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2	front:intro	l9fr		Introduction to Isaiah Part 1: General Introduction Outline of the Book of Isaiah Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12) Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23) Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27) The people of Yahweh judged (28–31) The righteous kingdom (32–33) The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35) Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39) Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45) Prophecies against Babylon (46–48) The servant of Yahweh (49–55) Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59) Restored Jerusalem (60–66) What is the Book of Isaiah about? The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem. The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth. How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) When was the Book of Isaiah written? Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20. Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel? Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ. What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”? Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him. Part 3: Important Translation Issues What is the meaning of the term “Israel”? The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah? Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered. Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them. Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
3	1:intro	q326		Isaiah 01 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. Special concepts in this chapter Woe The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4	1:1	qur5		“This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah”
5	1:1	zfq5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6	1:1	i66y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7	1:1	qsh3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8	1:2	qju5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9	1:2	m42x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. Possible meanings are (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
10	1:2	v1jh		This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
11	1:2	q3lw		Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
12	1:2	nn1n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13	1:3	hsf5		Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
14	1:3	k1dl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
15	1:3	i9j2		This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.”
16	1:3	gxd1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17	1:4	s8qu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
18	1:4	blg2		Possible meanings are (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners”
19	1:4	w37n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20	1:4	j97s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
21	1:4	bwr8		do evil deeds
22	1:4	at1f		“They have gone away from Yahweh”
23	1:4	na87		“have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect”
24	1:4	z7gi		Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel.
25	1:4	kv93		Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him.
26	1:5	epw9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
27	1:5	xc8l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28	1:5	wax8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
29	1:5	gh9d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30	1:6	v5ua	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
31	1:6	txm6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32	1:7	ei5u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
33	1:7	e6tr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
34	1:7	gv8j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
35	1:7	r1um		“people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch”
36	1:7	l3um	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	“empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
37	1:7	ygn5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
38	1:8	c1rf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
39	1:8	lkv3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
40	1:8	xl8k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Possible meanings are (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
41	1:8	qnb3		Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city”
42	1:9	cf1d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
43	1:9	a3aq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
44	1:9	cy37		“a few survivors”
45	1:9	qe2a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
46	1:9	y4cq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
47	1:10	p3g9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
48	1:10	vtc9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
49	1:11	r739	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
50	1:12	z32c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
51	1:12	p91g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
52	1:13	a4yw		“Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts”
53	1:13	qg5t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Here the abstract noun “abomination” can expressed as the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
54	1:13	y2mq		Possible meanings are (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.”
55	1:14	x2u9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
56	1:14	u5nj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
57	1:14	f4rl		A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark.
58	1:14	v251	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
59	1:15	tc81	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
60	1:15	l6q5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
61	1:16	tc5d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
62	1:16	kug1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
63	1:16	i5wc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
64	1:17	h8bt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. The abstract noun “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
65	1:17	btn7		“be fair to the children who do not have fathers”
66	1:17	q1c7		“protect the women whose husbands have died”
67	1:18	uns1		Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Judah.
68	1:18	nj1x		Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let”
69	1:18	j1pw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	“let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
70	1:18	nf9s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
71	1:18	ep8f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
72	1:18	yt5e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
73	1:18	qe12	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
74	1:18	e5qz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
75	1:19	pj53		God continues to speak to the people of Judah.
76	1:19	wgy5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
77	1:19	wz1z		“the land will produce good food for you to eat”
78	1:20	e2cf		“but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me”
79	1:20	qs1e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
80	1:20	m82k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
81	1:21	lhv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
82	1:21	bhm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
83	1:21	v446	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
84	1:21	v25z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
85	1:22	n46w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86	1:22	tbh7		Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
87	1:22	b14q		Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
88	1:23	jw4m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
89	1:23	z59p		“Your leaders rebel against God”
90	1:23	r6i3		“they are friends with people who steal from others”
91	1:23	auk9		People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed.
92	1:23	q1cz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93	1:23	qzn3		“they do not protect those who do not have fathers”
94	1:23	yi82		“nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law”
95	1:24	ez3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
96	1:24	g1g2		“For that reason”
97	1:24	iza8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
98	1:24	qk17	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
99	1:25	f62p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
100	1:25	z1i3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101	1:25	iah6		This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure.
102	1:26	y8y2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
103	1:26	usx1		These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation.
104	1:26	i1s1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
105	1:26	d4ji	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
106	1:27	glh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
107	1:27	qa1v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
108	1:27	z5g9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
109	1:28	fi96	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
110	1:28	ekb3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
111	1:29	aa8s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
112	1:29	rnp2		These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
113	1:29	q2lw		Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
114	1:30	sp75	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
115	1:31	sh9k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
116	1:31	mly5		“The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
117	1:31	lq77		dry material that burns easily
118	1:31	a5w2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
119	2:intro	pr4a		Isaiah 02 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22. Special concepts in this chapter Latter days This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) Idolatry While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
120	2:1	tt88	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
121	2:1	p86l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
122	2:2	dw9n		“in the future”
123	2:2	f17l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
124	2:2	i5hb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
125	2:2	h16p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
126	2:2	p88m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
127	2:2	p7rl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
128	2:3	nl4z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
129	2:3	f679		Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk”
130	2:3	u8i5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131	2:3	qq6t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
132	2:3	w2vd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
133	2:3	t76v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
134	2:4	u4wn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
135	2:4	d9yw		“Yahweh will judge”
136	2:4	xfs3		“will solve disputes”
137	2:4	htf9		The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming.
138	2:4	j77g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
139	2:4	i5uh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
140	2:4	fq2w		“they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there.
141	2:4	d586		“they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants.
142	2:4	u818	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
143	2:4	fii3		“nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight.
144	2:5	i7e1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
145	2:5	rm7q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
146	2:5	jlm2		a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do
147	2:5	h3c9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148	2:6	uvd9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	“For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
149	2:6	uh4h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
150	2:6	n11d		they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves
151	2:6	n8bj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
152	2:7	fld8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
153	2:7	t4r6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
154	2:8	cyh2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
155	2:8	zic5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
156	2:8	au6k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
157	2:8	sup5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
158	2:9	uqg2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
159	2:9	itw7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
160	2:9	gq1x		human beings, as opposed to animals
161	2:9	vjx5		“each person”
162	2:9	rbg3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163	2:10	gxz3		Possible meanings are the people should go into (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide.
164	2:10	y6bc		Possible meanings are that the people should hide (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground.
165	2:10	iv7d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Here the abstract noun “terror” can be expressed by the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
166	2:10	sf9n		“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
167	2:11	hp3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
168	2:11	i99t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
169	2:11	f7iq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
170	2:11	akb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
171	2:12	u89l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
172	2:12	ypp7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
173	2:12	ew97	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
174	2:12	t5zf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	“every proud person will be brought down.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
175	2:13	icm3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. Possible meanings are (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
176	2:14	rx5g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
177	2:14	d97m		In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. Possible meanings are (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list.
178	2:14	mud8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in Isaiah 2:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
179	2:14	td8x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
180	2:15	u56r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
181	2:15	y975		“wall that nothing can break down or go through”
182	2:16	ns89		These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities.
183	2:16	a8gz		“ships on which they go to Tarshish”
184	2:17	q2z3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
185	2:17	dx3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
186	2:17	sjb9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “haughtiness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
187	2:17	ij1n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:11. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
188	2:18	t75w		“All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols”
189	2:19	ii4y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
190	2:19	w4lw		“the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand.
191	2:19	r7kz		See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
192	2:19	ul48		because they are very afraid of Yahweh
193	2:19	dm1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
194	2:19	p1ch		“when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him”
195	2:20	dw5p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
196	2:20	x4cz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
197	2:21	hs4f		If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one.
198	2:21	ikz7		because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:19.
199	2:21	rn5i		“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
200	2:21	nz4j		“when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:19.
201	2:22	c4s2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
202	2:22	thr5		the holes in the nose through which people breathe
203	2:22	hw38	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
204	3:intro	bgn6		Isaiah 03 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. Judgment This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) Special concepts in this chapter Exile While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
205	3:1	li2r		The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.”
206	3:1	b6ce	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
207	3:2	c9rl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
208	3:2	zv6c		This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:6.
209	3:3	q6s4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
210	3:3	kui6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	Possible meanings are (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
211	3:3	jms3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“50” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
212	3:4	y5ha	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean basically the same thing. Possible meanings are (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
213	3:4	l2g7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
214	3:5	f5ah	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
215	3:5	rs6x		“the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects”
216	3:5	c8vy		“the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects”
217	3:6	erd8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
218	3:6	l4fv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
219	3:7	p9fr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
220	3:8	ze64		The prophet begins to comment on this situation.
221	3:8	un4e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
222	3:8	c8ii	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
223	3:9	j4qh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
224	3:9	iu71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
225	3:9	p1nv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
226	3:10	s8ek		“Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him”
227	3:10	yki9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
228	3:10	s5vz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
229	3:10	i1nt		The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.”
230	3:11	ti8h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
231	3:12	yn5p		Possible meanings are (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh.
232	3:12	zg6p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
233	3:12	j52r		Possible meanings are (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.”
234	3:12	t5bp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
235	3:13	c84g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
236	3:14	exq5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
237	3:14	j6us	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
238	3:14	cn9b		“the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses”
239	3:14	k6ua	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
240	3:15	k4yw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
241	3:15	jjf2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
242	3:15	df4t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
243	3:15	a6jh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
244	3:16	u9pn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
245	3:16	hb7z		“in an arrogant way””
246	3:16	fv4y		Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations.
247	3:16	ip6r		This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps.
248	3:18	m1u8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	This continues to describe how Yahweh will judge the women of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
249	3:18	m577	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
250	3:18	ify9		a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot
251	3:18	r8vh		a decoration that women wear over the head and hair
252	3:18	kb3y		moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil
253	3:19	hp8a		jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear
254	3:19	a5ha		a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands
255	3:19	wfq5		a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face
256	3:20	sa4a		long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair
257	3:20	ny93		These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise.
258	3:20	tw31		a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest
259	3:20	jqq5		a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good
260	3:20	a1uq		jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck
261	3:21	pg1c		a decoration worn around the finger
262	3:21	f1fe		a decoration worn in or through the nose
263	3:22	l57q		a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see
264	3:22	i2i1		a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes
265	3:22	a51r		See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:19.
266	3:22	vtu3		a bag to used to carry small things
267	3:23	la8f		a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself
268	3:23	d2el		a soft cloth worn by rich people
269	3:23	p3s4		a cloth or small hat worn over the hair
270	3:23	g51h		a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful
271	3:24	cn6w		a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:20.
272	3:24	b6ca		This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes.
273	3:24	c3sv		“pretty hair, their heads will be bald”
274	3:25	ng43	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
275	3:26	kz3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
276	3:26	qeu2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
277	4:intro	xy1x		Isaiah 04 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter More women than men This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Branch of Yahweh Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
278	4:1	ke3e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
279	4:2	ki64	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Possible meanings are (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
280	4:2	egm3		“will be full of beauty and glory”
281	4:2	ree3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. Possible meanings here are (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
282	4:3	z8mg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
283	4:3	gb1i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
284	4:3	pe1n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
285	4:4	af4y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
286	4:4	idm2		Possible meanings are (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem.
287	4:4	el4d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
288	4:4	i2xn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
289	4:4	l3vm		Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty.
290	4:4	si1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
291	4:5	yk4j		Possible meanings are (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it.
292	4:5	h7ct		This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton.
293	5:intro	g25h		Isaiah 05 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Woe This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Allegory This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ==Animals being present where people once lived== Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people.
294	5:1	wd3z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
295	5:1	csd3		“my dear friend”
296	5:1	y5t9		“on a hill where very good crops could grow”
297	5:2	ac25		“He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting.
298	5:2	qk26	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
299	5:2	qfu3		“dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
300	5:2	feu4		“worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes”
301	5:3	crw5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
302	5:3	x6tw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
303	5:3	v4cu		“Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city.
304	5:3	c6vk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
305	5:4	cy5z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
306	5:4	ka3q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
307	5:5	j11d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	In Isaiah’s parable, the owner of the vineyard continues to talk about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
308	5:5	d9l9		“take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard.
