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2	front:intro	hp4d			Introduction to Micah Part 1: General Introduction Outline of the Book of Micah God promises to punish the northern and southern kingdoms (1:1–16) Those who take advantage of others are guilty (2:1-3:12) Rich people who oppress poor people (2:1–11) Promise to be delivered and restored (2:12–13) Rulers, priests, and prophets condemned (3:1–12) Yahweh’s victory for all Israel (4:1-5:15) Yahweh will rule over all the nations (4:1–10) Israel will be destroyed, then will be victorious over its enemies (4:11–13) Messiah will shepherd his flock and devastate the nations who fought against him (5:1–6) Messiah will destroy everything that harmed his people (5:7–15) Yahweh’s case against Israel (6:1-16) Yahweh reminds Israel when he led them out of slavery in Egypt (6:1–5) Israel punished; true repentance (6:6–16) Israel miserable and Israel restored (7:1-20) Israel broken and miserable (7:1–7) Israel will rise again (7:8–13) Yahweh restores and gives grace (7:14–20) What is the Book of Micah about? This book contains many of Micah’s prophecies. Micah repeated many similar prophecies as found in Isaiah. Micah warned the kingdoms of Israel and Judah that the Assyrians would soon attack them. Micah condemned those who acted unjustly and immorally. He spoke against those who did not work for a living. He also spoke against the false prophets in Israel and Judah. These false prophets were telling the people that Yahweh would never let a foreign kingdom harm or conquer them. Micah called the people to please Yahweh by living righteous and holy lives. However, the sinful way they lived and the unjust way they treated their fellow countrymen proved that they no longer wanted to obey and honor Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may decide to translate the traditional title “The Book of Micah” or just “Micah” in a way that is clearer to the readers. They may decide to call it “The Sayings of Micah.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) Who wrote Micah? The prophet Micah probably wrote this book. Micah lived at the same time as Isaiah and Hosea. This was sometime between 750 and 700 B.C., during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. He began prophesying when he lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. Then he moved to the kingdom of Judah. Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts Who is the deliverer Micah mentions? Micah frequently mentioned a king who would deliver the people. It is clear that Micah meant the Messiah, the descendant of David who would rule forever, though he never referred to him as the Messiah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh? Many of the Old Testament writers were concerned with offering sacrifices according to the law of Moses. However, Micah explained to the people that Yahweh was pleased only when they offered these sacrifices in faith. Without faith, the sacrifices had no meaning. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) Part 3: Important Translation Issues Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual? This passage sounds unusual because of how it is constructed in Hebrew. It includes what is called a play on words. The names of the cities were used to describe how they would be destroyed. For example, in Hebrew “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots.” This is a poetic form that might not be the actual way they would be punished. What does a translator need to know before translating Micah? Micah did not often explain how his prophecies were historically situated. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information unless they understand Micah’s time. It is therefore suggested that translators understand well the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly? Micah did not usually say who was speaking or who was being addressed. Reading the verses before and after the quote will often help the reader to understand who is speaking or being addressed. It is acceptable to make this information explicit so the reader can more easily understand it. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) How should the text of Micah be formatted? The ULT uses a poetic language style like the Hebrew text. Many languages can do this but some languages will not be able to do this. The ULT also sets apart the poetic portions of the text by setting the poetic lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. With the exception of the first verse, the entire book is indented because the prophecies were written as a series of poems.
3	1:intro	e47z			Micah 1 General Notes Structure and formatting Micah is written mainly in a poetic form. Most of the prophets wrote to either the Northern Kingdom or the Southern Kingdom. Micah wrote to both of them at times without clear distinction, as he did in this chapter. Important figures of speech in this chapter City Names This passage sounds unusual in English because of its construction in Hebrew. It contains several “puns” or “plays on words.” The names of the cities are used to describe their destruction. “Lachish will be lashed” is an example of this type of construction. This poetic element might metaphors describing the actual way they will be punished. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4	1:1	bv15	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	General Information:	General Information: God speaks through Micah to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5	1:1	c3k1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	the word of Yahweh that came	This idiom is used to explain that a God gave a message to someone. Alternate translation: “the message that Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6	1:1	ar46		Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7	1:1	c9rj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	the Morashtite	This means he is from Moresheth which is a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8	1:1	ts92		in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah	Alternate translation: “when Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah were kings of Judah”
9	1:1	d1fd		which he saw	Alternate translation: “which he heard in a vision”
10	1:2	ya6p		General Information:	General Information: Micah 1:2-7 is about God’s judgment on Samaria.
11	1:2	x9l2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Listen, all you peoples. Listen, earth, and all that is in you	This begins Micah’s prophecy. Micah speaks to the people of Samaria as if all the people of the earth and even the earth itself were able to hear him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
12	1:3	i37k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	he will come down and tread on the high places of the earth	Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a mighty soldier coming down from heaven and beginning to march on top of the mountains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13	1:3	gq79		he will & tread	Alternate translation: “he will … march”
14	1:3	c6u6		the high places of the earth	Alternate translation: “the high mountains”
15	1:4	dgb2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The mountains will melt under him; the valleys will break apart, like wax before fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place	Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a hot, solid object that melted the earth as it moved. Alternate translation: “He will crush the mountains and the valleys as he marches over them; he will destroy them, and they will completely disappear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16	1:5	rgh7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	because of the sins of the house of Israel	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “because the people of Israel have sinned against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17	1:5	a7g1		All this is	Alternate translation: “The Lord will come and judge”
18	1:5	efa8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	What is Jacob’s transgression?	The name “Jacob” is a metonym for those of his descendants who live in the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
19	1:5	t7bt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Is it not Samaria?	Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
20	1:5	rj3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	What is Judah’s high place?	Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. “Judah” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21	1:5	rjt6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Is it not Jerusalem?	Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
22	1:6	m3rh		I will make	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
23	1:6	wu3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Samaria & her stones & her foundations	Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “Samaria … its stones … the foundations of the buildings in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24	1:6	mrm3		I will pour her stones	Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria.
