can speak. Alternate translation: “But Moses writes this about how faith makes a person right before God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1653 | 10:6 | x7h4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου | 1 | Moses was addressing the people as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronoun your is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1654 | 10:6 | nwlw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου | 1 | Here, heart is a metonym for a person’s mind or inner being. Alternate translation: “Do not say to yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1655 | 10:6 | tf9r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? | 1 | Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, “Do not say” requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one is able to go up to heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1656 | 10:6 | gi7s | τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν | 1 | Alternate translation: “in order that they might have Christ come down to earth” | ||
1657 | 10:7 | w8xe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον? | 1 | Moses uses a question to teach his audience. His previous instruction of, “Do not say” requires a negative answer to this question. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “No person can go down and enter the place where the spirits of dead persons are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1658 | 10:7 | iw13 | ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. | ||
1659 | 10:7 | t8dd | νεκρῶν | 1 | Here, the dead speaks of physical death. | ||
1660 | 10:8 | gz7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἀλλὰ τί λέγει? | 1 | The word it refers to “the righteousness” of Romans 10:6. Here Paul describes righteousness as a person who can speak. Alternate translation: “But this is what Moses says?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1661 | 10:8 | sen1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἀλλὰ τί λέγει? | 1 | Paul uses a question to emphasize the answer he is about to give. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1662 | 10:8 | kzb2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν | 1 | Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were a person who can move. Alternate translation: “You have heard the message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1663 | 10:8 | y6mq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου | 1 | The word mouth is a metonym that refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “You can hear and know how to speak and think about God’s message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1664 | 10:8 | zvx4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου | 1 | The phrase in your heart is metonym that refers to what a person thinks and believes. Alternate translation: “and you know what it means” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1665 | 10:8 | lh5d | τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως | 1 | Alternate translation: “God’s message that tells us that we must believe in him” | ||
1666 | 10:9 | tz7r | ἐὰν ὁμολογήσῃς ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, Κύριον Ἰησοῦν | 1 | Alternate translation: “if you verbally confess that Jesus is Lord” | ||
1667 | 10:9 | ie71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | πιστεύσῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου | 1 | Here, heart is a metonym for a person’s mind or inner person. Alternate translation: “believe in your mind” or “truly believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1668 | 10:9 | zdf5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | αὐτὸν ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | Here, raised here is an idiom for “caused to live again.” Alternate translation: “caused him to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1669 | 10:9 | c3cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | σωθήσῃ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1670 | 10:10 | g7i1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | καρδίᾳ γὰρ πιστεύεται εἰς δικαιοσύνην, στόματι δὲ ὁμολογεῖται εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, heart is a metonym that represents the mind or will. Alternate translation: “For it is with the mind that a person trusts and is right before God, and it is with the mouth that a person confesses and God saves him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1671 | 10:10 | xs8c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | στόματι | 1 | Here, mouth is a synecdoche that represents a person’s capacity to speak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1672 | 10:11 | gu99 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | λέγει γὰρ ἡ Γραφή | 1 | Paul speaks of the scripture as if it were alive and had a voice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1673 | 10:11 | r6tf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | λέγει γὰρ ἡ Γραφή | 1 | You can make explicit who wrote the scripture that Paul uses here. Alternate translation: “For Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1674 | 10:11 | nv71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται | 1 | This is equivalent to: “Everyone who does not believe will be shamed.” The negative is used here for emphasis. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will honor everyone who believes in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1675 | 10:12 | z8p4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐ γάρ ἐστιν διαστολὴ Ἰουδαίου τε καὶ Ἕλληνος | 1 | Paul implies that God will treat all people the same. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “In this way, God treats the Jews and the non-Jews the same” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1676 | 10:12 | p9py | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πλουτῶν εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους αὐτόν | 1 | Here, being rich means that God blesses richly. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “and he richly blesses all who trust in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1677 | 10:13 | pe96 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | πᾶς γὰρ ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται | 1 | Here the word name is a metonym for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1678 | 10:13 | js1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | πᾶς γὰρ ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will save everyone who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1679 | 10:14 | utr4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν? | 1 | Paul uses a question to emphasize the importance of taking the good news of Christ to those who have not heard. The word they refers to those who do not yet belong to God. Alternate translation: “Those who do not believe in God cannot call on him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1680 | 10:14 | lx52 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | πῶς & πιστεύσωσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? | 2 | Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: “they cannot believe in him if they have not heard his message!” or “they cannot believe in him if they have not heard the message about him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1681 | 10:14 | mrl8 | πιστεύσωσιν | 1 | Here this means to acknowledge that what that person has said is true. | ||
1682 | 10:14 | iwc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | πῶς & ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος? | 3 | Paul uses another question for the same reason. Alternate translation: “they cannot hear the message if someone does not tell them!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1683 | 10:15 | e8rt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά! | 1 | Paul uses feet to represent those who travel and bring the message to those who have not heard it. Alternate translation: “It is wonderful when messengers come and tell us the good news” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1684 | 10:16 | hku8 | οὐ πάντες ὑπήκουσαν | 1 | Here, them refers to the Jews. “not all of the Jews obeyed” | ||
1685 | 10:16 | j3se | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? | 1 | Paul is using this question to emphasize that Isaiah prophesied in the Scriptures that many Jews would not believe in Jesus. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “Lord, so many of them do not believe our message.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1686 | 10:16 | z4s9 | τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν | 1 | Here, our refers to God and Isaiah. | ||
1687 | 10:17 | wu5a | ἡ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς | 1 | Here, faith refers to “believing in Christ” | ||
1688 | 10:17 | nq87 | ἡ & ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος Χριστοῦ | 2 | Alternate translation: “hearing by listening to the message about Christ” | ||
1689 | 10:18 | f6jy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἀλλὰ λέγω, μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? μενοῦνγε | 1 | Paul uses a question for emphasis. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “But, I say the Jews certainly have heard the message about Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1690 | 10:18 | s5zh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν | 1 | Both of these statements mean basically the same thing and Paul uses them for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
1691 | 10:18 | g4vd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν | 1 | The word their refers to the sun, moon, and stars. Here they are described as human messengers that tell people about God. This refers to how their existence shows God’s power and glory. Alternate translation: “The sun, moon, and the stars are proof of God’s power and glory, and everyone in the world sees them and knows the truth about God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1692 | 10:18 | lz77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν | 1 | You can make explicit that Paul is quoting Scripture here. Alternate translation: “As the Scriptures record, ‘The sun, moon, and the stars are proof of God’s power and glory, and everyone in the world sees them and knows the truth about God.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1693 | 10:19 | ib4m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἀλλὰ λέγω, μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω? | 1 | Paul uses a question for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Again I tell you that Israel did know the message.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1694 | 10:19 | zyw0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἀλλὰ λέγω, μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω? | 1 | The word Israel is a metonym for the people who lived in the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “Again I tell you the people of Israel did know the message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1695 | 10:19 | jjt3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πρῶτος Μωϋσῆς λέγει | 1 | This means that Moses wrote down what God said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1696 | 10:19 | vxzz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, & παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς | 1 | Both instances of I refer to God, and you refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “God will provoke you … God will stir you up to anger.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1697 | 10:19 | ve6t | ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει | 1 | Alternate translation: “by those you do not consider to be a real nation” or “by people who do not belong to any nation” | ||
1698 | 10:19 | s3nz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ | 1 | Here, without understanding means that the people do not know God. Alternate translation: “by a nation with people who do not know me or my commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1699 | 10:19 | g7zt | παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς | 1 | Alternate translation: “I will make you angry” or “I will cause you to become angry” | ||
1700 | 10:19 | a7k7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὑμᾶς | 1 | Here, you refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1701 | 10:20 | qcx2 | General Information: | 0 | General Information:Here the words I, “me,” and “my” refer to God. | ||
1702 | 10:20 | cv1x | Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει | 1 | This means the prophet Isaiah wrote what God had said. | ||
1703 | 10:20 | fc4b | εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν | 1 | Prophets often speak of things in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. | ||
1704 | 10:20 | u60f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Even though the Gentile people will not look for me, they will find me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1705 | 10:20 | t78j | ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην | 1 | Alternate translation: “I made myself known” | ||
1706 | 10:20 | k8pp | λέγει | 1 | He refers to God, who is speaking through Isaiah. | ||
1707 | 10:21 | hw4w | ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν | 1 | This phrase is used to emphasize God’s continual effort. “Continually” | ||
1708 | 10:21 | il8s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα | 1 | The action of reaching out a hand represents offering help to a person. Alternate translation: “I tried to welcome you and to help you, but you refused my help and continued to disobey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
