ml_tn/tn_REV.tsv

1	Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
2	front:intro	xx8l				0	Introduction to Revelation Part 1: General Introduction Outline of the Book of Revelation Opening (1:1-20) Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22) Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11) The seven seals (6:1-8:1) The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18) Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20) The seven bowls (15:1-18:24) Worship in heaven (19:1-10) The Lamb’s judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15) The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5) Jesus’ promise to return, the witness from the angels, John’s closing words, Christ’s message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21) Who wrote the Book of Revelation? The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus. What is the Book of Revelation about? John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth. How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, “Revelation,” “The Revelation of Jesus Christ,” “The Revelation to Saint John,” or “The Apocalypse of John.” Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as “The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) What type of writing is the Book of Revelation? John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts Are the events of Revelation past or future? Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns. Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT. Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation? No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common. Part 3: Important Translation Issues Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it? One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Revelation in the ULT? The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following principles: The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULT uses “holy.” (See: 14:12; 22:11) Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9) Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “sanctify,” “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.” The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. Periods of time John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent. What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. “‘I am the alpha and the omega,’ says the Lord God, ‘the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty’” (1:8). Some versions add the phrase “the Beginning and the End.” “the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped” (5:14). Some older versions read, “the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever.” “so that a third of it [the earth] was burned up” (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase. “the one who is and who was” (11:17). Some versions add the phrase “and who is to come.” “they are blameless” (14:5). Some versions add the phrase “before the throne of God” (14:5). “the one who is and who was, the Holy One” (16:5). Some older versions read, “O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be.” “The nations will walk by the light of that city” (21:24). Some older versions read, “The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city.” “Blessed are those who wash their robes” (22:14). Some older versions read “Blessed are those who do his commandments.” “God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city” (22:19). Some older versions read, “God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3	1:intro	u1e2				0	Revelation 01 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7. Special concepts in this chapter Seven churches John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey. White The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being “white.” This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) “Him who is, and who was, and who is to come” God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this. Important figures of speech in this chapter Blood Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus “has released us from our sins by his blood.” John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “He is coming with the clouds” Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be “with the clouds.” It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or “with the clouds” in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language. “One like a son of man” This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words “son of man” using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the “Son of Man.” “The angels of the seven churches” The word “angels” here can also mean “messengers.” This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word “angel” (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.
4	1:1	kv41				0	This is an introduction to the book of Revelation. It explains that it is a revelation from Jesus Christ and it gives a blessing to those who read it.
5	1:1	ik5v			τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ	1	This refers to people who believe in Christ.
6	1:1	x8bu			ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει	1	“the events that must happen soon”
7	1:1	kez4			ἐσήμανεν	1	“communicated it”
8	1:1	pb4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ, Ἰωάννῃ	1	John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: “to me, John, his servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
9	1:2	va4c			τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“the message that God spoke”
10	1:2	b5se			τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ” or (2) “the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself”
11	1:3	le65		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ ἀναγινώσκων	1	This does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who reads it aloud. Alternate translation: “anyone who reads aloud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
12	1:3	h37b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τηροῦντες τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ γεγραμμένα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “obey what John has written in it” or “obey what they read in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13	1:3	dwt8			ὁ & καιρὸς ἐγγύς	1	“the things that must happen will soon happen”
14	1:4	vw1t				0	This is the beginning of John’s letter. Here he names himself as the writer and greets the people he is writing to.
15	1:4	y9yh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν & καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων	1	This is a wish or blessing. John speaks as if these were things that God could give, although they are really ways in which he hopes God will act for his people. Alternate translation: “May he who is … and the seven spirits … treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16	1:4	hl5c			ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν	1	“from God, who is”
17	1:4	qsu6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18	1:4	x38p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων	1	The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
19	1:5	w24x			καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4] (./04.md). “May grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ” or “and may Jesus Christ treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely”
20	1:5	l3h8			ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν	1	“the first person to be raised from death”
21	1:5	j1xp			τῶν νεκρῶν	1	From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
22	1:5	u6v7			λύσαντι ἡμᾶς	1	“has set us free”
23	1:6	a4mq			ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς	1	“has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests”
24	1:6	ne7x			τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί αὐτοῦ	1	This is one person. Alternate translation: “God, his Father”
25	1:6	c77q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Πατρί	1	This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
26	1:6	qd74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος	1	This is a wish or prayer. Possible meanings are (1) “May people honor his glory and power” or (2) “May he have glory and power.” John prays that Jesus Christ will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
27	1:6	vc5g			τὸ κράτος	1	This probably refers to his authority as king.
28	1:7	ldv8				0	In verse 7, John is quoting from Daniel and Zechariah.
29	1:7	hb4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς	1	Since people see with the eyes, the word “eye” is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: “every person” or “everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
30	1:7	t16v			καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν	1	“even those who pierced him will see him”
31	1:7	ndf6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν	1	Jesus’ hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to people killing him. Alternate translation: “killed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
32	1:7	lqs9			ἐξεκέντησαν	1	made a hole in
33	1:8	mm9z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1	These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
34	1:8	in5e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
35	1:8	c96p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	λέγει Κύριος, ὁ Θεός	1	Some languages would put “The Lord God says” at the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
36	1:9	up7y				0	John explains how his vision began and the instructions the Spirit gave him.
37	1:9	mg1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	ὑμῶν	1	These refer to the believers in the seven churches. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
38	1:9	p7ii			ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει, καὶ βασιλείᾳ, καὶ ὑπομονῇ, ἐν Ἰησοῦ, ἐγενόμην	1	This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “I, John, am your brother who shares with you in God’s kingdom and also suffers and patiently endures trials along with you because we belong to Jesus. I was”
39	1:9	c1a9			διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“because I told others the word of God”
40	1:9	j5rg			τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“the message that God spoke.” Translate as in Revelation 1:2.
41	1:9	sim8			τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	“the testimony that God has given about Jesus.” Translate as in Revelation 1:2.
42	1:10	s2sw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι	1	John speaks of being influenced by God’s Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
43	1:10	lnj2			τῇ Κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ	1	the day of worship for believers in Christ
44	1:10	fa68		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος	1	The voice was so loud it sounded like a trumpet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
45	1:10	dn8e			σάλπιγγος	1	This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting.
46	1:11	kq6x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Σμύρναν & Πέργαμον & Θυάτειρα & Σάρδεις & Φιλαδέλφιαν & Λαοδίκιαν	1	These are names of cities in the region of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
47	1:12	dkp1				0	John begins to explain what he saw in his vision.
48	1:12	r89l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις	1	This refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
49	1:13	xmx7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου	1	This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
50	1:13	y6qk			ζώνην χρυσᾶν	1	a piece of cloth worn around the chest. It may have had golden threads in it.
51	1:14	qc12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἡ & κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ τρίχες λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών	1	Wool and snow are examples of things that are very white. The repetition of “as white as” emphasizes that they were very white. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
52	1:14	j9w4			ἔριον	1	This is the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white.
53	1:14	vp4t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός	1	His eyes are described as being full of light like a flame of fire. Alternate translation: “his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
54	1:15	u551		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς	1	Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. Alternate translation: “His feet were very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
55	1:15	d6je		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events	ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς ἐν καμίνῳ πεπυρωμένης	1	The bronze would be refined first and then polished. Alternate translation: “like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and polished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
56	1:15	ldx7			καμίνῳ	1	a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would burn away any impurities that were in the metal.
57	1:15	izg6			ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	This is very loud, like the sound of a large, fast flowing river, of a large waterfall, or of loud waves in the sea.
58	1:16	pp58			ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαία & ἐκπορευομένη	1	The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion.
59	1:16	zy4d			ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα	1	This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions.
60	1:17	twy9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, ὡς νεκρός	1	John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
61	1:17	jw5r			ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ	1	“He touched me with his right hand”
62	1:17	uc3d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
63	1:18	a4e2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου	1	Having the power over something is spoken of as having the keys to it. The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of Hades. Alternate translation: “I have the power over death and over Hades” or “I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
64	1:19	u49x				0	The Son of Man continues to speak.
65	1:20	d6ez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ἀστέρων	1	These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
66	1:20	fl5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	λυχνίας	1	The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
67	1:20	eek9			ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν	1	Possible meanings are that these “angels” are (1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches or (2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches.
68	1:20	e25n			ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν	1	This refers to seven churches that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11.
69	2:intro	zps2				0	Revelation 02 General Notes Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27. Special concepts in this chapter Poverty and wealth The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) “The devil is about to” People were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them (Revelation 2:10). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God. Important figures of speech in this chapter “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches” The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “The angel of the church” The word “angel” here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20. “The words of the one who” The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in Revelation 1:17. He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
70	2:1	mn8x				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Ephesus.
71	2:1	kq5r			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
72	2:1	i92a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ἀστέρας	1	These stars are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
73	2:1	ugs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	λυχνιῶν	1	The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
74	2:2	jg1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οἶδα & τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου	1	“Labor” and “endurance” are abstract nouns and can be translated with verbs “work” and “endure.” Alternate translation: “I know … that you work very hard and that you endure patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
75	2:2	szc1			καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν	1	“but are not apostles”
76	2:2	ka9e			εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς	1	“you have recognized that those people are false apostles”
77	2:3	muq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	“Name” here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because you believe in my name” or “because you believe in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
78	2:3	j46d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ κεκοπίακες	1	Being discouraged is spoken of as being tired. Alternate translation: “you have not become discouraged” or “you have not quit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
79	2:4	j7gz			ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ, ὅτι	1	“I disapprove of you because” or “I am angry with you because”
80	2:4	kx98		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες	1	To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it behind. Love is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT “you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
81	2:5	sfw2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πόθεν πέπτωκας	1	No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven fallen. Alternate translation: “how much you have changed” or “how much you used to love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
82	2:5	j6p5			εἰ δὲ μή	1	“If you do not repent”
83	2:5	j8p5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου	1	The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated “lampstand” in Revelation 1:12. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
84	2:6	cvi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν	1	people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
85	2:7	s3qg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
86	2:7	ft48		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
87	2:7	wzg1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	τῷ νικῶντι	1	This refers anyone who conquers. Alternate translation: “anyone who resists evil” or “those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
88	2:7	rmf5			τῷ Παραδείσῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“God’s garden.” This is a symbol for heaven.
89	2:8	is3w				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Smyrna.
90	2:8	ie9x			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
91	2:8	key2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Σμύρνῃ	1	This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
92	2:8	k7qk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
93	2:9	p6hp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οἶδά σου τὴν θλῖψιν καὶ τὴν πτωχείαν	1	“Sufferings” and “poverty” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I know how you have suffered and how poor you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
94	2:9	f6bp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οἶδά & τὴν βλασφημίαν ἐκ τῶν λεγόντων Ἰουδαίους εἶναι ἑαυτούς	1	“Slander” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I know how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews” or “I know how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
95	2:9	qf9p			καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν	1	“but they are not real Jews”
96	2:9	a4yu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
97	2:10	agx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	μέλλει βάλλειν ὁ διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν	1	The words “the Devil” here are a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: “The devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
98	2:10	f5t1			γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου	1	“Be faithful to me even if they kill you.” The use of the word “until” does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death.
99	2:10	sp8z			τὸν στέφανον	1	“the winner’s crown.” This was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete.
100	2:10	zhj8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	Possible meanings are (1) “a crown that shows that I have given you eternal life” or (2) “true life as a prize like a winner’s crown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101	2:11	g7zq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
102	2:11	dc3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
103	2:11	s9d2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
104	2:11	q6w2			οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου	1	“will not experience the second death” or “will not die a second time”
105	2:12	ll17				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Pergamum.
106	2:12	y864			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
107	2:12	il7c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Περγάμῳ	1	This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
108	2:12	f6s5			τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν	1	This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:16
109	2:13	ryn6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	Possible meanings are (1) Satan’s power and evil influence on people, or (2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
110	2:13	tf7c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	“Name” here is a metonym for the person. Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on tightly. Alternate translation: “you firmly believe in me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
111	2:13	x6j6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἠρνήσω τὴν πίστιν μου	1	“Faith” can be translated with the verb “believe.” AT “you continued to tell people that you believe in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
112	2:13	lu4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἀντιπᾶς	1	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
113	2:14	wu6n			ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὀλίγα	1	“I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done” or “I am angry with you because of a few things you did.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 2:4.