309	5:5	msh2		“I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed.
310	5:5	b6y6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
311	5:6	b9b1		“I will destroy it”
312	5:6	vvv3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
313	5:6	e15p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
314	5:7	ba1g		Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard.
315	5:7	dnz9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
316	5:7	l82n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
317	5:7	rxv5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
318	5:7	kmz3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
319	5:7	ebr9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be changed so that the abstract noun “justice” can be expressed by the verb “do what is fair.” The abstract noun “killing” can be expressed as “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
320	5:7	dtn9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
321	5:7	hhv8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
322	5:7	s93f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
323	5:8	cm7e		Isaiah announces God’s judgment.
324	5:8	m6ai	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
325	5:9	tu9i		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
326	5:9	f6yx		“without anyone living in it”
327	5:10	x1d1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
328	5:10	xm5c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	“one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
329	5:10	wyg4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	“220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
330	5:11	w596	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
331	5:11	e3cu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
332	5:12	uj2g		These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much.
333	5:12	rum8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
334	5:12	er4f		thought seriously about
335	5:12	mpb9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “doings” is expressed as the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
336	5:12	d7ca	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
337	5:13	sd2g		These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God.
338	5:13	e8j7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
339	5:13	ek1f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
340	5:14	lq6k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
341	5:14	l95b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
342	5:15	hv2s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:9. Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
343	5:15	kvv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
344	5:15	bal8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
345	5:15	npg6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:11. Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
346	5:15	kj8c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
347	5:16	unu8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
348	5:16	b2ch		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
349	5:16	veu5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
350	5:17	s6dd		Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in Isaiah 5:1. It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there.
351	5:17	lv4d		eat grass
352	5:17	cj7g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
353	5:18	w5kt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
354	5:19	fje3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
355	5:19	fg4f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
356	5:19	czd2		Translate “the Holy One” as in Isaiah 5:16.
357	5:20	wfp3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
358	5:21	ivi4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
359	5:21	k28f		“think they understand everything”
360	5:23	cpy5		This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law.
361	5:23	zv59		“declare guilty people innocent”
362	5:23	x4u8		“do not treat innocent people fairly”
363	5:24	c3qz		“flame of fire” or “flame”
364	5:24	k429	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in Isaiah 5:18-23. Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
365	5:24	ngz1		The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
366	5:24	mbt4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
367	5:25	pkf2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
368	5:25	u4m4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
369	5:25	k8d7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
370	5:25	vu7e		dead bodies
371	5:25	lyq9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
372	5:25	sgw7		“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand”
373	5:25	b3v6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
374	5:26	jin3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
375	5:26	abj6		a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away
376	5:26	pqh3		“the enemy army will come”
377	5:26	i94d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
378	5:27	m2qf		Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing (Isaiah 5:26).
379	5:27	q27w		These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation.
380	5:27	hac2		The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight.
381	5:27	xx4t		“the straps of their sandals”
382	5:28	j18k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. Possible meanings are (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
383	5:28	a4f3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
384	5:28	x4c6		These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to.
385	5:29	v8gp		Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah (Isaiah 5:26).
386	5:29	dv1u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
387	5:29	jhq5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. Possible meanings are (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
388	5:29	kw8f		animals that another animal wants to catch and kill
389	5:29	ixb3		“and no one will be able to save them”
390	5:30	x52f		The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound.
391	5:30	rw65	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
392	6:intro	g9bq		Isaiah 06 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13. Special concepts in this chapter Heaven This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) Isaiah’s call This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Inevitability The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
393	6:1	fpg5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
394	6:1	s9gi		“filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings.
395	6:2	rmg2		The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him.
396	6:2	rar1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
397	6:2	x82m		“each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings”
398	6:2	jct3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
399	6:3	ie28		Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
400	6:3	d6y7		“The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another”
401	6:3	vxd8		Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy”
402	6:3	m7tr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
403	6:4	pjk8		Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
404	6:4	dki2		“When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations”
405	6:4	tz4y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
406	6:5	v2ty	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
407	6:5	ws6z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
408	6:5	a6sd		Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies”
409	6:5	kz1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
410	6:6	qhb5		Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
411	6:6	vk6r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in Isaiah 6:2. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
412	6:6	ah6e		a tool used for grabbing or holding objects
413	6:7	wf8i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases say basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
414	6:7	g4x1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
415	6:8	xf27		Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
416	6:8	n956	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
417	6:8	at9k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
418	6:8	ria2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
419	6:9	vja4		“the people of Israel”
420	6:9	iq3c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative	Possible meanings are (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
421	6:9	m1yh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
422	6:10	j69r		Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people.
423	6:10	q3as	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
424	6:10	wd4q		It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people”
425	6:10	ffe8		This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing.
426	6:10	pqr2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
427	6:10	qi8r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
428	6:10	sbg9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
429	6:10	fs74	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
430	6:10	h53y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
431	6:11	wx9r		“Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there”
432	6:11	b56y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
433	6:12	wed8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
434	6:13	p7xa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
435	6:13	r74f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
436	6:13	h3vb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
437	6:13	tbt2		A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
438	6:13	p9id	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
439	7:intro	kcq7		Isaiah 07 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25. Special concepts in this chapter “Young woman” Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Israel In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
440	7:1	u9lp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
441	7:1	e4tt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	men’s names (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
442	7:1	vuv8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
443	7:1	py2k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
444	7:2	fs5m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
445	7:2	lbv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
446	7:2	y882	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
447	7:2	k9yy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
448	7:3	zh23		Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else.
449	7:3	u3qa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
450	7:3	dcs8		“where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool”
451	7:3	jx5e		man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows
452	7:3	iiu7		If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here.
453	7:3	v3uw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Possible meanings are (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
454	7:3	cts4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	A launderer is either (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
455	7:4	tuu2		“Tell Ahaz”
456	7:4	ze8i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
457	7:4	uy6n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
458	7:5	m5i9		Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz (Isaiah 7:3).
459	7:5	ss12	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
460	7:5	qp64		This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in Isaiah 7:1.
461	7:5	ysl6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
462	7:6	yu1t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
463	7:7	m94b		Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz (Isaiah 7:3).
464	7:8	vb6l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
465	7:8	y681	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“65 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
466	7:8	gc27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
467	7:9	el5p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
468	7:9	z477	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
469	7:9	nt63		“Unless you remain”
470	7:11	f2n6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
471	7:11	li4c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
472	7:12	cr1k		“will not ask Yahweh for a sign”
473	7:13	zw34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:2. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
474	7:13	v36u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
475	7:14	ecy9		Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.”
476	7:14	s44h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
477	7:15	jl15	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Possible meanings are (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
478	7:15	s9yg		milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
479	7:15	di2m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
480	7:16	e7h5		Isaiah continues to describe the sign that God will give the house of David.
481	7:16	dht9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:15. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
482	7:16	f8jq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	“you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
483	7:17	z85k		This refers to the people of Judah.
484	7:18	nk5k		before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good (Isaiah 7:15)
485	7:18	n7m9		“Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon”
486	7:18	qve8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
487	7:20	l6c2		Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel.
488	7:20	v8kp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
489	7:20	d2rx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
490	7:20	yli5		It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard.
491	7:20	y3tv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
492	7:20	tyl9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
493	7:20	tkw6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	Possible meanings are (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
494	7:20	a1pl		“the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.”
495	7:22	tsx4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
496	7:23	h6cj		Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel.
497	7:23	b3ry	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
498	7:23	y1fr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“1000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
499	7:23	hu8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
500	7:24	sr7t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
501	7:25	azm2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
502	8:intro	c8jg		Isaiah 08 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22. Special concepts in this chapter Trust in Yahweh Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
503	8:1	kzi2		Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
504	8:2	x1fq		Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.”
505	8:3	j2ld	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
506	8:4	g5hy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
507	8:6	k9mk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
508	8:6	x9t3		“this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.”
509	8:6	mbx4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in Isaiah 7:1. Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
510	8:7	l4ii	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
511	8:7	pbf5		The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.”
512	8:7	ctu2		“on the people of Judah”
513	8:7	t9mv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
514	8:7	x441		the Euphrates River in Assyria
515	8:8	ek4i		The Lord continues to describe the army of Assyria as a river that will flood Judah (Isaiah 8:7).
516	8:8	ye6u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
517	8:8	yl2k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River (Isaiah 8:7). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
518	8:8	w2iu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
519	8:8	j34k		Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:14.
520	8:9	qq71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
521	8:9	qzg7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
522	8:9	rer3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
523	8:10	q9aj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
524	8:10	mfw3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
525	8:11	svz5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
526	8:11	pq3u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
527	8:12	zbg2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
528	8:13	nnx7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
529	8:14	m1u3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	Isaiah continues the indirect quote of Yahweh that began in Isaiah 8:11-13. It can be translated as a direct quote with Yahweh speaking in the first person. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
530	8:14	pdv3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
531	8:14	w1mv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
532	8:14	su1n		a device that catches a bird in a net or basket
533	8:14	uuy2		a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose
534	8:15	nj22	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
535	8:15	q3r6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
536	8:16	uss4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
537	8:16	qg84		It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it.
538	8:17	vl67		Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
539	8:17	y59u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
540	8:17	p16z		people of Israel
541	8:18	b1mr		“I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: Isaiah 7:3 and Isaiah 8:1)
542	8:19	vs7z		Isaiah is speaking.
543	8:19	ld5t		Other possible meanings are (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
544	8:19	im2e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
545	8:19	sx96		The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people”
546	8:19	n9lj		make sounds like birds
547	8:19	zsh8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
548	8:20	i7kp		Possible meanings are (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” (Isaiah 8:16).
549	8:20	fav3		This is the same word translated “official record” in Isaiah 8:16.
550	8:20	qpm5		See how you translated this in Isaiah 8:16.
551	8:20	i61u		“If they do not speak of the law and the testimony”
552	8:20	vr4u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
553	8:22	d61f		“terrible sadness”
554	8:22	c4e1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
555	9:intro	e336		Isaiah 09 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Special concepts in this chapter Messiah The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Fulfillment of prophecies Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment.
556	9:1	c7zh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
557	9:1	c8yr		This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in Isaiah 8:22.
558	9:1	q9g1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
559	9:1	y275	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
560	9:1	wtc7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
561	9:1	rv6s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
562	9:2	emm3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
563	9:2	y2l2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
564	9:2	x5ah	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
565	9:3	cz7j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
566	9:3	fxk4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
567	9:3	i1jr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
568	9:4	zgk3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
569	9:4	i6r4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
570	9:4	k2hi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
571	9:4	eh66		The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox.
572	9:4	hfq6		Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people.
573	9:4	d1k8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
574	9:4	egd7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
575	9:5	klu8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
576	9:5	py1z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
577	9:6	i19i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
578	9:6	h5x2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
579	9:6	g3lc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
580	9:6	r5cf		one who advises kings
581	9:7	nq8j		“As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully”
582	9:7	yu3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
583	9:7	k8w3		This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just”
584	9:7	ge32		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
585	9:8	x9c9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
586	9:8	nuf4		These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
587	9:9	w3k1		These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
588	9:9	qbl6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
589	9:10	gj6i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The full meaning can be made explicit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
590	9:11	f9f7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
591	9:11	imx9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in Isaiah 7:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
592	9:11	hya1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
593	9:12	ju29	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
594	9:12	gk5w		“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
595	9:12	kxn9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
596	9:13	f9al		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
597	9:14	in46	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
598	9:14	cj62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
599	9:16	qp35	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
600	9:16	ck73	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
601	9:17	w5bb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
602	9:17	b4un		“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
603	9:17	v3li	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
604	9:18	kf1q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
605	9:18	ee5n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in Isaiah 7:23. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
606	9:19	ctw3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in Isaiah 1:9. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
607	9:19	bg78	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
608	9:20	e6kn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
609	9:20	sl21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
610	9:21	y7rj		“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
611	9:21	gxv7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
612	10:intro	dc9a		Isaiah 10 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh’s sovereignty Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel. Important figures of speech in this chapter Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
613	10:1	gwe8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
614	10:2	qr4b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
615	10:2	rlv2		“poor people”
616	10:2	mv4z		“take everything from women whose husbands have died”
617	10:2	w83u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
618	10:2	jwk2		Translated “prey” as in Isaiah 5:29.