1709 | 11:intro | e9qz | 0 | Romans 11 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which are words from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterGraftingPaul uses the image of “grafting” to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called “grafting.” Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter“Did God reject his people? May it never be”Whether Israel (the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob) has a future in the plans of God, or if they have been replaced in the plans of God by the church, is a major theological issue in Chapters 9-11. This phrase is an important part of this section of Romans. It seems to indicate that Israel remains distinct from the church. Not all scholars arrive at this conclusion. Despite their currently rejecting Jesus as their Messiah, Israel has not exhausted the grace and mercy of God. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) | |||
1710 | 11:1 | p2h9 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Though Israel as a nation has rejected God, God wants them to understand salvation comes by grace without works. | ||
1711 | 11:1 | wp35 | λέγω οὖν | 1 | Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say then” | ||
1712 | 11:1 | p4zd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ? | 1 | Paul asks this question so that he can answer the questions of other Jews who are upset that God has included the Gentiles among his people, while the hearts of the Jewish people have been hardened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1713 | 11:1 | wqu2 | μὴ γένοιτο | 1 | “That is not possible!” or “Certainly not!” This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in Romans 9:14. | ||
1714 | 11:1 | bc4g | φυλῆς Βενιαμείν | 1 | This refers to the tribe descended from Benjamin, one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel. | ||
1715 | 11:2 | h4qe | ὃν προέγνω | 1 | Alternate translation: “whom he knew ahead of time” | ||
1716 | 11:2 | cjp6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? | 1 | You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you know what the Scriptures record about when Elijah pleaded with God against Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1717 | 11:2 | dd1e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή | 1 | Paul is referring to the scriptures as if they were able to speak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1718 | 11:3 | fh9i | ἀπέκτειναν | 1 | Here, they refers to the people of Israel. | ||
1719 | 11:3 | ut1s | κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος | 1 | The pronoun I here refers to Elijah. | ||
1720 | 11:3 | dv5u | ζητοῦσιν τὴν ψυχήν μου | 1 | Alternate translation: “they want to kill me” | ||
1721 | 11:4 | rj4e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἀλλὰ τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός? | 1 | Paul is using this question to bring the reader to his next point. Alternate translation: “How does God answer him?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1722 | 11:4 | x6e9 | αὐτῷ | 1 | The pronoun him refers to Elijah. | ||
1723 | 11:5 | ce2r | λῖμμα | 1 | Here this means a small part of people whom God chose to receive his grace. | ||
1724 | 11:6 | q6es | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰ δὲ χάριτι | 1 | Paul continues to explain how God’s mercy works. Alternate translation: “But since God’s mercy works by grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1725 | 11:7 | k94b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί οὖν? | 1 | “What should we conclude?” Paul asks this question to move his reader to his next point. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is what we need to remember.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1726 | 11:8 | uc8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν | 1 | This is a metaphor about the fact that the people are spiritually dull. They are not able to hear or receive spiritual truth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1727 | 11:8 | z47a | πνεῦμα κατανύξεως | 1 | Here, spirit means “the characteristics of,” such as the “spirit of wisdom.” | ||
1728 | 11:8 | zyk1 | ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν | 1 | The concept of seeing with one’s eyes was considered to be equivalent to gaining understanding. | ||
1729 | 11:8 | ny8w | ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν | 1 | The concept of hearing with the ears was considered to be equivalent to obedience. | ||
1730 | 11:9 | kpg8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν | 1 | Here, table here is a metonym that represents feasting. Alternate translation: “Please, God, make their feasts become like a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1731 | 11:9 | l6re | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν | 1 | Here, net and trap are metaphors that represent punishment. Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1732 | 11:9 | x0wl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Please, God, make their feasts like a trap that catches them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1733 | 11:9 | ya1g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σκάνδαλον | 1 | A stumbling block is anything that causes a person to trip so that he falls down. Here it represents something that tempts a person to sin. Alternate translation: “something that tempts them to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1734 | 11:9 | xex5 | ἀνταπόδομα αὐτοῖς | 1 | Alternate translation: “something that allows you to take revenge on them” | ||
1735 | 11:10 | c1nj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὸν νῶτον αὐτῶν διὰ παντὸς σύνκαμψον | 1 | Here, make their backs bend is a metonym for forcing slaves to carry heavy loads on their backs. Alternate translation: “make them continually carry heavy loads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1736 | 11:10 | biqg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸν νῶτον αὐτῶν διὰ παντὸς σύνκαμψον | 1 | This is a metaphor for making them suffer. Alternate translation: “make them continually suffer like people carrying heavy loads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1737 | 11:11 | z8tw | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:With Israel as a nation rejecting God, Paul warns the Gentiles to be careful they do not make the same mistake. | ||
1738 | 11:11 | r9hg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | μὴ ἔπταισαν ἵνα πέσωσιν? | 1 | Paul uses this question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “Has God rejected them forever because they sinned?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1739 | 11:11 | qbx4 | μὴ γένοιτο! | 1 | “That is not possible!” or “Certainly not!” This expression strongly denies that this could happen. You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. See how you translated this in Romans 9:14. | ||
1740 | 11:11 | f1jw | παραζηλῶσαι αὐτούς | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in Romans 10:19. | ||
1741 | 11:12 | ew4i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | εἰ & τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος κόσμου, καὶ τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν | 1 | Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. If you need to, you can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: “when the Jews failed spiritually, the result was that God abundantly blessed the non-Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1742 | 11:12 | dh1g | πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν | 1 | Because the Jews rejected Christ, God richly blessed the Gentiles by giving them the opportunity to receive Christ. | ||
1743 | 11:12 | it9k | κόσμου | 1 | Here the world is a metonym that refers to the people who live in the world, especially the Gentiles. | ||
1744 | 11:14 | ua2k | παραζηλώσω | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in Romans 10:19. | ||
1745 | 11:14 | h1qe | μου τὴν σάρκα | 1 | This refers to Paul’s fellow Jews. | ||
1746 | 11:14 | gp38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καὶ σώσω τινὰς ἐξ αὐτῶν | 1 | God will save those who believe. Alternate translation: “and perhaps some will believe and God will save them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1747 | 11:15 | es22 | εἰ γὰρ ἡ ἀποβολὴ αὐτῶν καταλλαγὴ κόσμου | 1 | Alternate translation: “For if because God rejected them, he will reconcile the rest of the world to himself” | ||
1748 | 11:15 | ui3i | ἡ ἀποβολὴ αὐτῶν | 1 | The pronoun their refers to Jewish unbelievers. | ||
1749 | 11:15 | m3fs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | κόσμου | 1 | Here, the world is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1750 | 11:15 | em8m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? | 1 | Paul asks this question to emphasize that when God accepts the Jews, it will be a wonderful thing. Alternate translation: “how will it be when God accepts them? It will be like they have come back to life from among the dead!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1751 | 11:15 | civ7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? | 1 | You can translate it in an active form. Alternate translation: “then when God accepts them, it will be like they have died and become alive again!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1752 | 11:15 | jn4l | νεκρῶν | 1 | These words speak of all dead people together in the underworld. | ||
1753 | 11:16 | b2s5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα; | 1 | Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the first grain or firstfruits to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who are descendants of those men as if they were a lump of dough that they made from the grain. Alternate translation: “If Abraham is counted as the first of what has been offered to God, all of our ancestors who followed should also be counted as God’s possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1754 | 11:16 | dci1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰ ἡ ῥίζα ἁγία, καὶ οἱ κλάδοι | 1 | Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the root of a tree, and the Israelites who are descendants of those men, as if they were the branches of the tree. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1755 | 11:16 | d1zi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἁγία | 1 | The people always dedicated to God the first crops that they harvested. Here, “firstfruits” stands for the first people to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1756 | 11:17 | slf6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν | 1 | Here Paul refers to the Jews who rejected Jesus as branches that were broken off. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1757 | 11:17 | b8ic | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “But if someone broke off some of the branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1758 | 11:17 | qv65 | σὺ δὲ ἀγριέλαιος ὢν | 1 | The pronoun you, and the phrase a wild olive branch, refer to the Gentile people who have accepted salvation through Jesus. | ||
1759 | 11:17 | z6hr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the Gentile Christians as if they were grafted into the faith of Abraham and the Jewish patriarchs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1760 | 11:17 | lb1p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God attached you to the tree among the remaining branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1761 | 11:17 | s9w3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῆς ῥίζης τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου | 1 | Here, the richness of the root is a metaphor that refers to the promises of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1762 | 11:18 | gqd6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων | 1 | Here, the branches is a metaphor that stands for the Jewish people. Alternate translation: “do not say you are better than the Jewish people God has rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1763 | 11:18 | llz1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ | 1 | Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches that are connected to the root of the faith of the Abraham and the Jewish patriarchs. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1764 | 11:19 | mm6w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι | 1 | Branches here refer to the Jews who rejected Jesus and whom God has now rejected. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1765 | 11:19 | qk8c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God broke branches off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1766 | 11:19 | p9ti | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ | 1 | Paul uses this phrase to refer to the Gentile believers whom God has accepted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1767 | 11:19 | z9l9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “he might attach me in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1768 | 11:20 | puj9 | τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ ἐξεκλάσθησαν | 1 | The pronouns They and their refer to the Jewish people who did not believe. | ||
1769 | 11:20 | v2ua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σὺ δὲ τῇ πίστει ἕστηκας | 1 | Paul speaks of the Gentile believers remaining faithful as if they were standing firm and no one could move them. Alternate translation: “but you remain because of your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1770 | 11:21 | f6i7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων οὐκ ἐφείσατο, οὐδὲ σοῦ φείσεται | 1 | Here the natural branches refer to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. Alternate translation: “Since God did not spare those unbelieving Jews, who grew up like a tree’s natural branches that came from the root, then know, if you do not believe, he will not spare you either” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1771 | 11:22 | xdm3 | χρηστότητα καὶ ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them. | ||