114	2:14	rd44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ, ὃς	1	Possible meanings are (1) “who teach what Balaam taught; he” or (2) “who do what Balaam taught; he.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
115	2:14	j3nc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	τῷ Βαλὰκ	1	This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
116	2:14	hg4g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὃς ἐδίδασκεν τῷ Βαλὰκ βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ	1	Something that leads people to sin is spoken of as a stone in the road that people stumble on. Alternate translation: “who showed Balak how to cause the people of Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
117	2:14	u19f			πορνεῦσαι	1	“sin sexually” or “commit sexual sin”
118	2:15	hc85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Νικολαϊτῶν	1	This was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:6 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
119	2:16	rwa4			μετανόησον οὖν	1	“So repent”
120	2:16	f8dy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	εἰ δὲ μή	1	The verb can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “If you do not repent, I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
121	2:16	fd6u			πολεμήσω μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	“fight against them”
122	2:16	j52q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου	1	This refers to the sword in Revelation 1:16. Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God’s word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: “with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
123	2:17	lm1j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
124	2:17	m867		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
125	2:17	i61b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	τῷ νικῶντι	1	This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “anyone who resists evil” or “those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
126	2:18	b83m				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Thyatira.
127	2:18	nd4m			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
128	2:18	kd5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Θυατείροις	1	This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
129	2:18	q3w9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
130	2:18	zbx5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ὡς φλόγα πυρός	1	His eyes are describes as being full of light like a flame of fire. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:14. Alternate translation: “whose eyes glow like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
131	2:18	p86i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ	1	Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:15. Alternate translation: “whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
132	2:19	bx33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου	1	The abstract nouns “love,” “faith,” “service,” and “endurance” can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “How you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
133	2:19	y2mu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου	1	The implied objects of these verbs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “How you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
134	2:20	wbu1			ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ	1	“But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing” or “But I am angry with you because of something you are doing.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 2:4.
135	2:20	f6e8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ, ἡ	1	Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen Jezebel, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: “the woman who is just like Jezebel and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
136	2:21	g7yh			ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ	1	“I gave her opportunity to repent” or “I waited for her to repent”
137	2:22	twa2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην & εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην	1	Her having to lie in bed would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. Alternate translation: “I will make her lie sick in bed … I will make suffer greatly” or “I will make her very sick … I will make suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
138	2:22	lj36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ’ αὐτῆς εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην	1	Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: “I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
139	2:22	h8fz			μοιχεύοντας	1	“practice adultery”
140	2:22	g53b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσουσιν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς	1	This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of her deeds, they also repent of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: “if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does” or “if they do not repent of participating in her deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
141	2:23	kx34			τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ	1	“I will kill her children”
142	2:23	cn5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς	1	Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were her children. Alternate translation: ‘her followers” or “the people who do what she teaches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143	2:23	zm6t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας	1	The term “heart” a metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: “what people think and want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
144	2:23	bgs9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	δώσω ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ	1	This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: “I will punish or reward each one of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
145	2:24	tli6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην	1	Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the teaching. Alternate translation: “everyone who does not believe this teaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
146	2:24	scu6			οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην	1	The noun “teaching” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “does not hold to what she teaches” or “does not believe what she teaches”
147	2:24	d5i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	βαθέα	1	Secret things are spoken of as if they were deep. Alternate translation: “secret things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148	2:26	z5xi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “The person who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
149	2:27	c9gu			ποιμανεῖ & συντρίβεται	1	This is a prophecy from the Old Testament about a king of Israel, but Jesus applied it here to those to whom he gives authority over the nations.
150	2:27	w8pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1	Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. Alternate translation: “He will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
151	2:27	ksl1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται	1	Breaking them to pieces is an image that represents either (1) destroying evildoers or (2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: “He will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
152	2:28	n9ts		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου	1	Some languages may need to tell what was received. Possible meanings are (1) “Just as I have received authority from my Father” or (2) “Just as I have received the morning star from my Father.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
153	2:28	hr39		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ πατρός μου	1	This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
154	2:28	c1zc			καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ	1	Here “him” refers to the one who conquers.
155	2:28	g5iy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν πρωϊνόν	1	This is a bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
156	2:29	ilk8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
157	2:29	ikm8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
158	3:intro	q1l9				0	Revelation 03 General Notes Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7. Special concepts in this chapter Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of Revelation 1:4. Seven stars These stars are the seven stars of Revelation 1:20. Important metaphors in this chapter Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them (Revelation 3:20). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches” The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “The angel of the church” The word “angel” here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20. “The words of the one who” The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in Revelation 1:17. He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
159	3:1	k6b7				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Sardis.
160	3:1	u1zs			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20.
161	3:1	q7n9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Σάρδεσιν	1	This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
162	3:1	un3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ὁ ἔχων τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα	1	The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
163	3:1	t8wv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας	1	These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:16. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
164	3:1	ty18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ζῇς & νεκρὸς	1	Obeying and honoring God is spoken of as being alive; disobeying and dishonoring him is spoken of as being dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
165	3:2	d8cw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	γίνου γρηγορῶν, καὶ στήρισον τὰ λοιπὰ, ἃ ἔμελλον ἀποθανεῖν	1	The good deeds done by the believers in Sardis are spoken of as if they were alive but in danger of dying. Alternate translation: “Wake up and complete the work that remains, or what you have done will become worthless” or “Wake up. If you do not finish what you have started to do, your previous work will have been useless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
166	3:2	l7qg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	γίνου γρηγορῶν	1	Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “Be alert” or “Be careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
167	3:3	wcs4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας	1	This refers to God’s word, which they believed. Alternate translation: “God’s word that you heard and the truth that you believed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
168	3:3	gwk8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐὰν & μὴ γρηγορήσῃς	1	Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated “wake up” on Revelation 3:2. Alternate translation: “If you are not alert” or “If you are not careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
169	3:3	ypw4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἥξω ὡς κλέπτης	1	Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
170	3:4	fy7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὀλίγα ὀνόματα	1	The word “names” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “a few people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
171	3:4	x2if		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐκ ἐμόλυναν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν	1	Jesus speaks of sin in a person’s life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: “have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
172	3:4	x48r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περιπατήσουσιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ	1	People commonly spoke of living as “walking.” Alternate translation: “will live with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
173	3:4	w5t9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν λευκοῖς	1	White clothes represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: “and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
174	3:5	v69e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
175	3:5	w5k4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	περιβαλεῖται ἐν ἱματίοις λευκοῖς	1	This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “will wear white garments” or “I will give white clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
176	3:5	yyu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁμολογήσω τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ	1	He would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will announce that he belongs to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
177	3:5	d7l5			ἐνώπιον τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	“in the presence of my Father”
178	3:5	bi3h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
179	3:6	zxc7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
180	3:6	k2k6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
181	3:7	rf9b				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Philadelphia.
182	3:7	ksg4			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
183	3:7	mm6x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Φιλαδελφίᾳ	1	This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
184	3:7	ih6i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	κλεῖν Δαυείδ	1	Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David’s key. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
185	3:7	aam6			ὁ ἀνοίγων καὶ οὐδεὶς κλείσει	1	“he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it”
186	3:7	pzy2			κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει	1	“he closes the door and no one can open it”
187	3:8	j1x7			δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην	1	“I have opened a door for you”
188	3:8	xyw6			ἐτήρησάς μου τὸν λόγον	1	Possible meanings are (1) “you have followed by teachings” or (2) “you have obeyed my commands”
189	3:8	b3kz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	The word “name” here is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
190	3:9	x78m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	συναγωγῆς τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were in a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
191	3:9	q496		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	προσκυνήσουσιν	1	This is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: “bow down in submission” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
192	3:9	ah4w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	ἐνώπιον τῶν ποδῶν σου	1	Here the word “feet” represent the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: “before you” or “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
193	3:9	k2g5			γνῶσιν	1	“they will learn” or “they will admit”
194	3:10	gv5g			κἀγώ σε τηρήσω ἐκ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ	1	“will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you” or “will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing”
195	3:10	ckm4			ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ	1	“time of testing.” This probably means “the time when people try to make you disobey me.”
196	3:10	e6bw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μελλούσης	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
197	3:11	ih12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔρχομαι ταχύ	1	It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
198	3:11	n9a9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κράτει ὃ ἔχεις	1	Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to believe firmly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
199	3:11	a4m5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸν στέφανόν	1	A crown was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. Here “crown” stands for a reward. See how you translated “crown” in Revelation 2:10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
200	3:12	px36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν, ποιήσω αὐτὸν στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου	1	Here “The one who conquers” refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. The “pillar” represents an important and permanent part of God’s kingdom. Alternate translation: “I will make anyone who resists evil strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” or “Those who do not agree to do evil I will make strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
201	3:13	u5jk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
202	3:13	ug5m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
203	3:14	r6bz				0	This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Laodicea.
204	3:14	jg3b			τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Possible meanings are that this “angel” is (1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in Revelation 1:20
205	3:14	wzg9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Λαοδικίᾳ	1	This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
206	3:14	f65v			ὁ Ἀμήν	1	Here “the Amen” is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God’s promises by saying amen to them.
207	3:14	btv1			ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Possible meanings are (1) “the one who rules over everything that God created” or (2) “the one through whom God created everything.”
208	3:15	pf9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὔτε ψυχρὸς εἶ οὔτε ζεστός	1	The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Possible meanings are (1) “cold” and hot” represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where “cold” is to be completely against God, and to be “hot” is to be zealous to serve him, or (2) “cold” and “hot” both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: “you are like water that is neither cold nor hot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
209	3:16	y9vt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου	1	Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: “I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
210	3:17	v1pj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	σὺ εἶ ὁ ταλαίπωρος, καὶ ἐλεεινὸς, καὶ πτωχὸς, καὶ τυφλὸς, καὶ γυμνός	1	Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: “You are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211	3:18	tmm7			ἀγοράσαι παρ’ ἐμοῦ χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρὸς, ἵνα πλουτήσῃς, καὶ ἱμάτια λευκὰ, ἵνα περιβάλῃ, καὶ μὴ φανερωθῇ ἡ αἰσχύνη τῆς γυμνότητός σου, καὶ κολλούριον ἐγχρῖσαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἵνα βλέπῃς	1	Here to “buy” represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The “gold refined by fire” represents spiritual wealth. The “brilliant white garments” represents rightousness. And the “salve to anoint your eyes” represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: “Come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
212	3:19	sf66			ζήλευε & καὶ μετανόησον	1	“be serious and repent”
213	3:20	i7gy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω	1	Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: “I am like one standing at the door and knocking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
214	3:20	sr5y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	κρούω	1	When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they knock on the door. Alternate translation: “I want you to let me come inside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
215	3:20	m6n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου	1	The phrase “my voice” refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: “hears me speak” or “hears me call” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
216	3:20	di8q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν	1	Some languages might prefer the verb “go” here. Alternate translation: “I will go in to his home” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
217	3:20	une1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καὶ δειπνήσω μετ’ αὐτοῦ	1	This represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
218	3:21	h9pf				1	This is the end of the Son of Man’s messages to the angels of the seven churches.
219	3:21	n83q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
220	3:21	mn2c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καθίσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ μου	1	To sit on a throne means to rule. Alternate translation: “to rule with me” or “to sit down on my throne and rule with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
221	3:21	un17		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
222	3:22	m13x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
223	3:22	mjv6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ὁ & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
224	4:intro	cl9f				0	Revelation 04 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11. John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him. Special concepts in this chapter Jasper, carnelian, and emerald These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John’s day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones. Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of Revelation 1:4. Giving glory to God God’s glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Difficult images Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
225	4:1	ws2q				0	John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God.
226	4:1	vh4i			μετὰ ταῦτα	1	“After I had just seen these things” (Revelation 2:1-3:22)
227	4:1	z8r8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
228	4:1	a49s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς σάλπιγγος λαλούσης μετ’ ἐμοῦ	1	How the voice was like a trumpet can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
229	4:1	j713			σάλπιγγος	1	This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:10.
230	4:2	ie3w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι	1	John speaks of being influenced by God’s Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:10. Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
231	4:3	m4mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	λίθῳ, ἰάσπιδι καὶ σαρδίῳ	1	These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
232	4:3	aap1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	σμαραγδίνῳ	1	a green, valuable stone (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
233	4:4	u2b2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	εἴκοσι τέσσαρας πρεσβυτέρους	1	“24 elders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
234	4:4	ivw8			στεφάνους χρυσοῦς	1	These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Such crowns, made of leaves, were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
235	4:5	ryb1			ἀστραπαὶ	1	Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears.
236	4:5	u1da			φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί	1	These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder.
237	4:5	e1jm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
238	4:6	ja33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	θάλασσα ὑαλίνη	1	How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” or (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
239	4:6	cv9p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁμοία κρυστάλλῳ	1	How it was like crystal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “clear as crystal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
240	4:6	fr7x			ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ κύκλῳ τοῦ θρόνου	1	“Immediately around the throne” or “Close to the throne and around it”
241	4:6	b66k			τέσσαρα ζῷα	1	“four living beings” or “four living things”
242	4:7	d84n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	τὸ ζῷον τὸ πρῶτον ὅμοιον λέοντι, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ζῷον ὅμοιον μόσχῳ, καὶ τὸ τρίτον ζῷον ἔχων τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς ἀνθρώπου, καὶ τὸ τέταρτον ζῷον ὅμοιον ἀετῷ πετομένῳ	1	How the head of each living creature appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
243	4:7	b9tx			ζῷον	1	“living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:6
244	4:8	n8g2			κυκλόθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν	1	The top and bottom of each wing was covered with eyes.
