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front:intro xx8l 0 # Introduction to Revelation\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Revelation\n\n1. Opening (1:1-20)\n1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)\n1. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11)\n1. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)\n1. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)\n1. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)\n1. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)\n1. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)\n1. The Lamb’s judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)\n1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)\n1. Jesus’ promise to return, the witness from the angels, John’s closing words, Christ’s message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?\n\nThe author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the Book of Revelation about?\n\nJohn wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, “Revelation,” “The Revelation of Jesus Christ,” “The Revelation to Saint John,” or “The Apocalypse of John.” Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as “The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?\n\nJohn used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Are the events of Revelation past or future?\n\nSince early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.\n\nTranslators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT.\n\n### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?\n\nNo other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?\n\nOne does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Revelation in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n* The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULT uses “holy.” (See: 14:12; 22:11)\n* Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9)\n* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “sanctify,” “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.”\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### Periods of time\n\nJohn referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation?\n\nFor the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n* “‘I am the alpha and the omega,’ says the Lord God, ‘the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty’” (1:8). Some versions add the phrase “the Beginning and the End.”\n* “the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped” (5:14). Some older versions read, “the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever.”\n* “so that a third of it [the earth] was burned up” (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase.\n* “the one who is and who was” (11:17). Some versions add the phrase “and who is to come.”\n* “they are blameless” (14:5). Some versions add the phrase “before the throne of God” (14:5).\n* “the one who is and who was, the Holy One” (16:5). Some older versions read, “O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be.”\n* “The nations will walk by the light of that city” (21:24). Some older versions read, “The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city.”\n* “Blessed are those who wash their robes” (22:14). Some older versions read “Blessed are those who do his commandments.”\n* “God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city” (22:19). Some older versions read, “God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city.”\n\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
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1:intro u1e2 0 # Revelation 01 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven churches\n\nJohn wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.\n\n### White\n\nThe Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being “white.” This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### “Him who is, and who was, and who is to come”\n\nGod exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Blood\n\nBlood is a metonym for death. Jesus “has released us from our sins by his blood.” John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “He is coming with the clouds”\n\nJesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be “with the clouds.” It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or “with the clouds” in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.\n\n### “One like a son of man”\n\nThis refers to Jesus. You should translate the words “son of man” using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the “Son of Man.”\n\n### “The angels of the seven churches”\n\nThe word “angels” here can also mean “messengers.” This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word “angel” (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.
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1:1 kv41 0 This is an introduction to the book of Revelation. It explains that it is a revelation from Jesus Christ and it gives a blessing to those who read it.
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1:1 ik5v τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ 1 This refers to people who believe in Christ.
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1:1 x8bu ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει 1 “the events that must happen soon”
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1:1 kez4 ἐσήμανεν 1 “communicated it”
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1:1 pb4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ, Ἰωάννῃ 1 John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: “to me, John, his servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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1:2 va4c τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “the message that God spoke”
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1:2 b5se τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ” or (2) “the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself”
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1:3 le65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ ἀναγινώσκων 1 This does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who reads it aloud. Alternate translation: “anyone who reads aloud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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1:3 h37b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τηροῦντες τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ γεγραμμένα 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “obey what John has written in it” or “obey what they read in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:3 dwt8 ὁ & καιρὸς ἐγγύς 1 “the things that must happen will soon happen”
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1:4 vw1t 0 This is the beginning of John’s letter. Here he names himself as the writer and greets the people he is writing to.
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1:4 y9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν & καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων 1 This is a wish or blessing. John speaks as if these were things that God could give, although they are really ways in which he hopes God will act for his people. Alternate translation: “May he who is … and the seven spirits … treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:4 hl5c ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν 1 “from God, who is”
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1:4 qsu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:4 x38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων 1 The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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1:5 w24x καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4] (./04.md). “May grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ” or “and may Jesus Christ treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely”
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1:5 l3h8 ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν 1 “the first person to be raised from death”
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1:5 j1xp τῶν νεκρῶν 1 From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
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1:5 u6v7 λύσαντι ἡμᾶς 1 “has set us free”
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1:6 a4mq ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς 1 “has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests”
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1:6 ne7x τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί αὐτοῦ 1 This is one person. Alternate translation: “God, his Father”
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1:6 c77q rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρί 1 This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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1:6 qd74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος 1 This is a wish or prayer. Possible meanings are (1) “May people honor his glory and power” or (2) “May he have glory and power.” John prays that Jesus Christ will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:6 vc5g τὸ κράτος 1 This probably refers to his authority as king.
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1:7 ldv8 0 In verse 7, John is quoting from Daniel and Zechariah.
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1:7 hb4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς 1 Since people see with the eyes, the word “eye” is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: “every person” or “everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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1:7 t16v καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν 1 “even those who pierced him will see him”
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1:7 ndf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν 1 Jesus’ hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to people killing him. Alternate translation: “killed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:7 lqs9 ἐξεκέντησαν 1 made a hole in
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1:8 mm9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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1:8 in5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:8 c96p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει Κύριος, ὁ Θεός 1 Some languages would put “The Lord God says” at the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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1:9 up7y 0 John explains how his vision began and the instructions the Spirit gave him.
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1:9 mg1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ὑμῶν 1 These refer to the believers in the seven churches. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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1:9 p7ii ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει, καὶ βασιλείᾳ, καὶ ὑπομονῇ, ἐν Ἰησοῦ, ἐγενόμην 1 This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “I, John, am your brother who shares with you in God’s kingdom and also suffers and patiently endures trials along with you because we belong to Jesus. I was”
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1:9 c1a9 διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “because I told others the word of God”
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1:9 j5rg τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “the message that God spoke.” Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).
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1:9 sim8 τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 “the testimony that God has given about Jesus.” Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).
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1:10 s2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι 1 John speaks of being influenced by God’s Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:10 lnj2 τῇ Κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the day of worship for believers in Christ
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1:10 fa68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος 1 The voice was so loud it sounded like a trumpet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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1:10 dn8e σάλπιγγος 1 This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting.
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1:11 kq6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σμύρναν & Πέργαμον & Θυάτειρα & Σάρδεις & Φιλαδέλφιαν & Λαοδίκιαν 1 These are names of cities in the region of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:12 dkp1 0 John begins to explain what he saw in his vision.
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1:12 r89l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις 1 This refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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1:13 xmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου 1 This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:13 y6qk ζώνην χρυσᾶν 1 a piece of cloth worn around the chest. It may have had golden threads in it.
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1:14 qc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἡ & κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ τρίχες λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών 1 Wool and snow are examples of things that are very white. The repetition of “as white as” emphasizes that they were very white. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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1:14 j9w4 ἔριον 1 This is the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white.
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1:14 vp4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός 1 His eyes are described as being full of light like a flame of fire. Alternate translation: “his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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1:15 u551 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς 1 Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. Alternate translation: “His feet were very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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1:15 d6je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς ἐν καμίνῳ πεπυρωμένης 1 The bronze would be refined first and then polished. Alternate translation: “like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and polished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
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1:15 ldx7 καμίνῳ 1 a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would burn away any impurities that were in the metal.
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1:15 izg6 ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν 1 This is very loud, like the sound of a large, fast flowing river, of a large waterfall, or of loud waves in the sea.
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1:16 pp58 ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαία & ἐκπορευομένη 1 The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion.
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1:16 zy4d ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα 1 This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions.
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1:17 twy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, ὡς νεκρός 1 John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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1:17 jw5r ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 “He touched me with his right hand”
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1:17 uc3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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1:18 a4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου 1 Having the power over something is spoken of as having the keys to it. The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of Hades. Alternate translation: “I have the power over death and over Hades” or “I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:19 u49x 0 The Son of Man continues to speak.
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1:20 d6ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ἀστέρων 1 These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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1:20 fl5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage λυχνίας 1 The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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1:20 eek9 ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν 1 Possible meanings are that these “angels” are (1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches or (2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches.
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1:20 e25n ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν 1 This refers to seven churches that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md).
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2:intro zps2 0 # Revelation 02 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Poverty and wealth\n\nThe Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])\n\n### “The devil is about to”\n\nPeople were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel\n\nBalaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches”\n\nThe writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The angel of the church”\n\nThe word “angel” here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).\n\n### “The words of the one who”\n\nThe verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
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2:1 mn8x 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Ephesus.
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2:1 kq5r τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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2:1 i92a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ἀστέρας 1 These stars are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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2:1 ugs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage λυχνιῶν 1 The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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2:2 jg1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἶδα & τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου 1 “Labor” and “endurance” are abstract nouns and can be translated with verbs “work” and “endure.” Alternate translation: “I know … that you work very hard and that you endure patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:2 szc1 καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν 1 “but are not apostles”
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2:2 ka9e εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς 1 “you have recognized that those people are false apostles”
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2:3 muq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 “Name” here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because you believe in my name” or “because you believe in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:3 j46d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ κεκοπίακες 1 Being discouraged is spoken of as being tired. Alternate translation: “you have not become discouraged” or “you have not quit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:4 j7gz ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ, ὅτι 1 “I disapprove of you because” or “I am angry with you because”
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2:4 kx98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες 1 To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it behind. Love is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT “you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:5 sfw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πόθεν πέπτωκας 1 No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven fallen. Alternate translation: “how much you have changed” or “how much you used to love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:5 j6p5 εἰ δὲ μή 1 “If you do not repent”
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2:5 j8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου 1 The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated “lampstand” in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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2:6 cvi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν 1 people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:7 s3qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:7 ft48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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2:7 wzg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τῷ νικῶντι 1 This refers anyone who conquers. Alternate translation: “anyone who resists evil” or “those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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2:7 rmf5 τῷ Παραδείσῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “God’s garden.” This is a symbol for heaven.
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2:8 is3w 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Smyrna.
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2:8 ie9x τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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2:8 key2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σμύρνῃ 1 This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:8 k7qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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2:9 p6hp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἶδά σου τὴν θλῖψιν καὶ τὴν πτωχείαν 1 “Sufferings” and “poverty” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I know how you have suffered and how poor you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:9 f6bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἶδά & τὴν βλασφημίαν ἐκ τῶν λεγόντων Ἰουδαίους εἶναι ἑαυτούς 1 “Slander” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I know how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews” or “I know how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:9 qf9p καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν 1 “but they are not real Jews”
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2:9 a4yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:10 agx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy μέλλει βάλλειν ὁ διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν 1 The words “the Devil” here are a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: “The devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:10 f5t1 γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου 1 “Be faithful to me even if they kill you.” The use of the word “until” does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death.
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2:10 sp8z τὸν στέφανον 1 “the winner’s crown.” This was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete.
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2:10 zhj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς 1 Possible meanings are (1) “a crown that shows that I have given you eternal life” or (2) “true life as a prize like a winner’s crown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:11 g7zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:11 dc3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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2:11 s9d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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2:11 q6w2 οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου 1 “will not experience the second death” or “will not die a second time”
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2:12 ll17 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Pergamum.
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2:12 y864 τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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2:12 il7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Περγάμῳ 1 This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:12 f6s5 τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν 1 This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md)
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2:13 ryn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 Possible meanings are (1) Satan’s power and evil influence on people, or (2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:13 tf7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 “Name” here is a metonym for the person. Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on tightly. Alternate translation: “you firmly believe in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:13 x6j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἠρνήσω τὴν πίστιν μου 1 “Faith” can be translated with the verb “believe.” AT “you continued to tell people that you believe in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:13 lu4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀντιπᾶς 1 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:14 wu6n ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὀλίγα 1 “I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done” or “I am angry with you because of a few things you did.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).