1772 | 11:22 | p691 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς πεσόντας, ἀποτομία; ἐπὶ δὲ σὲ, χρηστότης Θεοῦ | 1 | This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns severity and kindness. Alternate translation: “God dealt harshly with the Jews who fell, but God acts kindly toward you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1773 | 11:22 | scf8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τοὺς πεσόντας | 1 | Doing what is wrong is spoken of as if it is falling down. Alternate translation: “the Jews who have done wrong” or “the Jews who have refused to trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1774 | 11:22 | z41m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | ἐὰν ἐπιμένῃς τῇ χρηστότητι | 1 | This can be restated to remove the abstract noun kindness. Alternate translation: “if you continue doing what is right so that he continues being kind to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
1775 | 11:22 | t4mk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐπεὶ καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ | 1 | Paul again uses the metaphor of a branch, which God can cut off if he needs to. Here, cut off is a metaphor for rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Otherwise you will be rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1776 | 11:22 | l17i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐπεὶ καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Otherwise God will cut you off” or “Otherwise God will reject you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1777 | 11:23 | lvk7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | ἐὰν μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ | 1 | The phrase do not continue in their unbelief is a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: “if the Jews start believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
1778 | 11:23 | zu7k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐνκεντρισθήσονται | 1 | Paul speaks of the Jews as if they were branches that could be grafted back into a tree if they start to believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1779 | 11:23 | lx11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἐνκεντρισθήσονται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will graft them back in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1780 | 11:23 | yjj6 | ἐνκεντρίσαι | 1 | This is a common process where the end of a live branch of one tree is inserted into another tree so that the new branch will continue to grow in that tree. | ||
1781 | 11:23 | r5kg | κἀκεῖνοι & αὐτούς | 1 | The occurrences of they and them refer to the Jews. | ||
1782 | 11:24 | s1a4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰ γὰρ σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου, καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐνεκεντρίσθης εἰς καλλιέλαιον, πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ | 1 | Paul continues speaking of the Gentile believers and Jews as if they were branches of a tree. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1783 | 11:24 | dem3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | εἰ γὰρ σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου, καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐνεκεντρίσθης εἰς καλλιέλαιον, πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ? | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “For if God had cut you out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature had grafted you into a good olive tree, how much more will he graft these Jews, who are the natural branches, into their own olive tree?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1784 | 11:24 | yn21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οἱ κατὰ φύσιν | 1 | Paul continues speaking of the Jews and Gentiles as if they were branches. The branches according to nature represent the Jews who were originally connected to the faith of Abraham and the Jewish patriarchs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1785 | 11:25 | ye5w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐ & θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν | 1 | Here Paul uses a double negative. You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: “I very much want you to be aware” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
1786 | 11:25 | w7lx | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
1787 | 11:25 | q3i2 | θέλω | 1 | Here the pronoun I refers to Paul. | ||
1788 | 11:25 | sf4v | ὑμᾶς & ἦτε & ἑαυτοῖς | 1 | The pronouns you and yourselves refer to the Gentile believers. | ||
1789 | 11:25 | me1g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἵνα μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι | 1 | Paul does not want the Gentile believers to think they are wiser than the Jewish unbelievers. Alternate translation: “so that you will not think you are wiser than you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1790 | 11:25 | ec4j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν | 1 | Paul speaks of stubbornness as if it were a hardening of physical organs in the body. Some Jews have refused to accept salvation through Jesus. Alternate translation: “many people of Israel continue to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1791 | 11:25 | db1x | ἄχρι οὗ τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν ἐθνῶν εἰσέλθῃ | 1 | The word until here implies that a portion Jews will refuse to believe until after God has finished bringing the Gentiles into the church. | ||
1792 | 11:26 | ds7a | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul says that a deliverer will come out of Israel to the glory of God. | ||
1793 | 11:26 | vu7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καὶ οὕτως πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται | 1 | You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and thus God will save all Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1794 | 11:26 | n7yf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “just as the scriptures record” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1795 | 11:26 | dm4e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐκ Σιὼν | 1 | Here, Zion is used as a metonym for the place where God dwells. Alternate translation: “From where God is among the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1796 | 11:26 | v96c | ὁ ῥυόμενος | 1 | Alternate translation: “the one who brings his people to safety” | ||
1797 | 11:26 | at55 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας | 1 | Paul speaks of ungodliness as if it were an object that someone could remove, perhaps like someone removes a garment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1798 | 11:26 | bkr2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ | 1 | Here, Jacob is used as a metonym for Israel. Alternate translation: “from the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1799 | 11:27 | ll39 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀφέλωμαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν | 1 | Here Paul speaks of sins as if they were objects that someone could take away. Alternate translation: “I will remove the burden of their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1800 | 11:28 | ctn9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κατὰ μὲν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον | 1 | You can make explicit why Paul mentions the gospel. Alternate translation: “Because the Jews rejected the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1801 | 11:28 | x6aa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐχθροὶ δι’ ὑμᾶς | 1 | You can make explicit whose enemies they are, and how this was for the Gentiles’ sake. Alternate translation: “they are God’s enemies for your sake” or “God has treated them as enemies in order that you also might hear the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1802 | 11:28 | dr2q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | κατὰ & τὴν ἐκλογὴν | 2 | You can make explicit why Paul mentions election. Alternate translation: “because God has elected the Jews” or “because God has chosen the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1803 | 11:28 | jas2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀγαπητοὶ διὰ τοὺς πατέρας | 1 | You can make explicit who loves the Jews and why Paul mentions their forefathers. Alternate translation: “they are loved by God because of what he promised to do for their ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1804 | 11:28 | d82k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἀγαπητοὶ διὰ τοὺς πατέρας | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God still loves them because of what he promised to do for their ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1805 | 11:29 | p2sf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀμεταμέλητα γὰρ τὰ χαρίσματα καὶ ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks of the spiritual and material blessings that God promised to give his people as if they were gifts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1806 | 11:29 | mnqs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀμεταμέλητα γὰρ τὰ χαρίσματα καὶ ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | The call of God refers to the fact that God called the Jews to be his people. Alternate translation: “For God never changed his mind about what he has promised to give them, and about how he has called them to be his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1807 | 11:30 | bj8g | ὑμεῖς ποτε ἠπειθήσατε | 1 | Alternate translation: “you did not obey in the past” | ||
1808 | 11:30 | df91 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἠλεήθητε τῇ τούτων ἀπειθείᾳ | 1 | Here, mercy means God’s undeserved blessings. Alternate translation: “because the Jews have rejected Jesus, you have received blessings that you did not deserve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1809 | 11:30 | g3cn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὑμεῖς | 1 | Here, you refers to Gentile believers, and is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1810 | 11:32 | t6cb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | συνέκλεισεν & ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς πάντας εἰς ἀπείθειαν | 1 | God has treated people who disobey him like prisoners who are unable to escape from prison. Alternate translation: “God has made prisoners of those who disobey him. Now they cannot stop disobeying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1811 | 11:33 | x3kb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ὦ βάθος πλούτου, καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, wisdom and knowledge mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “How amazing are the many benefits of both God’s wisdom and knowledge!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1812 | 11:33 | u322 | ὡς ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ | 1 | Alternate translation: “We are completely unable to understand the things that he has decided and find out the ways in which he acts toward us” | ||
1813 | 11:34 | r2wj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τίς γὰρ ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? | 1 | Paul uses this question to emphasize that no one is as wise as the Lord. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one has ever known the mind of the Lord, and no one has become his advisor.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1814 | 11:34 | yy52 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | νοῦν Κυρίου | 1 | Here, mind is a metonym for knowing things or thinking about things. Alternate translation: “all that the Lord knows” or “what the Lord thinks about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1815 | 11:35 | j5cn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | ἢ τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ? | 1 | Paul uses this question to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: “No one has ever given anything to God that he did not first receive from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1816 | 11:36 | abc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns | ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καὶ δι’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν, τὰ πάντα. αὐτῷ | 1 | Here, all occurrences of him refer to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
1817 | 11:36 | rpx6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας | 1 | This expresses Paul’s desire for all people to honor God. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “May all people honor him forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1818 | 12:intro | aky9 | 0 | Romans 12 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 20, which are from the Old Testament. Many scholars believe Paul uses the word therefore in Romans 12:1 to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one’s Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Special concepts in this chapterChristian livingUnder the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Important figures of speech in this chapterBody of ChristThe body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member plays a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
1819 | 12:1 | rhs3 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul tells what the life of a believer should be and how believers should serve. | ||