619	10:3	gdt3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
620	10:3	xh3w		“the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you”
621	10:3	u4fv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
622	10:4	iw4t		Possible meanings are (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.”
623	10:4	p3u9		“your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you”
624	10:4	f4fy		“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
625	10:4	dg4p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
626	10:5	fhx7		This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria.
627	10:5	e1zg		This refers to the king of Assyria.
628	10:5	rrc2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
629	10:6	bn37	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
630	10:6	nvq3		“to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry”
631	10:6	i3fl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
632	10:6	tam5		“to take everything they have”
633	10:6	wy5h		to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in Isaiah 5:29.
634	10:6	ay7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
635	10:7	y94n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
636	10:7	qn96	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
637	10:8	pc5q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
638	10:9	y1s2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
639	10:9	gl7w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
640	10:10	hfe3		Yahweh continues to quote what the king of Assyria says (Isaiah 10:8).
641	10:10	nda6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
642	10:10	tpk7		This refers to the king of Assyria.
643	10:10	zf5l		During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were.
644	10:11	g79t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
645	10:11	y8en	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
646	10:12	g3hp		Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish”
647	10:12	yv7l		his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing”
648	10:12	ly8r		“I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face”
649	10:13	ty9n		“For the king of Assyria says”
650	10:13	f9lx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
651	10:13	bqh5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
652	10:13	y4e1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
653	10:13	l61t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
654	10:14	ni7r		Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria (Isaiah 10:13).
655	10:14	a1xa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
656	10:14	ij25	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
657	10:14	au8g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
658	10:14	yer6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
659	10:15	kg69	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
660	10:15	l68v		a sharp tool used for cutting wood
661	10:15	e8a7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
662	10:16	n3zs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “emaciation” is expressed as the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
663	10:16	h9uv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
664	10:17	xf7a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
665	10:17	x81s		“I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in Isaiah 1:4.
666	10:17	nh6j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
667	10:17	a8i4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in Isaiah 7:23. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
668	10:18	e4pz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meaning are (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
669	10:18	ice3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Possible meanings are (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
670	10:18	r1h9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
671	10:19	li2a		“What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few”
672	10:20	whj2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in Isaiah 10:16-19. Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
673	10:20	jx5m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
674	10:20	t38g		“will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them”
675	10:20	j4ug		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
676	10:22	l3hy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “your” is singular. Possible interpretations are (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
677	10:22	tmc6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
678	10:22	xt1x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
679	10:22	gb5g		This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous”
680	10:23	m3jr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be translated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
681	10:23	b19q		“decided”
682	10:24	ww5n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
683	10:24	i2ep	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
684	10:24	an2d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
685	10:24	l3xf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
686	10:25	w374	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
687	10:26	h791		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
688	10:26	fnc8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
689	10:26	zpq7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
690	10:26	vx2h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
691	10:27	e1j7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	“Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
692	10:27	x77u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
693	10:28	dh9d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
694	10:28	c6sg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
695	10:29	nvp6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
696	10:29	fay6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
697	10:29	b3vg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
698	10:30	y4ej	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
699	10:30	ybe1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
700	10:31	dv9p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
701	10:32	dub4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
702	10:32	bf9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
703	10:32	crq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in Isaiah 2:14. Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
704	10:33	fn7x		This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
705	10:33	a8t9		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
706	10:33	bh4r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
707	10:33	qb4e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
708	10:33	xxu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “crash” is expressed as the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
709	10:33	jg1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
710	10:33	uza4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
711	10:33	n2ts	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
712	10:33	bra5		proud
713	10:34	f4p6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
714	10:34	xu8i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
715	10:34	g78z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
716	11:intro	v1l2		Isaiah 11 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Messiah The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Ambiguity It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
717	11:1	fxf2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
718	11:1	b412	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
719	11:2	ptc5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
720	11:2	jsu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
721	11:3	dks6		Isaiah continues to describe the king.
722	11:3	euz8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
723	11:3	vff3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
724	11:4	qt3z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
725	11:4	i8ls	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
726	11:4	t6i4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
727	11:4	ud4k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
728	11:5	izw4		Possible meanings are (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority.
729	11:5	d2b4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. Possible meanings are (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
730	11:5	xpa4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
731	11:5	z7kt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. Possible meanings are (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
732	11:6	x4db		Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together.
733	11:6	vib1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
734	11:6	ns1s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
735	11:6	uz7p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
736	11:6	z3nc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
737	11:6	z96c		A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay.
738	11:7	u4nf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
739	11:7	i5nr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
740	11:7	u76u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
741	11:7	jf3m		“will eat grass together”
742	11:7	shd9		This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born.
743	11:8	hu82		Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules.
744	11:8	bkr7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
745	11:8	nmp6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
746	11:8	c4md		a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk
747	11:9	czb2		The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain”
748	11:9	zv3a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
749	11:9	asy7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. It may be clearer that it does this if its words are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
750	11:10	b699	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in Isaiah 1:1. Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
751	11:10	x6gn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
752	11:10	e7wp		“The people of the nations”
753	11:11	g27p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
754	11:11	nr2i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
755	11:12	f68i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
756	11:12	n5uv		“a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself”
757	11:12	wg94		“the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world”
758	11:12	n4s1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
759	11:13	tv6k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
760	11:13	f12r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
761	11:14	j77a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
762	11:15	cx6x		A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds.
763	11:15	u6da	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
764	11:15	k4y5		This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up.
765	11:15	hj6s		“so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals”
766	11:16	e52k		A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road”
767	11:16	b1xk		“when they came up from the land of Egypt”
768	12:intro	x9cy		Isaiah 12 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter “That day” The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Tense Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way.
769	12:1	yv6k		Here Isaiah continues to describe what it will be like when the king that God has chosen rules (Isaiah 11:1-2).
770	12:1	b681	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
771	12:1	cgh8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
772	12:2	il35	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
773	12:2	g2h1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
774	12:2	d9eg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
775	12:2	bt8a		“He has saved me”
776	12:3	ig6e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
777	12:4	ut6u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
778	12:4	jq63	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
779	12:4	wi1x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
780	12:5	b7hk		Isaiah continues to tell what the people will say when the king rules.
781	12:6	b2j7		“because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you”
782	13:intro	qak7		Isaiah 13 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Prophecies It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
783	13:1	ifl8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
784	13:1	t34a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
785	13:2	she6		The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country.
786	13:2	dkx5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Possible meanings are (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
787	13:2	tsg1		“the respected people” or “the rulers”
788	13:3	tw9g		“the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself”
789	13:3	mlu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
790	13:3	ye22	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
791	13:4	pl8f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
792	13:4	gi1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
793	13:4	h5sg		“is gathering”
794	13:5	d44z		“from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places”
795	13:5	dlj9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
796	13:6	qux3		cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain.
797	13:6	dff2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
798	13:6	x1dx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
799	13:7	cd7a		This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything.
800	13:7	zbv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
801	13:8	cx1n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
802	13:8	f5tf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
803	13:8	ixg7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
804	13:9	wx9a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
805	13:9	g4nq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
806	13:9	i8e4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “desolation” is expressed with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
807	13:10	d93q		“The stars in the sky”
808	13:10	njr5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
809	13:10	mgq5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
810	13:11	s3b1		Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh.
811	13:11	n1em	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
812	13:11	e48c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
813	13:11	d1ab		“cruel people”
814	13:11	j6vq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
815	13:12	myy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
816	13:12	fe8w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
817	13:12	bwf1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
818	13:13	k82m		Yahweh continues speaking.
819	13:14	d26d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
820	13:14	mn88	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
821	13:14	x7hp		Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them.
822	13:15	e18y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
823	13:16	zj38	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
824	13:16	hv3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
825	13:16	j6pn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
826	13:16	tfy7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
827	13:17	q8ne		Yahweh continues speaking.
828	13:17	nqb5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
829	13:18	xh97	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
830	13:19	fu8y		Yahweh continues speaking.
831	13:19	cz67	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
832	13:19	z4ui	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
833	13:19	qt9e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
834	13:20	lb19	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
835	13:20	zgq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
836	13:20	vjg1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
837	13:21	aq3d		Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon.
838	13:21	t272		“will lie in Babylon”
839	13:21	ym5w		“The people’s houses”
840	13:21	a5fz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
841	13:21	tw7k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
842	13:22	r81d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
843	13:22	inv9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
844	13:22	ly2k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	wild dogs (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
845	13:22	wym1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
846	14:intro	k7wp		Isaiah 14 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32. Special concepts in this chapter Satan It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Babylon This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Israel The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
847	14:1	i59z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
848	14:1	i2au	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
849	14:2	s7ge		“The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel”
850	14:2	v647	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
851	14:2	v5tj		“The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites”
852	14:3	alz7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
853	14:4	nfw3		“The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation.
854	14:4	bb3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
855	14:4	a26w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
856	14:5	v7xw		This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
857	14:5	gb7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
858	14:5	bz1k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
859	14:6	yr4l		“who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff.
860	14:6	u5vx		“without stopping” or “again and again”
861	14:6	te29		“who conquered other nations”
862	14:6	xy5f		“attacking them without stopping”
863	14:7	efq4		This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
864	14:7	sk3p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
865	14:8	w8ty	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
866	14:8	qr3b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
867	14:8	a29a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
868	14:9	k8jm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
869	14:9	hb56	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	“it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
870	14:10	m71x		This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him.
871	14:10	ykp8		The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon.
872	14:11	d9xe	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
873	14:11	lm34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
874	14:11	x7m3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
875	14:11	bsu7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
876	14:12	ecp6		This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
877	14:12	g41s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
878	14:12	tms3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
879	14:13	fum9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
880	14:13	fr5j		“in the most northern places.” The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.”
881	14:15	ytw5		This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
882	14:15	lyk7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
883	14:16	ne9m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
884	14:16	uu7r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Possible meanings are (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
885	14:16	i1pd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
886	14:17	n2f9		“who made the places where people lived into a wilderness”
887	14:18	hj9m		This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
888	14:18	k97g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
889	14:19	s2s8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
890	14:19	a19s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
891	14:19	zn4w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
892	14:19	s24w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
893	14:19	vwg8		The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped.
894	14:20	p1jq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
895	14:20	dax2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
896	14:21	m117	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “slaughter” is expressed with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
897	14:21	usu5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “iniquity” is expressed as the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
898	14:21	dsj6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
899	14:21	urm2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
900	14:21	pdw1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
901	14:22	sk3n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
902	14:22	hv7k		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
903	14:23	nzb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
904	14:23	s45f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
905	14:23	kg27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
906	14:24	b41x		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
907	14:24	ff86	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
908	14:25	x38v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
909	14:25	bf5r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
910	14:25	w75i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
911	14:25	a5nv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
912	14:25	tr41	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
913	14:25	zbe7		The word “his” refers to Assyria.
914	14:25	un4r		The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel.
915	14:26	e4pl		This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking.
916	14:26	zf8b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
917	14:26	vlj3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
918	14:27	m56z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
919	14:27	q2yi		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
920	14:27	g997	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
921	14:27	s25e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
922	14:29	erk5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
923	14:29	f3g7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
924	14:29	pl9y		a kind of poisonous snake
925	14:29	i1ui	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
926	14:30	c4km	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
927	14:30	nhy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
928	14:31	i9fx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
929	14:31	t4fi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
930	14:31	re77	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
931	14:31	m73z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
932	14:31	az3q		“no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others”
933	14:32	ld7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
934	14:32	geq9		“Yahweh started Zion”
935	14:32	q7h8		“in Jerusalem” or “there”
936	14:32	k8ir		“those of his people who have been afflicted”
937	15:intro	u6k8		Isaiah 15 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]])
938	15:1	ss3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
939	15:1	y2ws		“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
940	15:1	y4g4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
941	15:1	x1z2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
942	15:2	z4py	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
943	15:2	bsv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
944	15:2	kq2g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
945	15:2	w2hx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
946	15:3	cv4k		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
947	15:3	xag9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
948	15:4	ad56	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
949	15:4	hfj7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
950	15:4	e3i9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
951	15:5	yx87		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
952	15:5	k79u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
953	15:5	ubi2		“the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
954	15:5	nqe8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
955	15:5	y7d7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
956	15:6	yr4r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
957	15:7	t1qa		“Everything”
958	15:7	cqq1		This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab.
