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The Lord answered him
"the Lord responded to the synagogue ruler"
Does not each of you untie your donkey
This starts a rhetorical question. Jesus used this to get them to think about something they already knew. It can be translated as statement: "You untie your donkey" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)
donkey or cow
These are animals that people care for by giving them water.
daughter of Abraham
"descendant of Abraham"
whom Satan bound
This is a metaphor. It means "whom Satan kept crippled." The metaphor can be kept and the meaning can be made explicit: "whom Satan bound with this disease." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
eighteen long years
The word "long" here emphasizes that eighteen years was a very long time for the woman to suffer. Other languages may have other ways of emphasizing this.
to untie her bonds
This is a metaphor. It can be translated as "to untie her from Satan" or "to untie the bonds of this illness" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)