1820 | 12:1 | d2y3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, διὰ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: “Fellow believers, because of the great mercy that God has given you I very much want you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1821 | 12:1 | w1mz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν | 1 | Here Paul uses the word bodies to refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “to offer yourselves completely to God as a living sacrifice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1822 | 12:1 | wuyl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν | 1 | Paul is comparing a believer in Christ who completely obeys God to the animals that the Jews killed and then offered to God. Alternate translation: “to offer yourselves completely to God while you are alive as if you were a dead sacrifice on a temple altar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1823 | 12:1 | dwr5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ἁγίαν, εὐάρεστον, τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | This could refer to: (1) a sacrifice that you give to God alone and that pleases him. (2) a sacrifice that is acceptable to God because it is morally pure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1824 | 12:1 | tyk7 | τὴν λογικὴν λατρείαν ὑμῶν | 1 | Alternate translation: “which is the right way to worship God” | ||
1825 | 12:2 | clc6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ | 1 | This could mean: (1) do not behave as the world behaves. (2) do not think the way the world does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1826 | 12:2 | pyb6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ | 1 | You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “do not act and think like the world does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1827 | 12:2 | d2qq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ | 1 | Here, this world refers to unbelievers who live in the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1828 | 12:2 | na8p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἀλλὰ μεταμορφοῦσθε τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “but let God change the way you think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1829 | 12:3 | nyc2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι | 1 | Here, grace refers to God’s choosing Paul to be an apostle and leader of the church. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “through the grace that caused me to become an apostle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1830 | 12:3 | l6c6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “because God freely chose me to be an apostle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1831 | 12:3 | s6yg | παντὶ τῷ ὄντι ἐν ὑμῖν, μὴ ὑπερφρονεῖν παρ’ ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν | 1 | Alternate translation: “that no one among you should think they are better than they are” | ||
1832 | 12:3 | me4t | ἀλλὰ φρονεῖν εἰς τὸ σωφρονεῖν | 1 | Alternate translation: “but you should be wise in how you think about yourselves” | ||
1833 | 12:3 | m8z7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως | 1 | Paul implies here that believers have different abilities that correspond to their faith in God. Alternate translation: “since God has given each of you the faith to trust in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1834 | 12:4 | zm8p | γὰρ | 1 | Paul the word For to show that he will now explain why some Christians should not think they are better than others. | ||
1835 | 12:4 | v2pi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι, πολλὰ μέλη ἔχομεν | 1 | Paul refers to all the believers in Christ as if they were different parts of the human body. He does this to illustrate that although believers may serve Christ in different ways, each person belongs to Christ and serves in an important way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1836 | 12:4 | v5iy | μέλη | 1 | Here, members are such things as eyes, stomachs, and hands. | ||
1837 | 12:5 | dhx8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὸ δὲ καθ’ εἷς ἀλλήλων μέλη | 1 | Paul speaks of the believers as if God had physically joined them together like the parts of the human body. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1838 | 12:5 | cutl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸ δὲ καθ’ εἷς ἀλλήλων μέλη | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God has joined each believer together with all other believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1839 | 12:6 | hrr1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἔχοντες δὲ χαρίσματα κατὰ τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν διάφορα | 1 | Paul speaks of believers’ different abilities as being free gifts from God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1840 | 12:6 | y267 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἔχοντες δὲ χαρίσματα κατὰ τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν διάφορα | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God has freely given each of us the ability to do different things for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1841 | 12:6 | bnk9 | κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | This could mean: (1) he should speak prophecies that do not go beyond the amount of faith God has given us. (2) he should speak prophecies that agree with the teachings of our faith. | ||
1842 | 12:8 | m2as | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ μεταδιδοὺς | 1 | Here, giving refers to giving money and other things to people. You can make this meaning explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “if one has the gift of giving money or other goods to people in need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1843 | 12:9 | iv5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἡ ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must love people sincerely and truly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1844 | 12:9 | eaw7 | ἡ ἀγάπη | 1 | The word Paul uses here refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. | ||
1845 | 12:10 | mr8i | τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ | 1 | This is another word that means brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. | ||
1846 | 12:10 | ng86 | τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ & φιλόστοργοι | 1 | Here Paul begins a list of nine items, each of the form in … be to tell the believers what kind of people they should be. You may need to translate some of the items as “in … do.” The list continues to Romans 12:13. | ||
1847 | 12:10 | ux2y | τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “as for how you love your fellow believers” | ||
1848 | 12:10 | tj57 | τῇ τιμῇ ἀλλήλους προηγούμενοι | 1 | Alternate translation: “honor and respect one another” or “honor your fellow believers by respecting them” | ||
1849 | 12:11 | iu2i | τῇ σπουδῇ μὴ ὀκνηροί, τῷ πνεύματι ζέοντες, τῷ Κυρίῳ δουλεύοντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “do not be lazy in your duty, but be eager to follow the Spirit and to serve the Lord” | ||
1850 | 12:12 | l3es | τῇ θλίψει ὑπομένοντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “wait patiently whenever you have troubles” | ||
1851 | 12:13 | vk5h | ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “when fellow Christians are in trouble, help them with what they need” | ||
1852 | 12:13 | exd8 | τὴν φιλοξενίαν διώκοντες | 1 | This is the last item in the list that began in Romans 12:9. “always welcome them into your home when they need a place to stay” | ||
1853 | 12:16 | hwd1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | τὸ αὐτὸ εἰς ἀλλήλους φρονοῦντες | 1 | This is an idiom that means to live in unity. Alternate translation: “agreeing with one another” or “living in unity with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
1854 | 12:16 | ar7y | μὴ τὰ ὑψηλὰ φρονοῦντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “do not think that you are more important than others” | ||
1855 | 12:16 | cc23 | τοῖς ταπεινοῖς συναπαγόμενοι | 1 | Alternate translation: “welcome people who do not seem important” | ||
1856 | 12:16 | h469 | μὴ γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς | 1 | Alternate translation: “Do not think of yourselves as having more wisdom than everyone else” | ||
1857 | 12:17 | h2tz | μηδενὶ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἀποδιδόντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “do not do evil things to someone who has done evil things to you” | ||
1858 | 12:17 | fzh8 | προνοούμενοι καλὰ ἐνώπιον πάντων ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Alternate translation: “do things that everyone considers to be good” | ||
1859 | 12:18 | pgt7 | τὸ ἐξ ὑμῶν, μετὰ πάντων ἀνθρώπων εἰρηνεύοντες | 1 | Alternate translation: “do whatever you can to live in peace with everyone” | ||
1860 | 12:19 | ew6x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | δότε τόπον τῇ ὀργῇ | 1 | Here, wrath is a metonym for God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “allow God to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1861 | 12:19 | ns3b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | γέγραπται γάρ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “for someone has written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1862 | 12:19 | l2i8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις; ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God will avenge his people. Alternate translation: “I will certainly avenge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
1863 | 12:20 | c4ig | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | ὁ ἐχθρός σου & σωρεύσεις | 1 | The pronouns your and you are singular and addressed as to one person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1864 | 12:20 | q7dq | ἀλλὰ ἐὰν πεινᾷ ὁ ἐχθρός σου, ψώμιζε αὐτόν; ἐὰν διψᾷ, πότιζε αὐτόν; τοῦτο γὰρ ποιῶν, ἄνθρακας πυρὸς σωρεύσεις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ. | 1 | In 12:20 Paul quotes another part of scripture. Alternate translation: “But the scripture also says, ‘If your enemy is hungry, feed him. If he is thirsty, give him a drink. For doing this, you will heap coals of fire on his head’” | ||
1865 | 12:20 | wce6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἄνθρακας πυρὸς σωρεύσεις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks of the blessings that the enemies will receive as if someone were pouring hot coals on their heads. This could mean: (1) you will make the person who harmed you feel badly about how he has mistreated you. (2) you will give God a reason to judge your enemy more harshly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1866 | 12:21 | q761 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ τὸ κακόν | 1 | Paul describes evil as though it were a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1867 | 12:21 | k8et | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let those who are evil defeat you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1868 | 12:21 | p7fd | μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα & τὸ κακόν | 1 | These verbs are addressed as to one person and so are singular. | ||
1869 | 13:intro | l4q7 | 0 | Romans 13 General NotesStructure and formatting
In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who govern them. At that time, ungodly Roman rulers governed the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) Special concepts in this chapterUngodly rulersWhen Paul teaches about obeying rulers, some readers will find this difficult to understand, especially in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapterFleshThis is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive (“in the flesh”), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) | |||
1870 | 13:1 | v5ik | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul tells believers how to live under their rulers. | ||
1871 | 13:1 | b8nf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | πᾶσα ψυχὴ & ὑποτασσέσθω | 1 | Here, soul is a synecdoche for the whole person. “Let every Christian obey” or “Everyone should obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1872 | 13:1 | g1by | ἐξουσίαις ὑπερεχούσαις | 1 | Alternate translation: “submit to government officials” | ||
1873 | 13:1 | wii2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐ & ἔστιν ἐξουσία, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ | 1 | This is a double negative. You can translate it in a positive form. Alternate translation: “all authority comes from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
1874 | 13:1 | j3lr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | αἱ δὲ οὖσαι ὑπὸ Θεοῦ τεταγμέναι εἰσίν | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “And the people who are in authority are there because God put them there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1875 | 13:2 | ui8y | τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “that government authority” or “the authority that God placed in power” | ||
1876 | 13:2 | dsa3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οἱ & ἀνθεστηκότες, ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will judge those who oppose government authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1877 | 13:3 | m3yf | γὰρ | 1 | Paul uses this word to begin his explanation of Romans 13:2 and to tell about what will result if the government condemns a person. | ||
1878 | 13:3 | c2xa | οἱ & ἄρχοντες οὐκ εἰσὶν φόβος | 1 | Rulers do not make good people afraid. | ||
1879 | 13:3 | jt2z | τῷ ἀγαθῷ ἔργῳ, & τῷ κακῷ | 1 | People are identified with their good deeds or evil deeds. | ||
1880 | 13:3 | z4sq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | θέλεις δὲ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν? | 1 | Paul uses this question to get people to think about what they need to do in order not to be afraid of rulers. Alternate translation: “Let me tell you how you can be unafraid of the ruler.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1881 | 13:3 | ahl9 | ἕξεις ἔπαινον ἐξ αὐτῆς | 1 | The government will say good things about people who do what is good. | ||