959	15:8	p12d		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
960	15:8	me26	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
961	15:8	teq6		The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail”
962	15:8	sc3g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
963	15:9	fd7d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
964	15:9	i5we	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
965	16:intro	ww5p		Isaiah 16 General Notes Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12.
966	16:1	cc7x		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. This verse is probably what God says the rulers of Moab will say to each other (Isaiah 15:1-2).
967	16:1	tn1s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
968	16:1	yi43	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
969	16:1	g19r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
970	16:2	teb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
971	16:2	r8tb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
972	16:3	d1qp		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. Verses 3 and 4 is probably the message that the Moabite rulers send to the king of Judah (Isaiah 15:1-2).
973	16:3	sm3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
974	16:4	kq3e		“Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah.
975	16:4	q1sn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
976	16:5	uvx1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
977	16:5	v5l7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
978	16:5	e78m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
979	16:6	fy9x		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
980	16:6	k39y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
981	16:6	w42t		Possible meanings are that (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God.
982	16:6	h6ze		“But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true”
983	16:7	p8b8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
984	16:7	pea5		“because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth”
985	16:7	hn3v		The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.”
986	16:7	u3tz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	“Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
987	16:8	v7h6		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past (Isaiah 15:1-2).
988	16:8	tyy8		Translate the name of this city as you did in Isaiah 15:4.
989	16:8	ce7l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
990	16:8	h33k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
991	16:9	p1lz		This continues to describe the land of Moab as one large vineyard (Isaiah 16:8). God describes events that will happen in the future as if they are happening in the present.
992	16:9	b6jh		In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh.
993	16:9	r1yu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
994	16:9	c583		Translate the names of these cities as you did in Isaiah 16:8.
995	16:9	l7qj		Translate the names of these cities as you did in Isaiah 15:4.
996	16:9	uuj5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
997	16:10	zu17	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
998	16:11	hh15		This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
999	16:11	yx3n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1000	16:11	bc51	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1001	16:11	r8w1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in Isaiah 16:7. Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1002	16:11	q54t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1003	16:12	r3gm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1004	16:12	i9ei		“his prayers will not be answered”
1005	16:13	q3qj		“This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12.
1006	16:13	t123	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1007	16:14	ubw7		“The country of Moab will no longer be glorious”
1008	17:intro	uhu9		Isaiah 17 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. Special concepts in this chapter Damascus This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Ephraim This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history.
1009	17:1	c1yu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:8. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1010	17:2	ez1z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1011	17:2	h23p		The word “them” refers to the sheep.
1012	17:3	c462	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1013	17:3	rk8g		This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed.
1014	17:3	iyi9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1015	17:3	p2wt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 14:22. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1016	17:4	d7vw		This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1017	17:4	zp66	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1018	17:5	xe3f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1019	17:5	m9mp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1020	17:6	t6d1		This continues to compare the nation of Israel with a field after it is harvested (Isaiah 17:4-5).
1021	17:6	l99v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1022	17:6	jq39	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1023	17:6	ghf6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1024	17:6	j9w2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1025	17:7	srr9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1026	17:7	yg6i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1027	17:7	ab45	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1028	17:7	wn3u		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
1029	17:8	ci52	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1030	17:8	gg5j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1031	17:8	g7l9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1032	17:9	c6p6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1033	17:10	y72p		Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey”
1034	17:10	y983		“the God who saves you”
1035	17:10	s6lq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1036	17:11	mec4		“there will not be much fruit for you to harvest”
1037	17:12	kh1i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1038	17:12	cbz3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1039	17:12	u4ze	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1040	17:13	ls6k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1041	17:14	jpf9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1042	17:14	i9ms		The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah.
1043	18:intro	qz72		Isaiah 18 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Cush This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1044	18:1	w55y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings of “the rustling of wings” are (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1045	18:2	fa3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1046	18:2	na6w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1047	18:2	v2kg		These phrases all describe the people of one nation.
1048	18:2	zul8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1049	18:2	x6y2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1050	18:2	s5qq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1051	18:2	r4hc		This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts.
1052	18:3	mj1l		Verse 3 tells what the messengers in Isaiah 18:2 must say to the people of the world.
1053	18:3	bil8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1054	18:3	ru4b		The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown”
1055	18:3	fd8p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1056	18:3	art9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The trumpets were used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1057	18:4	d5k5		God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy.
1058	18:4	r5kj		“Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
1059	18:4	b3dz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1060	18:4	xwg1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1061	18:5	uxf1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1062	18:5	he2s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1063	18:5	i3wm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1064	18:5	p7u7		A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants.
1065	18:5	pg5q		Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment.
1066	18:6	dev6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1067	18:6	f1vz		“The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies.
1068	18:6	dh75		“all kinds of wild animals”
1069	18:6	lpf3		“will eat them in the winter”
1070	18:7	y8hc		These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in Isaiah 18:2.
1071	18:7	ggw4		“a people who are tall and have smooth skin”
1072	18:7	gc7i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1073	18:7	n6h8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1074	18:7	wrg1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1075	19:intro	y3c4		Isaiah 19 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18. Special concepts in this chapter Egypt This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Imagery Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “In that day” This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day.
1076	19:1	iz8p		“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1077	19:1	pi3g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1078	19:1	st7u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1079	19:1	qi24	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1080	19:2	k6cl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1081	19:2	v5rq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1082	19:2	k42s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1083	19:2	usw7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1084	19:3	k6nj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1085	19:3	h9az	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1086	19:3	t2yv		“They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice”
1087	19:3	j1kh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “advice” is expressed as the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1088	19:3	cz3n		These are people who claim to speak with those who have died.
1089	19:4	e7zd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1090	19:4	f37v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 3:15. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1091	19:5	buc6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1092	19:6	mqq8		“become foul-smelling” or “stink”
1093	19:6	v3vr		“become smaller and smaller”
1094	19:6	by1b		“Reeds” and “flags” refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay”
1095	19:7	tkv1		“the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops”
1096	19:8	wx4h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1097	19:8	u2jx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1098	19:8	meh3		throw
1099	19:8	u1tx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1100	19:9	dnw4		“Those who work with combed flax”
1101	19:9	ram5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1102	19:9	kjj4		“will be ashamed”
1103	19:10	h4de		“The people of Egypt who make cloth”
1104	19:10	m3g2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1105	19:10	fl3d		“work for pay”
1106	19:10	mg9w		“will feel very sad”
1107	19:11	tj8g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1108	19:11	ut1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1109	19:11	hg6z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1110	19:12	vn7v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1111	19:12	yi3f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1112	19:13	xcx6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1113	19:13	i9nc		Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in Isaiah 19:11.
1114	19:13	ws7v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1115	19:13	wv4n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1116	19:14	djx6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1117	19:14	i24q		“perverseness” or “confusion”
1118	19:14	d2iu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1119	19:14	pf3i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1120	19:14	veh2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1121	19:14	yj4b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1122	19:15	h1pl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1123	19:15	h6vu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in Isaiah 9:14. Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1124	19:16	yjs8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1125	19:16	q4i9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1126	19:17	zin3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1127	19:17	ad9e		Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid”
1128	19:18	n3bi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1129	19:18	p6li	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1130	19:18	w9p7		“promise to be loyal”
1131	19:18	hr4a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1132	19:18	qu9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1133	19:19	mnu1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1134	19:20	vgv1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1135	19:20	w4gy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1136	19:20	c365		“When the Egyptians cry”
1137	19:20	bp9e		“because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer”
1138	19:20	e9e2		“Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians”
1139	19:20	knh3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1140	19:21	rad5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1141	19:21	wc2k		“will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh”
1142	19:21	r2vl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1143	19:21	bcm9		“will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do”
1144	19:22	pvf9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1145	19:22	v3uj		“strike” or “punish”
1146	19:22	u4gc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1147	19:22	i7ek		How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them”
1148	19:23	g1ca		A highway is a large road on which many people can travel.
1149	19:23	s63v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	“the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1150	19:23	h5zp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1151	19:23	vjm5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1152	19:23	vdk8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1153	19:24	x4sx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1154	19:24	d63v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	Possible meanings are (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
1155	19:25	ial4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1156	19:25	hd4u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1157	20:intro	qqp3		Isaiah 20 General Notes Important figures of speech in this chapter Naked and barefoot This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1158	20:1	cw3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1159	20:1	q4u1		the name of the king of Assyria
1160	20:1	g7u8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1161	20:2	xk5u		“walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments.
1162	20:3	mig7		“a warning”
1163	20:4	k9su	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1164	20:4	y6cb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1165	20:4	j58w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1166	20:5	csg5		“afraid and put to shame”
1167	20:5	x6ix	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1168	20:6	ppe5		the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
1169	20:6	a114	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1170	20:6	ul8x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1171	21:intro	b7ty		Isaiah 21 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17. Special concepts in this chapter Cush Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The desert by the sea This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Mystery The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1172	21:1	c5lv		“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
1173	21:1	x48q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1174	21:1	x94u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1175	21:1	k1uh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1176	21:1	chs7		The army is from a people that cause great fear.
1177	21:2	gk1g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1178	21:2	rpn1		“those who deceive will deceive”
1179	21:2	ue2c		“those who destroy will destroy”
1180	21:2	y49p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1181	21:2	n5ct	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1182	21:2	x1bk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1183	21:2	ic7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1184	21:3	sy98		The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body.
1185	21:3	lm8g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1186	21:3	dv2a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1187	21:3	eaj7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1188	21:4	b8pe		“My heart beats fast and I am shaking”
1189	21:5	y2mh		Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon.
1190	21:5	isa5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1191	21:5	t2uh		Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings.
1192	21:5	v634	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1193	21:6	m5sh		“tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem”
1194	21:7	qai9		“a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it”
1195	21:8	v2w1		Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem.
1196	21:9	x4x6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1197	21:9	udx7		The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies.
1198	21:10	yv9c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1199	21:10	wdg3		The word “my” refers to Isaiah.
1200	21:10	nn8k		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1201	21:11	qk1a		“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
1202	21:11	f2ac	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1203	21:11	z3e8		Here “me” refers to Isaiah.
1204	21:11	z8pb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1205	21:11	fhv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1206	21:12	h8eg		“Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again”
1207	21:13	qlh5		“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh”
1208	21:13	bs2m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1209	21:13	q4gt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1210	21:13	wxn6		a group of people traveling together
1211	21:13	a76p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1212	21:14	yz13	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1213	21:14	ck51		A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in Isaiah 15:5.
1214	21:14	b4b7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1215	21:15	y9if	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1216	21:15	tnx9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1217	21:16	y8lk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1218	21:16	z33f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1219	22:intro	j95f		Isaiah 22 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Repentance On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “Valley of Visions” This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1220	22:1	k9gg		“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
1221	22:1	r9lq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1222	22:1	eln4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1223	22:2	y1ul		“a town full of people celebrating”
1224	22:2	l5a8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1225	22:2	g7up	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1226	22:3	sd8r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1227	22:3	geh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1228	22:4	ud7n		Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
1229	22:4	yy7y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1230	22:5	mv8s		“For there will be a time”
1231	22:5	b51a		“when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion”
1232	22:5	p1ny		Possible meanings are (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go.
1233	22:5	nbr9		This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 22:1.
1234	22:5	q2i2		Possible meanings are (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains”
1235	22:6	qte5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1236	22:6	v2pq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1237	22:6	x6a2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1238	22:7	hn61		Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys”
1239	22:8	f395	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. Past tense verbs can be translated with future tense verbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1240	22:8	yr3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “protection” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1241	22:8	a1h5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1242	22:8	mz5j		This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons.
1243	22:9	b84f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1244	22:10	maq8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1245	22:10	ypg7		Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall.
1246	22:11	by9j		“You made a storage place”
1247	22:11	jt97		It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls.
1248	22:11	a66l		Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh.
1249	22:12	x4ws		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1250	22:12	h6es	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
1251	22:13	ct44	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1252	22:14	f7iw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1253	22:14	g3sh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1254	22:14	bmu5		Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die.