245	4:8	y1u5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
246	4:9	xj6b			τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	This is one person. The one who sits on the throne lives forever and ever.
247	4:9	a19z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
248	4:10	cmj9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι	1	“24 elders.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
249	4:10	c2vg			πεσοῦνται	1	They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping.
250	4:10	sly8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	βαλοῦσιν τοὺς στεφάνους αὐτῶν ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου	1	These crowns looked like wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. The elders were respectfully placing the crowns on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God’s authority to rule. Alternate translation: “they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
251	4:10	wvf9			βαλοῦσιν	1	Possible meanings are (1) to place or (2) to throw down forcibly, as of something worthless (“throw,” Revelation 2:22). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully.
252	4:11	idj1			ὁ Κύριος καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν	1	“our Lord and God.” This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne.
253	4:11	q91l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	λαβεῖν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν	1	These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: “to be praised for your glory, honor, and power” or “for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
254	5:intro	g7ey				0	Revelation 05 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13. Special concepts in this chapter Sealed scroll Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, “the one who was seated on the throne” had written the scroll. Only the person called “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David” and “the Lamb” had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]]) Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Christian prayers The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray. Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of Revelation 1:4. Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors The “Lion of the tribe of Judah” and the “Root of David” are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words “Root of David” speak of Israel’s King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
255	5:1	txr5				0	John continues to describe what he saw in his vision of the throne of God.
256	5:1	w3yi			καὶ εἶδον	1	“After I saw those things, I saw”
257	5:1	u3br			τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου	1	This is the same “one” as in Revelation 4:2-3.
258	5:1	yhm3			βιβλίον, γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν	1	“a scroll with writing on the front and the back”
259	5:1	aj7m			κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά	1	“and it had seven seals keeping it closed”
260	5:2	r2vt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events	τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?	1	The person would need to break the seals in order to open the scroll. Alternate translation: “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
261	5:2	v4r4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?	1	This can be translated as a command: “The one who is worthy to do this should come to break the seals and open the scroll!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
262	5:3	lj9u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς	1	This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: “anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
263	5:5	dm5p			ἰδοὺ	1	“Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
264	5:5	j67w			ὁ λέων ὁ ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα	1	This is a title for the man from the tribe of Judah that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah” or “The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah”
265	5:5	b6wg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ λέων	1	The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266	5:5	i89j			ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ	1	This is a title for the descendant of David that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “the one who is called the Root of David”
267	5:5	z3vw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ	1	The descendant is spoken of as if David’s family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: “the Descendant of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
268	5:6	v99j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants		0	The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
269	5:6	du51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	Ἀρνίον	1	A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
270	5:6	erg2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The “seven spirits” refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
271	5:6	t7d1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπεσταλμένοι εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν	1	This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “which God sent out over all the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
272	5:7	egp6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	ἦλθεν	1	He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb “come.” Alternate translation: “He came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
273	5:8	e3fh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This is a young male sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
274	5:8	cgs1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι	1	“24 elders.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
275	5:8	ff8y			ἔπεσαν	1	“lay down on the ground.” Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally.
276	5:8	uv6w			ἕκαστος	1	Possible meanings are (1) “each of the elders and living creatures” or (2) “each of the elders.”
277	5:8	qak6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	φιάλας χρυσᾶς γεμούσας θυμιαμάτων, αἵ εἰσιν αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων	1	The incense here is a symbol for the believers’ prayers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
278	5:9	yu7h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὅτι ἐσφάγης	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For they slaughtered you” or “For people killed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
279	5:9	j1jn			ἐσφάγης	1	If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here.
280	5:9	qtv5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ αἵματί σου	1	Since blood represents a person’s life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means “by your death” or “by dying.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
281	5:9	k8re			ἠγόρασας τῷ Θεῷ	1	“you bought people so that they could belong to God” or “you paid the price so that people could belong to God”
282	5:9	zzc7			ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς, καὶ γλώσσης, καὶ λαοῦ, καὶ ἔθνους	1	This means that people from every ethnic group are included.
283	5:11	xuy1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	μυριάδες μυριάδων καὶ χιλιάδες χιλιάδων	1	Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: “millions” or “too many thousands to count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
284	5:12	gnv1			ἄξιόν ἐστιν τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἐσφαγμένον	1	“The Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy”
285	5:12	mt28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν	1	These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. See how you translated a similar sentence in Revelation 4:11. Alternate translation: “for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
286	5:13	sad6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς	1	This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
287	5:13	t3zy			τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ	1	“May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have”
288	6:intro	zkn7				0	Revelation 06 General Notes Structure and formatting The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8. Special concepts in this chapter Seven Seals Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) The Four Horsemen As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth. Important figures of speech in this chapter The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Similes In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
289	6:1	i392				0	John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll.
290	6:1	be7p			ἔρχου!	1	This is a command to one person, apparently the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2.
291	6:2	t2qg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος	1	This kind of crown was a likeness of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, probably hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “he received a crown” or “God gave him a crown (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
292	6:2	r5mh			στέφανος	1	This was a wreath of olive branches or of laurel leaves like the wreaths that winning athletes received in contests at the time of John.
293	6:3	bs66		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν	1	“the next seal” or “seal number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
294	6:3	i1p4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου	1	“the next living creature” or “living creature number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
295	6:4	qg8s			ἐξῆλθεν & πυρρός	1	This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: “came out. It was red like fire” or “came out. It was bright red”
296	6:4	w57m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ’ αὐτὸν, ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “God gave permission to its rider” or “Its rider received person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
297	6:4	je64		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη	1	This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This rider received a huge sword” or “God gave this rider a huge sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
298	6:4	n58n			μάχαιρα μεγάλη	1	“a very large sword” or “a great sword”
299	6:5	v4us		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην	1	“the next seal” or “seal number three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
300	6:5	zec1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου	1	“the next living creature” or “living creature number three” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
301	6:5	rm4y			ζυγὸν	1	a tool used for weighing things
302	6:6	cq7h			χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου	1	Some languages might want a verb such as “cost” or “buy” in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: “A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius” or “Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius”
303	6:6	b5rr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	χοῖνιξ σίτου & τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν	1	a “choenix” was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of “choenix” is “choenices.” Alternate translation: “one liter of wheat … three liters of barley” or “one bowl of wheat … three bowls of barley” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
304	6:6	v3sn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	δηναρίου	1	This coin was worth a day’s wages. Alternate translation: “one silver coin” or “the pay for one day of work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
305	6:6	ej1v			καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς	1	If the oil and wine were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up.
306	6:6	c5ik		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον	1	These expressions probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
307	6:7	mu5f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην	1	“the next seal” or “seal number four” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
308	6:7	zj87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου	1	“the next living creature” or “living creature number four” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
309	6:8	e11y			ἵππος χλωρός	1	“grey horse.” This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death.
310	6:8	df32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς	1	Here “the earth” represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “one-fourth of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
311	6:8	tjw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ῥομφαίᾳ	1	A sword is a weapon, and here it represents war. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
312	6:8	n9x3			ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς	1	This means that Death and Hades would cause the wild animals to attack and kill people.
313	6:9	bv8r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα	1	“the next seal” or “seal number five” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
314	6:9	n3mi			ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου	1	This may have been “at the base of the altar.”
315	6:9	b2kp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῶν ἐσφαγμένων	1	This can be translated with an active verb. AT “those whom others had killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
316	6:9	y8c6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον	1	Here “Word of God” is a metonym for the message from God and “held” is a metaphor. Possible meanings are (1) holding the testimony refers to believing God’s word and testimony. Alternate translation: “because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ” or “because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony” or (2) holding the testimony refers to testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: “because they testified about the word of God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
317	6:10	qz1i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν	1	The word blood here represents their deaths. Alternate translation: “punish those who killed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
318	6:11	bq1p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἕως πληρωθῶσιν καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν, οἱ μέλλοντες ἀποκτέννεσθαι ὡς καὶ αὐτοί	1	This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should be killed by their enemies. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: “until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants … sisters whom God had decided people would kill, just as people had killed their fellow servants … sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
319	6:11	q9xh			οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν	1	This is one group of people described in two ways: as servants and as brothers. Alternate translation: “their brothers who serve God with them” or “their fellow believers who serve God with them”
320	6:11	p615		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ ἀδελφοὶ	1	Christians are often spoken of as being one another’s brothers. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” or “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
321	6:12	z9qm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἕκτην	1	“the next seal” or “seal number six” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
322	6:12	xu8l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	μέλας ὡς σάκκος	1	Sometimes sackcloth was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: “as black as mourning clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
323	6:12	g7rt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς αἷμα	1	The image of blood is meant to lead people to think of death. How it was like blood can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “red like blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
324	6:13	s137		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς συκῆ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς, ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
325	6:14	jyb7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον	1	The sky was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and rolled up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
326	6:15	m6j6			οἱ χιλίαρχοι	1	This word refers to the warriors who command in the battle.
327	6:15	vl6h			τὰ σπήλαια	1	large holes in the sides of hills
328	6:16	f4bj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	προσώπου τοῦ	1	Here “face” represents “presence.” Alternate translation: “the presence of the one” or “the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
329	6:17	bd8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτῶν	1	The day of their wrath refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: “this is the terrible time when they will punish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
330	6:17	i7t4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν	1	Existing now is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
331	6:17	cq9e			ὀργῆς αὐτῶν	1	“Their” refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb.
332	6:17	r1ta		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τίς δύναται σταθῆναι?	1	Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: “No one can survive” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
333	7:intro	f27i				0	Revelation 07 General Notes Structure and formatting Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand. Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17. Special concepts in this chapter Worship God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
334	7:1	b1yl				0	John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
335	7:1	id3y			τὰς τέσσαρας γωνίας τῆς γῆς	1	The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase “the four corners” refers to the north, south, east, and west.
336	7:2	sgq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	σφραγῖδα Θεοῦ ζῶντος	1	The word “seal” here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. Alternate translation: “the marker” or “stamp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
337	7:3	upb7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	σφραγίσωμεν & ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν	1	The word “seal” here refers to a mark. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: “put a mark on the foreheads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
338	7:3	je8m			μετώπων	1	The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
339	7:4	m58v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῶν ἐσφραγισμένων	1	This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “those whom God’s angel marked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
340	7:4	lh7h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	“one hundred forty-four thousand people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
341	7:5	lyz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἐκ φυλῆς & δώδεκα χιλιάδες	1	“12,000 people from the tribe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
342	7:7	ru7t				0	This continues the list of the people of Israel who were sealed.
343	7:9	cj5k				0	John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
344	7:9	au1m			ὄχλος πολύς	1	“a huge crowd” or “a great number of people”
345	7:9	v63z			στολὰς λευκάς	1	Here the color “white” represents purity.
346	7:10	m5az			ἡ σωτηρία τῷ	1	“Salvation comes from”
347	7:10	vlv1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἡ σωτηρία τῷ & τῷ Ἀρνίῳ	1	They were praising God and the Lamb. The noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” AT “Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
348	7:11	a45p			τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	These are the four creatures mentioned in Revelation 4:6-8.
349	7:11	aja9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἔπεσαν & ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν	1	Here “fell on their faces” is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in Revelation 4:10. Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
350	7:12	lf1m			ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα & τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	“Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength”
351	7:12	q3gt			ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα & ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ & τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	The verb “give” can be used to show how praise, glory, and honor, are to be “to” God. Alternate translation: “We must give praise, glory, thanks, and honor to our God”
352	7:12	d74f			εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end.
353	7:13	wz8z			περιβεβλημένοι τὰς στολὰς τὰς λευκὰς	1	These white robes showed that they were righteous.
354	7:14	p6en			οἱ ἐρχόμενοι ἐκ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	“have survived the great tribulation” or “have lived through the great tribulation”
355	7:14	u6fc			τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	“the time of terrible suffering” or “the time when people will suffer terribly”
356	7:14	b7mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	Being made righteous by the blood of the Lamb is spoken of as washing their robes in his blood. Alternate translation: “They have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
357	7:14	ym21		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	The word “blood” is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
358	7:15	q73i				0	The elder continues to speak to John.