1882 | 13:4 | ink8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes | οὐ & εἰκῇ τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ | 1 | You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: “he carries the sword for a very good reason” or “he has the power to punish people, and he will punish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
1883 | 13:4 | s3vz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ | 1 | Roman governors carried a short sword as a symbol of their authority. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1884 | 13:4 | au7j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἔκδικος εἰς ὀργὴν | 1 | Here, wrath represents the punishment people receive when they do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “a person who punishes people as an expression of the government’s anger against evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1885 | 13:5 | q81v | οὐ μόνον διὰ τὴν ὀργὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν | 1 | Alternate translation: “not only so the government will not punish you, but also so you will have a clear conscience before God” | ||
1886 | 13:6 | r1jy | διὰ τοῦτο | 1 | Alternate translation: “because the government punishes evildoers” | ||
1887 | 13:6 | r4b3 | τελεῖτε | 1 | Paul is addressing the believers here, so this verb is plural. | ||
1888 | 13:6 | hy4f | γὰρ & εἰσιν | 2 | Alternate translation: “This is why you should pay taxes: authorities are” | ||
1889 | 13:7 | z9cn | ἀπόδοτε πᾶσι | 1 | Paul is addressing the believers here, so this verb is plural. | ||
1890 | 13:7 | wg2l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | τῷ τὸν φόρον, τὸν φόρον; τῷ τὸ τέλος, τὸ τέλος; τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον; τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν | 1 | The word “pay” is understood from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “pay tax to whom tax is due and toll to whom toll is due. Pay fear to whom fear is due and honor to him to whom honor is due” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1891 | 13:7 | nwi2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον; τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν | 1 | Here paying fear and honor is a metaphor for fearing and honoring those who deserve to be feared and honored. Alternate translation: “Fear those who deserve to be feared, and honor those who deserved to be honored” or “Respect those whom you ought to respect, and honor those whom you ought to honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1892 | 13:7 | s2nf | τὸ τέλος | 1 | This is a kind of tax. | ||
1893 | 13:8 | s8pb | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul tells believers how to act toward neighbors. | ||
1894 | 13:8 | a69g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν | 1 | This is a double negative. You can translate it in a positive form. Alternate translation: “Pay all you owe to everyone, and fulfill your obligation to love one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
1895 | 13:8 | ay3n | εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν | 1 | This is the one debt that can remain. | ||
1896 | 13:8 | p6cw | ὀφείλετε | 1 | This verb is plural and applies to all the Christians in Rome. | ||
1897 | 13:8 | i5au | ἀγαπᾶν | 1 | This refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. | ||
1898 | 13:10 | vy62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται | 1 | This phrase portrays love as a person who is being kind to other people. Alternate translation: “People who love their neighbors do not harm them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
1899 | 13:11 | b6l3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | εἰδότες τὸν καιρόν, ὅτι ὥρα ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι | 1 | Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to change their behavior as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1900 | 13:12 | ahn4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἡ νὺξ προέκοψεν | 1 | Paul speaks of the time when people do evil deeds as night. Alternate translation: “The sinful time is almost over” or “It is as though the night is almost finished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1901 | 13:12 | p7xp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἡ & ἡμέρα ἤγγικεν | 2 | Paul speaks of the time when people do what is right as the day. Alternate translation: “the time of righteousness will begin soon” or “it is as though it will soon be day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1902 | 13:12 | bb8t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀποθώμεθα οὖν τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους | 1 | Paul speaks of works of darkness as if they are clothing that a person puts aside. Here to put aside means to stop doing something. Here, darkness is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: “Let us therefore stop doing the evil things that people do in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1903 | 13:12 | y5n4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐνδυσώμεθα & τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός | 1 | Here, light is a metaphor for what is good and right. Paul speaks of doing what is right as if it were putting on armor to protect one’s self. Alternate translation: “let us start doing what is right. Doing this will protect us from what is evil like armor protects a solider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1904 | 13:13 | gv4q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | περιπατήσωμεν | 1 | Paul includes his readers and other believers with himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1905 | 13:13 | e6ij | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ εὐσχημόνως περιπατήσωμεν | 1 | Paul speaks of living as true believers as if one were walking while it is day. Alternate translation: “Let us walk in a visible way knowing that everyone can see us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1906 | 13:13 | qes3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | κοίταις καὶ ἀσελγείαις | 1 | These concepts mean basically the same thing. You can combine them in your translation. Alternate translation: “in sexually immoral acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1907 | 13:13 | h6xl | ἔριδι | 1 | This refers to plotting against and arguing with other people. | ||
1908 | 13:14 | sir6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐνδύσασθε τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν | 1 | Paul speaks of accepting the moral nature of Christ as if he were our outer clothing that people can see. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1909 | 13:14 | j795 | ἐνδύσασθε | 1 | If your language has a plural form for commands, use it here. | ||
1910 | 13:14 | xre7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοιαν μὴ ποιεῖσθε | 1 | Here the flesh refers to the self-directed nature of people who oppose God. This is the sinful nature of human beings. Alternate translation: “do not allow your old evil heart any opportunity at all for doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1911 | 14:intro | kt8c | 0 | Romans 14 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 11 of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament. Special concepts in this chapterWeak in faithPaul teaches that Christians can have real faith and at the same time be “weak in faith” in a given situation. This describes Christians whose faith is immature, not strong, or misunderstood. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Dietary restrictionsMany religions in the ancient Near East restricted what was eaten. Christians have freedom to eat what they want. But they need to use this freedom wisely, in a way that honors the Lord and does not cause others to sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) The judgment seat of GodThe judgment seat of God or Christ represents a time when all people, including Christians, will be held accountable for the way they lived their lives. | |||
1912 | 14:1 | abm6 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul encourages believers to remember that they are answerable to God. | ||
1913 | 14:1 | jf8v | ἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει | 1 | This refers to those who felt guilty over eating and drinking certain things. | ||
1914 | 14:1 | p697 | μὴ εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν | 1 | Alternate translation: “and do not condemn them for their opinions” | ||
1915 | 14:2 | ii8g | ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα | 1 | Some people believe God permits them to eat any kind of food. | ||
1916 | 14:2 | n2n6 | ὁ & ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει | 1 | This describes a person who believes God does not want him to eat meat. | ||
1917 | 14:4 | q9bx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | σὺ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων ἀλλότριον οἰκέτην? | 1 | Paul is using a question to scold those who are judging others. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not God, and you are not allowed to judge one of his servants!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1918 | 14:4 | xq7r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | σὺ & ὁ κρίνων | 1 | The form of you here is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1919 | 14:4 | ba38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ στήκει ἢ πίπτει | 1 | Paul speaks of God as if he were a master who owned slaves. Alternate translation: “Only the master can decide if he will accept the slave or not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1920 | 14:4 | cp9y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σταθήσεται δέ, δυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ Κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν | 1 | Paul speaks of the servant who is acceptable to God as if he were being made to stand instead of falling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1921 | 14:4 | ucto | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | σταθήσεται δέ, δυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ Κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “But the Lord will accept him because he is able to make the servant acceptable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1922 | 14:5 | x7j2 | ὃς μὲν κρίνει ἡμέραν παρ’ ἡμέραν; ὃς δὲ κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν. | 1 | Alternate translation: “One person thinks one day is more important than all the others, but another person thinks that all days are the same” | ||
1923 | 14:5 | m511 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ, πληροφορείσθω | 1 | You can make the full meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “Let each person be convinced that he is honoring the Lord by what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1924 | 14:5 | y5ea | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ, πληροφορείσθω | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Let each person be sure what he is doing is to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1925 | 14:6 | pfn6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ φρονῶν τὴν ἡμέραν, Κυρίῳ φρονεῖ | 1 | Here, observes refers to worshiping. Alternate translation: “The person who worships on a certain day does it to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1926 | 14:6 | esu5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ὁ ἐσθίων | 1 | The word “everything” is understood from Romans 14:3. It can be repeatd here. Alternate translation: “the person who eats every kind of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1927 | 14:6 | f9tm | Κυρίῳ ἐσθίει | 1 | Alternate translation: “eats to honor the Lord” or “eats that way in order to honor the Lord” | ||
1928 | 14:6 | jh8j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | καὶ ὁ μὴ ἐσθίων | 1 | The word “everything” is understood from Romans 14:3. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he who does not eat everything” or “and the person who does not eat certain kinds of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
1929 | 14:7 | txm3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἑαυτῷ ζῇ | 1 | Here, lives for himself means to live only to please oneself. Alternate translation: “None of us should live merely to please ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1930 | 14:7 | u9ar | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | οὐδεὶς & ἡμῶν | 1 | Paul is including his readers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1931 | 14:7 | c9ls | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐδεὶς ἑαυτῷ ἀποθνῄσκει | 1 | This means anyone’s death affects other people. Alternate translation: “none of us should think that when we die, it affects only us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1932 | 14:8 | s3lb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | General Information: | 0 | General Information:Paul is speaking of both himself and his readers, so all instances of “we” are inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1933 | 14:10 | db9a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | τί κρίνεις τὸν ἀδελφόν σου? ἢ καὶ σὺ τί ἐξουθενεῖς τὸν ἀδελφόν σου? | 1 | By using these questions, Paul is demonstrating how he might need to scold individuals among his readers. Alternate translation: “it is wrong for you to judge your brother, and it is wrong for you to despise your brother!” or “stop judging and despising your brother!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