25	1:7	eu6l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	her carved figures & her gifts that she received & her idols	Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “the carved figures in the city … the gifts that people gave to the temple in the city … the idols in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
26	1:7	n921	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	All her carved figures will be broken to pieces	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break all her carved figures to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
27	1:7	a2ef	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	all her gifts & will be burned with fire	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28	1:7	nci4		she received	Alternate translation: “people gave her”
29	1:7	syr2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again	Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes. When the Assyrians destroy Samaria, they will take to Assyria the gifts the people of Samaria gave to their idols and give them as gifts to their own idols. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
30	1:8	y14v		General Information:	General Information: Micah 1:8-16 is about God’s judgment on Judah.
31	1:8	agj7		I will lament	Here “I” refers to Micah.
32	1:8	evd3		I will lament and wail	“Lament” refers to the inner feeling of sadness, and “wail” refers to the activity of making a loud, sad sound.
33	1:8	sl7i		I will go barefoot and naked	This is a sign of extreme mourning and distress. Another possible meaning is “I will look like someone has taken off my clothes; I will be naked”
34	1:8	ly5n		naked	probably wearing only a loincloth
35	1:8	y5zc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like the jackals & like owls	Jackals and owls live in wastelands, and their loud cries sound like people wailing or weeping. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
36	1:9	v3yc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	For her wound is incurable	Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria. This means nothing can stop the enemy army from destroying the people who live there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
37	1:9	j8a2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	for it has come to Judah	Micah uses contagious disease as a metaphor for the army that Yahweh has sent to judge Samaria. Here “it” refers to the “wound,” that is, to the army that God will use to punish Samaria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
38	1:10	ty72	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beth Leaphrah	You may want to make a footnote saying, “The name of this city means ‘house of dust.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
39	1:10	zki3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	I roll myself in the dust	People under God’s judgment are expressing their grief in a strong way. Alternate translation: “I roll myself on the ground” or “I roll myself in the mud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
40	1:11	fc7v		General Information:	General Information: The meanings of the names of the villages is important to Micah here. You may want to include the meanings of the names of the places in a footnote.
41	1:11	n7tt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Shaphir	The name of this city sounds like one meaning “beautiful.” It contrasts with “nakedness and shame.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
42	1:11	aq1u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	in nakedness and shame	This idiom makes explicit that the people will be totally naked. Alternate translation: “totally naked and ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
43	1:11	r6st		Zaanan	The name of this city means “go out.” They are too afraid to go out and help.
44	1:11	m77i		Beth Ezel	The name of this city means “house of taking away.”
45	1:11	ad97	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	for their protection is taken away	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I have taken away everything that might protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
46	1:12	c45f		Maroth	The name of this city means “bitterness.”
47	1:12	wuv4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	disaster has come down from Yahweh	The abstract noun disaster is spoken of here as a solid object rolling down a hill. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word disaster, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused bad things to happen” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
48	1:13	qn9h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lachish	The name “Lachish” sounds like “to the chariots” in Hebrew. The people are hitching their chariots to flee, not fight. Lachish was the most important city after Jerusalem in Judah. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
49	1:13	t76u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the daughter of Zion	The word “daughter” is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
50	1:13	b2dc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	for the transgressions of Israel were found in you	This idiom can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you disobeyed like the people of Israel did” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
51	1:14	yl23	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Moresheth Gath	You may want to add a footnote saying “The name ‘Moresheth’ means ‘to depart.’ It is also similar in sound to the word for ‘fiancée.’” In this metaphor, Moresheth is the bride that Assyria takes, and the “parting gift” is the dowry, the gift her family gives for her to take into the marriage. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
52	1:14	k4w1		Akzib	You may want to add a footnote saying “The name of this town sounds almost the same as the Hebrew expression for ‘deceitful thing.’”
53	1:15	xs9b		I will again bring	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
54	1:15	vu14	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Mareshah	You may want to make a footnote saying, “The name of this village sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘conqueror.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
55	1:15	wh3u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Adullam	This is the name of a royal city in Philistia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
56	1:16	i5ub	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	Shave your head and cut off your hair	Israelites who were mourning would shave bald spots on their heads. This could mean: (1) “Shave larger spots than usual on your heads” or (2) “Cut off all your hair and shave your heads,” stating the events in the order in which they were to occur. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
57	1:16	nb8x		eagles	This word can also be translated “vultures.”
58	2:intro	jy29			Micah 2 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter continues using poetic forms in communicating that people who take advantage of others are guilty of sin and injustice. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) Special concepts in this chapter Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Context Micah does not frequently explain the historical context of his prophecies. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information. Additional research may be needed regarding the time period of Micah’s ministry. Therefore, translators have a good understanding of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
59	2:1	c11k		General Information:	General Information: Micah speaks against the leaders in Israel who are taking advantage of the poor and not following God’s commands.
60	2:2	r4qb		They oppress a man	“They oppress any man they choose to oppress.” This is a generalization. Micah is not speaking of one individual man here.
61	2:3	r7sk		Look	Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention”
62	2:3	e8pn		disaster	See how you translated this in Micah 1:12.
63	2:3	zi71		this clan	This “clan” refers to the entire community of Israel, whose rich people are oppressing the poor. The sins of the leaders are coming back on the whole nation.
64	2:3	k4i7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	from which you will not remove your necks	Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were putting a yoke around their necks. Alternate translation: “from which you will not be able to escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
65	2:4	t7xt		sing a song about you	Alternate translation: “sing a song to make fun of you”
66	2:4	ymz1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	lament with a wailing lamentation	“they will cry loudly.” They are pretending to mourn, as if those they love have died. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
67	2:4	frk2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	We Israelites & to traitors	This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
68	2:4	hz57	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	How can he remove it from me?	The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
69	2:5	rnf9		Therefore, you rich people will have no descendants to divide up the territory by lot in the assembly of Yahweh	This could mean: (1) Micah looks forward to a time after the exile when those who return will divide up the land or (2) he is speaking of a custom of his time when the tribe or clan would divide up their land and give it to individuals.