1255	22:15	v7mw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1256	22:15	lkg6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1257	22:16	ly8w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1258	22:16	kv47	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1259	22:16	ux5x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1260	22:17	di6f		Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna.
1261	22:18	g81e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1262	22:18	i1nz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1263	22:19	jhf3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1264	22:19	gg54	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1265	22:20	mt6s		Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna.
1266	22:20	pfi1		“It will happen at that time”
1267	22:20	t9nz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1268	22:21	hnw8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1269	22:21	rpb7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1270	22:21	e26e		This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:20.
1271	22:21	xz46	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1272	22:21	h2he	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1273	22:21	y2lj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1274	22:22	q3km	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1275	22:23	yx5j		Yahweh continues to describe Eliakim, who will replace Shebna in the king’s palace.
1276	22:23	h3j8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1277	22:23	re2x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1278	22:23	vm1p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1279	22:24	gzh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1280	22:24	p4as	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1281	22:24	y52b		A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water.
1282	22:25	nw7j		This continues the imagery from Isaiah 22:23-24.
1283	22:25	tll3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1284	22:25	l3m8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1285	23:intro	zw88		Isaiah 23 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Phoenicia This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1286	23:1	jb83		Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18.
1287	23:1	p3kt		“This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre”
1288	23:1	fmd1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1289	23:1	ggd2		an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships
1290	23:1	vu39	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1291	23:2	h8zu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1292	23:2	b9vq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1293	23:2	e3zr		The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea.
1294	23:2	x6g6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1295	23:3	z18x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1296	23:3	jsl4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1297	23:3	yvg2		“its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.”
1298	23:3	hf67	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1299	23:4	er55	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1300	23:6	bk9d		“Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre.
1301	23:7	m498	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1302	23:7	md2c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1303	23:7	qlk4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1304	23:7	ws35	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1305	23:8	q8gu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1306	23:8	lz33	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1307	23:8	irz8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1308	23:8	qwj2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1309	23:9	h693		“to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory”
1310	23:9	fxa3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1311	23:10	h9st	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Possible meanings are (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1312	23:10	kfi3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1313	23:11	tv4t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1314	23:11	vi8e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1315	23:12	rx71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1316	23:13	ns9f		“Chaldeans” here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia”
1317	23:13	y57n		Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city.
1318	23:14	vas5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in Isaiah 23:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1319	23:14	mrm4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1320	23:15	bg5c		“At that time” or “Then”
1321	23:15	j3vb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1322	23:15	sm6g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“for 70 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1323	23:15	eq3d		“like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives”
1324	23:15	y1ei	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1325	23:16	q76p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1326	23:16	sp8f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1327	23:17	ri8p		This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1328	23:17	b4c1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“70 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1329	23:17	bpr9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1330	23:17	au66	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1331	23:18	jdj2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1332	23:18	if24		“those who obey and serve Yahweh”
1333	23:18	y9rb		“so they will have enough food to eat”
1334	24:intro	a6m4		Isaiah 24 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Special concepts in this chapter Covenant The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1335	24:1	itu1		“to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth”
1336	24:2	v1j9		This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1337	24:2	b89l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1338	24:2	h3vp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1339	24:2	bb46		“the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money.
1340	24:2	i24e		“the one who is owed money”
1341	24:3	w1xb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1342	24:3	ie7i		“Yahweh has said he would”
1343	24:3	fpt4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1344	24:4	br27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1345	24:4	hpm9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1346	24:5	me5f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1347	24:5	mw6f		“they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant”
1348	24:6	nq79	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1349	24:6	kcu7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1350	24:6	an7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1351	24:8	aw8w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1352	24:8	bpd3		These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in Isaiah 5:12.
1353	24:10	cw66	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1354	24:10	nje8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1355	24:10	q3a5		Possible meanings are (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general.
1356	24:10	rk9d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1357	24:11	s8c8		“because there is no wine”
1358	24:11	wxr1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1359	24:11	y34e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1360	24:12	j1wn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1361	24:12	dme3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “desolation” can be stated as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1362	24:12	zs7r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1363	24:13	j5j7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1364	24:14	zd27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1365	24:14	z4qy		Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth.
1366	24:14	h3vk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1367	24:15	l9zj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1368	24:15	w2f4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1369	24:15	ip1j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1370	24:16	zwk3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1371	24:16	zy21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1372	24:16	u7aa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1373	24:17	ec2n		“You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare”
1374	24:17	f3ea	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1375	24:18	gix7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1376	24:18	y2vm		“the terrifying sound”
1377	24:18	v3vg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1378	24:18	h1cr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1379	24:18	irf6		The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake”
1380	24:19	r4mc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1381	24:20	gqx5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1382	24:20	j3i5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1383	24:21	dsm9		“At that time”
1384	24:21	l4tv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1385	24:21	vwu5		“in the sky”
1386	24:22	m1h2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1387	24:22	a1hh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1388	24:23	jhu9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1389	25:intro	p6t1		Isaiah 25 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) Special concepts in this chapter Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1390	25:1	fw3y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1391	25:1	e938	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1392	25:1	th82	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1393	25:2	a6p6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1394	25:2	f62g		“a fortress belonging to foreigners”
1395	25:3	s2dv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1396	25:4	c6es	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1397	25:4	n142	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1398	25:4	nhn3		“When the wind” or “When the blast”
1399	25:4	y8cs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1400	25:5	bf3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1401	25:5	t81k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1402	25:5	pqi6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1403	25:5	adv7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1404	25:6	gbd9		This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion.
1405	25:6	rt19		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1406	25:6	jlw1		Here “fat things” means the best food.
1407	25:6	vv56		“the oldest wine.” This means the best wine.
1408	25:7	m1ll	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1409	25:8	n8s2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1410	25:8	p3ey	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1411	25:9	bh2b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1412	25:9	g6gj		“at that time”
1413	25:10	d1jb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1414	25:10	zd1u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1415	25:10	liv7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1416	25:11	dsp1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1417	25:11	y282		“The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung”
1418	25:11	zg36		“as if they were swimming”
1419	25:11	kk8y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1420	25:11	cmz8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1421	25:12	i3tb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1422	25:12	m6re	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1423	26:intro	im4d		Isaiah 26 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “That day” This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1424	26:1	u2d5		“At that time”
1425	26:1	p5n8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1426	26:1	u7ja		This refers to the city of Jerusalem.
1427	26:1	vc1e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1428	26:2	q8p1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1429	26:3	x8wp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1430	26:4	rlm9		Yah is another name for Yahweh.
1431	26:4	k4ey	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1432	26:5	vry8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1433	26:5	lh5m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1434	26:5	mc9n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1435	26:6	uu7e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1436	26:7	a6cq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1437	26:8	xz29	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1438	26:8	xu1v		“of your laws” or “of your teachings”
1439	26:8	xk92	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1440	26:8	cn7i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1441	26:9	uq9i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1442	26:9	psm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1443	26:10	yd2r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1444	26:10	v6id	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1445	26:10	we5i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1446	26:10	cl5a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1447	26:11	nvi7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1448	26:11	izk8		“but the wicked people do not notice”
1449	26:11	c1n1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1450	26:11	q4xz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1451	26:11	bh8p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1452	26:11	b1pq		Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up”
1453	26:12	f2jb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1454	26:13	pb5l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1455	26:14	uj52		“they will not come back to life”
1456	26:14	yt3t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1457	26:15	mic5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1458	26:16	m26y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1459	26:16	vn3a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1460	26:16	q3db	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “discipline” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1461	26:17	w2a9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1462	26:18	z3re	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah continues to compare the suffering of the people of Judah to a woman giving birth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1463	26:18	j8g2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1464	26:18	qd8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1465	26:18	v5pe	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1466	26:18	il5k		“nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle”
1467	26:19	tuj5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1468	26:19	ak1f		Possible meanings are (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.”
1469	26:19	d48t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1470	26:19	cvc4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1471	26:19	zv5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1472	26:19	gnz9		Possible meanings are (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh.
1473	26:19	m8v6		Possible meanings are (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning”
1474	26:19	gb4p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1475	26:20	z699		Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel.
1476	26:20	k2ad	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Translate the abstract noun “indignation” as the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1477	26:21	rcq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1478	27:intro	p2zg		Isaiah 27 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Leviathan This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “That day” This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1479	27:1	u82j		“At that time”
1480	27:1	zm2d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1481	27:1	tj3b		This refers to Leviathan.
1482	27:2	w1yf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1483	27:3	cy2e		“I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard”
1484	27:3	rpd8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1485	27:4	av5d		This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard (Isaiah 27:2-3).
1486	27:4	s3xp		“I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle”
1487	27:4	z6jj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1488	27:4	v9e5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1489	27:4	tw3t		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:6.
1490	27:4	bic8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1491	27:4	ij4d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1492	27:5	j31l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1493	27:5	je5d		“they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me”
1494	27:6	n2nh		Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard (Isaiah 27:2).
1495	27:6	cx3i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1496	27:6	f8jg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1497	27:6	jk11	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1498	27:6	eia2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1499	27:7	am12	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1500	27:7	r118	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1501	27:7	ukm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1502	27:8	f4he	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1503	27:8	kfc2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1504	27:8	rqg2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1505	27:9	nf4r		Possible meanings are (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9.
1506	27:9	l9b7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1507	27:9	yjh1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1508	27:9	mn35		Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9.
1509	27:9	zy5g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1510	27:9	x5ca	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1511	27:10	fw6l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1512	27:10	na1y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1513	27:10	b7hh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1514	27:10	mv1s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1515	27:11	k9fn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1516	27:11	k85z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1517	27:11	pi5e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1518	27:11	js5n		Possible meanings are (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel.
1519	27:11	v3yx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1520	27:12	f19u		This phrase marks an important event that will happen.
1521	27:12	g87l		“at that time”
1522	27:12	n43h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1523	27:12	nx3t		Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel.
1524	27:12	v8t2		“the brook of Egypt”
1525	27:12	gz3e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1526	27:13	i56v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1527	27:13	qs1g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1528	27:13	bdq2		The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
1529	28:intro	np8h		Isaiah 28 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Important figures of speech in this chapter Metaphors There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “That day” This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1530	28:1	j6gg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1531	28:1	i15u		“who are drunk with wine”
1532	28:2	yjl9		“Listen” or “Pay attention”
1533	28:2	s6hx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1534	28:2	xf11	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1535	28:2	ew8c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1536	28:3	vm68		Isaiah continues to speak about the people and the city of Samaria as if they were a garland (Isaiah 28:1-2).
1537	28:3	pp4k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1538	28:3	wtt6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1539	28:4	qq5i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1540	28:4	yw2k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1541	28:5	s84s		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1542	28:5	twb7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1543	28:5	llj8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1544	28:6	mx85	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1545	28:6	bay6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1546	28:6	sak7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1547	28:6	t37f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1548	28:7	jcw4		“But even the leaders”
1549	28:7	a7gn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1550	28:7	lfv9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1551	28:7	v8we	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1552	28:7	d4bm		Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions.
1553	28:9	ny13	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1554	28:9	t6vi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1555	28:10	fb5v		The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child.
1556	28:11	hfl6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1557	28:11	kb8u		“stammering lips”
1558	28:12	gkx1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1559	28:12	se68	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1560	28:12	v7ew	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “refreshing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1561	28:13	z6r4		“So Yahweh’s message”
1562	28:13	ds6z		These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:10.
1563	28:13	i6sd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1564	28:13	b7le	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1565	28:13	c32b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1566	28:14	y37t		“So listen to Yahweh’s message”
1567	28:15	u1bd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. Possible meanings are (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1568	28:15	x2p3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1569	28:15	r8ix	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1570	28:15	ux1b		Possible meanings are (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe.
1571	28:16	ff3c		“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
1572	28:16	tf5e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1573	28:16	js3j		“a stone that is solid”
1574	28:16	mc8y		“a firm support”
1575	28:16	pkf8		“Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry”
1576	28:17	n7kr		Yahweh continues to compare what he will do for the people in Jerusalem to a builder setting up a building (Isaiah 28:16).
1577	28:17	yd66	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1578	28:17	xhn1		A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length.
1579	28:17	l2vf		A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level.