359	7:15	qs23			εἰσιν & αὐτούς	1	These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
360	7:15	us3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς	1	These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
361	7:15	k9f2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	σκηνώσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς	1	“will put his tent up over them.” Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: “will shelter them” or “will protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
362	7:16	p6u7			πεινάσουσιν & αὐτοὺς	1	These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
363	7:16	t45h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μὴ πέσῃ & ὁ ἥλιος	1	The sun’s heat is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: “The sun will not burn them” or “The sun will not make them weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
364	7:17	wc49			αὐτούς & αὐτοὺς	1	These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
365	7:17	b5rp			τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θρόνου	1	“the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne”
366	7:17	bi5i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅτι τὸ Ἀρνίον & ποιμανεῖ αὐτούς	1	The elder speaks of the Lamb’s care for his people as if it were a shepherd’s care for his sheep. Alternate translation: “For the Lamb … will be like a shepherd to them” or “For the Lamb … will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
367	7:17	m6m8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁδηγήσει αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ ζωῆς πηγὰς ὑδάτων	1	The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were springs of fresh water. Alternate translation: “he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water” or “he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
368	7:17	g3d2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξαλείψει ὁ Θεὸς πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν	1	Tears here represent sadness. Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
369	8:intro	ma7f				0	Revelation 08 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Seven seals and seven trumpets This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Passive voice John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator’s language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Similes In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
370	8:1	d652				0	The Lamb opens the seventh seal.
371	8:1	mh2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἑβδόμην	1	This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “the final seal” or “seal number seven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
372	8:2	fri9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες	1	They were each given one trumpet. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) “God gave them seven trumpets” or (2) “the Lamb gave them seven trumpets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
373	8:3	f9g9			δώσει	1	“he would offer the incense to God by burning it”
374	8:4	lq1q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου	1	This refers to the bowl in the angel’s hand. Alternate translation: “the bowl in the angel’s hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
375	8:5	l79w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς	1	The word “fire” here probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: “filled it with burning coals” or “filled it with coals of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
376	8:6	xys5				0	The seven angels sound the seven trumpets, one at a time.
377	8:7	g5gp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
378	8:7	ga1r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς κατεκάη, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων κατεκάη, καὶ πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς κατεκάη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
379	8:8	rnh8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος	1	“The next angel” or “Angel number two” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
380	8:8	uw2h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον, ἐβλήθη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
381	8:8	ev7g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης αἷμα	1	The fraction “A third” can be explained in translation. Alternate translation: “It was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
382	8:8	k43y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἐγένετο & αἷμα	1	Possible meanings are it (1) “became red like blood” or it (2) really became blood. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
383	8:9	vgf4			τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς	1	“the things living in the sea” or “the fish and other animals that lived in the sea”
384	8:10	n8ue		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ μέγας, καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς	1	“a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky.” The fire of the huge star looked similar to the fire of a torch. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
385	8:10	int4			λαμπάς	1	a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light
386	8:11	as2n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ Ἄψινθος	1	Wormwood is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: “The name of the star is Bitterness” or “The name of the star is Bitter Medicine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
387	8:11	gei4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐγένετο & ἄψινθον	1	The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were wormwood. Alternate translation: “became bitter like wormwood” or “became bitter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
388	8:11	g4q5			ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν	1	“died when they drank the bitter water”
389	8:12	z936		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου	1	Causing something bad to happen to the sun is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “a third of the sun changed” or “God changed a third of the sun” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
390	8:12	ukh6			σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν	1	Possible meanings are (1) “one third of the time they were dark” or (2) “one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark”
391	8:12	t1ag			ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ φάνῃ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως	1	“there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night” or “they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night”
392	8:13	x375		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος & σαλπίζειν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
393	9:intro	sq5c				0	Revelation 09 General Notes Structure and formatting In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Woe John describes several “woes” in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three “woes” announced at the end of Chapter 8. Special concepts in this chapter Animal imagery This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used. Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) Abaddon and Apollyon “Abaddon” is a Hebrew word. “Apollyon” is a Greek word. Both words mean “Destroyer.” John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood “Apollyon” to mean “Destroyer.” So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) Repentance Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Simile John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
394	9:1	d26c				0	The fifth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
395	9:1	jim6			εἶδον ἀστέρα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πεπτωκότα	1	John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall.
396	9:1	v12j			ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	“the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit”
397	9:1	cjr9			τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	Possible meanings are (1) “shaft” is another way of referring to the pit and describes it as long and narrow, or (2) “shaft” refers to the opening of the pit.
398	9:1	p886			τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom.
399	9:2	tp79		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς καπνὸς καμίνου μεγάλης	1	A huge furnace gives off a great amount of thick, dark smoke. Alternate translation: “like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
400	9:2	nd4n			ἐσκοτώθη	1	“became dark”
401	9:3	mb9m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἀκρίδες	1	insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
402	9:3	a4e7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐξουσία, ὡς ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν οἱ σκορπίοι	1	Scorpions have the ability to sting and poison other animals and people. Alternate translation: “the ability to sting people as scorpions do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
403	9:3	mjf1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	σκορπίοι	1	small insects with poisonous stingers on their tails. Their sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
404	9:4	cl6p			ἐρρέθη αὐταῖς, ἵνα μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν τὸν χόρτον τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ πᾶν χλωρὸν, οὐδὲ πᾶν δένδρον	1	Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this.
405	9:4	pb9q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	The phrase “to damage” or “to harm” is understood. Alternate translation: “but only to harm the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
406	9:4	gi1a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὴν σφραγῖδα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The word “seal” here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. See how you translated “seal” in Revelation 7:3. Alternate translation: “the marker of God” or “stamp of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
407	9:4	tl6n			μετώπων	1	The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
408	9:5	rui1			ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς & μὴ	1	“They” refers to the locusts. (Revelation 9:3)
409	9:5	vfj7			αὐτούς	1	the people whom the locusts were stinging
410	9:5	ii8s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἀλλ’ ἵνα βασανισθήσονται	1	Here the words “given permission” are understood. Alternate translation: “but only given permission to torture them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
411	9:5	nm7q			βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε	1	The locusts would be allowed to do this for five months.
412	9:5	a3dw			βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε	1	“to make them suffer terrible pain”
413	9:5	qtk9			βασανισμὸς σκορπίου	1	A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death.
414	9:6	p4mb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ζητήσουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θάνατον, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτόν	1	This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “death.” Alternate translation: “people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it” or “people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
415	9:6	hiq8			ἐπιθυμήσουσιν ἀποθανεῖν	1	“will want very much to die” or “will wish that they could die”
416	9:6	f1b4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	φεύγει ὁ θάνατος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν	1	John speaks of death as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to die” or “they will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
417	9:7	zh82				0	These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things.
418	9:7	s9gl			στέφανοι ὅμοιοι χρυσῷ	1	These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
419	9:10	mac3			ἔχουσιν οὐρὰς	1	The word “They” refers to the locusts.
420	9:10	qdc3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁμοίας σκορπίοις καὶ κέντρα	1	A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 9:6. Alternate translation: “with stingers like scorpion stingers” or “with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
421	9:10	lim1			ἐν ταῖς οὐραῖς αὐτῶν ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μῆνας πέντε	1	Possible meanings are (1) they had power for five months to harm people or (2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months.
422	9:11	fiu6			τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in Revelation 9:1.
423	9:11	bkg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἀβαδδών & Ἀπολλύων	1	Both names mean “Destroyer.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
424	9:12	ts26		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔρχεται ἔτι δύο οὐαὶ	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
425	9:13	cyb6				0	The sixth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
426	9:13	x4md		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἐκ	1	The voice refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
427	9:13	q3a3			τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ χρυσοῦ	1	These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the altar.
428	9:14	iq5t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	λέγουσαν	1	The voice refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “The speaker said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
429	9:14	su17		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοὺς τέσσαρας ἀγγέλους, τοὺς δεδεμένους	1	The text does not say who has bound the angels, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind” or “the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
430	9:15	ijx2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐλύθησαν οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς & ἐνιαυτόν	1	This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “The angel released the four angels who had been prepared for … that year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
431	9:15	p3w1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι	1	This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “The four angels whom God had prepared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
432	9:15	b3d6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν	1	These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: “for that exact time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
433	9:16	h8uf				0	Suddenly, 200,000,000 soldiers on horseback appear in John’s vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse.
434	9:16	ays5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων	1	Some ways to express this are: “two hundred million” or “two hundred thousand thousand” or “twenty thousand times ten thousand.” If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in Revelation 5:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
435	9:17	j5n9			πυρίνους	1	“red like fire” or “bright red.” See how you translated this in Revelation 6:3.
436	9:17	pqe8			θειώδεις	1	“yellow like sulfur” or “bright yellow like sulfur”
437	9:17	mzf7			ἐκ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν ἐκπορεύεται πῦρ, καὶ καπνὸς, καὶ θεῖον	1	“fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths”
438	9:18	q9mp				0	John continues to describe the horses and the plagues brought upon humanity.
439	9:18	x4fr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	“One third of the people.” See how you translated “A third” in Revelation 8:7. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
440	9:20	xf3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἳ οὐκ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς ταύταις	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the plagues had not killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
441	9:20	d3vn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	τὰ ξύλινα, ἃ οὔτε βλέπειν δύνανται, οὔτε ἀκούειν, οὔτε περιπατεῖν	1	This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: “even though idols cannot see, hear, or walk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
442	10:intro	ys3l				0	Revelation 10 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Seven thunders John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for “thunder” when translating these verses. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) “The mystery of God” This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Simile John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
443	10:1	xr6f				0	John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John’s vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
444	10:1	jj2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην	1	John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing a cloud as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
445	10:1	qax6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος	1	John compares the brightness of his face with the brightness of the sun. Alternate translation: “His face was bright like the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
446	10:1	p81x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός	1	The word “feet” here refers to the legs. Alternate translation: “his legs were like pillars of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
447	10:2	l3r8			ἔθηκεν τὸν πόδα αὐτοῦ τὸν δεξιὸν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, τὸν δὲ εὐώνυμον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1	“He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land”
448	10:3	ubb9			καὶ ἔκραξεν	1	“Then the angel shouted”
449	10:3	r4j6			ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	The thunder is described as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “the seven thunders made a loud noise” or “the thunder sounded very loudly seven times”
450	10:3	qag8			ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	Thunder occurring seven times is spoken of as if it were seven different “thunders.”
451	10:4	az1z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The word “voice” refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: “but I heard someone speaking from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
452	10:5	l5xy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν	1	He did this to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
453	10:6	t2f6			ὤμοσεν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	“He asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever”
454	10:6	gmm8			τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	Here “the one” refers to God.
455	10:6	egm1			χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται	1	“There will be no more waiting” or “God will not delay”
456	10:7	c5gy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐτελέσθη τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will accomplish his mystery” or “God will complete his secret plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
457	10:8	t61f				0	John hears the voice from heaven, which he had heard in Revelation 10:4, speak to him again.
458	10:8	v6a9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The word “voice” refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “The one I heard speak from heaven” or “The one who had spoken to me from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
459	10:8	tkq7			ἤκουσα	1	John heard
460	10:9	x13b			λέγει μοι	1	“The angel said to me”
461	10:9	tg31			πικρανεῖ	1	“make … sour” or “make … acid.” This refers to a bad taste from the stomach after eating something that is not good.
462	10:11	ahb4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	γλώσσαις	1	This refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: “many language communities” or “many groups of people who speak their own languages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
463	11:intro	s117				0	Revelation 11 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18. Woe John describes several “woes” in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third “woe” announced at the end of Chapter 8. Special concepts in this chapter Gentiles The word “Gentiles” here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) Two witnesses Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
464	11:1	ba9b				0	John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
465	11:1	lkn6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone gave me a reed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
466	11:1	tl86			ἐδόθη μοι & λέγων	1	The words “me” and “I” refer to John.
467	11:1	ha6e			τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ	1	“count those who worship in the temple”
468	11:2	jae6			πατήσουσιν	1	to treat something as worthless by walking on it
469	11:2	b11f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο	1	“42 months” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
470	11:3	jk7r				0	God continues speaking to John.
471	11:3	rib4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα	1	“for one thousand two hundred and sixty days” or “for twelve hundred and sixty days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
472	11:3	h8vh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἡμέρας & περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους	1	Why they will wear sackcloth can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “days, wearing rough mourning clothes” or “days: they will wear scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
473	11:4	pa44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες	1	The two olive trees and the two lampstands symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: “The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
474	11:4	p6mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ	1	John expects his readers to know about them because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: “the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
475	11:5	nr2s			πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν, καὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	Because this is about future events, it can also be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: “fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies”
476	11:5	ab6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πῦρ & κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	Fire burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: “fire … will destroy their enemies” or “fire … will completely burn up their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
477	11:6	cac1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ	1	John speaks of the sky as if it had a door that can be opened to let rain fall or closed to stop the rain. Alternate translation: “to keep rain from falling from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
478	11:6	a7ed			στρέφειν	1	“to change”
479	11:6	kth7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ	1	John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: “to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
480	11:7	i679			Ἀβύσσου	1	This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in Revelation 9:1.