70	2:6	eli9		General Information:	General Information: Micah speaks to false prophets, as well as to the rich who have abused their power.
71	2:6	a888	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Do not prophesy	The speakers are speaking to Micah and to others, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
72	2:6	iph5		they say	Alternate translation: “the people of Israel say”
73	2:6	nl1s		They must not prophesy	Alternate translation: “The prophets must not prophesy”
74	2:6	dqe6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	reproaches must not come	Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. It can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
75	2:7	d2pm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Should it really be said & “Is the Spirit & his deeds?”	Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask … ‘Is the Spirit … his deeds?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
76	2:7	cd55	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	house of Jacob	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
77	2:7	hr6w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	said & “Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?”	This could mean: (1) the people really do not know if they are seeing Yahweh act. Alternate translation: “asked … ‘Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?’” or (2) the people do not believe that Yahweh is really punishing them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “said … ‘The Spirit of Yahweh is not really angry. These are not really his deeds.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
78	2:7	dhy6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Do not my words do good to anyone who walks uprightly?	Micah uses a question to teach the people. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My message does good to those who walk uprightly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
79	2:8	nby2		my people	Here, my people could mean: (1) Micah’s people or (2) Yahweh’s people.
80	2:8	h252	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You strip the robe, the garment, from those who pass by unsuspectingly	This could mean: (1) the wicked rich people are literally stealing robes from the poor or (2) creditors are keeping the outer garments of the poor who come to borrow money and give the garment as assurance they will repay. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
81	2:9	vit8		you take my blessing from their young children forever	This refers, in general, to blessings God has given to his people. It could refer to (1) being landowners in Israel, (2) a promising future or (3) to the children’s fathers, farmers who worked hard to establish the nation.
82	2:9	sez8		my blessing	Micah speaks as if he were Yahweh.
83	2:10	x485	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	it is destroyed with complete destruction	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
84	2:11	fn9u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	comes to you & will prophesy to you	Micah is speaking to the people of Judah, so both instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
85	2:11	mwp4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	he would be considered	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people would consider him” or “you would consider him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
86	2:12	l2ie	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	all of you, Jacob	Micah is speaking to some of the descendants of Jacob, so the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
87	2:13	wz2q		Someone who breaks open their way & Yahweh will be at their head.	This is a picture of a king leading his people out of an enclosed city.
88	3:intro	wy5w			Micah 3 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Justice An unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors There are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
89	3:1	lg8w		General Information:	General Information: Chapter 3 focuses on the corrupt leaders in Israel.
90	3:1	bi75		I said	Here “I” refers to Micah.
91	3:1	cd9l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Is it not right for you to understand justice?	Micah is scolding the leaders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You act as though you think it is wrong for you to understand justice.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
92	3:2	e3yk		Connecting Statement:	Connecting Statement: Micah begins to compare the leaders of Israel to butchers.
93	3:2	ep25	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	hate good and love evil	These nominal adjectives can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “hate everything that is good and love everything that is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
94	3:2	y42g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	you who tear off their skin, their flesh from their bones	A butcher cutting up animals into meat is a metaphor for the leaders being cruel to the poor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
95	3:3	vja6		Connecting Statement:	Connecting Statement: Micah finishes comparing the leaders of Israel to butchers.
96	3:3	vs7q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	just like meat in a cauldron	A butcher cutting up animals into meat is a metaphor for the leaders being cruel to the poor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
97	3:4	pu9j		cry out to Yahweh	Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help”
98	3:4	uuv7		he will not answer you	Alternate translation: “he will not do what you ask him to do”
99	3:4	ru8j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	He will hide his face from you	Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it” or “You will see that he has no desire to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
100	3:5	wvm2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	who lead my people astray	Walking on a good path is a metaphor for obeying God. Going astray from the path is a metaphor for disobeying God, in this case perhaps without knowing it. Alternate translation: “who lead my people to disobey me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101	3:5	uud3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’	Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “something to eat” is an ironic way of speaking of a small payment. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
102	3:5	jn8z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him	Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “puts nothing in their mouths” is an ironic exaggeration for not giving what they want. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
103	3:6	v4xh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	it will be night for you & the day will be dark on them	Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
104	3:6	r42r		no vision for you	Alternate translation: “you will no longer see visions”
105	3:7	xh15	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The seers will be put to shame, and the diviners will be confused	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause the seers to be ashamed, and I will confuse the diviners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
106	3:7	pe2m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	All of them will cover their lips	Here “lips” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “They shall no longer speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
107	3:7	s6nk		there is no answer from me	Alternate translation: “I will be silent”
108	3:8	ku3z		But as for me	Here “me” refers to Micah, a true prophet, setting himself apart from the false prophets.
109	3:8	qw2h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I am full of power by the Spirit of Yahweh, and am full of justice and might	Micah speaks of himself as if he were a container into which Yahweh were pouring a liquid. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh has given me power, justice, and might” or “the Spirit of Yahweh has enabled me to be strong, to declare what justice is, and to be mighty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
110	3:8	h3w3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	to declare to Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin	Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Micah uses both names to emphasize that all of his descendants are guilty of sin. The abstract nouns “transgression” and “sin” can be translated using verbs. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
111	3:9	ral1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	house of Jacob	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
112	3:9	rm8t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the house of Israel	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “descendants of Israel” or “you Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
113	3:9	ujn2		detest	strongly dislike