1580	28:17	xg82	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1581	28:17	gv6t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Possible meanings are (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1582	28:17	hi3p		hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky
1583	28:17	adc4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. Possible meanings are (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 28:15. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1584	28:18	l9w6		Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
1585	28:18	ah82	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1586	28:18	fvw2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1587	28:18	n9he		“will not last”
1588	28:18	mry1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Possible meanings are (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1589	28:18	var2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1590	28:19	g9nc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1591	28:19	g4wk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1592	28:20	xx4i		Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
1593	28:20	ex86	rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs	This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
1594	28:21	pp9n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1595	28:21	e2cw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1596	28:21	l5tw		“he will become very angry”
1597	28:21	l963	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1598	28:22	w3au		This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
1599	28:22	upp3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1600	28:22	tpu3		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1601	28:22	fdu9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1602	28:23	bjv1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1603	28:23	twz5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1604	28:23	lsh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1605	28:23	s1kf		“to my message”
1606	28:24	nvu3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1607	28:25	dam8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1608	28:25	uq3a		“When the farmer has plowed the soil”
1609	28:25	fsr6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1610	28:25	pd1v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1611	28:25	v8fq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1612	28:26	x6gc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1613	28:27	m9hs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables	Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1614	28:27	w7aj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1615	28:27	p8si		See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:25.
1616	28:27	j2hy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1617	28:27	g75f		See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:25.
1618	28:27	r6a8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1619	28:28	zb1a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1620	28:29	vw1a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This concludes the parable started in Isaiah 28:23. The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1621	28:29	fh5n		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
1622	29:intro	e58i		Isaiah 29 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) Special concepts in this chapter Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Prophecies This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1623	29:1	p34x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1624	29:1	kp7k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1625	29:1	bhl8		“David dwelled” or “David lived”
1626	29:1	wh6s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	“Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1627	29:2	rhv8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1628	29:2	fh77	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1629	29:2	w19k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1630	29:2	uey1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1631	29:3	aqb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1632	29:3	z8vg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1633	29:4	xp4f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1634	29:4	ak9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1635	29:5	ei77	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1636	29:5	w2d7		“many soldiers that will attack you”
1637	29:5	vl7f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1638	29:6	gh4q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1639	29:7	th7g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1640	29:7	l4s8		“Large armies from all the nations”
1641	29:7	t56e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in Isaiah 29:1. Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1642	29:7	h99v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1643	29:8	ncq1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1644	29:8	b3vv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1645	29:9	thb7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1646	29:9	un3a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1647	29:9	h71h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1648	29:10	g6xx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1649	29:10	u6aj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1650	29:11	jvz4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1651	29:11	vii8		This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read”
1652	29:12	z14w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1653	29:13	hp14	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1654	29:13	z6q5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1655	29:13	u7h6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1656	29:14	ya7e		“Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain”
1657	29:14	cb9j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1658	29:15	n74m		This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14.
1659	29:15	a41v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1660	29:15	yh8d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1661	29:15	mt4k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1662	29:16	tt3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1663	29:16	ak5f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1664	29:16	m1ba	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay … ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1665	29:17	vcq7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1666	29:17	p68s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1667	29:18	q8r1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1668	29:18	d7au	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1669	29:19	y383	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1670	29:20	st9w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1671	29:20	m2ji	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1672	29:20	i5cr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1673	29:21	zp8p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1674	29:21	wl2h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1675	29:21	vb33		The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions.
1676	29:22	i8ii	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1677	29:22	v978	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1678	29:22	a47e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1679	29:23	j9rv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1680	29:23	ri6z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1681	29:23	m7l3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1682	29:23	k7hc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1683	29:23	hf61	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1684	29:24	ajl7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1685	29:24	ly72	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1686	29:24	uc4z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1687	30:intro	e211		Isaiah 30 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) Special concepts in this chapter Negev This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous. Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “That day” This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1688	30:1	e6vd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1689	30:1	dq2r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1690	30:1	cu63	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “plans” can be stated as the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1691	30:1	vep2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1692	30:1	sdp8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1693	30:2	ed8h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1694	30:2	k8ag	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1695	30:3	tal7		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1696	30:3	frg3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1697	30:3	z473	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1698	30:4	l5kf		Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king.
1699	30:4	ax9t		belonging to the people of Judah
1700	30:4	c3ut	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1701	30:4	apn6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
1702	30:5	vs3d		These words refer to the people of Judah.
1703	30:5	pp3g		“because of the people of Egypt”
1704	30:6	h34s		This continues God’s declaration concerning the people of Judah.
1705	30:6	i8pw		“This is what Yahweh declares”
1706	30:6	h1jl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1707	30:6	ian2		Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in Isaiah 14:29.
1708	30:6	rmj1		“the people of Judah carry their riches”
1709	30:7	x8ua	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1710	30:8	u3jb		Yahweh continues speaking to Isaiah.
1711	30:8	umq8		This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something.
1712	30:8	uql1		“in the presence of the people of Judah”
1713	30:8	x97k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1714	30:9	v3bl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1715	30:10	y449		Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah.
1716	30:11	x6bb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1717	30:11	s3c9		See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
1718	30:12	c9xs		See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
1719	30:12	q3x7		“you reject this message”
1720	30:12	hd23	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Possible meanings are (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1721	30:12	t871	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1722	30:12	km37	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1723	30:13	f58j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1724	30:13	rwu8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1725	30:13	c7k8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “fall” is expressed as the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1726	30:13	m5ka	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1727	30:14	b2im		Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah (Isaiah 30:12-13).
1728	30:14	amd2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in Isaiah 30:12-13. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1729	30:14	id9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1730	30:14	dbk1		A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay.
1731	30:14	k6fi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1732	30:14	c129		“a shard big enough to scrape”
1733	30:14	gs9n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1734	30:15	fd1v		See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
1735	30:15	jh13	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1736	30:15	zs7v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1737	30:15	am9c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1738	30:16	x48z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1739	30:17	cy2g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1740	30:17	l2rt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1741	30:17	g8ks	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1742	30:18	a5tl		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1743	30:19	nsp6		Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion.
1744	30:19	k2dh		“he will help you”
1745	30:20	u2ns		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1746	30:20	s89h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1747	30:20	j37h		This refers to Yahweh.
1748	30:20	m8au	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1749	30:21	yk8d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1750	30:21	gx8s		“him speaking behind you saying”
1751	30:21	n9ys	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1752	30:21	day3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1753	30:22	eg6r		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1754	30:22	z2re	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1755	30:22	n2zf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1756	30:23	g68j		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1757	30:23	w7ij		“Yahweh will give”
1758	30:23	hjh1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1759	30:23	llp6		“At that time”
1760	30:24	e7ff	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1761	30:25	nb4s		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1762	30:25	n5xk		Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
1763	30:25	lg8s		“when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall”
1764	30:25	k7p7		“at the time”
1765	30:26	bbc3		Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
1766	30:26	vup8		“the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days”
1767	30:26	s1jc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1768	30:27	q2s3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1769	30:27	vs12	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1770	30:27	yjg9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1771	30:28	n6lp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1772	30:28	r2gf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1773	30:28	wqj9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1774	30:28	rhf2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1775	30:29	mm6g		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1776	30:29	kpk6		This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing”
1777	30:29	m8dh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1778	30:29	x78j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1779	30:29	guu5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1780	30:29	esh8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1781	30:29	u4kf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1782	30:30	h7qb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1783	30:30	mr74	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1784	30:30	d2cp		“with storms full of wind, rain, and hail”
1785	30:30	ty89		hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain
1786	30:31	aq83	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1787	30:31	x1az	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1788	30:31	h8gw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1789	30:32	w9ms	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1790	30:32	wu2h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1791	30:32	d8x2		This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:12.
1792	30:32	vj9i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1793	30:33	z2rq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1794	30:33	ry8p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1795	30:33	lpk7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1796	30:33	nue1		“The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire”
1797	30:33	dbe3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1798	31:intro	a5pj		Isaiah 31 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Special concepts in this chapter Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “That day” This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) Israel The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively.
1799	31:1	h5ig		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
1800	31:1	mn6p		The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem.
1801	31:1	u5k2		“those people of Judah who go down”
1802	31:1	fq71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1803	31:1	lv3b		See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
1804	31:1	p83a		“nor do they ask Yahweh to help them”
1805	31:2	rf4c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1806	31:2	uq3q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1807	31:2	wni6		“punish”
1808	31:2	ncg3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1809	31:3	qmy9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1810	31:3	al1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1811	31:3	ee2s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1812	31:3	b7mw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1813	31:3	mv55	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1814	31:4	t89b		Yahweh speaks to Isaiah.
1815	31:4	bfb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1816	31:4	j6qt		It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion”
1817	31:4	cwq4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	“a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1818	31:4	e9kr		warns others to stay away
1819	31:4	vef8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1820	31:4	i5s6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1821	31:4	jrv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	“will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1822	31:4	wv7p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1823	31:5	n1mh		Yahweh continues speaking.
1824	31:5	yn4w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1825	31:5	s9xj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1826	31:5	q5mx		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
1827	31:5	hd1t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1828	31:6	puw5		“Return to the one against whom you have rebelled”
1829	31:7	f2zn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1830	31:8	n2d8		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah, referring to the Assyrians as though they are one person.
1831	31:8	vll3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Sword” refers to military might. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1832	31:8	f6pa		“The Assyrians will flee”
1833	31:8	ib91	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1834	31:9	cb3x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1835	31:9	eqd6		“their leaders”
1836	31:9	awn7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1837	32:intro	qg44		Isaiah 32 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1838	32:1	bfx3		This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
1839	32:2	he1m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1840	32:2	i91q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1841	32:2	vxn9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1842	32:3	d51u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1843	32:3	ile5		“will see clearly”
1844	32:4	v44b		Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah (Isaiah 32:1-3).
1845	32:4	byg3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1846	32:5	dap4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1847	32:5	zlq8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1848	32:6	zh17	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1849	32:6	z5gt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1850	32:6	vd59		The word “he” refers to the foolish person.
1851	32:6	y9ue	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1852	32:6	b6mz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1853	32:7	br91	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1854	32:7	fwx8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1855	32:8	em4r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1856	32:9	ut5j		“Stand up” or “Pay attention”
1857	32:9	a31y		“secure” or “carefree”
1858	32:9	yi6d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1859	32:10	g6m5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1860	32:10	t219	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1861	32:10	d5c3		“the time for gathering crops will not happen”
1862	32:11	b3cb		Isaiah continues speaking.
1863	32:11	aq71		shake from fear
1864	32:11	m37x		“secure” or “carefree”
1865	32:11	suv5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1866	32:11	dhb7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
1867	32:12	n8hm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1868	32:13	t131		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:6.
1869	32:13	prc1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1870	32:13	az82		“your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying.
1871	32:14	i3ba		Isaiah continues speaking.
1872	32:14	ftk1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1873	32:14	ut34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1874	32:14	l4wz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1875	32:14	g5yl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1876	32:14	x8t3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1877	32:15	ai5k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1878	32:15	m9lm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1879	32:15	f3x2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1880	32:15	i9yh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1881	32:16	p29j		Isaiah continues speaking.
1882	32:16	uzl5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1883	32:17	w4zs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1884	32:18	q9gf		place where people live
1885	32:19	xzc9		See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:2.
1886	32:19	stg9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1887	32:20	wd7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1888	33:intro	bx2g		Isaiah 33 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
1889	33:1	uq8j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1890	33:1	vi89	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1891	33:1	uz7b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1892	33:1	t9ig		“others will betray”
1893	33:2	ktn1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1894	33:2	k72t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1895	33:2	zfi5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1896	33:2	vt7m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1897	33:3	bxw1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Possible meanings of “the loud noise” are (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1898	33:3	mt58	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1899	33:3	bws5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1900	33:4	jx3k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1901	33:5	bu33		Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah.
1902	33:5	f7z4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1903	33:5	gk4n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1904	33:6	gy6i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1905	33:6	fe6y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1906	33:6	p3md	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1907	33:7	f6lb		This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen”
1908	33:7	e9rq		messengers
1909	33:7	m76k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1910	33:8	pf64	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1911	33:8	ftm2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1912	33:9	czb9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1913	33:9	na5c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1914	33:9	d8ct		Many trees and flowers once grew in these places.