481	11:8	r45p			τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν	1	This refers to the bodies of the two witnesses.
482	11:8	p9fu			ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	The city had more than one street. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: “in one of the streets of the great city” or “in the main street of the great city”
483	11:8	iea1			ὁ Κύριος αὐτῶν	1	They served the Lord, and like him would die in that city.
484	11:9	h3i2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ	1	“3 full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3 1/2 days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
485	11:9	bp61			τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα	1	This will be a sign of disrespect.
486	11:10	dm89			χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται	1	“will rejoice that the two witnesses have died”
487	11:10	trs2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις	1	This action shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
488	11:10	h4pq			ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1	This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died.
489	11:11	x3gn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ ἥμισυ	1	“3 full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3 1/2 days.” See how you translated this in Revelation 11:9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
490	11:11	al5w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς	1	The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: “God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
491	11:11	u265		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς	1	Fear is spoken of as if it is a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: “Those who see them will be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
492	11:12	f8ze			καὶ ἤκουσαν	1	Possible meanings are (1) the two witnesses will hear or (2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses.
493	11:12	mkq9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The word “voice” refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly to them from heaven and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
494	11:12	l1x7			λεγούσης αὐτοῖς	1	“say to the two witnesses”
495	11:13	p56r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά	1	“7,000 people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
496	11:13	fa14			οἱ λοιποὶ	1	“those who do not die” or “those who are still living”
497	11:13	f4r2			ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	“say that the God of heaven is glorious”
498	11:14	l7jp			ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν	1	“The second terrible event is over.” See how you translated “The first woe is past” in Revelation 9:12.
499	11:14	j1m5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ τρίτη ἔρχεται ταχύ	1	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. Alternate translation: “The third woe will happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
500	11:15	l1be				0	The last of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
501	11:15	sxx9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος	1	This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated “seventh” in Revelation 8.1. Alternate translation: “the final angel” or “angel number seven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
502	11:15	zt2f			ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαι	1	The phrase “loud voices” represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: “speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said”
503	11:15	jsm2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	Here “kingdom” refers to the authority to rule the world. Alternate translation: “The authority to rule the world … the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
504	11:15	en51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ κόσμου	1	This refers to everyone in the world. Alternate translation: “everyone in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
505	11:15	sw4u			ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	“Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world”
506	11:16	jv5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι	1	“24 elders.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
507	11:16	s2nv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν	1	This is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in Revelation 4:10. Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
508	11:17	dw6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	σοι, Κύριε ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν	1	These phrases can be stated as sentences. Alternate translation: “you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
509	11:17	fq4b			ὁ ὢν	1	“the one who exists” or “the one who lives”
510	11:17	ea29			ὁ ἦν	1	“who has always existed” or “who has always lived”
511	11:17	fe2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην	1	What God did with his great power can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
512	11:18	qw72				0	The words “you” and “your” refer to God.
513	11:18	kx7k				0	The twenty-four elders continue praising God.
514	11:18	amc2			ὠργίσθησαν	1	“were extremely angry”
515	11:18	iv5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου	1	Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: “You are ready to show your anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
516	11:18	v18q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν & ὁ καιρὸς	1	Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: “The time is right” or “Now is the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
517	11:18	h833		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for God to judge the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
518	11:18	zk1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τῶν νεκρῶν	1	This nominal adjective can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Those who have died” or “the dead people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
519	11:18	k3ba		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῖς προφήταις, καὶ τοῖς ἁγίοις, καὶ τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	This list explains what “your servants” means. These were not three completely different groups of people. The prophets also were believers and feared God’s name. “Name” here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the prophets, those who are believers, and those who fear you” or “the prophets and the others who are believers and fear your name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
520	11:19	c7pd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καὶ ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then someone opened God’s temple in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
521	11:19	d9z7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
522	11:19	b6ly			ἀστραπαὶ	1	Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:5.
523	11:19	ap5g			φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταὶ	1	These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:5.
524	12:intro	cq7x				0	Revelation 12 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12. Special concepts in this chapter Serpent The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “A great sign was seen in heaven” By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say “A great sign appeared in heaven.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
525	12:1	n4ii				0	John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision.
526	12:1	d7pw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	σημεῖον μέγα ὤφθη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A great sign appeared in heaven” or “I, John, saw a great sign in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
527	12:1	j9yl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
528	12:1	tg62			στέφανος ἀστέρων δώδεκα	1	This was apparently a likeness of a wreath made of laurel leaves or olive branches, but with twelve stars included in it.
529	12:1	x45q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἀστέρων δώδεκα	1	“12 stars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
530	12:3	y4c1				0	John describes a dragon that appears in his vision.
531	12:3	s1j6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
532	12:4	r1lr			ἡ οὐρὰ αὐτοῦ σύρει τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων	1	“With his tail he swept away a third of the stars”
533	12:4	ii1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	τὸ τρίτον	1	“one third.” See how you translated this in Revelation 8:7. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
534	12:5	zr5q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1	Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 2:27. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
535	12:5	kfr1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡρπάσθη τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God quickly took her child to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
536	12:6	a5bd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα	1	“for one thousand two hundred and sixty days” or “for twelve hundred and sixty days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
537	12:7	tb66			καὶ	1	John uses this word to mark a shift in his account to introduce something else happening in his vision.
538	12:7	wh37		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκοντος	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
539	12:8	uj6a			οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	“So the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven”
540	12:9	pk5u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	δράκων ὁ & ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος & καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν	1	The information about the serpent can be given in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: “dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
541	12:9	v1tp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the great dragon … and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
542	12:10	jb7z			ἤκουσα	1	The word “I” refers to John.
543	12:10	i112		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	The word “voice” refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: “I heard someone saying loudly from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
544	12:10	nt1j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his salvation and power were things that have come. God’s ruling and Christ’s authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: “Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
545	12:10	a5fm			ἐγένετο	1	“have begun to really exist” or “have appeared” or “have become real.” God is revealing these things because their time to occur has “come.” It is not that they did not exist before.
546	12:10	yg1a			ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	This is the dragon that was thrown down in Revelation 12:9.
547	12:10	a9wf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “our fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
548	12:10	jn6q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός	1	These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
549	12:11	lkk6				0	The loud voice from heaven continues to speak.
550	12:11	qmg8			αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν	1	“They conquered the accuser”
551	12:11	zt7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	The blood refers to his death. Alternate translation: “because the lamb had shed his blood and died for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
552	12:11	lht6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1	The word “testimony” can be expressed with the verb “testify.” Also who they testified about can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
553	12:11	n6wk			ἄχρι θανάτου	1	The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: “but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it”
554	12:12	l3ra		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔχων θυμὸν μέγαν	1	The devil is spoken of as if he were a container, and anger is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be in him. Alternate translation: “He is terribly angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
555	12:13	x7st		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἶδεν ὁ δράκων ὅτι ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
556	12:13	z3hb			ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα	1	“he chased after the woman”
557	12:13	kgv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ὁ δράκων	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
558	12:14	sxw1			τοῦ ὄφεως	1	This is another way of referring to the dragon.
559	12:15	c73v			ὄφις	1	This is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in Revelation 12:9.
560	12:15	y5ml		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς ποταμόν	1	The water flowed from his mouth like a river flows. Alternate translation: “in large volume” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
561	12:15	a9wh			αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον	1	“to wash her away”
562	12:16	i4u5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς, καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν, ὃν ἔβαλεν ὁ δράκων ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ	1	The earth is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a mouth that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: “A hole in the ground opened up and the water went down into the hole” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
563	12:16	lgt7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
564	12:17	t6jf			ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	The word “testimony” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “continue to testify about Jesus”
565	13:intro	c9mw				0	Revelation 13 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament. Important figures of speech in this chapter Similes John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Unknown animals John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
566	13:1	su49				0	John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. The word “I” here refers to John.
567	13:2	k6qh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
568	13:2	xa3a			ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ	1	The dragon made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose his power, however, by giving it to the beast.
569	13:2	c4wx			τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην	1	These are three ways of referring to his authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great.
570	13:2	gyv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ	1	The word “throne” here refers to the dragon’s authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: “his royal authority” or “his authority to rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
571	13:3	yt22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καὶ ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ ἐθεραπεύθη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but its fatal wound healed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
572	13:3	ba2z			ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου	1	“deadly wound.” This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die.
573	13:3	jc7x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὅλη ἡ γῆ	1	The word “earth” refers to the people on it. Alternate translation: “All the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
574	13:3	xx3h			ὀπίσω τοῦ θηρίου	1	“obeyed the beast”
575	13:4	t15f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκοντι	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
576	13:4	yuu8			ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ	1	“he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had”
577	13:4	ep4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ	1	This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. Alternate translation: “No one is as powerful as the beast!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
578	13:4	mdd2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ?	1	This question shows how much the people feared the power of the beast. Alternate translation: “No one could ever fight against the beast and win!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
579	13:5	p2n5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ & ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave the beast … God permitted the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
580	13:5	y29e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στόμα λαλοῦν	1	Being given a mouth refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: “The beast was allowed to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
581	13:5	ai5y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο	1	“42 months” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
582	13:6	ru6v			εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν Θεόν	1	“to say disrespectful things about God”
583	13:6	k71y			βλασφημῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας	1	These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God.
584	13:7	fyp6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave authority to the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
585	13:7	f5rl			πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος	1	This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in Revelation 5:9.
586	13:8	nr7r			προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν	1	“will worship the beast”
587	13:8	vyy8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	πάντες & γῆς, ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς	1	This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names the Lamb did not write … in The Book of Life” or “those whose names were not … in the Book of Life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
588	13:8	nj7e			ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	“when God created the world”
589	13:8	vac6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
590	13:8	bcu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the people slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
591	13:9	tdy8				0	These verses are a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account.
592	13:9	rr9a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase “has an ear” here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If anyone is willing to listen, listen” or “If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
593	13:9	tx89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	εἴ τις & ἀκουσάτω	1	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 2:7. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
594	13:10	r6sx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	εἴ τις εἰς	1	This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If needed, translators may state clearly who decided it. Alternate translation: “If God has decided that someone should be taken” or “If it is God’s will that someone should be taken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
595	13:10	ipw7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν	1	This can be stated in active form. The noun “captivity” can be stated with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to capture a certain person” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
596	13:10	na15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὑπάγει	1	The noun “captivity” can be stated with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “he will be captured” or “the enemy will capture him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
597	13:10	mtu9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
598	13:10	cdi9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν μαχαίρῃ	1	The sword represents war. Alternate translation: “in war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
599	13:10	d2rw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	αὐτὸν & ἀποκτανθῆναι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
600	13:10	pk8r			ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις τῶν ἁγίων	1	“God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful”
601	13:11	pg7g				0	John begins to describe another beast who appears in his vision.
602	13:11	e7aw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων	1	Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of a dragon. Alternate translation: “it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
603	13:11	k9g8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
604	13:12	a2fp			τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας	1	“everyone on the earth”
605	13:12	ys3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had a lethal wound that healed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
606	13:12	jc77			ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου	1	“deadly wound.” This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die.
607	13:13	z2ws			ποιεῖ	1	“The beast from the earth performed”
608	13:15	dl87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God permitted the beast from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
609	13:15	cw55		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου	1	Here the word “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “to give life to the beast’s image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
610	13:15	dey8			τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου	1	This is the image of the first beast that had been mentioned.
611	13:15	ruk5			ποιήσῃ ὅσοι ἐὰν μὴ προσκυνήσωσιν τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου ἀποκτανθῶσιν	1	“put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast”
612	13:16	h9u9			καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας	1	“The beast from the earth also forced everyone”
613	13:17	t7wm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ὁ ἔχων τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου	1	“People could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast.” The implicit information that the beast from the earth commanded it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “He commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
614	13:17	j8x4			τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου	1	This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast.
615	13:18	i46m				0	This verse is a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account.
616	13:18	uk74			ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν	1	“Wisdom is needed” or “You need to be wise about this”
617	13:18	z8tz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὁ ἔχων νοῦν ψηφισάτω	1	The word “insight” can be translated with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “If anyone is able to understand things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
618	13:18	ri1y			ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου	1	“he should discern what the number of the beast means” or “he should figure out what the number of the beast means”
619	13:18	bbn2			ἀριθμὸς & ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν	1	Possible meanings are (1) the number represents one person or (2) the number represents all of humanity.