114	3:10	ca1v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with iniquity	“Blood” here is a metonym for murder, and “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are spoken of as if they were buildings. Micah speaks of the rich murdering people and sinning in other ways as if those activities were the bricks and wood with which people use to build houses. Alternate translation: “You commit murder and other horrible sins as you work to make Zion and Jerusalem great” or “You commit murder as you worship in Zion, and you commit other sins as you get rich in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
115	3:11	yn4t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Is not Yahweh with us?	The leaders strongly believe that Yahweh is with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We know that Yahweh is with us!” or “We know that Yahweh will help us do what we want to do!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
116	3:11	aeh5		evil	See how you translated “disaster” in Micah 1:12.
117	3:12	r9xr		because of you	Here “you” refers to the priests, prophets, and leaders (Micah 3:11).
118	3:12	aqg2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Zion will become a plowed field & and the hill of the temple will become a thicket	“Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
119	3:12	k2is		a plowed field	Alternate translation: “a field that a farmer has plowed”
120	3:12	m86y		a thicket	a place where many small woody plants grow
121	4:intro	pzv8			Micah 4 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) Special concepts in this chapter Remanant Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
122	4:1	rn5h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	the mountain & other mountains	Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123	4:1	a15l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” or “Yahweh will make the mountain on which his temple is built great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
124	4:1	pbd3		over the other mountains	Mount Zion will be the most important of all the mountains. It might also mean that this mountain will become the highest in the world, and not only in the region where it is located.
125	4:1	ttd5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	It will be exalted above the hills	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt it above the hills” or “Yahweh will make it higher than the hills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
126	4:1	w891	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	peoples will stream to it	A stream flows continually to one place from many directions. Many people come to the temple mount from different directions. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will flow like a stream to it” or “the people of the nations will go to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
127	4:2	gve4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Many nations	The word “nations” is a metonym for the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “The people from many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
128	4:2	tm7v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Come	This is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
129	4:2	hju4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	He will teach us his ways, and we will walk in his paths	Here “his ways” and “his paths” refer to what God wants the people to do. “Walk” means they will obey what he says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130	4:2	wix6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	from Zion the law will go out, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	The law and the word going out is a metaphor for people hearing it and then being messengers to tell other people about it in other places. Alternate translation: “people will listen to the law in Zion and go out and tell others; they will listen to the word of Yahweh in Jerusalem and go out and tell others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131	4:2	uuk9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	The words “will go out” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
132	4:3	b5yy		plowshares	a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds
133	4:3	l4ud		pruning hooks	a metal tool that people use to cut off branches or stems from plants
134	4:3	vin5		will not lift up sword	will not threaten to start a war
135	4:4	h22j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	they will sit every person under his vine and under his fig tree	Both the “vine” and the “fig tree” are symbols of prosperity. This phrase describes actions in which people live prosperously and in peace. If grapevines or fig trees are unknown you can translate this more generally. Alternate translation: “they will sit peacefully in their own gardens and fields” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
136	4:4	j4rc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	for the mouth of Yahweh of hosts has spoken	The mouth is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh of hosts has spoken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
137	4:5	iek8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	the peoples walk & in the name of their god & we will walk in the name of Yahweh	Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples … worship and obey their god … we will worship and obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
138	4:6	c9uu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	the lame	This refers to those who cannot walk well. Being lame is a synecdoche for having any form of disability. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
139	4:6	ri25		gather the outcast	Alternate translation: “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem”
140	4:7	b2he	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	the ones driven away into a strong nation	The words “I will turn” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation” or “I will make the ones I forcefully sent away into a strong nation” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
141	4:8	c64g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	As for you, watchtower for the flock, hill of the daughter of Zion—to you it will come, your former dominion	Micah speaks to the people of Jerusalem by speaking to the temple mount as if it could hear him. You may need to make explicit that Micah is giving his message to the people. Alternate translation: “As for the temple mount, the place from which Yahweh watches over you, his sheep, the place that Jerusalem’s people are most proud of—its former dominion will return” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
142	4:8	y9gn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	watchtower for the flock	The people of Jerusalem protecting the other people in surrounding areas is spoken of as if they were a shepherd in a watchtower watching over his flock. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143	4:8	p2dj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	daughter of Zion & daughter of Jerusalem	The people who live in a place are spoken of as if the place is a mother and they are the daughter. Alternate translation: “people who live in Zion … people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
144	4:8	tc2d		hill	Some modern versions understand this Hebrew word to mean “fortress” or “stronghold” here.
145	4:8	ccs1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	to you it will come, your former dominion	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word dominion, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over the nations as you did before” or “I will make you rule over the nations as you did before” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
146	4:9	g6px	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Now, why do you shout so loudly?	Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.” or “Think carefully about why you are shouting loudly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
147	4:9	b1zk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Is there no king among you? Has your counselor died? Is this why pain grips you like that of a woman in labor?	Micah continues to mock the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind these questionsas statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
148	4:10	qn9l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Be in pain & like a woman in labor	Micah compares the suffering the people will experience when enemies force them away from their cities to the pain a woman experiences when giving birth to a baby. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
149	4:10	rci7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you	Yahweh says the same thing in both active and passive forms to emphasize that he will do what he has said he will do. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “There Yahweh will rescue you. There he will rescue you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
150	4:10	nv5c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the hand of your enemies	Here, the word hand could mean: (1) it could be a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, Alternate translation: “the power of your enemies” or (2) it could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “your enemies” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
151	4:11	b5e1		General Information:	General Information: Jerusalem will defeat her enemies.