1934 | 14:10 | al55 | τὸν ἀδελφόν | 1 | Here, brother means a fellow Christian, male or female. | ||
1935 | 14:10 | jq85 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | πάντες γὰρ παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | The judgment seat refers to God’s authority to judge. Alternate translation: “For God will judge us all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1936 | 14:11 | fel6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | γέγραπται γάρ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “For someone has written in the scriptures:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1937 | 14:11 | tf76 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ζῶ ἐγώ | 1 | This phrase is used to start an oath or solemn promise. Alternate translation: “You can be certain that this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1938 | 14:11 | sb6q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | ἐμοὶ κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Paul uses the word God and tongue to refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “every person will bow and give praise to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
1939 | 14:11 | vngp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | ἐμοὶ κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | The Lord uses the word God to refer to himself. Alternate translation: “every person will bow and give praise to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
1940 | 14:12 | nsy8 | περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, λόγον δώσει τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | Alternate translation: “will have to explain our actions to God” | ||
1941 | 14:13 | ia62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ἀλλὰ τοῦτο κρίνατε μᾶλλον, τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἢ σκάνδαλον | 1 | Here, stumbling block and snare mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “but instead make it your goal not to do or say anything that might cause a fellow believer to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1942 | 14:13 | cx4s | τῷ ἀδελφῷ | 1 | Here, brother refers to a fellow Christian, male or female. | ||
1943 | 14:14 | t7gc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | οἶδα καὶ πέπεισμαι ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Here the words know and am persuaded mean basically the same thing; Paul uses them to emphasize his certainty. Alternate translation: “I am certain because of my relationship with the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
1944 | 14:14 | fuk1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐδὲν κοινὸν δι’ ἑαυτοῦ | 1 | You can translate this in a positive form. Alternate translation: “everything by itself is clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
1945 | 14:14 | mjc5 | δι’ ἑαυτοῦ | 1 | Alternate translation: “by its nature” or “because of what it is” | ||
1946 | 14:14 | w3gg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰ μὴ τῷ λογιζομένῳ τι κοινὸν εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ κοινόν | 1 | Paul implies here that a person should stay away from anything that he thinks is unclean. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “but if a person thinks something is unclean, then for that person it is unclean and he should stay away from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1947 | 14:15 | iw7w | εἰ & διὰ βρῶμα, ὁ ἀδελφός σου λυπεῖται | 1 | “If you hurt your fellow believer’s faith over the matter of food.” Here the word your refers to those who are strong in faith and brother refers to those who are weak in faith. | ||
1948 | 14:15 | ln42 | ὁ ἀδελφός | 1 | Here, brother refers to a fellow Christian, male or female. | ||
1949 | 14:15 | bj8v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | οὐκέτι κατὰ ἀγάπην περιπατεῖς | 1 | Paul speaks of the behavior of believers as if it were a walk. Alternate translation: “then you are no longer showing love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
1950 | 14:16 | gl48 | μὴ βλασφημείσθω οὖν ὑμῶν τὸ ἀγαθόν | 1 | Alternate translation: “If someone else thinks that something is evil, do not do it, even if you consider it to be good” | ||
1951 | 14:17 | j92k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις, ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνη, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ χαρὰ ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ | 1 | Paul argues that God set up his kingdom so he could give us a right relationship with himself, and to provide peace and joy. Alternate translation: “For God did not set up his kingdom so that he could rule over what we eat and drink. He set up his kingdom so we could have a right relationship with him, and so he could give us peace and joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1952 | 14:18 | am8m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | δόκιμος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “people will approve of him” or “people will respect him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1953 | 14:19 | i3rv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης διώκωμεν, καὶ τὰ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους | 1 | Here, build up one another refers to helping each other grow in faith. Alternate translation: “let us seek to live peacefully together and help one another grow stronger in faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1954 | 14:20 | p65h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μὴ ἕνεκεν βρώματος, κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | You can make explicit the full meaning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not undo what God has done for a fellow believer just because you want to eat a certain kind of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1955 | 14:20 | dk72 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἀλλὰ κακὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι | 1 | Here a stumbling block is a food that a weaker brother eats despite thinking it is wrong, and thereby goes against his conscience. Alternate translation: “but it would be a sin for someone to eat food, which another brother thinks is wrong to eat, if by eating this causes the weaker brother to do something that is against his conscience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1956 | 14:21 | mrr4 | καλὸν τὸ μὴ φαγεῖν κρέα, μηδὲ πιεῖν οἶνον, μηδὲ ἐν ᾧ ὁ ἀδελφός σου προσκόπτει | 1 | Alternate translation: “It is better not to eat meat or drink wine or do anything else that might cause your brother to sin” | ||
1957 | 14:21 | iq9g | ὁ ἀδελφός | 1 | Here, brother refers to a fellow Christian, male or female. | ||
1958 | 14:21 | e1du | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | σου | 1 | Here, you is singular and stresses the responsibility of each individual believer for his fellow believer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1959 | 14:22 | hjk9 | σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις | 1 | Here, faith refers back to the beliefs about food and drink. | ||
1960 | 14:22 | b3hi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | σὺ & σεαυτὸν | 1 | Here, you and yourself are singular. Because Paul is addressing the believers, you may have to translate this using plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
1961 | 14:22 | r53r | μακάριος ὁ μὴ κρίνων ἑαυτὸν ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει | 1 | Alternate translation: “Blessed are those who do not feel guilty for what they decide to do” | ||
1962 | 14:23 | s1ph | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὁ δὲ διακρινόμενος, ἐὰν φάγῃ, κατακέκριται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God will say that the person does wrong if he is not sure if it is right to eat a certain food, but he eats it anyway” or “The person who is not sure if it is right to eat a certain food, but then eats it anyway will have a troubled conscience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1963 | 14:23 | yr44 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | Anything that is not from faith is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: “God will say that he is wrong because he is eating something he believes God does not want him to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1964 | 14:23 | tr9i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πᾶν δὲ ὃ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως, ἁμαρτία ἐστίν | 1 | Anything that is not from faith is something that God does not want you to do. You can make explicit the full meaning here. Alternate translation: “you are sinning if you do something that you do not believe God wants you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1965 | 15:intro | ae9u | 0 | Romans 15 General NotesStructure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 12. In Romans 15:14, Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans. Important figures of speech in this chapterStrong/WeakThese terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) | |||
1966 | 15:1 | cx66 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul concludes this section about believers’ living for others with reminding them how Christ lived. | ||
1967 | 15:1 | u19s | δὲ | 1 | Translate this using the words your language uses to introduce a new idea into an argument. | ||
1968 | 15:1 | u73x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἡμεῖς, οἱ δυνατοὶ | 1 | Here, strong refers to the people who are strong in their faith. They believe that God allows them to eat any kind of food. Alternate translation: “we who are strong in faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1969 | 15:1 | dx9d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἡμεῖς | 1 | This refers to Paul, his readers, and other believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1970 | 15:1 | cv61 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τῶν ἀδυνάτων | 1 | Here, the weak refers to the people who are weak in their faith. They believe that God does not allow them to eat some kinds of food. Alternate translation: “those who are weak in faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1971 | 15:2 | z2k8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πρὸς οἰκοδομήν | 1 | By this, Paul means to strengthen someone’s faith. Alternate translation: “to strengthen his faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1972 | 15:3 | y6fe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “someone wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1973 | 15:3 | bcz1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul refers to a scripture where Christ (the Messiah) speaks to God. Alternate translation: “the Messiah said to God in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1974 | 15:3 | qni7 | οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε, ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ | 1 | The insults of those who insulted God fell on Christ. | ||
1975 | 15:4 | txd4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ὅσα γὰρ προεγράφη, εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διδασκαλίαν ἐγράφη | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “For in times past, the prophets wrote everything in the Scriptures to teach us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1976 | 15:4 | m7yy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | ἡμετέραν & ἔχωμεν | 1 | Paul includes his readers and other believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
1977 | 15:4 | g6r1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἵνα διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως τῶν Γραφῶν, τὴν ἐλπίδα ἔχωμεν | 1 | Here, have hope means that the believers will know that God will fulfill his promises. You can make explicit the full meaning in your translation. Alternate translation: “In this way the scriptures will encourage us to expect that God will do for us everything that he has promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1978 | 15:5 | u2zm | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul encourages the believers to remember that both Gentile believers and Jews that believe are made one in Christ. | ||
1979 | 15:5 | g5xm | Θεὸς & δῴη | 1 | Alternate translation: “I pray that … God … will grant” | ||
1980 | 15:5 | ws7q | τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν ἀλλήλοις | 1 | Alternate translation: “to be in agreement with each other” or “to be united” | ||
1981 | 15:6 | uz1z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐν ἑνὶ στόματι, δοξάζητε | 1 | This means to be united in praising God. Alternate translation: “praise God together in unity as if only one mouth were speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1982 | 15:7 | z941 | προσλαμβάνεσθε ἀλλήλους | 1 | Alternate translation: “accept one another” | ||
1983 | 15:8 | gbh8 | λέγω γὰρ | 1 | The pronoun I refers to Paul. | ||
1984 | 15:8 | k4my | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Χριστὸν διάκονον γεγενῆσθαι περιτομῆς | 1 | Here, the circumcision is a metonym that refers to the Jews. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ has been made a servant of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1985 | 15:8 | r0gd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Χριστὸν διάκονον γεγενῆσθαι περιτομῆς | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ has become a servant of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1986 | 15:8 | me1e | εἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας | 1 | This is one of the two purposes for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. | ||
