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Connecting Statement:

Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God.

you were dead in your trespasses and sins

This shows how sinful people are unable to obey God in the same way a dead person is unable to respond physically. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)

your trespasses and sins

The words "trespasses" and "sins" have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people's sin. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet)

according to the ways of this world

The apostles also used "world" to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. AT: "according to the values of people living in the world" or "following the principles of this present world" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)

the ruler of the authorities of the air

This refers to the devil or Satan.

the spirit that is working

"the spirit of Satan, who is working"

the desires of the body and of the mind

The words "body" and "mind" represent the entire person. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)

children of wrath

people with whom God is angry (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)

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