152	4:11	xj2l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Let her be defiled	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us defile her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
153	4:11	l329	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	let our eyes gloat over Zion	The eye is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “let us gloat over Zion” or “let us enjoy watching the invaders destroy Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
154	4:12	j472	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	for he has gathered them like bundles of grain prepared for the threshing floor	The writer speaks of Yahweh being ready to destroy the nations as if Yahweh were a farmer who has put his bundles of grain on his threshing floor and is now ready to thresh them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
155	4:13	bj1p		General Information:	General Information: Yahweh presents the imagery of the threshing floor (Micah 4:12).
156	4:13	mm6h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion & your horn & your hooves & You will crush	All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
157	4:13	m3uk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze	Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
158	4:13	tq8x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze	If your reader is not familiar with oxen or iron or bronze, you could remove the metaphor. Alternate translation: “for I will make you able to defeat and destroy every enemy” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
159	4:13	igd2		their unjust wealth	Alternate translation: “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people”
160	4:13	c3rt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	their wealth	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word wealth, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the things that they own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
161	5:intro	y1t7			Micah 5 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Messiah This chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: Micah 5:2, [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Change in Personal Pronouns Extra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes “I” is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as “you” and begins speaking about them as “we” or “us.”
162	5:1	f536	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	daughter of soldiers	The people of a city are spoken of as if they were a woman. The soldiers are attacking the city. Alternate translation: “people of the city, whom soldiers are attacking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163	5:1	yp7t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	With a rod they strike the judge of Israel on the cheek	The rod is a metonym for a greater man punishing a lesser man with a rod. To strike a man on the cheek was to insult him more than to harm him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the judge of Israel by having the invaders insult the judge of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
164	5:1	hz1y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	the judge of Israel	This irony describes the king as having lost so much of his power and authority that he is really only a judge. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
165	5:2	e2u4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah	Yahweh speaks to the people of Judah, and especially to the people of Bethlehem, as if he were speaking to the town of Bethlehem itself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
166	5:2	kc5p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ephrathah	This is either the name of the area in which Bethlehem was situated or it is just another name for Bethlehem or it distinguishes this Bethlehem from another. Bethlehem is about six miles south of Jerusalem. It was the hometown of King David. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Ephrathah’ means ‘to be fruitful.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
167	5:2	q7k4		even though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you one will come	Alternate translation: “even though other clans in Judah have more people in them, it is one of your people who will come”
168	5:2	ha3j		will come to me	Here “me” refers to Yahweh.
169	5:2	rws4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	whose beginning is from ancient times, from everlasting	This refers to the ruler descending from the ancient family of King David. The phrases “from ancient times” and “from everlasting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how old this family line is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
170	5:3	zg3h		Therefore	Alternate translation: “Because what I have just said is true” or “Because this ruler will come later”
171	5:3	xd41		will give them up	will abandon the people of Israel
172	5:3	nu1x		until the time when she who is in labor bears a child	This refers to the time when the ruler is born, a limited time.
173	5:3	du1l		the rest of his brothers	“the rest of the ruler’s fellow Israelites,” who are in exile
174	5:4	w1e9		General Information:	General Information: These verses continue describing the ruler from Bethlehem.
175	5:4	miw4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	He will stand and shepherd his flock in the strength of Yahweh	A shepherd, who feeds and protects his sheep, is a metaphor for the ruler, who will provide for and protect the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give him the strength to lead his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
176	5:4	apx2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	in the majesty of the name of Yahweh his God	The person’s name is a metonym for person’s authority. Alternate translation: “and people will honor him because Yahweh his God has given him the authority to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
177	5:4	kkz1		They will remain	the people of Israel will remain
178	5:4	yry5		remain	Alternate translation: “live in safety”
179	5:4	jkd7		he will be great to the ends of the earth	All people from every nation will give honor to Israel’s ruler.
180	5:5	m8sd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	seven shepherds and eight leaders over men	Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven … and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
181	5:6	t2fh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances	The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Here the Israelites ruling over the Assyrians is spoken of ironically as if they were killing sheep instead of herding them. The land of Assyria is a metonym for the people who live there. The entrances to cities were where official business took place. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
182	5:6	upk5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	and the land of Nimrod	The words “they will shepherd” are understood from the beginning of the sentence. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “and they will shepherd the land of Nimrod” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
183	5:6	p1ya	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	land of Nimrod	This is another name for the land of Assyria. Nimrod was a hunter and early ruler. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Nimrod’ means ‘rebellion.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
184	5:6	cj7q		He will rescue	The ruler will rescue
185	5:7	rd4s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like dew from Yahweh, like showers on the grass	Dew and rain showers refresh the land and cause things to grow. The Israelites will cause the people among whom they live to live will. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
186	5:7	qz8i		grass, that do not wait for a man, and they do not wait for the children	“grass. It is not for a man that they wait, nor is it for the children.” It is Yahweh alone who causes dew and rain showers.
187	5:8	ty4b		General Information:	General Information: Yahweh promises that the Israelites who are alive after Yahweh has punished his people with war will completely defeat and rule over their enemies.
188	5:8	pc96		remnant of Jacob	descendants of Jacob who survive the war
189	5:8	bv7a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	among the nations, among many peoples	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the “remnant of Jacob” will live in many different nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
190	5:8	rch5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a lion among the animals of the forest, like a young lion among the flocks of sheep	Lions are able to kill and eat any wild animal of the forest, and they easily kill sheep. Alternate translation: “like the fiercest of wild animals, like a wild animal that kills helpless livestock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
191	5:8	fsg4		When he goes through them	when the young lion goes through the flocks of sheep
192	5:8	l3ju		will trample over them and tear	Alternate translation: “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear”
193	5:9	qjw5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Your hand & your enemies	The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