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2:14 rd44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ, ὃς 1 Possible meanings are (1) “who teach what Balaam taught; he” or (2) “who do what Balaam taught; he.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:14 j3nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names τῷ Βαλὰκ 1 This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:14 hg4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃς ἐδίδασκεν τῷ Βαλὰκ βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ 1 Something that leads people to sin is spoken of as a stone in the road that people stumble on. Alternate translation: “who showed Balak how to cause the people of Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:14 u19f πορνεῦσαι 1 “sin sexually” or “commit sexual sin”
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2:15 hc85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Νικολαϊτῶν 1 This was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:16 rwa4 μετανόησον οὖν 1 “So repent”
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2:16 f8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ δὲ μή 1 The verb can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “If you do not repent, I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:16 fd6u πολεμήσω μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 “fight against them”
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2:16 j52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου 1 This refers to the sword in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God’s word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: “with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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2:17 lm1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:17 m867 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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2:17 i61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τῷ νικῶντι 1 This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “anyone who resists evil” or “those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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2:18 b83m 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Thyatira.
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2:18 nd4m τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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2:18 kd5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Θυατείροις 1 This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:18 q3w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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2:18 zbx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ὡς φλόγα πυρός 1 His eyes are describes as being full of light like a flame of fire. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “whose eyes glow like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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2:18 p86i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ 1 Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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2:19 bx33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου 1 The abstract nouns “love,” “faith,” “service,” and “endurance” can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “How you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:19 y2mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου 1 The implied objects of these verbs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “How you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:20 wbu1 ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ 1 “But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing” or “But I am angry with you because of something you are doing.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).
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2:20 f6e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ, ἡ 1 Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen Jezebel, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: “the woman who is just like Jezebel and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:21 g7yh ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ 1 “I gave her opportunity to repent” or “I waited for her to repent”
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2:22 twa2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην & εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην 1 Her having to lie in bed would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. Alternate translation: “I will make her lie sick in bed … I will make suffer greatly” or “I will make her very sick … I will make suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:22 lj36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ’ αὐτῆς εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην 1 Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: “I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:22 h8fz μοιχεύοντας 1 “practice adultery”
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2:22 g53b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσουσιν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς 1 This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of her deeds, they also repent of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: “if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does” or “if they do not repent of participating in her deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:23 kx34 τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ 1 “I will kill her children”
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2:23 cn5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς 1 Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were her children. Alternate translation: ‘her followers” or “the people who do what she teaches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:23 zm6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας 1 The term “heart” a metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: “what people think and want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:23 bgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom δώσω ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ 1 This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: “I will punish or reward each one of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:24 tli6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην 1 Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the teaching. Alternate translation: “everyone who does not believe this teaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:24 scu6 οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην 1 The noun “teaching” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “does not hold to what she teaches” or “does not believe what she teaches”
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2:24 d5i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βαθέα 1 Secret things are spoken of as if they were deep. Alternate translation: “secret things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:26 z5xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “The person who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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2:27 c9gu ποιμανεῖ & συντρίβεται 1 This is a prophecy from the Old Testament about a king of Israel, but Jesus applied it here to those to whom he gives authority over the nations.
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2:27 w8pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ 1 Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. Alternate translation: “He will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:27 ksl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται 1 Breaking them to pieces is an image that represents either (1) destroying evildoers or (2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: “He will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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2:28 n9ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου 1 Some languages may need to tell what was received. Possible meanings are (1) “Just as I have received authority from my Father” or (2) “Just as I have received the morning star from my Father.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:28 hr39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ πατρός μου 1 This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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2:28 c1zc καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ 1 Here “him” refers to the one who conquers.
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2:28 g5iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν πρωϊνόν 1 This is a bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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2:29 ilk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:29 ikm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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3:intro q1l9 0 # Revelation 03 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven spirits of God\n\nThese spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).\n\n### Seven stars\n\nThese stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).\n\n## Important metaphors in this chapter\n\n### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking\n\nJesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches”\n\nThe speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The angel of the church”\n\nThe word “angel” here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).\n\n### “The words of the one who”\n\nThe verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
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3:1 k6b7 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Sardis.
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3:1 u1zs τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md).
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3:1 q7n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σάρδεσιν 1 This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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3:1 un3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ὁ ἔχων τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα 1 The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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3:1 t8wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας 1 These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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3:1 ty18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζῇς & νεκρὸς 1 Obeying and honoring God is spoken of as being alive; disobeying and dishonoring him is spoken of as being dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:2 d8cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γίνου γρηγορῶν, καὶ στήρισον τὰ λοιπὰ, ἃ ἔμελλον ἀποθανεῖν 1 The good deeds done by the believers in Sardis are spoken of as if they were alive but in danger of dying. Alternate translation: “Wake up and complete the work that remains, or what you have done will become worthless” or “Wake up. If you do not finish what you have started to do, your previous work will have been useless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:2 l7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γίνου γρηγορῶν 1 Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “Be alert” or “Be careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:3 wcs4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας 1 This refers to God’s word, which they believed. Alternate translation: “God’s word that you heard and the truth that you believed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:3 gwk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐὰν & μὴ γρηγορήσῃς 1 Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated “wake up” on [Revelation 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “If you are not alert” or “If you are not careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:3 ypw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἥξω ὡς κλέπτης 1 Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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3:4 fy7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀλίγα ὀνόματα 1 The word “names” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “a few people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:4 x2if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐκ ἐμόλυναν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν 1 Jesus speaks of sin in a person’s life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: “have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:4 x48r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατήσουσιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 People commonly spoke of living as “walking.” Alternate translation: “will live with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:4 w5t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν λευκοῖς 1 White clothes represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: “and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:5 v69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:5 w5k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive περιβαλεῖται ἐν ἱματίοις λευκοῖς 1 This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “will wear white garments” or “I will give white clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:5 yyu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁμολογήσω τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ 1 He would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will announce that he belongs to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:5 d7l5 ἐνώπιον τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 “in the presence of my Father”
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3:5 bi3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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3:6 zxc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:6 k2k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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3:7 rf9b 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Philadelphia.
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3:7 ksg4 τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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3:7 mm6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Φιλαδελφίᾳ 1 This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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3:7 ih6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage κλεῖν Δαυείδ 1 Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David’s key. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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3:7 aam6 ὁ ἀνοίγων καὶ οὐδεὶς κλείσει 1 “he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it”
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3:7 pzy2 κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει 1 “he closes the door and no one can open it”
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3:8 j1x7 δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην 1 “I have opened a door for you”
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3:8 xyw6 ἐτήρησάς μου τὸν λόγον 1 Possible meanings are (1) “you have followed by teachings” or (2) “you have obeyed my commands”
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3:8 b3kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 The word “name” here is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:9 x78m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συναγωγῆς τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were in a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:9 q496 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction προσκυνήσουσιν 1 This is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: “bow down in submission” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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3:9 ah4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐνώπιον τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 Here the word “feet” represent the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: “before you” or “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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3:9 k2g5 γνῶσιν 1 “they will learn” or “they will admit”
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3:10 gv5g κἀγώ σε τηρήσω ἐκ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ 1 “will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you” or “will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing”
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3:10 ckm4 ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ 1 “time of testing.” This probably means “the time when people try to make you disobey me.”
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3:10 e6bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μελλούσης 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:11 ih12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔρχομαι ταχύ 1 It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:11 n9a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κράτει ὃ ἔχεις 1 Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to believe firmly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:11 a4m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν στέφανόν 1 A crown was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. Here “crown” stands for a reward. See how you translated “crown” in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:12 px36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν, ποιήσω αὐτὸν στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου 1 Here “The one who conquers” refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). The “pillar” represents an important and permanent part of God’s kingdom. Alternate translation: “I will make anyone who resists evil strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” or “Those who do not agree to do evil I will make strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:13 u5jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:13 ug5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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3:14 r6bz 0 This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Laodicea.
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3:14 jg3b τῷ ἀγγέλῳ 1 Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
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3:14 wzg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Λαοδικίᾳ 1 This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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3:14 f65v ὁ Ἀμήν 1 Here “the Amen” is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God’s promises by saying amen to them.
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3:14 btv1 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Possible meanings are (1) “the one who rules over everything that God created” or (2) “the one through whom God created everything.”
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3:15 pf9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὔτε ψυχρὸς εἶ οὔτε ζεστός 1 The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Possible meanings are (1) “cold” and hot” represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where “cold” is to be completely against God, and to be “hot” is to be zealous to serve him, or (2) “cold” and “hot” both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: “you are like water that is neither cold nor hot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:16 y9vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου 1 Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: “I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:17 v1pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ εἶ ὁ ταλαίπωρος, καὶ ἐλεεινὸς, καὶ πτωχὸς, καὶ τυφλὸς, καὶ γυμνός 1 Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: “You are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:18 tmm7 ἀγοράσαι παρ’ ἐμοῦ χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρὸς, ἵνα πλουτήσῃς, καὶ ἱμάτια λευκὰ, ἵνα περιβάλῃ, καὶ μὴ φανερωθῇ ἡ αἰσχύνη τῆς γυμνότητός σου, καὶ κολλούριον ἐγχρῖσαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἵνα βλέπῃς 1 Here to “buy” represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The “gold refined by fire” represents spiritual wealth. The “brilliant white garments” represents rightousness. And the “salve to anoint your eyes” represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: “Come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
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3:19 sf66 ζήλευε & καὶ μετανόησον 1 “be serious and repent”
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3:20 i7gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω 1 Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: “I am like one standing at the door and knocking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:20 sr5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κρούω 1 When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they knock on the door. Alternate translation: “I want you to let me come inside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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3:20 m6n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου 1 The phrase “my voice” refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: “hears me speak” or “hears me call” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:20 di8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 Some languages might prefer the verb “go” here. Alternate translation: “I will go in to his home” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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3:20 une1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ δειπνήσω μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 This represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:21 h9pf 1 This is the end of the Son of Man’s messages to the angels of the seven churches.
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3:21 n83q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ νικῶν 1 This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:21 mn2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καθίσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ μου 1 To sit on a throne means to rule. Alternate translation: “to rule with me” or “to sit down on my throne and rule with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:21 un17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός μου 1 This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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3:22 m13x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:22 mjv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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4:intro cl9f 0 # Revelation 04 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11.\n\nJohn has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald\n\nThese words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John’s day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.\n\n### Twenty-four elders\n\nElders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### Seven spirits of God\n\nThese spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).\n\n### Giving glory to God\n\nGod’s glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Difficult images\n\nSuch things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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4:1 ws2q 0 John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God.
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4:1 vh4i μετὰ ταῦτα 1 “After I had just seen these things” ([Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md))
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4:1 z8r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:1 a49s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς σάλπιγγος λαλούσης μετ’ ἐμοῦ 1 How the voice was like a trumpet can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:1 j713 σάλπιγγος 1 This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md).
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4:2 ie3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι 1 John speaks of being influenced by God’s Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:3 m4mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown λίθῳ, ἰάσπιδι καὶ σαρδίῳ 1 These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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4:3 aap1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σμαραγδίνῳ 1 a green, valuable stone (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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4:4 u2b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers εἴκοσι τέσσαρας πρεσβυτέρους 1 “24 elders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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4:4 ivw8 στεφάνους χρυσοῦς 1 These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Such crowns, made of leaves, were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
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4:5 ryb1 ἀστραπαὶ 1 Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears.
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4:5 u1da φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί 1 These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder.