1987 | 15:8 | gu7z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων | 1 | Here, the fathers refers to the ancestors of the Jewish people. Alternate translation: “the promises to the ancestors of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1988 | 15:8 | dxz1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων | 1 | You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “the promises that God gave to the ancestors of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1989 | 15:9 | k5q7 | τὰ δὲ ἔθνη, ὑπὲρ ἐλέους δοξάσαι τὸν Θεόν | 1 | This is the second reason for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision. Alternate translation: “and in order that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy” | ||
1990 | 15:9 | xgc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “as someone has written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
1991 | 15:9 | em5q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | τῷ ὀνόματί σου ψαλῶ | 1 | Here, your name is a metonym that refers to God. Alternate translation: “sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1992 | 15:10 | yvy9 | καὶ πάλιν λέγει | 1 | Alternate translation: “And again the scripture says” | ||
1993 | 15:10 | x4kg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | This refers to God’s people. You can make this explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “with the people of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1994 | 15:11 | xw7t | ἐπαινεσάτωσαν αὐτὸν | 1 | Alternate translation: “let … praise the Lord” | ||
1995 | 15:12 | fta5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί | 1 | Jesse was the physical father of King David. Alternate translation: “descendant of Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
1996 | 15:12 | i4nn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐπ’ αὐτῷ ἔθνη ἐλπιοῦσιν | 1 | Here, him refers to the descendant of Jesse, the Messiah. Those who are not Jews will also trust him to fulfill his promises. Alternate translation: “the people who are not Jews can trust him to do what he has promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
1997 | 15:13 | w7wn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | πληρώσαι ὑμᾶς πάσης χαρᾶς καὶ εἰρήνης | 1 | Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: “may … fill you with great joy and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
1998 | 15:14 | h98x | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the believers in Rome that God chose him to reach the Gentiles. | ||
1999 | 15:14 | qfs6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | πέπεισμαι & ἀδελφοί μου, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ περὶ ὑμῶν | 1 | Paul is quite sure that the believers in Rome are honoring each other in their behavior. Alternate translation: “I myself am completely sure that you yourselves have acted toward others in a completely good way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2000 | 15:14 | d878 | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
2001 | 15:14 | qhv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | πεπληρωμένοι πάσης γνώσεως | 1 | Paul exaggerates here to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: “having been filled with sufficient knowledge to follow God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
2002 | 15:14 | ge2l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | δυνάμενοι καὶ ἀλλήλους νουθετεῖν | 1 | Here, to exhort means to teach. Alternate translation: “also able to teach each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2003 | 15:15 | n2gr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks of grace as if it were a physical gift that God had given him. God had appointed Paul and apostle even though he had persecuted believers before he decided to follow Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God gave me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2004 | 15:16 | wiw1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | γένηται ἡ προσφορὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν εὐπρόσδεκτος | 1 | Paul speaks of his preaching the gospel as if he, as a priest, were making an offering to God. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles might please God when they obey him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2005 | 15:18 | lu97 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | οὐ γὰρ τολμήσω τι λαλεῖν, ὧν οὐ κατειργάσατο Χριστὸς δι’ ἐμοῦ, εἰς ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ | 1 | You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: “For the sake of the obedience of the Gentiles, I will only speak of what Christ has accomplished through me in my words and actions and by the power of signs and wonders through the power of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
2006 | 15:18 | by9s | εἰς ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν | 1 | Alternate translation: “so that the Gentiles will obey God” | ||
2007 | 15:18 | xds3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ | 1 | Here, word and deed refers to what Christ has accomplished through Paul. Alternate translation: “through me in my words and actions” or “the things that Christ has accomplished through what I have said and done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2008 | 15:19 | g8bk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | σημείων καὶ τεράτων | 1 | These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to various kinds of miracles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
2009 | 15:19 | c8ff | ὥστε & ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ κύκλῳ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ | 1 | This is from the city of Jerusalem as far as the province of Illyricum, a region close to Italy. | ||
2010 | 15:20 | x9xm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | οὕτως δὲ φιλοτιμούμενον εὐαγγελίζεσθαι, οὐχ ὅπου ὠνομάσθη Χριστός | 1 | Paul only wants to preach to people who have never heard of Christ. Alternate translation: “but because of this, I want to preach the good news in places where people have never heard of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2011 | 15:20 | kt3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἵνα μὴ ἐπ’ ἀλλότριον θεμέλιον οἰκοδομῶ | 1 | Paul speaks of his ministry work as if he were building a house on a foundation. Alternate translation: “in order that I might not be simply continuing the work that someone else already started. I do not want to be like a man who builds a house on someone else’s foundation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2012 | 15:21 | rb5r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | Here Paul refers to what Isaiah wrote in the scriptures. You can make the meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “what is happening is like what was written by Isaiah in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2013 | 15:21 | wy8k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καθὼς γέγραπται | 1 | You can translate this in an active form and make the meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “what is happening is like what Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2014 | 15:21 | u8d6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ | 1 | You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Those whom no one had told the news about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2015 | 15:22 | f1fq | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul tells the believers in Rome about his personal plans to visit them and asks the believers to pray. | ||
2016 | 15:22 | ex5j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καὶ ἐνεκοπτόμην | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “they also hindered me” or “people also hindered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2017 | 15:23 | b6kl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μηκέτι τόπον ἔχων ἐν τοῖς κλίμασι τούτοις | 1 | Paul implies that there are no more places in these areas where people live who have not heard about Christ. Alternate translation: “there are no more places in these regions where people have not heard about Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2018 | 15:24 | si59 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | τὴν Σπανίαν | 1 | At that time, Spain was a Roman province west of Rome that Paul desired to visit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2019 | 15:24 | c6wq | διαπορευόμενος | 1 | Alternate translation: “as I pass through Rome” or “while I am on my way” | ||
2020 | 15:24 | vya3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καὶ ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι ἐκεῖ | 1 | Here Paul implies that he wants the Roman believers to provide some financial assistance to him for his journey to Spain. Alternate translation: “that you will provide for me on my journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2021 | 15:24 | rzie | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | καὶ ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι ἐκεῖ | 1 | You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “and that you will help me on my journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2022 | 15:24 | wg6d | ἐὰν ὑμῶν πρῶτον ἀπὸ μέρους ἐμπλησθῶ | 1 | Alternate translation: “after I have enjoyed spending some time with you” | ||
2023 | 15:26 | vn1r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | εὐδόκησαν & Μακεδονία καὶ Ἀχαΐα | 1 | Here the words Macedonia and Achaia are synecdoches for the people who live in those areas. Alternate translation: “the believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia were happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
2024 | 15:27 | w5ap | εὐδόκησαν γάρ | 1 | Alternate translation: “Indeed, the believers in Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to do it” | ||
2025 | 15:27 | tfz1 | ὀφειλέται εἰσὶν αὐτῶν | 1 | Alternate translation: “indeed the people of Macedonia and Achaia are in debt to the believers in Jerusalem” | ||
2026 | 15:27 | en7l | εἰ & τοῖς πνευματικοῖς αὐτῶν ἐκοινώνησαν τὰ ἔθνη, ὀφείλουσιν καὶ ἐν τοῖς σαρκικοῖς λειτουργῆσαι αὐτοῖς | 1 | Alternate translation: “since the Gentiles have shared in the spiritual things of the Jerusalem believers, the Gentiles ought to share their physical things with the Jerusalem believers” | ||
2027 | 15:28 | zz8u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | σφραγισάμενος αὐτοῖς τὸν καρπὸν τοῦτον | 1 | Paul speaks of the money he is taking to Jerusalem as if it were a fruit that was collected and sealed for them. Alternate translation: “and have safely delivered this offering to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2028 | 15:29 | ylq8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ, ἐλεύσομαι | 1 | This phrase means that Christ will bless Paul and the Roman believers. Alternate translation: “Christ will abundantly bless us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2029 | 15:30 | w1ta | δὲ | 1 | If your language has a way to show that Paul has stopped talking about the good things he is confident of (Romans 15:29) and is now starting to talk about the dangers he faces, use it here. | ||
2030 | 15:30 | yb7m | παρακαλῶ & ὑμᾶς | 1 | Alternate translation: “I encourage you” | ||
2031 | 15:30 | v9iy | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
2032 | 15:30 | fy1v | συναγωνίσασθαί | 1 | Alternate translation: “to work hard with” or “to struggle with” | ||
2033 | 15:31 | u7st | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | ῥυσθῶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπειθούντων | 1 | You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God may rescue me from those who are disobedient” or “God may keep those who are disobedient from harming me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2034 | 15:31 | nw5h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | καὶ ἡ διακονία μου ἡ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ εὐπρόσδεκτος τοῖς ἁγίοις γένηται | 1 | Here Paul expresses his desire that the saints in Jerusalem will gladly accept the money from the believers in Macedonia and Achaia. Alternate translation: “and pray that the believers in Jerusalem will be glad to receive the money that I am bringing them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2035 | 15:33 | s947 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης μετὰ | 1 | The God of peace means the God who causes believers to have inner peace. Alternate translation: “I pray that God who causes all of us to have inner peace may be with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2036 | 16:intro | qy96 | 0 | Romans 16 General NotesStructure and formatting
In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapterBecause of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |||
2037 | 16:1 | sg6a | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul then greets many of the believers in Rome by name. | ||
2038 | 16:1 | vkg8 | συνίστημι δὲ ὑμῖν Φοίβην | 1 | Alternate translation: “I want you to respect Phoebe” | ||
2039 | 16:1 | sry4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Φοίβην | 1 | Phoebe is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2040 | 16:1 | q86q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἡμῶν | 1 | The word our refers to Paul and all believers. Alternate translation: “our sister in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
2041 | 16:1 | q669 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Κενχρεαῖς | 1 | Cenchrea was a seaport city in Greece. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2042 | 16:2 | cwx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | αὐτὴν προσδέξησθε ἐν Κυρίῳ | 1 | Paul encourages the Roman believers to welcome Phoebe as a fellow believer. Alternate translation: “you would welcome her because we all belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2043 | 16:2 | yic3 | ἀξίως τῶν ἁγίων | 1 | Alternate translation: “in the way that believers should welcome other believers” | ||