194	5:9	g937	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Your hand will be lifted against your enemies	The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the whole person. To lift the hand is to exercise power. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
195	5:9	a5bh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	it will destroy them	The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
196	5:10	yvv1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	I will destroy your horses from among you and will demolish your chariots	The people of Israel used horses and chariots only in battle, and they may have traded for them with the godless nations around them. God did not want the people to trust in their weapons of war to protect them more than they trusted in him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
197	5:10	t7yg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	your horses & among you & your chariots	Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
198	5:11	p7xv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	your land & your strongholds	Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
199	5:12	w5rn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the witchcraft in your hand	Being in the “hand” represents the actions that the person does. Alternate translation: “the witchcraft that you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
200	5:12	b4vf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	your hand & you will	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
201	5:13	udr6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	your carved & your stone & among you. You will & your hands	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
202	5:13	s47c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	the workmanship of your hands	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word workmanship, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “make.” Alternate translation: “what your hands have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
203	5:14	dd8m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	your Asherah & among you & your cities	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
204	5:14	p6df	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	will uproot your Asherah poles	Yahweh speaks of Asherah poles as if they were trees that he would pull out of the ground. Alternate translation: “will pull your Asherah poles out of the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
205	6:intro	k235			Micah 6 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter is written as a court case or lawsuit by Yahweh against His people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Names in Lawsuit Moses, Aaron and Miriam are mentioned as witnesses for Yahweh and against Israel. Ahab and Omri are mentioned as kings who were evil and did not follow Yahweh. Obedience to the law of Moses is contrasted with disobedience to the law. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
206	6:1	wer4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Now listen	Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to mountains that can hear him, so both instances of “listen” are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
207	6:1	sz7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Arise & state	Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so the commands and the word “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
208	6:1	zxw4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Arise and state your case before the mountains; let the hills hear your voice	Yahweh speaks as if he is in court and the mountains and hills are the judges. He commands the people of Israel to tell the judges why they have done what they did. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
209	6:2	vyc6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Listen to Yahweh’s lawsuit	Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to mountains that can hear him, so both instances of “listen” are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
210	6:2	pbw6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	you mountains & you enduring foundations of the earth	Micah is speaking to these things as if they are humans. Micah is using the mountains, hills, and foundations of the earth as an eternal witness against his people’s idolatry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
211	6:3	smg8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	My people, what have I done to you? How have I wearied you? Testify against me!	God uses questions to emphasize that he is a good God, and he has done nothing to cause the people to stop worshiping him. Alternate translation: “My people, I have been good to you. I have done nothing to make you tired of me. If you think I have, testify against me, now.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
212	6:3	h6ec	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	to you & wearied you? Testify	Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
213	6:4	y7re	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	brought you & rescued you & Miriam to you	Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
214	6:4	s8wt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	house of bondage	A house is a metaphor for a place in which one lives for a long time. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word bondage, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to be slaves.” Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves for a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
215	6:5	q1ew	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	remember & you went & you may know	Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
216	6:5	ddx5		what Balak & devised	“the plans Balak … made to harm you
217	6:5	q2uj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	how Balaam & answered him	This could mean: (1) Balaam obeyed Balak by coming when Balak called him, Alternate translation: “how Balaam … did what Balak asked him to do” or (2) Balaam explained to Balak why Balaam had blessed the Israelites instead of cursing them as Balak had commanded. Alternate translation: “what Balaam told Balak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
218	6:5	mpf3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beor	This is the name of Balaam’s father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
219	6:5	rmf6		Shittim	This is the name of a place in Moab.
220	6:5	w4n8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	so you may know the righteous acts of Yahweh	Yahweh refers to himself by his own name. Alternate translation: “so that you may remember the righteous things that I, Yahweh, have done for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
221	6:6	n2hi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	What should I bring to Yahweh & God? Should I come & old?	Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that I do no need to bring to Yahweh … God, or come … old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
222	6:7	yc7f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Will Yahweh be pleased & oil? Should I give & sin?	Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh will not be pleased … oil or if I give … sin.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
223	6:7	mxx1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	thousands of rams & ten thousand rivers of oil	“rams in groups of 1,000 … 10,000 rivers of oil” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
224	6:8	y8pq		He has told you	Alternate translation: “Yahweh has told you”
225	6:8	xd8t		good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act & God	Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act … God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act … God?”
226	6:8	qii1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	love kindness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word kindness, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “kind.” Alternate translation: “love being kind to people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
227	6:9	jf56	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	even now wisdom acknowledges your name	Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word “name” here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you” or “and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
228	6:9	mll1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Pay attention to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place	Here “rod” refers to the enemy army with which Yahweh, who “has put it in place,” will discipline his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
229	6:10	va73	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	There is wealth in the houses of the wicked that is dishonest	Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. The words “the wicked” refer to wicked people. Houses are a synecdoche for everything a person possesses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
230	6:10	s6dk		false measures	incorrect weights that people use with scales to increase their wealth by deceiving those with whom they trade