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4:5 e1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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4:6 ja33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θάλασσα ὑαλίνη 1 How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” or (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:6 cv9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὁμοία κρυστάλλῳ 1 How it was like crystal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “clear as crystal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:6 fr7x ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ κύκλῳ τοῦ θρόνου 1 “Immediately around the throne” or “Close to the throne and around it”
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4:6 b66k τέσσαρα ζῷα 1 “four living beings” or “four living things”
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4:7 d84n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile τὸ ζῷον τὸ πρῶτον ὅμοιον λέοντι, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ζῷον ὅμοιον μόσχῳ, καὶ τὸ τρίτον ζῷον ἔχων τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς ἀνθρώπου, καὶ τὸ τέταρτον ζῷον ὅμοιον ἀετῷ πετομένῳ 1 How the head of each living creature appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:7 b9tx ζῷον 1 “living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
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4:8 n8g2 κυκλόθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν 1 The top and bottom of each wing was covered with eyes.
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4:8 y1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:9 xj6b τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 This is one person. The one who sits on the throne lives forever and ever.
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4:9 a19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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4:10 cmj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 “24 elders.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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4:10 c2vg πεσοῦνται 1 They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping.
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4:10 sly8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction βαλοῦσιν τοὺς στεφάνους αὐτῶν ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου 1 These crowns looked like wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. The elders were respectfully placing the crowns on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God’s authority to rule. Alternate translation: “they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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4:10 wvf9 βαλοῦσιν 1 Possible meanings are (1) to place or (2) to throw down forcibly, as of something worthless (“throw,” [Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully.
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4:11 idj1 ὁ Κύριος καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν 1 “our Lord and God.” This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne.
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4:11 q91l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λαβεῖν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν 1 These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: “to be praised for your glory, honor, and power” or “for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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5:intro g7ey 0 # Revelation 05 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sealed scroll\n\nKings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, “the one who was seated on the throne” had written the scroll. Only the person called “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David” and “the Lamb” had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])\n\n### Twenty-four elders\n\nElders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### Christian prayers\n\nThe prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.\n\n### Seven spirits of God\n\nThese spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThe “Lion of the tribe of Judah” and the “Root of David” are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words “Root of David” speak of Israel’s King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:1 txr5 0 John continues to describe what he saw in his vision of the throne of God.
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5:1 w3yi καὶ εἶδον 1 “After I saw those things, I saw”
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5:1 u3br τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου 1 This is the same “one” as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md).
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5:1 yhm3 βιβλίον, γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν 1 “a scroll with writing on the front and the back”
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5:1 aj7m κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά 1 “and it had seven seals keeping it closed”
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5:2 r2vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ? 1 The person would need to break the seals in order to open the scroll. Alternate translation: “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
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5:2 v4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ? 1 This can be translated as a command: “The one who is worthy to do this should come to break the seals and open the scroll!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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5:3 lj9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς 1 This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: “anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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5:5 dm5p ἰδοὺ 1 “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
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5:5 j67w ὁ λέων ὁ ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα 1 This is a title for the man from the tribe of Judah that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah” or “The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah”
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5:5 b6wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ λέων 1 The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:5 i89j ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ 1 This is a title for the descendant of David that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “the one who is called the Root of David”
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5:5 z3vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ 1 The descendant is spoken of as if David’s family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: “the Descendant of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:6 v99j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants 0 The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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5:6 du51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage Ἀρνίον 1 A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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5:6 erg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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5:6 t7d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀπεσταλμένοι εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν 1 This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “which God sent out over all the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:7 egp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἦλθεν 1 He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb “come.” Alternate translation: “He came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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5:8 e3fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This is a young male sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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5:8 cgs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 “24 elders.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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5:8 ff8y ἔπεσαν 1 “lay down on the ground.” Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally.
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5:8 uv6w ἕκαστος 1 Possible meanings are (1) “each of the elders and living creatures” or (2) “each of the elders.”
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5:8 qak6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage φιάλας χρυσᾶς γεμούσας θυμιαμάτων, αἵ εἰσιν αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων 1 The incense here is a symbol for the believers’ prayers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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5:9 yu7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐσφάγης 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For they slaughtered you” or “For people killed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:9 j1jn ἐσφάγης 1 If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here.
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5:9 qtv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αἵματί σου 1 Since blood represents a person’s life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means “by your death” or “by dying.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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5:9 k8re ἠγόρασας τῷ Θεῷ 1 “you bought people so that they could belong to God” or “you paid the price so that people could belong to God”
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5:9 zzc7 ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς, καὶ γλώσσης, καὶ λαοῦ, καὶ ἔθνους 1 This means that people from every ethnic group are included.
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5:11 xuy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers μυριάδες μυριάδων καὶ χιλιάδες χιλιάδων 1 Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: “millions” or “too many thousands to count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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5:12 gnv1 ἄξιόν ἐστιν τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἐσφαγμένον 1 “The Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy”
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5:12 mt28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν 1 These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Revelation 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:13 sad6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς 1 This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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5:13 t3zy τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ 1 “May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have”
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6:intro zkn7 0 # Revelation 06 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven Seals\nKings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### The Four Horsemen\nAs the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### The Lamb\nThis refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Similes\nIn verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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6:1 i392 0 John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll.
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6:1 be7p ἔρχου! 1 This is a command to one person, apparently the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2.
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6:2 t2qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος 1 This kind of crown was a likeness of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, probably hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “he received a crown” or “God gave him a crown (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:2 r5mh στέφανος 1 This was a wreath of olive branches or of laurel leaves like the wreaths that winning athletes received in contests at the time of John.
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6:3 bs66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν 1 “the next seal” or “seal number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:3 i1p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου 1 “the next living creature” or “living creature number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:4 qg8s ἐξῆλθεν & πυρρός 1 This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: “came out. It was red like fire” or “came out. It was bright red”
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6:4 w57m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ’ αὐτὸν, ἐδόθη αὐτῷ 1 This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “God gave permission to its rider” or “Its rider received person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:4 je64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη 1 This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This rider received a huge sword” or “God gave this rider a huge sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:4 n58n μάχαιρα μεγάλη 1 “a very large sword” or “a great sword”
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6:5 v4us rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην 1 “the next seal” or “seal number three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:5 zec1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου 1 “the next living creature” or “living creature number three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:5 rm4y ζυγὸν 1 a tool used for weighing things
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6:6 cq7h χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου 1 Some languages might want a verb such as “cost” or “buy” in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: “A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius” or “Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius”
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6:6 b5rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume χοῖνιξ σίτου & τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν 1 a “choenix” was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of “choenix” is “choenices.” Alternate translation: “one liter of wheat … three liters of barley” or “one bowl of wheat … three bowls of barley” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
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6:6 v3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney δηναρίου 1 This coin was worth a day’s wages. Alternate translation: “one silver coin” or “the pay for one day of work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
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6:6 ej1v καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς 1 If the oil and wine were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up.
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6:6 c5ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον 1 These expressions probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:7 mu5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην 1 “the next seal” or “seal number four” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:7 zj87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου 1 “the next living creature” or “living creature number four” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:8 e11y ἵππος χλωρός 1 “grey horse.” This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death.
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6:8 df32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς 1 Here “the earth” represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “one-fourth of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
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6:8 tjw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ῥομφαίᾳ 1 A sword is a weapon, and here it represents war. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:8 n9x3 ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς 1 This means that Death and Hades would cause the wild animals to attack and kill people.
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6:9 bv8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα 1 “the next seal” or “seal number five” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:9 n3mi ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου 1 This may have been “at the base of the altar.”
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6:9 b2kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν ἐσφαγμένων 1 This can be translated with an active verb. AT “those whom others had killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:9 y8c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον 1 Here “Word of God” is a metonym for the message from God and “held” is a metaphor. Possible meanings are (1) holding the testimony refers to believing God’s word and testimony. Alternate translation: “because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ” or “because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony” or (2) holding the testimony refers to testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: “because they testified about the word of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:10 qz1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν 1 The word blood here represents their deaths. Alternate translation: “punish those who killed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:11 bq1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἕως πληρωθῶσιν καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν, οἱ μέλλοντες ἀποκτέννεσθαι ὡς καὶ αὐτοί 1 This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should be killed by their enemies. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: “until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants … sisters whom God had decided people would kill, just as people had killed their fellow servants … sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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6:11 q9xh οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν 1 This is one group of people described in two ways: as servants and as brothers. Alternate translation: “their brothers who serve God with them” or “their fellow believers who serve God with them”
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6:11 p615 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 Christians are often spoken of as being one another’s brothers. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” or “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:12 z9qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἕκτην 1 “the next seal” or “seal number six” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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6:12 xu8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile μέλας ὡς σάκκος 1 Sometimes sackcloth was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: “as black as mourning clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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6:12 g7rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς αἷμα 1 The image of blood is meant to lead people to think of death. How it was like blood can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “red like blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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6:13 s137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡς συκῆ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς, ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:14 jyb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον 1 The sky was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and rolled up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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6:15 m6j6 οἱ χιλίαρχοι 1 This word refers to the warriors who command in the battle.
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6:15 vl6h τὰ σπήλαια 1 large holes in the sides of hills
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6:16 f4bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy προσώπου τοῦ 1 Here “face” represents “presence.” Alternate translation: “the presence of the one” or “the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:17 bd8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτῶν 1 The day of their wrath refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: “this is the terrible time when they will punish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:17 i7t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν 1 Existing now is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:17 cq9e ὀργῆς αὐτῶν 1 “Their” refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb.
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6:17 r1ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τίς δύναται σταθῆναι? 1 Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: “No one can survive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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7:intro f27i 0 # Revelation 07 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nScholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\nIt is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.\n\nTranslators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Worship\nGod saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### The Lamb\nThis refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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7:1 b1yl 0 John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
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7:1 id3y τὰς τέσσαρας γωνίας τῆς γῆς 1 The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase “the four corners” refers to the north, south, east, and west.
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7:2 sgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy σφραγῖδα Θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 The word “seal” here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. Alternate translation: “the marker” or “stamp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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7:3 upb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy σφραγίσωμεν & ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν 1 The word “seal” here refers to a mark. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: “put a mark on the foreheads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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7:3 je8m μετώπων 1 The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
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7:4 m58v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν ἐσφραγισμένων 1 This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “those whom God’s angel marked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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7:4 lh7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες 1 “one hundred forty-four thousand people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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7:5 lyz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἐκ φυλῆς & δώδεκα χιλιάδες 1 “12,000 people from the tribe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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7:7 ru7t 0 This continues the list of the people of Israel who were sealed.
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7:9 cj5k 0 John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
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7:9 au1m ὄχλος πολύς 1 “a huge crowd” or “a great number of people”
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7:9 v63z στολὰς λευκάς 1 Here the color “white” represents purity.
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7:10 m5az ἡ σωτηρία τῷ 1 “Salvation comes from”
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7:10 vlv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ σωτηρία τῷ & τῷ Ἀρνίῳ 1 They were praising God and the Lamb. The noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” AT “Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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7:11 a45p τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 These are the four creatures mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md).
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7:11 aja9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἔπεσαν & ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν 1 Here “fell on their faces” is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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7:12 lf1m ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα & τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν 1 “Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength”
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7:12 q3gt ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα & ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ & τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν 1 The verb “give” can be used to show how praise, glory, and honor, are to be “to” God. Alternate translation: “We must give praise, glory, thanks, and honor to our God”
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7:12 d74f εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end.
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7:13 wz8z περιβεβλημένοι τὰς στολὰς τὰς λευκὰς 1 These white robes showed that they were righteous.
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7:14 p6en οἱ ἐρχόμενοι ἐκ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης 1 “have survived the great tribulation” or “have lived through the great tribulation”
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7:14 u6fc τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης 1 “the time of terrible suffering” or “the time when people will suffer terribly”
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7:14 b7mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 Being made righteous by the blood of the Lamb is spoken of as washing their robes in his blood. Alternate translation: “They have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:14 ym21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 The word “blood” is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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7:15 q73i 0 The elder continues to speak to John.
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7:15 qs23 εἰσιν & αὐτούς 1 These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
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7:15 us3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς 1 These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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7:15 k9f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκηνώσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 “will put his tent up over them.” Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: “will shelter them” or “will protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:16 p6u7 πεινάσουσιν & αὐτοὺς 1 These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
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7:16 t45h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ πέσῃ & ὁ ἥλιος 1 The sun’s heat is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: “The sun will not burn them” or “The sun will not make them weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:17 wc49 αὐτούς & αὐτοὺς 1 These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
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7:17 b5rp τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θρόνου 1 “the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne”
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7:17 bi5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅτι τὸ Ἀρνίον & ποιμανεῖ αὐτούς 1 The elder speaks of the Lamb’s care for his people as if it were a shepherd’s care for his sheep. Alternate translation: “For the Lamb … will be like a shepherd to them” or “For the Lamb … will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:17 m6m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁδηγήσει αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ ζωῆς πηγὰς ὑδάτων 1 The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were springs of fresh water. Alternate translation: “he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water” or “he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:17 g3d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει ὁ Θεὸς πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 Tears here represent sadness. Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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8:intro ma7f 0 # Revelation 08 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven seals and seven trumpets\nThis chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Passive voice\nJohn uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator’s language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n### Similes\nIn verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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8:1 d652 0 The Lamb opens the seventh seal.
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8:1 mh2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἑβδόμην 1 This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “the final seal” or “seal number seven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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8:2 fri9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες 1 They were each given one trumpet. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) “God gave them seven trumpets” or (2) “the Lamb gave them seven trumpets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:3 f9g9 δώσει 1 “he would offer the incense to God by burning it”
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8:4 lq1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου 1 This refers to the bowl in the angel’s hand. Alternate translation: “the bowl in the angel’s hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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8:5 l79w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς 1 The word “fire” here probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: “filled it with burning coals” or “filled it with coals of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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8:6 xys5 0 The seven angels sound the seven trumpets, one at a time.
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8:7 g5gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:7 ga1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς κατεκάη, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων κατεκάη, καὶ πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς κατεκάη 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:8 rnh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος 1 “The next angel” or “Angel number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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8:8 uw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον, ἐβλήθη 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:8 ev7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης αἷμα 1 The fraction “A third” can be explained in translation. Alternate translation: “It was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
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8:8 k43y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἐγένετο & αἷμα 1 Possible meanings are it (1) “became red like blood” or it (2) really became blood. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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8:9 vgf4 τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς 1 “the things living in the sea” or “the fish and other animals that lived in the sea”
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8:10 n8ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ μέγας, καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς 1 “a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky.” The fire of the huge star looked similar to the fire of a torch. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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8:10 int4 λαμπάς 1 a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light
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8:11 as2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ Ἄψινθος 1 Wormwood is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: “The name of the star is Bitterness” or “The name of the star is Bitter Medicine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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8:11 gei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγένετο & ἄψινθον 1 The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were wormwood. Alternate translation: “became bitter like wormwood” or “became bitter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:11 g4q5 ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν 1 “died when they drank the bitter water”
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8:12 z936 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου 1 Causing something bad to happen to the sun is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “a third of the sun changed” or “God changed a third of the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:12 ukh6 σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν 1 Possible meanings are (1) “one third of the time they were dark” or (2) “one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark”
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8:12 t1ag ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ φάνῃ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως 1 “there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night” or “they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night”
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8:13 x375 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος & σαλπίζειν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:intro sq5c 0 # Revelation 09 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### Woe\nJohn describes several “woes” in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three “woes” announced at the end of Chapter 8.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Animal imagery\nThis chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.\n\n### Bottomless pit\nThis image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])\n\n### Abaddon and Apollyon\n\n“Abaddon” is a Hebrew word. “Apollyon” is a Greek word. Both words mean “Destroyer.” John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood “Apollyon” to mean “Destroyer.” So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### Repentance\nDespite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Simile\nJohn uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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9:1 d26c 0 The fifth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
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9:1 jim6 εἶδον ἀστέρα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πεπτωκότα 1 John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall.
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9:1 v12j ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 “the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit”
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9:1 cjr9 τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 Possible meanings are (1) “shaft” is another way of referring to the pit and describes it as long and narrow, or (2) “shaft” refers to the opening of the pit.
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9:1 p886 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom.
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9:2 tp79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς καπνὸς καμίνου μεγάλης 1 A huge furnace gives off a great amount of thick, dark smoke. Alternate translation: “like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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9:2 nd4n ἐσκοτώθη 1 “became dark”
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9:3 mb9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἀκρίδες 1 insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:3 a4e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξουσία, ὡς ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν οἱ σκορπίοι 1 Scorpions have the ability to sting and poison other animals and people. Alternate translation: “the ability to sting people as scorpions do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:3 mjf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σκορπίοι 1 small insects with poisonous stingers on their tails. Their sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:4 cl6p ἐρρέθη αὐταῖς, ἵνα μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν τὸν χόρτον τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ πᾶν χλωρὸν, οὐδὲ πᾶν δένδρον 1 Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this.
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9:4 pb9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 1 The phrase “to damage” or “to harm” is understood. Alternate translation: “but only to harm the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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9:4 gi1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν σφραγῖδα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The word “seal” here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. See how you translated “seal” in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “the marker of God” or “stamp of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:4 tl6n μετώπων 1 The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
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9:5 rui1 ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς & μὴ 1 “They” refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md))
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9:5 vfj7 αὐτούς 1 the people whom the locusts were stinging
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9:5 ii8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἵνα βασανισθήσονται 1 Here the words “given permission” are understood. Alternate translation: “but only given permission to torture them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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9:5 nm7q βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε 1 The locusts would be allowed to do this for five months.
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9:5 a3dw βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε 1 “to make them suffer terrible pain”
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9:5 qtk9 βασανισμὸς σκορπίου 1 A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death.
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9:6 p4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ζητήσουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θάνατον, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτόν 1 This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “death.” Alternate translation: “people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it” or “people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:6 hiq8 ἐπιθυμήσουσιν ἀποθανεῖν 1 “will want very much to die” or “will wish that they could die”
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9:6 f1b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification φεύγει ὁ θάνατος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 John speaks of death as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to die” or “they will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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9:7 zh82 0 These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things.
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9:7 s9gl στέφανοι ὅμοιοι χρυσῷ 1 These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
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9:10 mac3 ἔχουσιν οὐρὰς 1 The word “They” refers to the locusts.
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9:10 qdc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὁμοίας σκορπίοις καὶ κέντρα 1 A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: “with stingers like scorpion stingers” or “with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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9:10 lim1 ἐν ταῖς οὐραῖς αὐτῶν ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μῆνας πέντε 1 Possible meanings are (1) they had power for five months to harm people or (2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months.
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9:11 fiu6 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
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9:11 bkg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀβαδδών & Ἀπολλύων 1 Both names mean “Destroyer.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
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9:12 ts26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔρχεται ἔτι δύο οὐαὶ 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:13 cyb6 0 The sixth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
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9:13 x4md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἐκ 1 The voice refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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9:13 q3a3 τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ χρυσοῦ 1 These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the altar.
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9:14 iq5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche λέγουσαν 1 The voice refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “The speaker said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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9:14 su17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοὺς τέσσαρας ἀγγέλους, τοὺς δεδεμένους 1 The text does not say who has bound the angels, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind” or “the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:15 ijx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλύθησαν οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς & ἐνιαυτόν 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “The angel released the four angels who had been prepared for … that year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||
9:15 p3w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “The four angels whom God had prepared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:15 b3d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν 1 These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: “for that exact time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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9:16 h8uf 0 Suddenly, 200,000,000 soldiers on horseback appear in John’s vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse.
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9:16 ays5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων 1 Some ways to express this are: “two hundred million” or “two hundred thousand thousand” or “twenty thousand times ten thousand.” If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in [Revelation 5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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9:17 j5n9 πυρίνους 1 “red like fire” or “bright red.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md).
|
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9:17 pqe8 θειώδεις 1 “yellow like sulfur” or “bright yellow like sulfur”
|
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9:17 mzf7 ἐκ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν ἐκπορεύεται πῦρ, καὶ καπνὸς, καὶ θεῖον 1 “fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths”
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9:18 q9mp 0 John continues to describe the horses and the plagues brought upon humanity.
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9:18 x4fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 “One third of the people.” See how you translated “A third” in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
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9:20 xf3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἳ οὐκ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς ταύταις 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the plagues had not killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:20 d3vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὰ ξύλινα, ἃ οὔτε βλέπειν δύνανται, οὔτε ἀκούειν, οὔτε περιπατεῖν 1 This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: “even though idols cannot see, hear, or walk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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10:intro ys3l 0 # Revelation 10 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven thunders\nJohn here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for “thunder” when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### “The mystery of God”\nThis refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Simile\nJohn uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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10:1 xr6f 0 John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John’s vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
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10:1 jj2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην 1 John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing a cloud as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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10:1 qax6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος 1 John compares the brightness of his face with the brightness of the sun. Alternate translation: “His face was bright like the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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10:1 p81x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός 1 The word “feet” here refers to the legs. Alternate translation: “his legs were like pillars of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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10:2 l3r8 ἔθηκεν τὸν πόδα αὐτοῦ τὸν δεξιὸν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, τὸν δὲ εὐώνυμον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 “He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land”
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10:3 ubb9 καὶ ἔκραξεν 1 “Then the angel shouted”
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10:3 r4j6 ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ 1 The thunder is described as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “the seven thunders made a loud noise” or “the thunder sounded very loudly seven times”
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10:3 qag8 ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ 1 Thunder occurring seven times is spoken of as if it were seven different “thunders.”
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10:4 az1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 The word “voice” refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: “but I heard someone speaking from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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10:5 l5xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν 1 He did this to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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10:6 t2f6 ὤμοσεν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 “He asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever”
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10:6 gmm8 τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων 1 Here “the one” refers to God.
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10:6 egm1 χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται 1 “There will be no more waiting” or “God will not delay”
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10:7 c5gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐτελέσθη τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will accomplish his mystery” or “God will complete his secret plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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10:8 t61f 0 John hears the voice from heaven, which he had heard in [Revelation 10:4](../10/04.md), speak to him again.
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10:8 v6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 The word “voice” refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “The one I heard speak from heaven” or “The one who had spoken to me from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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10:8 tkq7 ἤκουσα 1 John heard
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10:9 x13b λέγει μοι 1 “The angel said to me”
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10:9 tg31 πικρανεῖ 1 “make … sour” or “make … acid.” This refers to a bad taste from the stomach after eating something that is not good.
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10:11 ahb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γλώσσαις 1 This refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: “many language communities” or “many groups of people who speak their own languages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:intro s117 0 # Revelation 11 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18.\n\n### Woe\n\nJohn describes several “woes” in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third “woe” announced at the end of Chapter 8.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gentiles\nThe word “Gentiles” here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### Two witnesses\nScholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n### Bottomless pit\nThis image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
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11:1 ba9b 0 John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
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11:1 lkn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone gave me a reed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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11:1 tl86 ἐδόθη μοι & λέγων 1 The words “me” and “I” refer to John.