620	14:intro	q71v				0	Revelation 14 General Notes Important figures of speech in this chapter Harvest Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
621	14:1	e7u7				0	The word “I” refers to John.
622	14:1	ck6y				0	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. There are 144,000 believers standing before the Lamb.
623	14:1	a3kz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
624	14:1	uc96		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	“one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in Revelation 7:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
625	14:1	z963		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
626	14:1	rf47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ	1	This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
627	14:2	hwu4			φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	“a sound from heaven”
628	14:3	sz1f			ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν	1	“The 144,000 people sang a new song.” This explains what the sound was that John heard. Alternate translation: “That sound was a new song that they sang”
629	14:3	ii11			τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	“living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated “living creature” in Revelation 4:6
630	14:3	m75y			τῶν πρεσβυτέρων	1	This refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated “elders” in Revelation 4:4.
631	14:3	q6fc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	“one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in Revelation 7:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
632	14:4	jet6			μετὰ γυναικῶν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν	1	Possible meanings are (1) “have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman” or (2) “have never had sexual relations with a woman.” Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols.
633	14:4	a7ir			παρθένοι	1	Possible meanings are (1) “they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife” or (2) “they are virgins.”
634	14:4	q3hg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ Ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγει	1	Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: “they do whatever the Lamb does” or “they obey the Lamb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
635	14:4	mlw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ	1	“Firstfruits” here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: “purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
636	14:5	ga8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	Their “mouth” refers to what they said.” Alternate translation: “They never lied when they spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
637	14:6	n1fr				0	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth.
638	14:6	pp1l			πᾶν ἔθνος, καὶ φυλὴν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ λαόν	1	This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in Revelation 5:9.
639	14:7	cj5z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ	1	Here “the hour” represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having “come” is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. The idea of “judgment” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “now is the time that God has chosen for judgment” or “it is now the time for God to judge people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
640	14:8	b18s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔπεσεν, ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. Alternate translation: “Babylon the great has been destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
641	14:8	jh3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	“Babylon the large city” or “the important city of Babylon.” This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
642	14:8	kg1i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἣ & πεπότικεν	1	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
643	14:8	ldz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πεπότικεν	1	This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “to be sexually immoral like her” or “to get drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
644	14:8	v3zk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
645	14:9	z6xp			ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ	1	“loudly”
646	14:10	qw28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	αὐτὸς πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Drinking the wine of God’s wrath is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: “will also drink some of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
647	14:10	fe83		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου	1	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God has poured full strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
648	14:10	bb38		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου	1	This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
649	14:10	zl4g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ	1	This symbolic cup holds the wine that represents God’s anger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
650	14:11	hh91				0	The third angel continues to speak.
651	14:11	dds6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν	1	The phrase “their torment” refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: “The smoke from the fire that torments them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
652	14:11	z5ea			οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνάπαυσιν	1	“they have no relief” or “the torment does not stop”
653	14:12	me1j			ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν	1	“God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 13:10.
654	14:13	x62q			οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ & ἀποθνῄσκοντες	1	“those who die”
655	14:13	hy1a			οἱ ἐν Κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες	1	“who are united to the Lord and die.” This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: “who die because they are united to the Lord”
656	14:13	vd4m			τῶν κόπων	1	difficulties and sufferings
657	14:13	v4xz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τὰ & ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	These deeds are spoken of as if they were alive and able to follow those who did them. Possible meanings are (1) “others will know the good deeds these people have done” or (2) “God will reward them for their deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
658	14:14	ft6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage		0	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God’s judging people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
659	14:14	gvw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου	1	This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:13. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
660	14:14	i8se			στέφανον χρυσοῦν	1	This was the likeness of a wreath of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
661	14:14	l89c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	δρέπανον	1	a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
662	14:15	v6dy			ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ	1	“came out of the heavenly temple”
663	14:15	v2xf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι	1	Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
664	14:16	nt7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he harvested the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
665	14:17	fb4y				0	John continues describing his vision about the earth being harvested.
666	14:18	jp7l			ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός	1	Here “authority over” refers to responsibility to tend the fire.
667	14:19	f3mn			τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν	1	“the large wine vat where God will show his wrath”
668	14:20	b1bw			ληνὸς	1	This is “the great wine vat” of [Revelation 14:19] (./19.md).
669	14:20	xt4z			ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων	1	“as high as the bridle in a horse’s mouth”
670	14:20	m2i9			τῶν χαλινῶν	1	a device made of leather straps that goes around a horse’s head and is used for directing the horse
671	14:20	gdl8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων	1	“one thousand six hundred stadia” or “sixteen hundred stadia.” A “stadium” is 185 meters. In modern measures this would be about “300 kilometers” or “200 miles.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
672	15:intro	zxt7				0	Revelation 15 General Notes Structure and formatting In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4. Special concepts in this chapter “Victorious over the beast” These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) “The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven” Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
673	15:1	p98c				0	This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21.
674	15:1	l345		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν	1	These words have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “something that greatly amazed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
675	15:1	w6lf			ἀγγέλους ἑπτὰ ἔχοντας πληγὰς ἑπτὰ	1	“seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth”
676	15:1	mw7g			τὰς ἐσχάτας	1	“and after them, there will not be any more plagues”
677	15:1	ij3d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for these plagues will complete the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
678	15:1	gdt5			ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Possible meanings are (1) these plagues will show all of God’s anger or (2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry.
679	15:2	ytq6				0	Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God.
680	15:2	n9yj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην	1	How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” or (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:6. Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
681	15:2	pt8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος αὐτοῦ	1	How they were victorious can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
682	15:2	dbz9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ	1	How they were victorious over the number can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
683	15:2	lra7			τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ	1	This refers to the number described in Revelation 13:18.
684	15:3	l5hu			ᾄδουσιν	1	“Those who had been victorious over the beast were singing”
685	15:4	hh87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου, ὅτι μόνος ὅσιος?	1	This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. It can be expressed as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
686	15:4	j9gj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	The phrase “your name” refers to God. Alternate translation: “glorify you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
687	15:4	ei9k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ δικαιώματά σου ἐφανερώθησαν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
688	15:5	v4ye				0	The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in Revelation 15:1.
689	15:5	da6n			μετὰ ταῦτα	1	“After the people finished singing”
690	15:6	f9gq			οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς	1	These angels were seen as holding seven plagues because in Revelation 17:7 they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God.
691	15:6	nei2			λίθον	1	a fine, expensive cloth made from flax
692	15:6	w9kw			ζώνας	1	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body.
693	15:7	s4dj			τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	“living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated “living creatures” in Revelation 4:6
694	15:7	z1wz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἑπτὰ φιάλας χρυσᾶς, γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: “seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
695	15:8	s67r			ἄχρι τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων	1	“until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth”
696	16:intro	v1cm				0	Revelation 16 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7. Special concepts in this chapter “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple” This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15. Seven bowls of God’s wrath This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter. Armageddon This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
697	16:1	nj83				0	John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God’s wrath.
698	16:1	t995			ἤκουσα	1	The word “I” refers to John.
699	16:1	k2nq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 15:7. Alternate translation: “bowls full of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
700	16:2	n7mw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
701	16:2	e66u			ἕλκος & πονηρὸν	1	“painful wounds.” These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed.
702	16:2	nux1			τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου	1	This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in Revelation 13:17.
703	16:3	nc6a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
704	16:3	sx66		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	τὴν θάλασσαν	1	This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
705	16:4	p4ae		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
706	16:4	xu1y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων	1	This refers to all bodies of fresh water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
707	16:5	f35a			τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων	1	Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the third angel who was in charge of pouring out God’s wrath on the rivers and springs of water or (2) this was another angel who was in charge of all the waters.
708	16:5	e45u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	δίκαιος εἶ	1	“You” refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
709	16:5	itg7			ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν	1	“God who is and who was.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 1:4.
710	16:6	b6wa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ἐξέχεαν	1	Here “poured out the blood” means killed. Alternate translation: “they murdered God’s holy people and the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
711	16:6	jy6a			αἷμα αὐτοῖς ἔδωκας πιεῖν	1	God will make the evil people drink the waters that he turned to blood.
712	16:7	p4c5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος	1	The word “altar” here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. “I heard someone at the altar reply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
713	16:8	nne6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
714	16:8	l6n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and caused the sun to severely burn the people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
715	16:9	i2du		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The extreme heat burned them badly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
716	16:9	pr4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here the name of God represents God. Alternate translation: “they blasphemed God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
717	16:9	aza1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας	1	This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about God. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: “God because he has the power over these plagues” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
718	16:9	rd4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας	1	This refers to the power to inflict these plagues on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
719	16:10	f1pm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
720	16:10	a2ud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου	1	This is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
721	16:10	hit6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη	1	Here “darkness” is spoken of as if it were something like a blanket. Alternate translation: “it became dark in all his kingdom” or “all of his kingdom became dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
722	16:10	pb1u			ἐμασῶντο	1	The people in the beast’s kingdom chewed.
723	16:11	kna6			ἐβλασφήμησαν	1	The people in the beast’s kingdom blasphemed.
724	16:12	kv5y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
725	16:12	amf1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸν Εὐφράτην, καὶ ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates. Its water dried up” or “the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
726	16:13	bb6d			ὡς βάτραχοι	1	A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals.
727	16:13	ai28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκοντος	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in Revelation 12:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
728	16:15	u3v8				0	Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John’s vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16.
729	16:15	l16g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἰδοὺ, ἔρχομαι & τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. It can be stated clearly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
730	16:15	lgi6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης	1	Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 3:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
731	16:15	an84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ	1	Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one’s clothes on. Alternate translation: “doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
732	16:15	cia7			τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ	1	Some versions translate, “keeping his garments with him.”
733	16:15	qwa2			βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	Here the word “they” refers to other people.
734	16:16	m2v7			συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς	1	“The spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together”
735	16:16	cdx1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place that people call” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
736	16:16	x6ff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἁρμαγεδών	1	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
737	16:17	ny8p				0	The seventh angel pours out the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.
738	16:17	nhs7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	The word “bowl” refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in Revelation 16:2. Alternate translation: “poured out the wine from his bowl” or “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
739	16:17	a15p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου	1	This means someone sitting on the throne or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
740	16:18	x586			ἀστραπαὶ	1	Use your language’s way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:5.
741	16:18	c9fa			φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί	1	These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:5.
742	16:19	q8lg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη εἰς	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earthquake split the great city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
743	16:19	r2vh			ἐμνήσθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“Then God remembered” or “Then God thought of” or “Then God started to pay attention to.” This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten.
744	16:19	g6s8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ	1	The wine is a symbol of his wrath. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: “he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
745	16:20	eb5w				0	This is part of the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.
746	16:20	byn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν	1	The inability to see any mountains is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: “there were no longer any mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
747	16:21	i43r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	ταλαντιαία	1	You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
748	17:intro	ysn1				0	Revelation 17 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon. Special concepts in this chapter Prostitute Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Seven hills This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation. Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up “ This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come” elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings.” The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. (Revelation 17:11)
749	17:1	ppd7				0	John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute.
750	17:1	c6f4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὸ κρίμα τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης	1	The noun “condemnation” can be expressed with the verb “condemn.” Alternate translation: “how God will condemn the great prostitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
751	17:1	f7ry		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης	1	“the prostitute that everyone knows about.” She represents a certain sinful city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
752	17:1	crs4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: “on many rivers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
753	17:2	paa4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	The wine represents sexual immorality. Alternate translation: “The people of the earth became drunk by drinking her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
754	17:2	ayw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	This may well have a double meaning: sexual immorality among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
755	17:3	hf43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν Πνεύματι	1	The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in a wilderness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
756	17:4	rw19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	μαργαρίταις	1	beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
757	17:5	az5b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῆς ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had written on her forehead a name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
758	17:5	l75t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Βαβυλὼν ἡ Μεγάλη	1	If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a sentence. Alternate translation: “I am Babylon, the powerful one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
759	17:6	iq7b				0	The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18.
760	17:6	iwz1			μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος & καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος	1	“was drunk because she had drunk the blood … and had drunk the blood”
761	17:6	yqi7			τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ	1	“the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus”
762	17:6	ydi9			ἐθαύμασα	1	amazed, surprised
763	17:7	j412		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας	1	The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: “You should not be astonished!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
764	17:8	upm7			τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in Revelation 9:1.
765	17:8	usl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Then he will be destroyed” or “Then God will destroy him” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
766	17:8	glf1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
767	17:8	r6h4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὰ ὀνόματα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names God did not write” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
768	17:9	p3lb				0	The angel continues speaking. Here he explains the meaning of the seven heads of the beast that the woman is riding.