2044 | 16:2 | qp4w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | παραστῆτε αὐτῇ | 1 | Paul encourages the Roman believers to give to Phoebe anything she needs. Alternate translation: “help her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
2045 | 16:2 | inh1 | καὶ & προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ | 2 | Alternate translation: “has helped many people, and she has also helped me” | ||
2046 | 16:3 | c5lg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν | 1 | Priscilla was the wife of Aquila. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2047 | 16:3 | fsk1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοὺς συνεργούς μου ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | 1 | Paul’s fellow workers are people who also tell others about Jesus. Alternate translation: “who work with me to tell people about Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2048 | 16:5 | i32d | καὶ τὴν κατ’ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίαν | 1 | Alternate translation: “and greet the believers who meet in their house to worship” | ||
2049 | 16:5 | bn9z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἐπαίνετον | 1 | Epaenetus is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2050 | 16:5 | d1f1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀσίας εἰς Χριστόν | 1 | Paul speaks of Epaenetus as if he were a fruit that he harvested. Alternate translation: “first person in Asia to believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2051 | 16:6 | ew2z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Μαρίαν | 1 | Mary is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2052 | 16:7 | tzk4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἀνδρόνικον | 1 | Andronicus is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2053 | 16:7 | z9uk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἰουνίαν | 1 | This could refer to: (1) Junia, a woman’s name. (2) Junias, a man’s name, although this is less likely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2054 | 16:7 | gce3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | οἵτινές εἰσιν ἐπίσημοι ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “whom the apostles know very well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2055 | 16:8 | h976 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἀμπλιᾶτον | 1 | Ampliatus is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2056 | 16:8 | alh2 | τὸν ἀγαπητόν μου ἐν Κυρίῳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “my dear friend and fellow believer in the Lord” | ||
2057 | 16:9 | bd5l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Οὐρβανὸν & Στάχυν | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2058 | 16:10 | k55t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἀπελλῆν & Ἀριστοβούλου | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2059 | 16:10 | q96n | τὸν δόκιμον ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | The word approved refers to someone who has been tested and proved to be genuine. Alternate translation: “whom Christ has approved” | ||
2060 | 16:11 | gt6r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἡρῳδίωνα & Ναρκίσσου | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2061 | 16:11 | ket9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τοὺς ὄντας ἐν Κυρίῳ | 1 | This refers to those who trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: “who are believers” or “who belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2062 | 16:12 | sq9n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Τρύφαιναν & Τρυφῶσαν & Περσίδα | 1 | These are women’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2063 | 16:13 | zmf4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ῥοῦφον | 1 | Rufus is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2064 | 16:13 | zy3x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν ἐν Κυρίῳ | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “whom the Lord has chosen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2065 | 16:13 | hqf6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐμοῦ | 1 | Paul speaks of the mother of Rufus as if she were his own mother. Alternate translation: “his mother, whom I also think of as my mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2066 | 16:14 | dwh9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν | 1 | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2067 | 16:14 | ck2w | ἀδελφούς | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
2068 | 16:15 | ye9j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Φιλόλογον & Νηρέα & Ὀλυμπᾶν | 1 | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2069 | 16:15 | n2rx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ἰουλίαν | 1 | Julia is the name of a woman. She was probably the wife of Philologus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2070 | 16:16 | g2z1 | φιλήματι ἁγίῳ | 1 | an expression of affection for fellow believers | ||
2071 | 16:16 | t1q4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι πᾶσαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here Paul speaks in a general manner concerning the churches of Christ. Alternate translation: “The believers in all the churches in this area send their greetings to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
2072 | 16:17 | u1m9 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul gives one last warning to the believers about unity and living for God. | ||
2073 | 16:17 | wx6r | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Here, brothers refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women. | ||
2074 | 16:17 | ztv5 | σκοπεῖν | 1 | Alternate translation: “to watch out for” | ||
2075 | 16:17 | n59l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | τὰς διχοστασίας καὶ τὰ σκάνδαλα & ποιοῦντας | 1 | This refers to those who argue and cause others to stop trusting in Jesus. Alternate translation: “who are causing believers to argue with one another and to stop having faith in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2076 | 16:17 | j9x7 | παρὰ τὴν διδαχὴν ἣν ὑμεῖς ἐμάθετε | 1 | Alternate translation: “and teaching things that do not agree with the truth you have already learned” | ||
2077 | 16:17 | b318 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἐκκλίνετε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν | 1 | Here, turn away is a metaphor for “refuse to listen.” Alternate translation: “do not listen to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2078 | 16:18 | ea6h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ | 1 | The words “they serve” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but they serve their own stomach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
2079 | 16:18 | nxn4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ | 1 | Here, stomach is a metonym that refers to physical desires. Alternate translation: “but they only care about their physical desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
2080 | 16:18 | eff9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ | 1 | Serving there stomach represents satisfying their desires. Alternate translation: “but they only want to satisfy their own selfish desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2081 | 16:18 | eif6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | καὶ διὰ τῆς χρηστολογίας καὶ εὐλογίας | 1 | The words smooth and flattering mean basically the same thing. Paul is emphasizing how these people are deceiving believers. Alternate translation: “and by saying things that seem to be good and true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
2082 | 16:18 | c2je | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | ἐξαπατῶσι τὰς καρδίας τῶν ἀκάκων | 1 | Here, hearts is a metonym for a person’s mind or inner being. Alternate translation: “they deceive the innocent believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
2083 | 16:18 | m9h5 | τῶν ἀκάκων | 1 | This refers to those who are simple, inexperienced, and naive. Alternate translation: “of those who innocently trust them” or “of those who do not know these teachers are fooling them” | ||
2084 | 16:19 | imc7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | ἡ γὰρ ὑμῶν ὑπακοὴ, εἰς πάντας ἀφίκετο | 1 | Here Paul speaks of the Roman believers’ obedience as if it were a person who could go to people. Alternate translation: “For everyone has heard how you obey Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
2085 | 16:19 | le5l | ἀκεραίους & εἰς τὸ κακόν | 1 | Alternate translation: “not involved in doing evil things” | ||
2086 | 16:20 | s3cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὁ δὲ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης συντρίψει τὸν Σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν ἐν τάχει | 1 | The phrase crush … under your feet refers to complete victory over an enemy. Here Paul speaks of the victory over Satan as if the Roman believers were trampling an enemy under their feet. Alternate translation: “Soon God will give you peace and complete victory over Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2087 | 16:21 | z4g3 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul gives greetings from the believers who are with him. | ||
2088 | 16:21 | ku15 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Λούκιος & Ἰάσων & Σωσίπατρος | 1 | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2089 | 16:22 | xu3q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | ἐγὼ, Τέρτιος, ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν | 1 | Tertius is the man who wrote down what Paul spoke. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2090 | 16:22 | nx4g | ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς & ἐν Κυρίῳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “greet you as a fellow believer” | ||
2091 | 16:23 | sw7r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Γάϊος & Ἔραστος & Κούαρτος | 1 | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
2092 | 16:23 | j9u7 | ὁ ξένος | 1 | This refers to Gaius, the person in whose house Paul and his fellow believers gathered for worship. | ||
2093 | 16:23 | m5hg | ὁ οἰκονόμος | 1 | This is a person who takes care of the money for a group. | ||
2094 | 16:25 | psm3 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | Connecting Statement:Paul closes with a prayer of blessing. | ||
2095 | 16:25 | v71l | δὲ | 1 | Here the word Now marks the closing section of the letter. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you can use it here. | ||
2096 | 16:25 | pp5k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ὑμᾶς στηρίξαι | 1 | Paul speaks here of having strong faith as if a person were being set firmly in place. Alternate translation: “to make your faith strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2097 | 16:25 | kmw1 | κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου, καὶ τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Alternate translation: “by the good news that I have preached about Jesus Christ” | ||
2098 | 16:25 | s5ky | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου χρόνοις αἰωνίοις σεσιγημένου | 1 | Paul says that God has revealed previously hidden truths to the believers. He speaks of these truths as if they were a secret. Alternate translation: “because God has revealed to us believers what had been kept secret for a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
2099 | 16:25 | n6c1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου χρόνοις αἰωνίοις σεσιγημένου | 1 | You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “because God has revealed to us believers the secret that he was keeping for a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2100 | 16:26 | d7r5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν διά τε Γραφῶν προφητικῶν, κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως, εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη γνωρισθέντος | 1 | The verbs revealed and made known mean basically the same thing. Paul uses both of them to emphasize his point. Alternate translation: “but now the mystery has been made known to all the nations through the prophetic writings so people can believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
2101 | 16:26 | efyy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν διά τε Γραφῶν προφητικῶν, κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως, εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη γνωρισθέντος | 1 | You can combine the verbs revealed and made known in an active form. Alternate translation: “but now the eternal God has made it known to all the nations through the prophetic writings so that people would believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
2102 | 16:26 | lc6d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως | 1 | Here, obedience and faith are abstract nouns. You can use the verbs “obey” and “trust” in your translation. Alternate translation: “so that all nations will believe and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
2103 | 16:26 | cvi3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως | 1 | You may need to make explicit who will obey and trust. Alternate translation: “so that all nations will obey God because they trust in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
2104 | 16:27 | qmj7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | μόνῳ σοφῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν! | 1 | Here, through Jesus Christ refers to what Jesus did. To give glory means to praise God. Alternate translation: “Because of what Jesus Christ has done for us, we will praise forever the one who alone is God and who alone is wise. Amen!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |