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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
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front:intro xh5n 0 # Introduction to Jude\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Jude\n\n1. Introduction (1:1-2)\n1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4)\n1. Old Testament examples (1:5-16)\n1. Proper response (1:17-23)\n1. Praises to God (1:24-25)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Jude?\n\nThe author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.\n\n### What is the Book of Jude about?\n\nJude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Petter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Jude.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Letter from Jude” or “The Letter Jude Wrote.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Who were the people Jude spoke against?\n\nIt is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.
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1:1 ek3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Jude identifies himself as the writer of this letter and greets his readers. He was probably the half-brother of Jesus. There are two other Judes mentioned in the New Testament. The word “you” in this letter refers to the Christians to whom Jude was writing and is always plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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1:1 npc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰούδας, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος 1 Jude is the brother of James. Alternate translation: “I am Jude, a servant of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:1 m3v1 ἀδελφὸς & Ἰακώβου 1 James and Jude were half brothers of Jesus.
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1:2 r5ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔλεος ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη 1 “may mercy, peace, and love be increased many times for you.” These ideas are spoken of as if they were objects that could grow in size or number. This can be restate to remove the abstract nouns “mercy,” “peace,” and “love.” Alternate translation: “May God continue to be merciful to you so that you live peacefully and love one another more and more (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:3 kjk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The word “our” in this letter includes both Jude and believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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1:3 yfa8 0 Jude tells the believers his reason for writing this letter.
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1:3 mi3w τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας 1 “the salvation we share”
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1:3 si1u ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι 1 “I felt a great need to write” or “I felt an urgent need to write”
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1:3 yyf4 παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ & πίστει 1 “to encourage you to defend the true teaching”
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1:3 j67u ἅπαξ 1 “finally and completely”
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1:4 v94i παρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι 1 “For some men have come in among the believers without drawing attention to themselves”
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1:4 wwz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ & προγεγραμμένοι εἰς & τὸ κρίμα 1 This can also be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: “men whom God chose to condemn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:4 c642 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα μετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν 1 God’s grace is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something horrible. Alternate translation: “who teach that God’s grace permits one to continue to live in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:4 ws1b τὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν, ἀρνούμενοι 1 Possible meanings are (1) they teach that he is not God or (2) these men do not obey Jesus Christ.
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1:5 fa5e 0 Jude gives examples from the past of those who did not follow the Lord.
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1:5 f4mm Ἰησοῦς λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας 1 “the Lord rescued the Israelites long ago from Egypt”
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1:6 pt1k τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν 1 “the responsibilities God entrusted to them”
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1:6 s3cn δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν 1 “God has put these angels in a dark prison from which they will never escape”
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1:6 s1j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ζόφον 1 Here “darkness” is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: “in utter darkness in hell” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:6 ccz6 μεγάλης ἡμέρας 1 the final day when God will judge everyone
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1:7 yn36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy αἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις 1 Here “cities” stands for the people who lived in them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:7 r3e9 τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις ἐκπορνεύσασαι 1 The sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels’ evil ways.
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1:7 pi4t δεῖγμα & δίκην ὑπέχουσαι 1 The destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah became an example of the fate of all who reject God.
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1:8 ujs2 οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι 1 the people who disobey God, probably because they claimed to see visions that gave them authority to do so
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1:8 ez4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σάρκα μὲν μιαίνουσιν 1 This metaphor says that their sin makes their bodies—that is, their actions—unacceptable the way garbage in a stream makes the water undrinkable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:8 e73k βλασφημοῦσιν 1 “speak insults”
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1:8 pn3j δόξας 1 This refers to spiritual beings, such as angels.
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1:9 rmg9 0 Balaam was a prophet who refused to curse Israel for an enemy but then taught that enemy to get the people to marry unbelievers and become idol worshipers. Korah was a man of Israel who rebelled against Moses’ leadership and Aaron’s priesthood.
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1:9 uzj1 οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν & ἐπενεγκεῖν 1 “controlled himself. He did not bring” or “was not willing to bring”
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1:9 kib4 κρίσιν & βλασφημίας 1 “an evil-speaking judgment” or “an evil judgment”
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1:9 v9fh κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας 1 “say evil, untrue things about”
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1:10 h6sq οὗτοι 1 the ungodly people
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1:10 fjm5 ὅσα μὲν οὐκ οἴδασιν 1 “anything of which they do not know the meaning.” Possible meanings are (1) “everything good that they do not understand” or (2) “the glorious ones, which they do not understand” ([Jude 1:8](../01/08.md)).
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1:11 j3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν ἐπορεύθησαν 1 “Walked in the way” here is a metaphor for “lived in the same way as.” Alternate translation: “lived the same way Cain lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:12 s4az 0 Jude uses a series of metaphors to describe the ungodly men. He tells the believers how to recognize these men when they are among them.
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1:12 r875 οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ 1 The word “These” refers to the “ungodly men” of [Jude 1:4](../01/04.md).
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1:12 e25d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπιλάδες 1 Reefs are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:12 zk57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα 1 A tree that someone has uprooted is a metaphor for death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:12 t28p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκριζωθέντα 1 Like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God, who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:13 e4rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης 1 As the sea’s waves are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people are easily moved in many directions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:13 fgr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας 1 As wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam—so these men, through their false teaching and actions, shame themselves. Alternate translation: “and just as waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:13 r6rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀστέρες πλανῆται 1 Those who studied the stars in ancient times noticed that what we call planets do not move the way that stars do. Alternate translation: “They are like moving stars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:13 djm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται 1 Here “darkness” is a metonym that represents the place of the dead or hell. Here “thick darkness” is an idiom that means “very dark.” The phrase “has been reserved” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and God will put them in the gloom and darkness of hell forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:14 e5wv ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ 1 If Adam is counted as the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh. If Adam’s son is counted as the first, Enoch is sixth in line.
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1:14 lu2y ἰδοὺ 1 “Listen” or “Pay attention to this important thing I am going to say”
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1:15 bl4q ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ 1 “to make judgment on” or “to judge”
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1:16 zs28 γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι 1 People who do not want to obey and speak against godly authority. “Grumblers” tend to speak quietly, while “complainers” speak openly.
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1:16 eaf2 λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα 1 People who praise themselves so that others can hear.
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1:16 j8rh θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα 1 “give false praise to others”
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1:18 w1mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν 1 These people are spoken of as if their desires were kings who ruled over them. Alternate translation: “are never able to stop dishonoring God by doing the evil things they wish to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:18 j5m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν 1 Ungodly desires are spoken of as if they were a path that a person will follow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:19 r28j οὗτοί εἰσιν 1 “It is these mockers” or “These mockers are the ones”
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1:19 ba6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ψυχικοί 1 think as other ungodly people think, they value the things that unbelievers value (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:19 qn4p Πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες 1 The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is not within them”
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1:20 e3ga 0 Jude tells the believers how they should live and how they should treat others.
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1:20 xm93 ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί 1 “Do not be like them, beloved. Instead”
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1:20 cc68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς 1 Becoming increasingly able to trust in God and obey him is spoken of as if it were the process of constructing a building. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:21 zd2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ Θεοῦ τηρήσατε 1 Remaining able to receive God’s love is spoken of as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:21 s6w6 προσδεχόμενοι 1 “eagerly look forward to”
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1:21 p3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Here “mercy” stands for Jesus Christ himself, who will show his mercy to the believers by making them live forever with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:22 wbr5 οὓς & διακρινομένους 1 “those who do not yet believe that Jesus is God”
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1:23 wkj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες 1 The picture is that of pulling people from a fire before they start to burn. Alternate translation: “doing for them whatever needs to be done to keep them from dying without Christ. This is like pulling them from the fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:23 ign7 οὓς & ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ 1 “Be kind to others, but be afraid of sinning the way they did”
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1:23 u4px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα 1 Jude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: “Treat them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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1:24 r3jx 0 Jude closes with a blessing.
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1:24 w1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 His glory is brilliant light that represents his greatness. Alternate translation: “and to allow you to enjoy and worship his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:24 gq9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους ἐν 1 Here sin is spoken of as if it were dirt on one’s body or a flaw on one’s body. Alternate translation: “glorious presence, where you will be without sin and have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:25 a3ua μόνῳ Θεῷ Σωτῆρι ἡμῶν, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 “to the only God, who saved us because of what Jesus Christ did.” This emphasizes that God the Father as well as the Son is the Savior.
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1:25 kql5 δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, καὶ ἐξουσία, πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος, καὶ νῦν, καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν 1 God has always had, now has, and always will have glory, absolute leadership, and complete control of all things.
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