769	17:9	p6lr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν	1	The abstract nouns “mind” and “wisdom” can be expressed with “think” and “wise” or “wisely.” Why a wise mind is needed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A wise mind is needed in order to understand this” or “You need to think wisely in order to understand this” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
770	17:9	nr42			αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ ἑπτὰ ὄρη εἰσίν	1	Here “are” means “stand for” or “represent.”
771	17:10	yk93		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν	1	The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: “Five kings have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
772	17:10	d2wx			ὁ εἷς ἔστιν	1	“one is king now” or “one king is alive now”
773	17:10	kw95		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ εἷς ἔστιν, ὁ ἄλλος οὔπω ἦλθεν	1	Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having come. Alternate translation: “the other has not yet become king; when he becomes king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
774	17:10	v8vx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔλθῃ, ὀλίγον αὐτὸν δεῖ μεῖναι	1	The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: “he can be king only for a little while” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
775	17:11	b1ct			ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν	1	Possible meanings are (1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king or (2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them.
776	17:11	w7sk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. Alternate translation: “it will certainly be destroyed” or “God will surely destroy it” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
777	17:12	gq2m				0	The angel continues speaking to John. Here he explains the meaning of the ten horns of the beast.
778	17:12	n2rd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	μίαν ὥραν	1	If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “for a very short time” or “for a very small part of a day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
779	17:13	w7jb			οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν	1	“These all think the same thing” or “These all agree to do the same thing”
780	17:14	wt9k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	A “lamb” is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
781	17:14	abb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί	1	This refers to one group of people. The words “called” and “chosen” can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the called, chosen, and faithful ones” or “the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
782	17:15	f5x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὰ ὕδατα ἃ εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν, καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι	1	Here “are” stands for “represent.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
783	17:15	kq1e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὰ ὕδατα	1	If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. See how you translated “many waters” in Revelation 17:1. Alternate translation: “The rivers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
784	17:15	zsh5			ὄχλοι	1	large groups of people
785	17:15	ua3s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαι	1	This refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in Revelation 10:11. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
786	17:16	j157			ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν	1	“steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing”
787	17:16	f9as		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὰς σάρκας αὐτῆς φάγονται	1	Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all her flesh. “They will destroy her completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
788	17:17	y8cn			ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι & ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	They would agree to give their power to the beast, but it would not be that they want to obey God. Alternate translation: “For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give … until God’s words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God’s purpose”
789	17:17	sb1d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι & ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here “heart” is a metonym for desires. Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it in their hearts to do it. Alternate translation: “God has made them want” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
790	17:17	ku6m			τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν	1	“authority” or “kingly authority”
791	17:17	el9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God fulfills what he said will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
792	17:18	w2lu				0	The angel finishes speaking to John about the prostitute and the beast.
793	17:18	md61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔστιν	1	Here “is” stands for “represents.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
794	17:18	uy1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν	1	When it says that the city rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: “the great city whose leader rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
795	18:intro	j5qc				0	Revelation 18 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8. Special concepts in this chapter Prophecy The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
796	18:1	fl3m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification		0	The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
797	18:1	xxe5				0	Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast.
798	18:2	a2f5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in Revelation 14:8. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
799	18:2	ii4l			ὀρνέου & μεμισημένου	1	“disgusting bird” or “repulsive bird”
800	18:3	l5jq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	The nations is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
801	18:3	kpp1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πέπτωκαν	1	This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “have become sexually immoral like her” or “have become drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
802	18:3	kp3p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
803	18:3	ejc5			ἔμποροι	1	A merchant is a person who sells things.
804	18:3	ql37			ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς	1	“because she spent so much money on sexual immorality”
805	18:4	ze11		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification		0	The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
806	18:4	e7c7				0	Another voice from heaven begins to speak.
807	18:4	nz77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἄλλην φωνὴν	1	The word “voice” refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: “someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
808	18:5	e32w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The voice speaks of Babylon’s sins as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: “Her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
809	18:5	u2yu			ἐμνημόνευσεν	1	“has thought of” or “has started to pay attention to.” This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated “called to mind” in Revelation 16:19.
810	18:6	ec42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν	1	The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “Punish her as she has punished others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
811	18:6	pa62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	διπλώσατε	1	The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “punish her twice as much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
812	18:6	xba5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ᾧ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε αὐτῇ διπλοῦν	1	The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: “prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others” or “make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
813	18:6	l3n5			κεράσατε & διπλοῦν	1	Possible meanings are (1) “prepare twice the amount” or (2) “make it twice as strong”
814	18:7	i9bm				0	The same voice from heaven continues speaking about Babylon as if it were a woman.
815	18:7	we2t			ἐδόξασεν αὑτὴν	1	“the people of Babylon glorified themselves”
816	18:7	yt32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὅτι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς λέγει	1	Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “For she says to herself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
817	18:7	m3mg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	κάθημαι βασίλισσα	1	She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
818	18:7	dy5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	χήρα οὐκ εἰμί	1	She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
819	18:7	eh5r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πένθος οὐ μὴ ἴδω	1	Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing mourning. Alternate translation: “I will never mourn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
820	18:8	u6r9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἥξουσιν αἱ πληγαὶ αὐτῆς	1	Existing in the future is spoken of a coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
821	18:8	vkk2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται	1	Being burned up by fires is spoken of as being eaten up by fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fire will completely burn her up” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
822	18:9	lj14				0	In these verses the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
823	18:9	pmz9				0	John tells what people say about Babylon.
824	18:9	wk13			μετ’ αὐτῆς πορνεύσαντες καὶ στρηνιάσαντες	1	“sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did”
825	18:10	j3ln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς	1	The abstract noun “torment” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “afraid that they will be tormented as Babylon is” or “afraid that God will torment them as he torments Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
826	18:10	qn81			οὐαὶ, οὐαί	1	This is repeated for emphasis.
827	18:10	hkd8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ κρίσις σου	1	Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
828	18:11	fe7u			πενθοῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτήν	1	“mourn for the people of Babylon”
829	18:12	krs3			λίθου τιμίου, καὶ μαργαριτῶν	1	“many kinds of expensive stones.” See how you translated these in Revelation 17:4.
830	18:12	hnk1			βυσσίνου	1	expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated “linen” in Revelation 15:6.
831	18:12	xm9u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	πορφύρας, καὶ σιρικοῦ, καὶ κοκκίνου	1	Purple is a very dark red cloth that is very expensive. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet is an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
832	18:12	hir4			πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον	1	“all kinds of containers made of ivory”
833	18:12	yri7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἐλεφάντινον	1	a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: “tusks” or “valuable animal teeth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
834	18:12	b8xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	μαρμάρου	1	a precious stone used for building (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
835	18:13	gz3v			κιννάμωμον	1	a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree
836	18:13	z894			ἄμωμον	1	a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil
837	18:14	x3kl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ ὀπώρα	1	“Fruit” here is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “The result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
838	18:14	a1aa			τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς	1	“wanted very much”
839	18:14	p7f7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν	1	Not to be found stands for not existing. This figure of speech can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “vanished; you will never have them again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
840	18:15	n25k				0	In these verses, the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
841	18:15	s4iq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς	1	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “fear” and “torment.” Alternate translation: “because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her” or “because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
842	18:15	ii7v			κλαίοντες καὶ πενθοῦντες	1	This is what the merchants will be doing. Alternate translation: “and they will weep and mourn loudly”
843	18:16	i7ip		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον	1	Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: “the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen” or “the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
844	18:16	nji6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that wore fine linen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
845	18:16	v6q3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	κεχρυσωμένη ἐν χρυσίῳ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “adorned herself with gold” or “adorned themselves with gold” or “wore gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
846	18:16	i5uy			λίθῳ τιμίῳ	1	“valuable gems” or “treasured gems”
847	18:16	rtm9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	μαργαρίτῃ	1	beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in Revelation 17:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
848	18:17	ap3v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὴν θάλασσαν ἐργάζονται	1	The phrase “from the sea” refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: “who travel on the sea to make their living” or “who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
849	18:18	ys97				0	In these verses the word “they” refers to the sailors and seafarers, and the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.
850	18:18	v7qe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς ὁμοία τῇ πόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ	1	This question shows the people the importance of the city of Babylon. Alternate translation: “No other city is like the great city, Babylon!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
851	18:20	ld6c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἔκρινεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς	1	The noun “judgment” can be expressed with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God has judged her for you” or “God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
852	18:21	b94u				0	Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously.
853	18:21	el4e			μύλινον	1	a large round stone used to crush grain
854	18:21	dlp4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι	1	God will completely destroy the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
855	18:21	kre6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι	1	“no one will see it anymore.” Not being seen here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: “it will not exist anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
856	18:22	j6aq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	φωνὴ κιθαρῳδῶν, καὶ μουσικῶν, καὶ αὐλητῶν, καὶ σαλπιστῶν, οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
857	18:22	da3h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	ἐν σοὶ	1	The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “in Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
858	18:22	c88l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	“no one will hear them anymore in you.” Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “they will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
859	18:22	cu19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τεχνίτης οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἐν σοὶ	1	Not being found there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “No craftsman of any kind will be in your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
860	18:22	c7p2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	φωνὴ μύλου οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	The sound of something not being heard means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: “No one will use a mill in your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
861	18:23	pmd2				0	The words “you,” “your,” and “her” refer to Babylon.
862	18:23	d3yq				0	The angel who threw the millstone finishes talking.
863	18:23	d67i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
864	18:23	ja6m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
865	18:23	q8qm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ ἔμποροί σου ἦσαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες τῆς γῆς	1	The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were princes. Alternate translation: “your merchants were like princes of the earth” or “your merchants were the most important men in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
866	18:23	j3iy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
867	18:24	s8bp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1	Blood being found there means that the people there were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: “Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
868	19:intro	h785				0	Revelation 19 General Notes Structure and formatting The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8. Special concepts in this chapter Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) Wedding celebration The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
869	19:1	qu5h				0	This is the next part of John’s vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon.
870	19:1	lr94			ἤκουσα	1	Here “I” refers to John.
871	19:1	nk8x			ἁλληλουϊά	1	This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.”
872	19:2	u1rp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν πόρνην τὴν μεγάλην	1	Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a great prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
873	19:2	ky99		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἥτις ἔφθειρεν τὴν γῆν	1	Here “the earth” is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “who corrupted the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
874	19:2	d9j7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ αἷμα τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ	1	Here “the blood” is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: “murdering his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
875	19:2	cj3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς	1	This refers to Babylon. The reflexive pronoun “herself” is used to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
876	19:3	jm9m			εἴρηκαν	1	Here “They” refers to the crowd of people in heaven.
877	19:3	h1k4			ἁλληλουϊά	1	This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in Revelation 19:1.
878	19:3	zy6e			καπνὸς αὐτῆς ἀναβαίνει	1	The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The smoke is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: “smoke rises from that city”
879	19:4	r43f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	οἱ πρεσβύτεροι οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες	1	“24 elders.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
880	19:4	y4qd			τὰ τέσσερα ζῷα	1	“the four living beings” or “the four living things.” See how you translated this in Revelation 4:6
881	19:4	dns7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who sat on the throne” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
882	19:5	w9qe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου ἐξῆλθεν	1	Here John speaks of the “voice” as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “someone spoke from the throne” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
883	19:5	c3lm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	αἰνεῖτε τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	Here “our” refers to the speaker and all God’s servants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
884	19:5	cck3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οἱ φοβούμενοι αὐτόν	1	Here “fear” does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: “all you who honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
885	19:5	qdb3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	οἱ μικροὶ καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι	1	The speaker uses these words together to mean all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
886	19:6	kq7n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ὄχλου πολλοῦ, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν	1	John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large crowd of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud thunder. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
887	19:6	mdj6			ἁλληλουϊά	1	This word means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in Revelation 19:1.
888	19:6	e3ua			ὅτι & Κύριος	1	“Because the Lord”
889	19:7	hi52				0	The voice of the crowd from the previous verse continues speaking.
890	19:7	api6			χαίρωμεν	1	Here “us” refers to all of God’s servants.
891	19:7	m5av			δῶμεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῷ	1	“give God the glory” or “honor God”
892	19:7	bwf9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ γάμος τοῦ Ἀρνίου & ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν	1	Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a wedding celebration. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
893	19:7	r5xt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	Ἀρνίου	1	This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
894	19:7	j6d7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν	1	Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
895	19:7	q9e4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν	1	John speaks of God’s people as if they were a bride who has gotten ready for her wedding. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
896	19:8	pz72		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν	1	Here “she” refers to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God’s people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
897	19:9	ayc4				0	An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in Revelation 17:1.
898	19:9	l72p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ & κεκλημένοι	1	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the people whom God invites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
899	19:9	q4ya		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a wedding feast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
900	19:10	uq6h			ἔπεσα ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ	1	This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in Revelation 19:3.