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11:1 ha6e τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ 1 “count those who worship in the temple”
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11:2 jae6 πατήσουσιν 1 to treat something as worthless by walking on it
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11:2 b11f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο 1 “42 months” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:3 jk7r 0 God continues speaking to John.
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11:3 rib4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα 1 “for one thousand two hundred and sixty days” or “for twelve hundred and sixty days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:3 h8vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἡμέρας & περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους 1 Why they will wear sackcloth can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “days, wearing rough mourning clothes” or “days: they will wear scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:4 pa44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες 1 The two olive trees and the two lampstands symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: “The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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11:4 p6mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ 1 John expects his readers to know about them because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: “the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:5 nr2s πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν, καὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν 1 Because this is about future events, it can also be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: “fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies”
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11:5 ab6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πῦρ & κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν 1 Fire burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: “fire … will destroy their enemies” or “fire … will completely burn up their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:6 cac1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ 1 John speaks of the sky as if it had a door that can be opened to let rain fall or closed to stop the rain. Alternate translation: “to keep rain from falling from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:6 a7ed στρέφειν 1 “to change”
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11:6 kth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ 1 John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: “to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:7 i679 Ἀβύσσου 1 This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
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11:8 r45p τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν 1 This refers to the bodies of the two witnesses.
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11:8 p9fu ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης 1 The city had more than one street. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: “in one of the streets of the great city” or “in the main street of the great city”
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11:8 iea1 ὁ Κύριος αὐτῶν 1 They served the Lord, and like him would die in that city.
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11:9 h3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ 1 “3 full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3 1/2 days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:9 bp61 τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα 1 This will be a sign of disrespect.
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11:10 dm89 χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται 1 “will rejoice that the two witnesses have died”
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11:10 trs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις 1 This action shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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11:10 h4pq ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died.
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11:11 x3gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ ἥμισυ 1 “3 full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3 1/2 days.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:11 al5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς 1 The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: “God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:11 u265 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς 1 Fear is spoken of as if it is a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: “Those who see them will be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:12 f8ze καὶ ἤκουσαν 1 Possible meanings are (1) the two witnesses will hear or (2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses.
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11:12 mkq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 The word “voice” refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly to them from heaven and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:12 l1x7 λεγούσης αὐτοῖς 1 “say to the two witnesses”
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11:13 p56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά 1 “7,000 people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:13 fa14 οἱ λοιποὶ 1 “those who do not die” or “those who are still living”
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11:13 f4r2 ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 “say that the God of heaven is glorious”
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11:14 l7jp ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν 1 “The second terrible event is over.” See how you translated “The first woe is past” in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md).
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11:14 j1m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ τρίτη ἔρχεται ταχύ 1 Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. Alternate translation: “The third woe will happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:15 l1be 0 The last of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
|
||
11:15 sxx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος 1 This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated “seventh” in [Revelation 8.1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: “the final angel” or “angel number seven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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11:15 zt2f ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαι 1 The phrase “loud voices” represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: “speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said”
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11:15 jsm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 Here “kingdom” refers to the authority to rule the world. Alternate translation: “The authority to rule the world … the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:15 en51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 This refers to everyone in the world. Alternate translation: “everyone in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:15 sw4u ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 “Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world”
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11:16 jv5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι 1 “24 elders.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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11:16 s2nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν 1 This is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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11:17 dw6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish σοι, Κύριε ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν 1 These phrases can be stated as sentences. Alternate translation: “you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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11:17 fq4b ὁ ὢν 1 “the one who exists” or “the one who lives”
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11:17 ea29 ὁ ἦν 1 “who has always existed” or “who has always lived”
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11:17 fe2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην 1 What God did with his great power can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:18 qw72 0 The words “you” and “your” refer to God.
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11:18 kx7k 0 The twenty-four elders continue praising God.
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11:18 amc2 ὠργίσθησαν 1 “were extremely angry”
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11:18 iv5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου 1 Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: “You are ready to show your anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:18 v18q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν & ὁ καιρὸς 1 Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: “The time is right” or “Now is the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:18 h833 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for God to judge the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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11:18 zk1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν νεκρῶν 1 This nominal adjective can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Those who have died” or “the dead people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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11:18 k3ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοῖς προφήταις, καὶ τοῖς ἁγίοις, καὶ τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου 1 This list explains what “your servants” means. These were not three completely different groups of people. The prophets also were believers and feared God’s name. “Name” here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the prophets, those who are believers, and those who fear you” or “the prophets and the others who are believers and fear your name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:19 c7pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then someone opened God’s temple in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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11:19 d9z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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11:19 b6ly ἀστραπαὶ 1 Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
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11:19 ap5g φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταὶ 1 These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
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12:intro cq7x 0 # Revelation 12 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Serpent\nThe Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “A great sign was seen in heaven”\nBy using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say “A great sign appeared in heaven.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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12:1 n4ii 0 John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision.
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12:1 d7pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σημεῖον μέγα ὤφθη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A great sign appeared in heaven” or “I, John, saw a great sign in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:1 j9yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:1 tg62 στέφανος ἀστέρων δώδεκα 1 This was apparently a likeness of a wreath made of laurel leaves or olive branches, but with twelve stars included in it.
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12:1 x45q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἀστέρων δώδεκα 1 “12 stars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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12:3 y4c1 0 John describes a dragon that appears in his vision.
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12:3 s1j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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12:4 r1lr ἡ οὐρὰ αὐτοῦ σύρει τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων 1 “With his tail he swept away a third of the stars”
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12:4 ii1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction τὸ τρίτον 1 “one third.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
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12:5 zr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ 1 Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:5 kfr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡρπάσθη τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God quickly took her child to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:6 a5bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα 1 “for one thousand two hundred and sixty days” or “for twelve hundred and sixty days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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12:7 tb66 καὶ 1 John uses this word to mark a shift in his account to introduce something else happening in his vision.
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12:7 wh37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκοντος 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
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12:8 uj6a οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 “So the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven”
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12:9 pk5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish δράκων ὁ & ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος & καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν 1 The information about the serpent can be given in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: “dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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12:9 v1tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the great dragon … and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:10 jb7z ἤκουσα 1 The word “I” refers to John.
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12:10 i112 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ 1 The word “voice” refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: “I heard someone saying loudly from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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12:10 nt1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his salvation and power were things that have come. God’s ruling and Christ’s authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: “Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:10 a5fm ἐγένετο 1 “have begun to really exist” or “have appeared” or “have become real.” God is revealing these things because their time to occur has “come.” It is not that they did not exist before.
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12:10 yg1a ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν 1 This is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
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12:10 a9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν 1 Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “our fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:10 jn6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός 1 These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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12:11 lkk6 0 The loud voice from heaven continues to speak.
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12:11 qmg8 αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν 1 “They conquered the accuser”
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12:11 zt7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 The blood refers to his death. Alternate translation: “because the lamb had shed his blood and died for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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12:11 lht6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν 1 The word “testimony” can be expressed with the verb “testify.” Also who they testified about can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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12:11 n6wk ἄχρι θανάτου 1 The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: “but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it”
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12:12 l3ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχων θυμὸν μέγαν 1 The devil is spoken of as if he were a container, and anger is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be in him. Alternate translation: “He is terribly angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:13 x7st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἶδεν ὁ δράκων ὅτι ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:13 z3hb ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα 1 “he chased after the woman”
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12:13 kgv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ὁ δράκων 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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12:14 sxw1 τοῦ ὄφεως 1 This is another way of referring to the dragon.
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12:15 c73v ὄφις 1 This is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
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12:15 y5ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς ποταμόν 1 The water flowed from his mouth like a river flows. Alternate translation: “in large volume” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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12:15 a9wh αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον 1 “to wash her away”
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12:16 i4u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς, καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν, ὃν ἔβαλεν ὁ δράκων ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 1 The earth is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a mouth that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: “A hole in the ground opened up and the water went down into the hole” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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12:16 lgt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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12:17 t6jf ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 The word “testimony” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “continue to testify about Jesus”
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13:intro c9mw 0 # Revelation 13 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\nJohn uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Unknown animals\nJohn uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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13:1 su49 0 John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. The word “I” here refers to John.
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13:2 k6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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13:2 xa3a ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ 1 The dragon made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose his power, however, by giving it to the beast.
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13:2 c4wx τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην 1 These are three ways of referring to his authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great.
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13:2 gyv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ 1 The word “throne” here refers to the dragon’s authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: “his royal authority” or “his authority to rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:3 yt22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ ἐθεραπεύθη 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but its fatal wound healed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:3 ba2z ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου 1 “deadly wound.” This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die.
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13:3 jc7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὅλη ἡ γῆ 1 The word “earth” refers to the people on it. Alternate translation: “All the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:3 xx3h ὀπίσω τοῦ θηρίου 1 “obeyed the beast”
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13:4 t15f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκοντι 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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13:4 yuu8 ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ 1 “he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had”
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13:4 ep4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ 1 This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. Alternate translation: “No one is as powerful as the beast!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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13:4 mdd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ? 1 This question shows how much the people feared the power of the beast. Alternate translation: “No one could ever fight against the beast and win!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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13:5 p2n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη αὐτῷ & ἐδόθη αὐτῷ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave the beast … God permitted the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:5 y29e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στόμα λαλοῦν 1 Being given a mouth refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: “The beast was allowed to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:5 ai5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο 1 “42 months” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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13:6 ru6v εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν Θεόν 1 “to say disrespectful things about God”
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13:6 k71y βλασφημῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας 1 These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God.
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13:7 fyp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave authority to the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:7 f5rl πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος 1 This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
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13:8 nr7r προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν 1 “will worship the beast”
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13:8 vyy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πάντες & γῆς, ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς 1 This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names the Lamb did not write … in The Book of Life” or “those whose names were not … in the Book of Life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:8 nj7e ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου 1 “when God created the world”
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13:8 vac6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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13:8 bcu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the people slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:9 tdy8 0 These verses are a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account.
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13:9 rr9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω 1 Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If anyone is willing to listen, listen” or “If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:9 tx89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person εἴ τις & ἀκουσάτω 1 Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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13:10 r6sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴ τις εἰς 1 This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If needed, translators may state clearly who decided it. Alternate translation: “If God has decided that someone should be taken” or “If it is God’s will that someone should be taken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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13:10 ipw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν 1 This can be stated in active form. The noun “captivity” can be stated with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to capture a certain person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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13:10 na15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπάγει 1 The noun “captivity” can be stated with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “he will be captured” or “the enemy will capture him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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13:10 mtu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:10 cdi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν μαχαίρῃ 1 The sword represents war. Alternate translation: “in war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:10 d2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive αὐτὸν & ἀποκτανθῆναι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:10 pk8r ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις τῶν ἁγίων 1 “God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful”
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13:11 pg7g 0 John begins to describe another beast who appears in his vision.
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13:11 e7aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων 1 Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of a dragon. Alternate translation: “it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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13:11 k9g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκων 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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13:12 a2fp τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας 1 “everyone on the earth”
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13:12 ys3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had a lethal wound that healed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:12 jc77 ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου 1 “deadly wound.” This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die.