231	6:11	j82a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Should I consider a person to be innocent & weights?	If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not consider a person innocent … weights.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
232	6:11	h4pk		deceptive weights	weights with which sellers deceive buyers
233	6:12	ig8k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The rich men are full of violence	Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone” or “The rich men act violently all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
234	6:12	j5fx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	their tongue in their mouth is deceitful	The tongue is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Everything they say is a lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
235	6:13	c1sc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will strike you with a terrible blow	Yahweh striking his people with blows is a metaphor for him punishing them. Alternate translation: “I have punished you severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
236	6:14	f2m4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	your emptiness will remain inside you	A person or thing being hungry is spoken of as if it were something that could be put in a container, and the people are spoken of as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “You will be hungry, and you will not be able to eat enough to satisfy yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
237	6:16	ke6t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The regulations made by Omri have been kept, and all the deeds of the house of Ahab	This can be translated in active form, and you may need to supply the words that the ellipsis omitted. Alternate translation: “You have done what Omri commanded, and you have done the same things the house of Ahab did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
238	6:16	tc63	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Omri & Ahab	Both of these men were kings over the northern kingdom of Israel. God considered both of them to be very wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
239	6:16	n2j5		house of Ahab	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab”
240	6:16	em7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You walk by their advice	Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “You do what Omri and Ahab told the people to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
241	6:16	s6wy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing	Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing” or “I will make you, city, a ruin, and I will cause everyone who sees you, inhabitants of the city, to hiss at you” or “I will make the city a ruin, and I will make people hiss at the inhabitants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
242	6:16	q68q		you will bear the reproach of my people	Alternate translation: “you will suffer because my people will reproach you”
243	7:intro	kf61			Micah 7 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Last days This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) Prophet The prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel’s place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
244	7:1	wf5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned	Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. The idea of a person wanting to gather fruit can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
245	7:1	jz29	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	no grape cluster & no ripe early fig	Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
246	7:2	x5ss	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	The faithful ones have disappeared & land; there is no upright person & They all lie in wait & blood; each one hunts	These are exaggerations. Alternate translation: “I feel as though faithful people have disappeared … land and there is no upright person … I feel as though they all lie in wait … blood, and each one hunts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
247	7:2	qea8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	to shed blood	Blood is a metaphor for the death of innocent people. Alternate translation: “to kill innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
248	7:3	m27f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Their hands are very good	The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “The people are very good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
249	7:4	nz3f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The best of them is like a brier, the most upright is worse than a thorn hedge	Briers and thorns are good for nothing and harm those who touch them. The Israelite rulers and judges did nothing good and harmed people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
250	7:4	kin3		the most upright	Alternate translation: “those of them who try hardest to do what is good”
251	7:4	qfc3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	It is the day foretold by your watchmen, the day of your punishment	Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. The word “watchmen” is a metaphor for prophets. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
252	7:4	i385	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Now is the time of their confusion	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word confusion, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Now is when they do not understand what is happening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
253	7:5	cvb4		Do not trust any neighbor	Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
254	7:6	y6bb		people of his own house	Micah continues to show that there is no longer anyone good, honest, and loyal to God among God’s people. Here he emphasizes that they cannot even trust friends or family.
255	7:6	by7f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law	The words “rises up” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “a daughter-in-law rises up against her mother-in-law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
256	7:6	z99g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	his own house	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “his own family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
257	7:7	pvd9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	General Information:	General Information: In verse 8 Micah begins speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion (Micah 1:13), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” (Micah 5:1), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. All commands and instances of “you” are feminine singular. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
258	7:7	z1eq		But as for me	Here “me” refers to Micah.
259	7:7	p8kj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	I will wait for the God of my salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word salvation, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will wait for the God who saves me” or “I will wait for God, who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
260	7:7	wd6x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	will hear me	The word “hear” represents hearing and acting. Alternate translation: “will act to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
261	7:8	yb44	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	fall & rise	These words are metaphors for suffering from disaster and then recovering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
262	7:8	ln69	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	sit in darkness	These words are a metaphor for suffering from disaster. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
263	7:9	d2c6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will bear his rage	Rage is spoken of as if it were a solid object that Yahweh was forcing Micah to carry. Alternate translation: “I will suffer because he is angry with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
264	7:9	v4zl		until he pleads my cause, and executes judgment for me	Yahweh will punish the people of the other nations who harmed the people of Israel.
265	7:9	sr4x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	he pleads my cause	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were defending Micah in court. Alternate translation: “he defends me against those who harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266	7:9	sc18		executes judgment for me	Alternate translation: “brings about justice for me”
267	7:9	p8yt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	He will bring me to the light	Bringing Micah from darkness (Micah 7:8) to light is a metaphor for ending the suffering from disaster and enabling him to live well. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
268	7:9	t4wh		rescue me in his justice	Alternate translation: “bring justice to me and rescue me”
269	7:10	wv5q		my enemy & the one who said & your God & My eyes	The words “enemy,” “one,” “your,” and “my” here refer to the women in the poem and so are feminine singular.
270	7:10	ize3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Where is Yahweh your God?	The enemy uses a question to mock the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God cannot help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