901	19:10	i2yq			τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου	1	The word “brothers” here refers to all believers, male and female.
902	19:10	up6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: “who speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
903	19:10	rku2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἡ γὰρ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ ἐστιν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας	1	Here “spirit of prophecy” refers to God’s Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
904	19:11	xx12				0	This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse.
905	19:11	m1qn			καὶ εἶδον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠνεῳγμένον	1	This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in Revelation 4:1 and Revelation 11:19 and Revelation 15:5.
906	19:11	hcs8			ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ’ αὐτὸν	1	The rider is Jesus.
907	19:11	lp9a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρίνει καὶ πολεμεῖ	1	Here “justice” refers to what is right. Alternate translation: “He judges all people and wages war according to what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
908	19:12	p9ak		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	οἱ & ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ φλὸξ πυρός	1	John speaks of the rider’s eyes as if they shone like a flame of fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
909	19:12	yhr7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἔχων ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written a name on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
910	19:12	kk9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	ὃ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ αὐτός	1	“on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
911	19:13	vny3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον βεβαμμένον αἵματι	1	You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Blood had covered his robe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
912	19:13	hdk1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	You can state this in active form. “Word of God” here is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “his name is called the Message of God” or “his name is also the Word of God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
913	19:15	m9yn			ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ἐκπορεύεται ῥομφαία ὀξεῖα	1	The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 1:16.
914	19:15	a88t			πατάξῃ τὰ ἔθνη	1	“destroys the nations” or “brings the nations under his control”
915	19:15	uq4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1	John speaks of the rider’s power as if he were ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated this in Revelation 12:5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
916	19:15	nb4y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος	1	John speaks of the rider’s destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Here “wrath” refers to God’s punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: “He crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
917	19:16	a61a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἔχει ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ, ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
918	19:17	m6dt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	εἶδον ἕνα ἄγγελον ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ	1	Here “the sun” is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
919	19:18	khs9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων, καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων	1	The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to mean all people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
920	19:20	q83v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπιάσθη τὸ θηρίον, καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
921	19:20	gs37			τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου	1	This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in Revelation 13:17.
922	19:20	ht8g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν οἱ δύο	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the beast and the false prophet alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
923	19:20	blr1			τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς, τῆς καιομένης ἐν θείῳ	1	“the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur”
924	19:21	h6ea		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου, τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast’s armies with the sword that extended from his mouth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
925	19:21	qk9t			τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ & τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος	1	The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 1:16.
926	20:intro	c7eh				0	Revelation 20 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter The thousand-year reign of Christ In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Final rebellion This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God’s ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) Great white throne This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Hades and the lake of fire These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
927	20:1	rkv7				0	John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit.
928	20:1	n8b8			καὶ εἶδον	1	Here “I” refers to John.
929	20:1	c18c			Ἀβύσσου	1	This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in Revelation 9:1.
930	20:2	r6es		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	δράκοντα	1	This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
931	20:3	xj22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ	1	The angel sealed the pit to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: “sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
932	20:3	el4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	πλανήσῃ & τὰ ἔθνη	1	Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “deceive the people-groups” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
933	20:3	ns5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	τὰ χίλια ἔτη	1	“1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
934	20:3	y9xd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	δεῖ αὐτὸν λυθῆναι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will command the angel to free him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
935	20:4	lw2r				0	This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers.
936	20:4	qzt1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	κρίμα ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God had given authority to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
937	20:4	u3u8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῶν πεπελεκισμένων	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose heads others had cut off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
938	20:4	tut2			διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	“because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God”
939	20:4	xz5l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	These words are a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “for what they taught about the scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
940	20:4	cc1v			ἔζησαν	1	“They came back to life” or “They became alive again”
941	20:5	cw4j			οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν	1	“All of the other dead people”
942	20:5	e1pm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη	1	“the end of the 1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
943	20:6	f3gz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐπὶ τούτων ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν	1	Here John describes “death” as a person with power. Alternate translation: “These people will not experience the second death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
944	20:6	v4z3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος	1	“dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in Revelation 20:14 and Revelation 21:8. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:11. Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
945	20:7	y1vw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	λυθήσεται ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will release Satan from his prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
946	20:8	g429		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης	1	This emphasizes the extremely large number of soldiers in Satan’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
947	20:9	jlc6			ἀνέβησαν	1	“Satan’s army went”
948	20:9	f4t7			τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠγαπημένην	1	This refers to Jerusalem.
949	20:9	jhq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	κατέβη πῦρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς	1	Here John speaks of fire as if it were alive. Alternate translation: “God sent fire from heaven to burn them up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
950	20:10	pif3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ διάβολος, ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς, ἐβλήθη εἰς	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” or “God’s angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
951	20:10	rjv1			τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου	1	“the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in Revelation 19:20.
952	20:10	faa3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὅπου τὸ θηρίον καὶ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where he had also thrown the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
953	20:10	t5h2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	βασανισθήσονται	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will torment them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
954	20:11	n8h9				0	This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged.
955	20:11	pm1z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	οὗ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς	1	John describes heaven and earth as if they were people who were trying to escape God’s judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
956	20:12	gap2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone opened the books” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
957	20:12	lt7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the people who had died and now lived again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
958	20:12	vvc4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “by what he had recorded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
959	20:13	ea2h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἔδωκεν ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς & ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἔδωκαν τοὺς νεκροὺς	1	Here John speaks of the sea, death, and Hades as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
960	20:13	bg4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκρίθησαν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the dead people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
961	20:13	pk3k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ᾍδης	1	Here “Hades” is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
962	20:14	lw6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἐβλήθησαν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw Death and Hades” or “God’s angel threw Death and Hades” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
963	20:14	qv55		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερός	1	“dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in Revelation 20:14 and Revelation 21:8. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:11. Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
964	20:15	c9pb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη & γεγραμμένος	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If God’s angel did not find a person’s name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
965	20:15	wq31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw him into the lake of fire” or “the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
966	21:intro	pai8				0	Revelation 21 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem. Special concepts in this chapter Second death Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter New heaven and new earth It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
967	21:1	tj16				0	John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
968	21:1	vks1			εἶδον	1	Here “I” refers to John.
969	21:2	er4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς	1	This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
970	21:3	i8za		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης	1	The word “voice” refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
971	21:3	gk3m			ἰδοὺ	1	The word “Look” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
972	21:3	hpt1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
973	21:4	w39g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν	1	Tears here represent sadness. See how you translated this in Revelation 7:17. Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
974	21:5	rq2q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν	1	Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
975	21:6	dq8n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
976	21:6	li7s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1	These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:8. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
977	21:6	bf1p			ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end” or (2) “the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.”
978	21:6	wk2c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῷ διψῶντι & τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς	1	God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
979	21:7	vms6				0	The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.
980	21:8	hma7			τοῖς & δειλοῖς	1	“those who are too afraid to do what is right”
981	21:8	k8yp			ἐβδελυγμένοις	1	“those who do terrible things”
982	21:8	zu27			τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ	1	“the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in Revelation 19:20.
983	21:8	k1hl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος	1	“dying a second time.” This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in Revelation 20:14 and Revelation 21:8. See how you translated this in Revelation 2:11. Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
984	21:9	cf2m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
985	21:9	bil2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
986	21:10	czp2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι	1	The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in Revelation 17:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
987	21:11	g44j			ἔχουσαν	1	This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
988	21:11	xvg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι	1	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
989	21:11	n51z			κρυσταλλίζοντι	1	“extremely clear”
990	21:11	vvq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἰάσπιδι	1	This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
991	21:12	j9eb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	πυλῶνας δώδεκα	1	“12 gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
992	21:12	qgh3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπιγεγραμμένα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
993	21:14	mm12			τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6.
994	21:16	fs8z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων	1	“12,000 stadia.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
995	21:17	eut1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν	1	“one hundred forty-four cubits.” You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
996	21:18	g7w8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ ἐνδώμησις τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς ἴασπις; καὶ ἡ πόλις χρυσίον καθαρὸν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
997	21:18	n3hu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ	1	The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
998	21:18	h239		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἴασπις	1	This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in Revelation 4:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
999	21:19	ick5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους & κεκοσμημένοι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1000	21:19	ke4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἴασπις & σάπφειρος & χαλκηδών & σμάραγδος	1	These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in Revelation 4:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1001	21:20	a2tm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	σαρδόνυξ & σάρδιον & χρυσόλιθος & βήρυλλος & τοπάζιον & χρυσόπρασος & ὑάκινθος & ἀμέθυστος	1	These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1002	21:21	yn6i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	μαργαρῖται	1	beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in Revelation 17:4. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1003	21:21	g75r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1004	21:21	vp22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής	1	The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in Revelation 21:18. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1005	21:22	m2ew		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ & Κύριος ὁ Θεός & ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	The temple represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1006	21:23	v2m9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1007	21:24	j3lk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη	1	The words “the nations” are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. “Walk” here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “The people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1008	21:25	lq1z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will shut the gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1009	21:26	ps25			οἴσουσιν	1	“The kings of the earth will bring”
1010	21:27	n3nh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ	1	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1011	21:27	g7fr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1012	21:27	cw99		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
1013	22:intro	e1ya				0	Revelation 22 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon. Special concepts in this chapter Tree of life There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Alpha and omega These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.
1014	22:1	b1ad				0	John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.
1015	22:1	uu7b			ἔδειξέν μοι	1	Here “me” refers to John.
1016	22:1	vl23			ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς	1	“the river flowing with life-giving water”
1017	22:1	yn2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς	1	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in Revelation 21:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1018	22:1	mxp4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in Revelation 5:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
1019	22:2	l2aq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τῶν ἐθνῶν	1	Here “nations” refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1020	22:3	d5fq			πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι	1	Possible meanings are (1) “There will never be anyone there that God will curse” or (2) “There will not be anyone there who is under God’s curse”
1021	22:3	by36			οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ	1	Possible meanings of “his” and “him” are (1) both words refer to God the Father, or (2) both words refer to both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
1022	22:4	zy4x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ	1	This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “They will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1023	22:6	j51i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit		0	This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1024	22:6	xaw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί	1	Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in Revelation 21:5. Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1025	22:6	cr31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν	1	Possible meanings are (1) the word “spirits” refers to the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” or (2) the word “spirits” refers to the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1026	22:7	p72h			ἰδοὺ	1	Here Jesus begins to speak. The word “Look” adds emphasis to what follows.
1027	22:7	afr9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔρχομαι ταχύ	1	It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in Revelation 3:11. Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1028	22:8	xr17				0	John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
1029	22:8	uvk3			ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν	1	This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in Revelation 19:10.
1030	22:10	gqa8				0	The angel finishes speaking to John.
1031	22:10	ct48		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μὴ σφραγίσῃς & τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1032	22:10	xc15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in Revelation 22:7. Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1033	22:12	idc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory		0	As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
1034	22:13	f5jl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1035	22:13	uup6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1	These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and who ends all things” or (2) “the one who has always lived and who always will live.” If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:8. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1036	22:13	cpl9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in Revelation 1:17. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1037	22:13	nnm2			ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	Possible meanings are (1) “the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end” or (2) “the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.” See how you translated this in Revelation 21:6.
1038	22:14	r16s				0	Jesus continues giving his closing greeting.
1039	22:14	i54w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν	1	Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in Revelation 7:14. Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1040	22:15	aw1h			ἔξω	1	This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
1041	22:15	tkd7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ κύνες	1	In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word “dogs” is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1042	22:16	pu85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν	1	Here the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1043	22:16	t2v9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ	1	The words “root” and “descendant” mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a “descendant” as if he were a “root” that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1044	22:16	g9uj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός	1	Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in Revelation 2:28. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1045	22:17	gig5				0	This verse is a response to what Jesus said.
1046	22:17	lt8j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ νύμφη	1	Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1047	22:17	m9at		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔρχου	1	Possible meanings are (1) that this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” or (2) that this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1048	22:17	e2m5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω & ὕδωρ ζωῆς	1	A person’s desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1049	22:17	dwb6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὕδωρ ζωῆς	1	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in Revelation 21:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1050	22:18	fd5l				0	John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
1051	22:18	d95j			μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ	1	Here “I” refers to John.
1052	22:18	s36m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	Here “words” refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in Revelation 22:7. Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1053	22:18	jzu8			ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς	1	This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
1054	22:18	d4sc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1055	22:19	ss3y			ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ & ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς	1	This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
1056	22:20	u6mb				0	In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.
1057	22:20	y9p2			ὁ μαρτυρῶν	1	“Jesus, who testifies”
1058	22:21	xr3d			μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων	1	“with every one of you”