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13:13 z2ws ποιεῖ 1 “The beast from the earth performed”
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13:15 dl87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη αὐτῷ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God permitted the beast from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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13:15 cw55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου 1 Here the word “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “to give life to the beast’s image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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13:15 dey8 τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου 1 This is the image of the first beast that had been mentioned.
|
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13:15 ruk5 ποιήσῃ ὅσοι ἐὰν μὴ προσκυνήσωσιν τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου ἀποκτανθῶσιν 1 “put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast”
|
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13:16 h9u9 καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας 1 “The beast from the earth also forced everyone”
|
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13:17 t7wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ὁ ἔχων τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου 1 “People could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast.” The implicit information that the beast from the earth commanded it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “He commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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13:17 j8x4 τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου 1 This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast.
|
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13:18 i46m 0 This verse is a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account.
|
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13:18 uk74 ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν 1 “Wisdom is needed” or “You need to be wise about this”
|
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13:18 z8tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ ἔχων νοῦν ψηφισάτω 1 The word “insight” can be translated with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “If anyone is able to understand things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
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13:18 ri1y ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου 1 “he should discern what the number of the beast means” or “he should figure out what the number of the beast means”
|
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13:18 bbn2 ἀριθμὸς & ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν 1 Possible meanings are (1) the number represents one person or (2) the number represents all of humanity.
|
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14:intro q71v 0 # Revelation 14 General Notes\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Harvest\n\nHarvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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14:1 e7u7 0 The word “I” refers to John.
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14:1 ck6y 0 John begins to describe the next part of his vision. There are 144,000 believers standing before the Lamb.
|
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14:1 a3kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
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14:1 uc96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες 1 “one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||
14:1 z963 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
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14:1 rf47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
|
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14:2 hwu4 φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 “a sound from heaven”
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14:3 sz1f ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν 1 “The 144,000 people sang a new song.” This explains what the sound was that John heard. Alternate translation: “That sound was a new song that they sang”
|
||
14:3 ii11 τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 “living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated “living creature” in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
|
||
14:3 m75y τῶν πρεσβυτέρων 1 This refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated “elders” in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md).
|
||
14:3 q6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες 1 “one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||
14:4 jet6 μετὰ γυναικῶν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν 1 Possible meanings are (1) “have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman” or (2) “have never had sexual relations with a woman.” Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols.
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14:4 a7ir παρθένοι 1 Possible meanings are (1) “they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife” or (2) “they are virgins.”
|
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14:4 q3hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ Ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγει 1 Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: “they do whatever the Lamb does” or “they obey the Lamb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:4 mlw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ 1 “Firstfruits” here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: “purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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14:5 ga8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος 1 Their “mouth” refers to what they said.” Alternate translation: “They never lied when they spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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14:6 n1fr 0 John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth.
|
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14:6 pp1l πᾶν ἔθνος, καὶ φυλὴν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ λαόν 1 This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
|
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14:7 cj5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ 1 Here “the hour” represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having “come” is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. The idea of “judgment” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “now is the time that God has chosen for judgment” or “it is now the time for God to judge people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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14:8 b18s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔπεσεν, ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη 1 The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. Alternate translation: “Babylon the great has been destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:8 jh3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη 1 “Babylon the large city” or “the important city of Babylon.” This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:8 kg1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἣ & πεπότικεν 1 Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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14:8 ldz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πεπότικεν 1 This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “to be sexually immoral like her” or “to get drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:8 v3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς 1 Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:9 z6xp ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ 1 “loudly”
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14:10 qw28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage αὐτὸς πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Drinking the wine of God’s wrath is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: “will also drink some of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:10 fe83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God has poured full strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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14:10 bb38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου 1 This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:10 zl4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ 1 This symbolic cup holds the wine that represents God’s anger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:11 hh91 0 The third angel continues to speak.
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14:11 dds6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν 1 The phrase “their torment” refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: “The smoke from the fire that torments them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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14:11 z5ea οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνάπαυσιν 1 “they have no relief” or “the torment does not stop”
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14:12 me1j ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν 1 “God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 13:10](../13/10.md).
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14:13 x62q οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ & ἀποθνῄσκοντες 1 “those who die”
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14:13 hy1a οἱ ἐν Κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες 1 “who are united to the Lord and die.” This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: “who die because they are united to the Lord”
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14:13 vd4m τῶν κόπων 1 difficulties and sufferings
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14:13 v4xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὰ & ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 These deeds are spoken of as if they were alive and able to follow those who did them. Possible meanings are (1) “others will know the good deeds these people have done” or (2) “God will reward them for their deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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14:14 ft6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage 0 John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God’s judging people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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14:14 gvw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου 1 This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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14:14 i8se στέφανον χρυσοῦν 1 This was the likeness of a wreath of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
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14:14 l89c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown δρέπανον 1 a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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14:15 v6dy ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ 1 “came out of the heavenly temple”
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14:15 v2xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι 1 Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:16 nt7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he harvested the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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14:17 fb4y 0 John continues describing his vision about the earth being harvested.
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14:18 jp7l ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός 1 Here “authority over” refers to responsibility to tend the fire.
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14:19 f3mn τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν 1 “the large wine vat where God will show his wrath”
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14:20 b1bw ληνὸς 1 This is “the great wine vat” of [Revelation 14:19] (./19.md).
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14:20 xt4z ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων 1 “as high as the bridle in a horse’s mouth”
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14:20 m2i9 τῶν χαλινῶν 1 a device made of leather straps that goes around a horse’s head and is used for directing the horse
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14:20 gdl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων 1 “one thousand six hundred stadia” or “sixteen hundred stadia.” A “stadium” is 185 meters. In modern measures this would be about “300 kilometers” or “200 miles.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
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15:intro zxt7 0 # Revelation 15 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Victorious over the beast”\n\nThese people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### “The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven”\nScripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### Songs\n\nThe Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
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15:1 p98c 0 This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21.
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15:1 l345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν 1 These words have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “something that greatly amazed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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15:1 w6lf ἀγγέλους ἑπτὰ ἔχοντας πληγὰς ἑπτὰ 1 “seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth”
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15:1 mw7g τὰς ἐσχάτας 1 “and after them, there will not be any more plagues”
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15:1 ij3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for these plagues will complete the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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15:1 gdt5 ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Possible meanings are (1) these plagues will show all of God’s anger or (2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry.
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15:2 ytq6 0 Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God.
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15:2 n9yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην 1 How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” or (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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15:2 pt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος αὐτοῦ 1 How they were victorious can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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15:2 dbz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ 1 How they were victorious over the number can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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15:2 lra7 τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ 1 This refers to the number described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md).
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15:3 l5hu ᾄδουσιν 1 “Those who had been victorious over the beast were singing”
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15:4 hh87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου, ὅτι μόνος ὅσιος? 1 This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. It can be expressed as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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15:4 j9gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου 1 The phrase “your name” refers to God. Alternate translation: “glorify you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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15:4 ei9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ δικαιώματά σου ἐφανερώθησαν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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15:5 v4ye 0 The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in [Revelation 15:1](../15/01.md).
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15:5 da6n μετὰ ταῦτα 1 “After the people finished singing”
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15:6 f9gq οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς 1 These angels were seen as holding seven plagues because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God.
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15:6 nei2 λίθον 1 a fine, expensive cloth made from flax
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||
15:6 w9kw ζώνας 1 A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body.
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15:7 s4dj τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων 1 “living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated “living creatures” in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
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15:7 z1wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑπτὰ φιάλας χρυσᾶς, γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: “seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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15:8 s67r ἄχρι τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων 1 “until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth”
|
||
16:intro v1cm 0 # Revelation 16 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple”\n\nThis is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.\n\n### Seven bowls of God’s wrath\n\nThis chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThe tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.\n\n### Armageddon\n\nThis is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
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16:1 nj83 0 John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God’s wrath.
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16:1 t995 ἤκουσα 1 The word “I” refers to John.
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16:1 k2nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: “bowls full of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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16:2 n7mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:2 e66u ἕλκος & πονηρὸν 1 “painful wounds.” These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed.
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16:2 nux1 τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου 1 This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
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16:3 nc6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:3 sx66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὴν θάλασσαν 1 This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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16:4 p4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:4 xu1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων 1 This refers to all bodies of fresh water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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16:5 f35a τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων 1 Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the third angel who was in charge of pouring out God’s wrath on the rivers and springs of water or (2) this was another angel who was in charge of all the waters.
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16:5 e45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you δίκαιος εἶ 1 “You” refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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16:5 itg7 ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν 1 “God who is and who was.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md).
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16:6 b6wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ἐξέχεαν 1 Here “poured out the blood” means killed. Alternate translation: “they murdered God’s holy people and the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:6 jy6a αἷμα αὐτοῖς ἔδωκας πιεῖν 1 God will make the evil people drink the waters that he turned to blood.
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16:7 p4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος 1 The word “altar” here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. “I heard someone at the altar reply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:8 nne6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:8 l6n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 1 John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and caused the sun to severely burn the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:9 i2du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The extreme heat burned them badly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:9 pr4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here the name of God represents God. Alternate translation: “they blasphemed God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:9 aza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας 1 This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about God. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: “God because he has the power over these plagues” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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16:9 rd4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας 1 This refers to the power to inflict these plagues on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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16:10 f1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:10 a2ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου 1 This is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:10 hit6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη 1 Here “darkness” is spoken of as if it were something like a blanket. Alternate translation: “it became dark in all his kingdom” or “all of his kingdom became dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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16:10 pb1u ἐμασῶντο 1 The people in the beast’s kingdom chewed.
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16:11 kna6 ἐβλασφήμησαν 1 The people in the beast’s kingdom blasphemed.
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16:12 kv5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:12 amf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸν Εὐφράτην, καὶ ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates. Its water dried up” or “the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:13 bb6d ὡς βάτραχοι 1 A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals.
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16:13 ai28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκοντος 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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16:15 u3v8 0 Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John’s vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16.
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16:15 l16g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἰδοὺ, ἔρχομαι & τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ 1 This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. It can be stated clearly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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16:15 lgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης 1 Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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16:15 an84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one’s clothes on. Alternate translation: “doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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16:15 cia7 τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 Some versions translate, “keeping his garments with him.”
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16:15 qwa2 βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ 1 Here the word “they” refers to other people.
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16:16 m2v7 συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς 1 “The spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together”
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16:16 cdx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place that people call” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:16 x6ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἁρμαγεδών 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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16:17 ny8p 0 The seventh angel pours out the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.
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16:17 nhs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ 1 The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:17 a15p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου 1 This means someone sitting on the throne or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:18 x586 ἀστραπαὶ 1 Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
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16:18 c9fa φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί 1 These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
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16:19 q8lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη εἰς 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earthquake split the great city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:19 r2vh ἐμνήσθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “Then God remembered” or “Then God thought of” or “Then God started to pay attention to.” This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten.
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16:19 g6s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ 1 The wine is a symbol of his wrath. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: “he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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16:20 eb5w 0 This is part of the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.
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16:20 byn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν 1 The inability to see any mountains is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: “there were no longer any mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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16:21 i43r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight ταλαντιαία 1 You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
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17:intro ysn1 0 # Revelation 17 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prostitute\n\nScripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### Seven hills\n\nThis possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJohn uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up “\n\nThis and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come” elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings.” The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md))
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17:1 ppd7 0 John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute.
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17:1 c6f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ κρίμα τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης 1 The noun “condemnation” can be expressed with the verb “condemn.” Alternate translation: “how God will condemn the great prostitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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17:1 f7ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης 1 “the prostitute that everyone knows about.” She represents a certain sinful city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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17:1 crs4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν 1 If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: “on many rivers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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17:2 paa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς 1 The wine represents sexual immorality. Alternate translation: “The people of the earth became drunk by drinking her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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17:2 ayw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς 1 This may well have a double meaning: sexual immorality among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:3 hf43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν Πνεύματι 1 The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in a wilderness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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17:4 rw19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μαργαρίταις 1 beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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17:5 az5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῆς ὄνομα γεγραμμένον 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had written on her forehead a name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:5 l75t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Βαβυλὼν ἡ Μεγάλη 1 If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a sentence. Alternate translation: “I am Babylon, the powerful one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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17:6 iq7b 0 The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18.