1915	33:9	dj2w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1916	33:9	aiz6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1917	33:10	d6gh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1918	33:10	gmq4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: “now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1919	33:11	il71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: “You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1920	33:11	m839		The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
1921	33:11	f2w8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the Assyrians’ plans are referred to as their “breath.” This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: “your plans will cause you to die” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1922	33:12	q832	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares how the peoples’ dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fire will burn the peoples’ bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1923	33:12	k121		the ashes from burned bones
1924	33:13	h2cp		Yahweh continues to speak.
1925	33:13	qf2k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1926	33:14	hr7p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1927	33:14	l4yq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1928	33:14	p2p3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1929	33:14	n2zl		live in a place that is not one’s home
1930	33:15	a3sk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1931	33:15	kmw5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The noun phrase “the gain of oppression” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “who hates the riches that come from harming other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1932	33:16	jr9e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1933	33:16	t3ae	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1934	33:16	p4zt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1935	33:16	v96k		“will always be available”
1936	33:17	vd1r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1937	33:17	d8s5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1938	33:18	h85u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1939	33:18	m1ib	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1940	33:18	v7nn		Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight.
1941	33:19	b6t2		“a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand”
1942	33:20	km19		Isaiah continues to speak to the people of Judah.
1943	33:20	ex3i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1944	33:20	gq29	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1945	33:20	tj7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1946	33:20	z75i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1947	33:21	js4c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1948	33:21	z6si		“will travel the river”
1949	33:22	x9zc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1950	33:23	er96	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless (Isaiah 33:1) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” (Isaiah 33:17-Isaiah 22). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1951	33:23	b3bn		tall poles that support the sail
1952	33:23	l3q9		a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water
1953	33:23	a64j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when they divide the treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1954	33:23	tx7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: “those who are lame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1955	33:24	brw9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1956	34:intro	rp2m		Isaiah 34 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Important figures of speech in this chapter Destruction There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Prophecy This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1957	34:1	l8gx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1958	34:1	xx72	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh’s authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1959	34:1	q1g4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: “the world, and all things that come from it must listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1960	34:2	maf7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1961	34:3	g8nr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1962	34:3	kc9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1963	34:3	alg3		“the mountains will be covered in their blood”
1964	34:4	ta5s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1965	34:4	g3vj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1966	34:5	zep4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1967	34:5	zs1y		This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then”
1968	34:5	dh31	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1969	34:5	n7uq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1970	34:6	z82l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1971	34:6	e9tg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1972	34:6	hx1f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1973	34:7	ruc9		“will die”
1974	34:7	x9xv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1975	34:7	cw9p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1976	34:8	ypt1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1977	34:8	f6ru	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1978	34:9	b8cq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1979	34:9	yfh4		“Edom’s dust … Edom’s land”
1980	34:9	fd7g		a thick, black substance that burns for a long time
1981	34:10	smi7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1982	34:10	tvh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 13:20. Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1983	34:11	yd3v		“will live in the land of Edom”
1984	34:11	drt9		See how you translated this in Isaiah 13:21.
1985	34:11	q1gl		This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places.
1986	34:11	p68y		“there.” This refers to Edom.
1987	34:11	pgr3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1988	34:11	z1ph		These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 28:17.
1989	34:12	xsb8		“The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom”
1990	34:12	t7ih	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1991	34:13	ayh3		These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching.
1992	34:13	pt3i		Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in Isaiah 13:22.
1993	34:13	f3r8		Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
1994	34:14	je4l		Translate this the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
1995	34:14	p32p		Translate the name of this animal as you did in Isaiah 13:22.
1996	34:14	y56u		animals that are awake and active at night
1997	34:15	z2sp		Translate this word the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
1998	34:15	ty8k		birds that kill small animals for food
1999	34:16	qji5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	The phrase “the scroll of Yahweh” means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2000	34:16	me3v		“not one of the animals”
2001	34:16	w98b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Each animal will have a mate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2002	34:16	zh4w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Yahweh is referred to by his “mouth” to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has commanded it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2003	34:17	wiz7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: “He has determined where they will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2004	34:17	n3hj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to the way that people measured things in biblical times. Alternate translation: “he has given the animals their places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2005	34:17	f3tu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated the phrase “from generation to generation” in Isaiah 13:20. Alternate translation: “forever they will” or “they will always” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2006	35:intro	wlq4		Isaiah 35 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
2007	35:1	s4b3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	These two phrases have basically the same meaning. These places are described as being glad, like a person is glad, because they have received water and are blossoming. Alternate translation: “It will be like the wilderness and the Arabah are glad and the desert will rejoice” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2008	35:1	pis9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This speaks of the plants in the desert blossoming as if the desert itself were blossoming. Alternate translation: “its plants will blossom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2009	35:2	f7wa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the way the plants of the desert blossom to the way a rose (verse 1) has many blossoms. Alternate translation: “The desert will grow many new plants and trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2010	35:2	eqm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the desert as if it were happy and singing like a person. Alternate translation: “it will be as though everything is rejoicing and singing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2011	35:2	tt4e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. This speaks of Yahweh making the desert looks as glorious as Lebanon as if he were giving the desert Lebanon’s glory. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give it the glory of Lebanon” or “Yahweh will make it as glorious as Lebanon” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2012	35:2	cy7n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh making the desert look beautiful as Carmel and Sharon as if he were giving the desert their splendor. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the splendor of Carmel and Sharon will be given to it” or “Yahweh will make it as splendid as Carmel and Sharon” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2013	35:2	y6hb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s appearance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2014	35:3	qfp3		Isaiah is speaking to the people of Judah.
2015	35:3	f8st	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The words “weak hands” and “knees that shake” represent a person who is fearful. Alternate translation: “Strengthen those whose hands are weak and whose knees shake from fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2016	35:4	duk7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here people are referred to by their hearts, which emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: “to those who are fearful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2017	35:4	byx6		This is used here to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2018	35:4	yx44	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “vengeance” and “recompense” are expressed as the verb “punish.” The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean the same thing and emphasize that God will punish Judah’s enemies. Alternate translation: “your God will punish your enemies for what they have done” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2019	35:5	n48l		These verses begin a description of the glorious future for God’s people.
2020	35:5	qq2t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The blind” refers to people who are blind. They are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “blind people will see” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2021	35:5	n5na	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The deaf” refers to people who cannot hear. They are referred to by their “ears” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “deaf people will hear” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2022	35:6	tk9j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Deer can jump far and high. Jumping like a deer is an exaggeration for being able to move about quickly and easily. Alternate translation: “the lame man will jump high” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2023	35:6	jfl8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This refers to people who cannot speak. They are referred to by their “tongues” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “mute people will sing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2024	35:6	hbh2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “streams will flow in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2025	35:7	szb4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that a pool of water will appear in the hot sand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “A pool will appear in the burning sand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2026	35:7	jn3e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here the dry ground is described as being thirsty. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2027	35:7	y4rh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that springs will appear in the dry ground. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “springs of water will appear in the thirsty ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2028	35:7	f1uj		See how you translated this in Isaiah 13:22.
2029	35:7	u1py		These are plants that grow in wet areas.
2030	35:8	c1ji		These verses continue the description of the glorious future for God’s people.
2031	35:8	cz9h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A highway will be there that has the name The Holy Way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2032	35:8	sy7r		See how you translated this word in Isaiah 11:16.
2033	35:8	ese5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “Those who are unclean” or “People who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2034	35:8	nfa5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to “living.” This refers to the person who lives a holy life. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who lives in the holy way” or “who lives a holy life” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2035	35:9	ns9h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will find them there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2036	35:9	aui1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: “those who are redeemed” or “those who God has redeemed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2037	35:10	s1di	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2038	35:10	q3ha	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will have everlasting joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2039	35:10	x841	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2040	35:10	b5lz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2041	35:10	d5f7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2042	36:intro	r5x3		Isaiah 36 General Notes Structure and formatting The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Special concepts in this chapter Trust The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Rhetorical Questions The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2043	36:1	v35t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	“year 14” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2044	36:1	jr4c		See how you translated the name of this king in Isaiah 1:1.
2045	36:1	np79	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2046	36:1	y3xq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army … attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2047	36:2	df93		Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the Rabshakeh.” This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria.
2048	36:2	yz32	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2049	36:2	xgl3		man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3.
2050	36:2	su6h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Possible meanings are (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderers’ field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2051	36:2	ilm6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Launderer are either (1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “wool washers field,” or (2) women who wash dirty clothes, “clothes washers field.” See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2052	36:3	in74	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated these men’s names in Isaiah 22:20. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2053	36:3	pc89	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 22:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2054	36:3	ch95	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2055	36:4	js58		“said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah”
2056	36:4	p18f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2057	36:5	qam5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2058	36:5	cx3g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2059	36:6	ke68		This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah. The chief commander is speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
2060	36:6	e9jq		Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2061	36:6	riv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Egypt” refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “trusting in the Egyptian army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2062	36:6	p2hf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2063	36:6	ha6p		A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight.
2064	36:6	d7dx		This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way.
2065	36:7	rnl2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2066	36:7	dd7s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2067	36:8	bks6		This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
2068	36:8	cxf8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2069	36:8	kf72	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2070	36:9	kd1i		This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
2071	36:9	kkc7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2072	36:10	i4d9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2073	36:10	lp4l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2074	36:10	rme7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2075	36:11	u5uf		See how you translated these men’s names in Isaiah 22:20.
2076	36:11	gv2d		See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 22:15.
2077	36:11	nk7q		See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 36:3
2078	36:11	k22v		See how you translated this in Isaiah 36:2.
2079	36:11	t9lq		Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refer to themselves as the chief commander’s servants. This is a polite way to speak to someone who has greater authority.
2080	36:11	ts48	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	“Aramean” is the name of a people group. “Aramaic” is the name of their language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2081	36:11	src6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2082	36:11	ka86	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2083	36:12	sj4i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2084	36:12	e31l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2085	36:12	q31n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2086	36:13	r755		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 36:2.
2087	36:15	m9dz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2088	36:15	q7vd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The king’s “hand” refers to his “control.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2089	36:16	t4iu		The chief commander continues speaking to the people of Judah.
2090	36:16	jhn1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means to agree officially to act peacefully towards one another. Alternate translation: “Let us agree to have peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2091	36:16	pq46	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: “surrender to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2092	36:17	pl47	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2093	36:17	p9x3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2094	36:17	dnb3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2095	36:18	wdv8		The chief commander continues speaking the king of Assyria’s message to the people of Judah (Isaiah 36:16).
2096	36:18	u8gl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2097	36:18	gl11	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2098	36:19	zj8l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2099	36:19	r9ju	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in Isaiah 10:9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2100	36:19	g5q3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2101	36:20	tl7p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2102	36:20	r234	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2103	36:22	zjw1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translate the names of these men the same as you did in Isaiah 36:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2104	36:22	yqy8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2105	36:22	kdc7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	Hezekiah’s officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
2106	37:intro	vy96		Isaiah 37 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 37:22-38. Special concepts in this chapter Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king’s anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]]) Prayer Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
2107	37:1	u52c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
2108	37:1	qkd2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
2109	37:2	he14	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translate the names of these men the same as you did in Isaiah 36:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2110	37:2	u8m9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2111	37:2	vd87	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
2112	37:3	vt7q		“The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah”
2113	37:3	nm3p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: “It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2114	37:4	k27f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2115	37:4	rr63		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 36:2.
2116	37:4	m9rk		This phrase means that the king is the chief commander’s master.