271	7:10	fx2c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	My eyes	This phrase here refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I” or “We” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
272	7:10	d12h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	she will be trampled down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “her enemies will trample her down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
273	7:10	j5qh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like the mud in the streets	People who walk on mud without thinking they are doing anything bad are compared with those who will destroy Israel’s enemies without thinking they are doing anything evil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
274	7:11	x4rg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	General Information:	General Information: Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
275	7:11	y6xz		A day to build your walls will come	Here “walls” refers to the walls around their cities, which provided safety and security from their enemies.
276	7:11	ue5m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	the boundaries will be extended very far	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will greatly extend the boundaries of your land” or “Yahweh will greatly increase the size of your kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
277	7:12	hs2u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	the River	You may need to make explicit the name of river. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
278	7:12	bd5t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	from sea to sea	You may need to make explicit the names of the seas. “from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Dead Sea in the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
279	7:12	y16y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	from mountain to mountain	“from one mountain to another.” Micah does not speak of any particular mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
280	7:13	av6g		the land will be desolate	Alternate translation: “the land will be empty” or “no one will live in the land”
281	7:13	n1e8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	because of the fruit of their actions	Fruit is a metaphor for the results of an earlier action. Alternate translation: “because of the results of what they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
282	7:14	jsh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Shepherd your people with your rod, the flock of your inheritance	Micah is praying to Yahweh, asking him to protect his people of Israel again. Here “rod” refers to God’s leadership and guidance, as a shepherd uses a stick to guide and protect his sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
283	7:14	cu5w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	They live alone in a thicket, in the midst of a pastureland	Micah speaks of his people as if they were wild animals hiding in bushes instead of livestock grazing in fields with much grass to eat. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
284	7:14	l8a3		a thicket	a place where many small woody plants grow
285	7:14	brz2		Bashan and Gilead	These regions are known as rich land for growing food.
286	7:14	whi8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	as in the old days	Bashan and Gilead had been part of Israel long ago, when David was king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
287	7:15	e3z5		As in the days & them wonders	Yahweh speaks to the people.
288	7:16	mhq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The nations	The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in many nations. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations nearby” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
289	7:16	mzy2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	They will put their hands on their mouths	They do this to show that they are ashamed of what they have done. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
290	7:16	n9vh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	their ears will be deaf	This is an idiom. Nothing anyone says will have any effect on them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
291	7:17	e21s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	They will lick the dust like a snake	Snakes slither on the ground where dust gets on them, and here the people are being compared to snakes, though it is probably an exaggeration that they will lick the dust. This could mean: (1) will literally lie on the ground in shame or (2) will be so ashamed and humbled that it will be as if they were lying on the ground. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
292	7:17	zg31	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	their dens	The people are spoken of as if they were animals, because animals live in “dens.” Alternate translation: “their homes” or “their hiding places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
293	7:18	g3i6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Who is a God like you—who takes & inheritance?	Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes … inheritance.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
294	7:18	kr7v		the remnant of his inheritance	Alternate translation: “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment”
295	7:18	a8d2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	you & of the remnant of his inheritance? He does not keep his anger forever, because he delights in his covenant faithfulness.	Here the words “his” and “he” can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you … of the remnant of your inheritance, who do not keep your anger forever, because you delight in your covenant faithfulness?” or “you … of the remnant of your inheritance? You do not keep your anger forever, because you delights in your covenant faithfulness.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
296	7:18	f1lp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	he delights in his covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word faithfulness, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “he delights in being faithful to his covenant” or “he delights in being faithful to his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
297	7:18	ups5		passes over	ignores
298	7:18	mcd3		does not keep his anger	Alternate translation: “does not stay angry”
299	7:19	i7z3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	You will	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
300	7:19	i1u2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	on us	Here “us” refers to Micah and the people, but not to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
301	7:19	rqi9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	you will trample our iniquities under your feet. You will throw all our sins into the depths of the sea	Iniquity and sin are spoken of as if they were solid objects. Alternate translation: “You will treat our iniquities and sins as if they were not important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
302	7:20	q32m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	You will give truth to Jacob and covenant faithfulness to Abraham	Here the names of Jacob and Abraham are metonyms for their descendants, the people of Israel to whom Micah was speaking. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “trustworthy” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “You will show the descendants of Jacob and Abraham that your are trustworthy and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])

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Introduction to Micah

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of the Book of Micah

What is the Book of Micah about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

Who wrote Micah?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Who is the deliverer Micah mentions?

Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual?

What does a translator need to know before translating Micah?

How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly?

How should the text of Micah be formatted?

Micah 1 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Important figures of speech in this chapter

City Names

General Information:

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Micah 2 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Context

General Information:

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Micah 3 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Justice

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Metaphors

General Information:

Connecting Statement:

Connecting Statement:

Micah 4 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Remanant

General Information:

General Information:

Micah 5 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Messiah

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Change in Personal Pronouns

General Information:

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Micah 6 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Names in Lawsuit

Micah 7 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Last days

Prophet

General Information:

General Information:

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