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17:6 iwz1 μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος & καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος 1 “was drunk because she had drunk the blood … and had drunk the blood”
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17:6 yqi7 τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ 1 “the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus”
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17:6 ydi9 ἐθαύμασα 1 amazed, surprised
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17:7 j412 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας 1 The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: “You should not be astonished!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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17:8 upm7 τῆς Ἀβύσσου 1 This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
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17:8 usl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει 1 The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Then he will be destroyed” or “Then God will destroy him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:8 glf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει 1 The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:8 r6h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὰ ὀνόματα 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names God did not write” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:9 p3lb 0 The angel continues speaking. Here he explains the meaning of the seven heads of the beast that the woman is riding.
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17:9 p6lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν 1 The abstract nouns “mind” and “wisdom” can be expressed with “think” and “wise” or “wisely.” Why a wise mind is needed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A wise mind is needed in order to understand this” or “You need to think wisely in order to understand this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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17:9 nr42 αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ ἑπτὰ ὄρη εἰσίν 1 Here “are” means “stand for” or “represent.”
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17:10 yk93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν 1 The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: “Five kings have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:10 d2wx ὁ εἷς ἔστιν 1 “one is king now” or “one king is alive now”
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17:10 kw95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ εἷς ἔστιν, ὁ ἄλλος οὔπω ἦλθεν 1 Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having come. Alternate translation: “the other has not yet become king; when he becomes king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:10 v8vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔλθῃ, ὀλίγον αὐτὸν δεῖ μεῖναι 1 The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: “he can be king only for a little while” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:11 b1ct ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν 1 Possible meanings are (1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king or (2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them.
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17:11 w7sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει 1 The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. Alternate translation: “it will certainly be destroyed” or “God will surely destroy it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:12 gq2m 0 The angel continues speaking to John. Here he explains the meaning of the ten horns of the beast.
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17:12 n2rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μίαν ὥραν 1 If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “for a very short time” or “for a very small part of a day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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17:13 w7jb οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν 1 “These all think the same thing” or “These all agree to do the same thing”
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17:14 wt9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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17:14 abb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί 1 This refers to one group of people. The words “called” and “chosen” can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the called, chosen, and faithful ones” or “the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:15 f5x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ ὕδατα ἃ εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν, καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι 1 Here “are” stands for “represent.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:15 kq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ὕδατα 1 If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. See how you translated “many waters” in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: “The rivers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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17:15 zsh5 ὄχλοι 1 large groups of people
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17:15 ua3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γλῶσσαι 1 This refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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17:16 j157 ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν 1 “steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing”
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17:16 f9as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰς σάρκας αὐτῆς φάγονται 1 Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all her flesh. “They will destroy her completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:17 y8cn ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι & ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 They would agree to give their power to the beast, but it would not be that they want to obey God. Alternate translation: “For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give … until God’s words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God’s purpose”
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17:17 sb1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι & ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here “heart” is a metonym for desires. Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it in their hearts to do it. Alternate translation: “God has made them want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:17 ku6m τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν 1 “authority” or “kingly authority”
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17:17 el9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God fulfills what he said will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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17:18 w2lu 0 The angel finishes speaking to John about the prostitute and the beast.
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17:18 md61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔστιν 1 Here “is” stands for “represents.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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17:18 uy1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν 1 When it says that the city rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: “the great city whose leader rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:intro j5qc 0 # Revelation 18 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecy\n\nThe angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nProphecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:1 fl3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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18:1 xxe5 0 Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast.
|
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18:2 a2f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη 1 The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in [Revelation 14:8](../14/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:2 ii4l ὀρνέου & μεμισημένου 1 “disgusting bird” or “repulsive bird”
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18:3 l5jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 The nations is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:3 kpp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πέπτωκαν 1 This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “have become sexually immoral like her” or “have become drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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18:3 kp3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς 1 Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:3 ejc5 ἔμποροι 1 A merchant is a person who sells things.
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18:3 ql37 ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς 1 “because she spent so much money on sexual immorality”
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18:4 ze11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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18:4 e7c7 0 Another voice from heaven begins to speak.
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18:4 nz77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄλλην φωνὴν 1 The word “voice” refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: “someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:5 e32w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 The voice speaks of Babylon’s sins as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: “Her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:5 u2yu ἐμνημόνευσεν 1 “has thought of” or “has started to pay attention to.” This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated “called to mind” in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md).
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18:6 ec42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν 1 The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “Punish her as she has punished others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:6 pa62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διπλώσατε 1 The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “punish her twice as much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:6 xba5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ᾧ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε αὐτῇ διπλοῦν 1 The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: “prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others” or “make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:6 l3n5 κεράσατε & διπλοῦν 1 Possible meanings are (1) “prepare twice the amount” or (2) “make it twice as strong”
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18:7 i9bm 0 The same voice from heaven continues speaking about Babylon as if it were a woman.
|
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18:7 we2t ἐδόξασεν αὑτὴν 1 “the people of Babylon glorified themselves”
|
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18:7 yt32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὅτι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς λέγει 1 Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “For she says to herself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:7 m3mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile κάθημαι βασίλισσα 1 She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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18:7 dy5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor χήρα οὐκ εἰμί 1 She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:7 eh5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πένθος οὐ μὴ ἴδω 1 Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing mourning. Alternate translation: “I will never mourn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:8 u6r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἥξουσιν αἱ πληγαὶ αὐτῆς 1 Existing in the future is spoken of a coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:8 vkk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται 1 Being burned up by fires is spoken of as being eaten up by fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fire will completely burn her up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:9 lj14 0 In these verses the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
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18:9 pmz9 0 John tells what people say about Babylon.
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18:9 wk13 μετ’ αὐτῆς πορνεύσαντες καὶ στρηνιάσαντες 1 “sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did”
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18:10 j3ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς 1 The abstract noun “torment” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “afraid that they will be tormented as Babylon is” or “afraid that God will torment them as he torments Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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18:10 qn81 οὐαὶ, οὐαί 1 This is repeated for emphasis.
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18:10 hkd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν ἡ κρίσις σου 1 Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:11 fe7u πενθοῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτήν 1 “mourn for the people of Babylon”
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18:12 krs3 λίθου τιμίου, καὶ μαργαριτῶν 1 “many kinds of expensive stones.” See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md).
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18:12 hnk1 βυσσίνου 1 expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated “linen” in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md).
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18:12 xm9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown πορφύρας, καὶ σιρικοῦ, καὶ κοκκίνου 1 Purple is a very dark red cloth that is very expensive. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet is an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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18:12 hir4 πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον 1 “all kinds of containers made of ivory”
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18:12 yri7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐλεφάντινον 1 a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: “tusks” or “valuable animal teeth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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18:12 b8xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μαρμάρου 1 a precious stone used for building (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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18:13 gz3v κιννάμωμον 1 a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree
|
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18:13 z894 ἄμωμον 1 a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil
|
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18:14 x3kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ὀπώρα 1 “Fruit” here is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “The result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:14 a1aa τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς 1 “wanted very much”
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18:14 p7f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν 1 Not to be found stands for not existing. This figure of speech can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “vanished; you will never have them again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:15 n25k 0 In these verses, the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
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18:15 s4iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς 1 This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “fear” and “torment.” Alternate translation: “because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her” or “because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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18:15 ii7v κλαίοντες καὶ πενθοῦντες 1 This is what the merchants will be doing. Alternate translation: “and they will weep and mourn loudly”
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18:16 i7ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον 1 Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: “the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen” or “the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:16 nji6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that wore fine linen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:16 v6q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κεχρυσωμένη ἐν χρυσίῳ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “adorned herself with gold” or “adorned themselves with gold” or “wore gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:16 i5uy λίθῳ τιμίῳ 1 “valuable gems” or “treasured gems”
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18:16 rtm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μαργαρίτῃ 1 beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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18:17 ap3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν θάλασσαν ἐργάζονται 1 The phrase “from the sea” refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: “who travel on the sea to make their living” or “who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:18 ys97 0 In these verses the word “they” refers to the sailors and seafarers, and the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
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18:18 v7qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ὁμοία τῇ πόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ 1 This question shows the people the importance of the city of Babylon. Alternate translation: “No other city is like the great city, Babylon!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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18:20 ld6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔκρινεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς 1 The noun “judgment” can be expressed with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God has judged her for you” or “God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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18:21 b94u 0 Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously.
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18:21 el4e μύλινον 1 a large round stone used to crush grain
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18:21 dlp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι 1 God will completely destroy the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:21 kre6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι 1 “no one will see it anymore.” Not being seen here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: “it will not exist anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:22 j6aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φωνὴ κιθαρῳδῶν, καὶ μουσικῶν, καὶ αὐλητῶν, καὶ σαλπιστῶν, οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:22 da3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe ἐν σοὶ 1 The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “in Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
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18:22 c88l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 “no one will hear them anymore in you.” Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “they will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:22 cu19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τεχνίτης οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἐν σοὶ 1 Not being found there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “No craftsman of any kind will be in your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:22 c7p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy φωνὴ μύλου οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 The sound of something not being heard means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: “No one will use a mill in your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:23 pmd2 0 The words “you,” “your,” and “her” refer to Babylon.
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18:23 d3yq 0 The angel who threw the millstone finishes talking.
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18:23 d67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:23 ja6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι 1 Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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18:23 q8qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ἔμποροί σου ἦσαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες τῆς γῆς 1 The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were princes. Alternate translation: “your merchants were like princes of the earth” or “your merchants were the most important men in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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18:23 j3iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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18:24 s8bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 Blood being found there means that the people there were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: “Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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19:intro h785 0 # Revelation 19 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Songs\n\nThe Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Wedding celebration\n\nThe wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
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19:1 qu5h 0 This is the next part of John’s vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon.
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19:1 lr94 ἤκουσα 1 Here “I” refers to John.
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19:1 nk8x ἁλληλουϊά 1 This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.”
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19:2 u1rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν πόρνην τὴν μεγάλην 1 Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a great prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:2 ky99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἥτις ἔφθειρεν τὴν γῆν 1 Here “the earth” is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “who corrupted the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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19:2 d9j7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ 1 Here “the blood” is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: “murdering his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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19:2 cj3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς 1 This refers to Babylon. The reflexive pronoun “herself” is used to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
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19:3 jm9m εἴρηκαν 1 Here “They” refers to the crowd of people in heaven.
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19:3 h1k4 ἁλληλουϊά 1 This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
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19:3 zy6e καπνὸς αὐτῆς ἀναβαίνει 1 The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The smoke is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: “smoke rises from that city”
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19:4 r43f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers οἱ πρεσβύτεροι οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες 1 “24 elders.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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19:4 y4qd τὰ τέσσερα ζῷα 1 “the four living beings” or “the four living things.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
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19:4 dns7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who sat on the throne” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:5 w9qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου ἐξῆλθεν 1 Here John speaks of the “voice” as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “someone spoke from the throne” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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19:5 c3lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive αἰνεῖτε τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν 1 Here “our” refers to the speaker and all God’s servants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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19:5 cck3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ φοβούμενοι αὐτόν 1 Here “fear” does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: “all you who honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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19:5 qdb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism οἱ μικροὶ καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι 1 The speaker uses these words together to mean all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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19:6 kq7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ὄχλου πολλοῦ, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν 1 John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large crowd of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud thunder. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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19:6 mdj6 ἁλληλουϊά 1 This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
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19:6 e3ua ὅτι & Κύριος 1 “Because the Lord”
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19:7 hi52 0 The voice of the crowd from the previous verse continues speaking.
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19:7 api6 χαίρωμεν 1 Here “us” refers to all of God’s servants.
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19:7 m5av δῶμεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῷ 1 “give God the glory” or “honor God”
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19:7 bwf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ γάμος τοῦ Ἀρνίου & ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν 1 Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a wedding celebration. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:7 r5xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage Ἀρνίου 1 This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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19:7 j6d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦλθεν 1 Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:7 q9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν 1 John speaks of God’s people as if they were a bride who has gotten ready for her wedding. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:8 pz72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν 1 Here “she” refers to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God’s people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:9 ayc4 0 An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md).
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19:9 l72p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ & κεκλημένοι 1 You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the people whom God invites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:9 q4ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a wedding feast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:10 uq6h ἔπεσα ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ 1 This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md).
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19:10 i2yq τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου 1 The word “brothers” here refers to all believers, male and female.
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19:10 up6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ 1 Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: “who speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:10 rku2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ γὰρ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ ἐστιν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας 1 Here “spirit of prophecy” refers to God’s Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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19:11 xx12 0 This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse.
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19:11 m1qn καὶ εἶδον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠνεῳγμένον 1 This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md).
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19:11 hcs8 ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ’ αὐτὸν 1 The rider is Jesus.
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19:11 lp9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρίνει καὶ πολεμεῖ 1 Here “justice” refers to what is right. Alternate translation: “He judges all people and wages war according to what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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19:12 p9ak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile οἱ & ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ φλὸξ πυρός 1 John speaks of the rider’s eyes as if they shone like a flame of fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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19:12 yhr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔχων ὄνομα γεγραμμένον 1 You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written a name on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:12 kk9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὃ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ αὐτός 1 “on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
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19:13 vny3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον βεβαμμένον αἵματι 1 You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Blood had covered his robe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:13 hdk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 You can state this in active form. “Word of God” here is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “his name is called the Message of God” or “his name is also the Word of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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19:15 m9yn ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ἐκπορεύεται ῥομφαία ὀξεῖα 1 The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
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19:15 a88t πατάξῃ τὰ ἔθνη 1 “destroys the nations” or “brings the nations under his control”
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19:15 uq4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ 1 John speaks of the rider’s power as if he were ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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19:15 nb4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος 1 John speaks of the rider’s destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Here “wrath” refers to God’s punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: “He crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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19:16 a61a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔχει ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ, ὄνομα γεγραμμένον 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:17 m6dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἶδον ἕνα ἄγγελον ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ 1 Here “the sun” is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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19:18 khs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων, καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων 1 The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to mean all people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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19:20 q83v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιάσθη τὸ θηρίον, καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:20 gs37 τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου 1 This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
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19:20 ht8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν οἱ δύο 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the beast and the false prophet alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:20 blr1 τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς, τῆς καιομένης ἐν θείῳ 1 “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur”
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19:21 h6ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου, τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast’s armies with the sword that extended from his mouth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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19:21 qk9t τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ & τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος 1 The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
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20:intro c7eh 0 # Revelation 20 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The thousand-year reign of Christ\n\nIn this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n### Final rebellion\n\nThis chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God’s ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n### Great white throne\n\nThis chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Book of Life\n\nThis is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Hades and the lake of fire\nThese appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
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20:1 rkv7 0 John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit.
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20:1 n8b8 καὶ εἶδον 1 Here “I” refers to John.
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20:1 c18c Ἀβύσσου 1 This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
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20:2 r6es rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage δράκοντα 1 This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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20:3 xj22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ 1 The angel sealed the pit to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: “sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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20:3 el4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy πλανήσῃ & τὰ ἔθνη 1 Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “deceive the people-groups” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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20:3 ns5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers τὰ χίλια ἔτη 1 “1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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20:3 y9xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δεῖ αὐτὸν λυθῆναι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will command the angel to free him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:4 lw2r 0 This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers.
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20:4 qzt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κρίμα ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God had given authority to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:4 u3u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν πεπελεκισμένων 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose heads others had cut off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:4 tut2 διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 “because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God”
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20:4 xz5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 These words are a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “for what they taught about the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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20:4 cc1v ἔζησαν 1 “They came back to life” or “They became alive again”
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20:5 cw4j οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν 1 “All of the other dead people”
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20:5 e1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη 1 “the end of the 1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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20:6 f3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐπὶ τούτων ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν 1 Here John describes “death” as a person with power. Alternate translation: “These people will not experience the second death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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20:6 v4z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος 1 “dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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20:7 y1vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λυθήσεται ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will release Satan from his prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:8 g429 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης 1 This emphasizes the extremely large number of soldiers in Satan’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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20:9 jlc6 ἀνέβησαν 1 “Satan’s army went”
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20:9 f4t7 τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠγαπημένην 1 This refers to Jerusalem.
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20:9 jhq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification κατέβη πῦρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς 1 Here John speaks of fire as if it were alive. Alternate translation: “God sent fire from heaven to burn them up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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20:10 pif3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ διάβολος, ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς, ἐβλήθη εἰς 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” or “God’s angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:10 rjv1 τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου 1 “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
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20:10 faa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅπου τὸ θηρίον καὶ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where he had also thrown the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:10 t5h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βασανισθήσονται 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will torment them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:11 n8h9 0 This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged.
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20:11 pm1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὗ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς 1 John describes heaven and earth as if they were people who were trying to escape God’s judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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20:12 gap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone opened the books” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:12 lt7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the people who had died and now lived again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:12 vvc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “by what he had recorded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:13 ea2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἔδωκεν ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς & ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἔδωκαν τοὺς νεκροὺς 1 Here John speaks of the sea, death, and Hades as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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20:13 bg4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκρίθησαν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the dead people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:13 pk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ᾍδης 1 Here “Hades” is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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20:14 lw6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἐβλήθησαν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw Death and Hades” or “God’s angel threw Death and Hades” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:14 qv55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερός 1 “dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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20:15 c9pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη & γεγραμμένος 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If God’s angel did not find a person’s name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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20:15 wq31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw him into the lake of fire” or “the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:intro pai8 0 # Revelation 21 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Second death\n\nDeath is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Book of Life\n\nThis is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### New heaven and new earth\n\nIt is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
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21:1 tj16 0 John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
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21:1 vks1 εἶδον 1 Here “I” refers to John.
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21:2 er4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς 1 This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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21:3 i8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης 1 The word “voice” refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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21:3 gk3m ἰδοὺ 1 The word “Look” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
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21:3 hpt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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21:4 w39g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 Tears here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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21:5 rq2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν 1 Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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21:6 dq8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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21:6 li7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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21:6 bf1p ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end” or (2) “the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.”
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21:6 wk2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ διψῶντι & τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς 1 God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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21:7 vms6 0 The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.
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21:8 hma7 τοῖς & δειλοῖς 1 “those who are too afraid to do what is right”
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21:8 k8yp ἐβδελυγμένοις 1 “those who do terrible things”
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21:8 zu27 τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ 1 “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
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21:8 k1hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος 1 “dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](./08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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21:9 cf2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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21:9 bil2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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21:10 czp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι 1 The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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21:11 g44j ἔχουσαν 1 This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
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21:11 xvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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21:11 n51z κρυσταλλίζοντι 1 “extremely clear”
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21:11 vvq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἰάσπιδι 1 This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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21:12 j9eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers πυλῶνας δώδεκα 1 “12 gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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21:12 qgh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένα 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:14 mm12 τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
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21:16 fs8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων 1 “12,000 stadia.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
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21:17 eut1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν 1 “one hundred forty-four cubits.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
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21:18 g7w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἐνδώμησις τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς ἴασπις; καὶ ἡ πόλις χρυσίον καθαρὸν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:18 n3hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ 1 The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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21:18 h239 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἴασπις 1 This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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21:19 ick5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους & κεκοσμημένοι 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:19 ke4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἴασπις & σάπφειρος & χαλκηδών & σμάραγδος 1 These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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21:20 a2tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σαρδόνυξ & σάρδιον & χρυσόλιθος & βήρυλλος & τοπάζιον & χρυσόπρασος & ὑάκινθος & ἀμέθυστος 1 These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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21:21 yn6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μαργαρῖται 1 beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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21:21 g75r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:21 vp22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής 1 The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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21:22 m2ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & Κύριος ὁ Θεός & ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 The temple represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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21:23 v2m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον 1 Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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21:24 j3lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη 1 The words “the nations” are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. “Walk” here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “The people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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21:25 lq1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will shut the gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:26 ps25 οἴσουσιν 1 “The kings of the earth will bring”
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21:27 n3nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ 1 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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21:27 g7fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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21:27 cw99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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22:intro e1ya 0 # Revelation 22 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Tree of life\n\nThere is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Alpha and omega\n\nThese are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.
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22:1 b1ad 0 John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.
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22:1 uu7b ἔδειξέν μοι 1 Here “me” refers to John.
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22:1 vl23 ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 “the river flowing with life-giving water”
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22:1 yn2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς 1 Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:1 mxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage τοῦ Ἀρνίου 1 This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
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22:2 l2aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 Here “nations” refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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22:3 d5fq πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι 1 Possible meanings are (1) “There will never be anyone there that God will curse” or (2) “There will not be anyone there who is under God’s curse”
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22:3 by36 οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ 1 Possible meanings of “his” and “him” are (1) both words refer to God the Father, or (2) both words refer to both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
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22:4 zy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ 1 This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “They will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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22:6 j51i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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22:6 xaw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί 1 Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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22:6 cr31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν 1 Possible meanings are (1) the word “spirits” refers to the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” or (2) the word “spirits” refers to the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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22:7 p72h ἰδοὺ 1 Here Jesus begins to speak. The word “Look” adds emphasis to what follows.
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22:7 afr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔρχομαι ταχύ 1 It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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22:8 xr17 0 John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
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22:8 uvk3 ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν 1 This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
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22:10 gqa8 0 The angel finishes speaking to John.
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22:10 ct48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ σφραγίσῃς & τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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22:10 xc15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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22:12 idc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory 0 As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
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22:13 f5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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22:13 uup6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ 1 These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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22:13 cpl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος 1 This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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22:13 nnm2 ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος 1 Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end” or (2) “the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md).
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22:14 r16s 0 Jesus continues giving his closing greeting.
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22:14 i54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν 1 Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:15 aw1h ἔξω 1 This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
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22:15 tkd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ κύνες 1 In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word “dogs” is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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22:16 pu85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν 1 Here the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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22:16 t2v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ 1 The words “root” and “descendant” mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a “descendant” as if he were a “root” that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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22:16 g9uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός 1 Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:17 gig5 0 This verse is a response to what Jesus said.
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22:17 lt8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ νύμφη 1 Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:17 m9at rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔρχου 1 Possible meanings are (1) that this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” or (2) that this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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22:17 e2m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω & ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 A person’s desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:17 dwb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὕδωρ ζωῆς 1 Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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22:18 fd5l 0 John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
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22:18 d95j μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ 1 Here “I” refers to John.
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22:18 s36m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου 1 Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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22:18 jzu8 ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς 1 This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
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22:18 d4sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ 1 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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22:19 ss3y ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ & ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς 1 This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
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22:20 u6mb 0 In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.
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22:20 y9p2 ὁ μαρτυρῶν 1 “Jesus, who testifies”
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22:21 xr3d μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων 1 “with every one of you”
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