2117	37:4	yi1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here the phrase “the words which Yahweh your God has heard” refers to what the king of Assyria had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will rebuke the king of Assyria for what he has said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2118	37:4	t6nz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Praying to Yahweh is described this way to emphasize that Yahweh is in heaven. A prayer is spoken of as if they were objects that could be lifted high into the sky. Alternate translation: “pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2119	37:4	jr8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who are left in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “for the few of us that are still here” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2120	37:7	wiv3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “put a spirit in him” means that God will influence him to make a specific decision. The word “spirit” here means a strong attitude or feeling. Alternate translation: “I will influence him so that when he hears a certain report, he will go back to his own land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2121	37:7	v1q1		This word is used here to draw the peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2122	37:7	ggs5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “fall by the sword” is an idiom that means that his enemy will kill him with a sword. Alternate translation: “And there in his own land, I will cause his enemies to kill him with their swords” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2123	37:8	q58i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated the name of this city in Isaiah 36:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2124	37:8	j5mn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is a city in southern Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2125	37:9	d4uz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2126	37:9	kcx5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	“Tirhakah” is the name of a man. He had mobilized his army so that they were ready to fight. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized his army” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2127	37:9	wd2v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “him” represents Sennacherib. Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “to fight against the army of Sennacherib” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2128	37:10	vz6u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This can be stated in active form. The word “hand” refers to the king’s military power. Alternate translation: “The king of Assyria and his army will not conquer you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2129	37:11	l567		This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah.
2130	37:11	l934		The word “see” here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “You have certainly heard”
2131	37:11	vik5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “So you too will not be saved.” or “So of course no one will rescue you either!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2132	37:12	rk3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed … Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2133	37:12	iz21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word “fathers” refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: “that my fathers destroyed with their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2134	37:12	k8xm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2135	37:13	aku4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2136	37:13	ib9s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king … Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2137	37:13	t5zc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in Isaiah 36:19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2138	37:14	ex2e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the messengers are referred to by their “hand” to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: “that the messengers gave him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2139	37:14	a1u4		The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.”
2140	37:14	c2pf		“spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out.
2141	37:16	m4vb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2142	37:16	bcb9		“only you are God”
2143	37:16	z5zj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “have authority over all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2144	37:16	bl43	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: “You made everything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2145	37:17	x59g		Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
2146	37:17	q72i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Hezekiah is referring to the letter from Sennacherib. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “in the message he has sent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2147	37:17	j5py		“Incline your ear” or “Turn your head.” This means to turn your head so that you can hear something better.
2148	37:17	rq3a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2149	37:18	vwq4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: “many of the nations and their lands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2150	37:19	ymw5		Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
2151	37:19	xdh5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: “because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2152	37:20	t78q		“from the king of Assyria’s power”
2153	37:20	d95t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “all the people in the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2154	37:20	y5e4		“only you, Yahweh, are God”
2155	37:21	rbj3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: “sent someone to give a message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2156	37:22	ha6t		“is what Yahweh has said”
2157	37:22	hdv5		“laughs at you” or “makes fun of you”
2158	37:22	d2ht	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
2159	37:22	f4jf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2160	37:23	xes7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2161	37:23	m83m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to speaking loudly as if the person’s voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: “have you shouted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2162	37:23	xz28	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: “looked at pridefully” or “acted pridefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2163	37:24	f2gc		This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
2164	37:24	dt18	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2165	37:24	k4e1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2166	37:24	wv8g		“Lebanon’s tall cedars”
2167	37:24	vey3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2168	37:25	gwm7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2169	37:25	u9gt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2170	37:26	vd5w		This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
2171	37:26	k4vl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2172	37:26	vpm5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2173	37:26	ru16		strong and heavily guarded
2174	37:26	lbt8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2175	37:27	abl4		“who are weak”
2176	37:27	z86i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2177	37:27	lp95	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: “The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2178	37:27	u4kj		The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows.
2179	37:28	vq6a		This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
2180	37:28	uw6e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This refers to all activities of life. Alternate translation: “I know everything you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2181	37:28	zm2q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The word “raging” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how you rage against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2182	37:29	f79t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the king’s “arrogance” refers to his arrogant speech. Alternate translation: “your arrogant speech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2183	37:29	tv21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh hearing the king’s speech as if the king’s speech were something that traveled to his ear. Alternate translation: “I have heard you speaking arrogantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2184	37:29	r8sq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A person uses a hook and bit to lead an animal around. This speaks of Yahweh controlling the king as if the king were an animal Yahweh controlled with a bit and hook. Alternate translation: “I will control you like a man controls his animal by place a hook in its nose and a bit in its mouth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2185	37:29	wye1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will force you to return to your own country” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2186	37:30	cu1m		This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah (Isaiah 37:21).
2187	37:30	hyd8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	“sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2188	37:30	c1n3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2189	37:30	hw94	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2190	37:30	b6di		“what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild”
2191	37:30	ipd7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2192	37:31	cp8q		This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah.
2193	37:31	frk4		A “remnant” is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah.
2194	37:31	ngd5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here Judah’s “house” refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2195	37:31	jez8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: “will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2196	37:32	sc29	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2197	37:32	vre3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2198	37:33	i11q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2199	37:33	gun8		“with shields”
2200	37:33	vdw6		a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city
2201	37:34	yz62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2202	37:34	zq4h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2203	37:35	vmq8		Yahweh continues speaking.
2204	37:35	fz1d		“so that things will be better for me and for my servant David”
2205	37:36	c1n2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: “killing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2206	37:36	v98a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2207	37:37	x3e4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2208	37:37	ft9a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	See how you translated this man’s name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2209	37:38	m18l		“as Sennacherib was worshiping”
2210	37:38	m2c7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2211	37:38	id3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2212	37:38	fbz6		“with their swords”
2213	38:intro	s3fq		Isaiah 38 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Poetry This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise.
2214	38:1	g1p4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2215	38:3	c5ru	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2216	38:3	rvv5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Here “walk” means to “live.” The phrase means to live in a way the pleases Yahweh. Alternate translation: “faithfully lived before you” or “faithfully served you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2217	38:3	j97c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the “heart” refers to the inner-being which represents a person’s complete devotion. Alternate translation: “with all my inner being” or “with my complete devotion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2218	38:3	hd6d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what pleases you” or “what you consider to be good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2219	38:4	zb4v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2220	38:5	l5ca		This is used to ask the listener to pay attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2221	38:5	pg75	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“15 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2222	38:6	vqy2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the king’s “hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “the power of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2223	38:7	zk63		Yahweh continues speaking to Hezekiah.
2224	38:8	as58		Yahweh uses this word to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2225	38:8	j1py	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	These stairs are referred to this way because they were built while Ahaz was king. You can make this information clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2226	38:10	hgb5		“that before I have grown old.” This refers to dying at middle age, before growing old.
2227	38:10	vkw8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of dying as if Sheol were a kingdom that has gates that one enters. Alternate translation: “I will die and go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2228	38:10	y2v3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “before I have lived all of my years I will go to the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2229	38:11	bn4a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	“The living” refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: “in the land where people are alive” or “in this world where people are alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2230	38:12	pmv9		Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
2231	38:12	rh4l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This speaks of how Yahweh is ending Hezekiah’s life quickly by comparing it to how a shepherd removes his tent from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life away from me quickly like a shepherd packs up his tent and carries it away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2232	38:12	f8qq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2233	38:12	eh2s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This speaks of Yahweh quickly ending Hezekiah’s life by comparing it to how a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom and rolls it up. Alternate translation: “you are ending my life quickly, like a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom when it is finished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2234	38:12	nyl3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2235	38:12	u29m		a device used to weave thread together to make cloth
2236	38:13	x3bh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Hezekiah speaks of how he is in extreme pain by comparing it to having his body torn apart by lions. Alternate translation: “my pain was as though I were being torn apart by lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2237	38:14	al5q		Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
2238	38:14	b2w9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and they emphasize how sad and pitiful Hezekiah’s cries were. A swallow and a dove are types of birds. Alternate translation: “My cries are pitiful--they sound like the chirp of a swallow and the coo of a dove” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2239	38:14	qgn5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his “eyes” to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2240	38:14	bhl4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “of waiting for help to come from heaven” or “of waiting for you to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2241	38:14	l1ah	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My sickness oppresses me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2242	38:15	f5ku	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2243	38:15	hd6w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2244	38:15	ph65	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2245	38:15	gm6e		“because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad”
2246	38:16	iyk1		Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
2247	38:16	wak7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give my life back to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2248	38:17	wz18	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from dying and going to the pit of destruction” or “so that I did not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2249	38:17	f8fu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: “for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2250	38:18	nm81		Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
2251	38:18	n9p4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Sheol” and “death” refer to “dead people.” Alternate translation: “For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2252	38:18	ps5x		“those who go down to the grave”
2253	38:18	nf2c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	“do not have hope in your faithfulness.” Here “your” is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2254	38:19	ye1q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2255	38:20	nw4z		Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
2256	38:20	j3ts	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “save me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2257	38:20	k672	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “we” refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2258	38:21	b3bq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
2259	38:21	x8d3		“Let Hezekiah’s servants”
2260	38:21	drf6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2261	38:21	t3l6		a painful area on the skin that is infected
2262	39:intro	lz5x		Isaiah 39 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Pride Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Babylon At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria.
2263	39:1	z1d1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2264	39:2	x7xe	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2265	39:2	ig2z		“he showed the messengers everything of value he had”
2266	39:2	i69i		a building where goods are kept
2267	39:2	bg44	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that was in his storehouses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2268	39:2	k5u7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This is a slight exaggeration as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed them almost everything in his house and in his kingdom” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2269	39:4	lp83	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two sentences mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize how much Hezekiah showed the men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2270	39:4	u3hm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: “almost everything in my house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2271	39:4	k738	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I showed them all the valuable things in my palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2272	39:5	rsm5		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
2273	39:5	hh3d		“the message”
2274	39:6	w6ck		This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
2275	39:6	y5e5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2276	39:7	wtl9		Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah.
2277	39:7	mls8		“Your sons”
2278	39:7	tb9y		“the Babylonians will take them”
2279	40:intro	xc5h		Isaiah 40 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Important figures of speech in this chapter Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “She has received double from Yahweh’s hand for all her sins” It is common in many languages to use the feminine “she” to refer to a nation, rather than the word “it,” which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use “he,” “she,” or “it” in reference to a nation. The phrase “received double” indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations. Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
2280	40:1	uzv6		The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis.
2281	40:1	wa9a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2282	40:2	f6th	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2283	40:2	v29s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them … their warfare … their iniquity … they have received … their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2284	40:2	rrl8		Possible meanings are that the word “warfare” refers (1) to military battle or (2) to forced labor.
2285	40:2	ux5w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2286	40:2	xkm6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2287	40:3	s925	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “voice” represents the person who cries out. Alternate translation: “Someone cries out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2288	40:3	kwv5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines are parallel and mean basically the same thing. The people preparing themselves for Yahweh’s help is spoken of as if they were to prepare roads for Yahweh to travel upon. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2289	40:3	m8sr		See how you translated this word in Isaiah 35:1.
2290	40:4	uee3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Lift up every valley, and level every mountain and hill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2291	40:4	xdc9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Making the valleys level with the rest of the ground is spoken of as if it were lifting up the valleys. Alternate translation: “Every valley will be filled in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2292	40:4	m9td	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make the rugged land level, and make the rough places into a plain” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2293	40:5	ys59	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2294	40:5	sf3k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2295	40:6	slv6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “flesh” refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are like grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2296	40:6	tzv2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2297	40:6	h3q7		Possible meanings are (1) covenant faithfulness or (2) beauty.
2298	40:7	m65h		Possible meanings are (1) “when Yahweh blows his breath on it” or (2) “when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it.”
2299	40:7	p8bp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “people die as quickly as grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2300	40:8	ilr1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The speaker speaks of what God says lasting forever as if his word stands forever. Alternate translation: “the things that our God says will last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2301	40:9	da3x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The writer speaks of Zion as if it were a messenger who declares good news from a mountain top. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2302	40:9	w2hr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Messengers would often stand on elevated land, such as mountains, so that many people could hear what they proclaimed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2303	40:9	v9yl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2304	40:9	i6vj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2305	40:10	gme1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “arm” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “he rules with great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2306	40:10	j4yu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2307	40:11	m6wg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2308	40:12	qkx7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured … and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2309	40:12	n98i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2310	40:12	r9wq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	A “span” is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2311	40:12	hal4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2312	40:12	q4eb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh knowing how heavy the mountains are is spoken of as if he weighed them in scales and balances. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2313	40:13	g2yh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah continues using questions to emphasize Yahweh’s uniqueness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2314	40:13	j8t8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, and no one has instructed him as his counselor.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2315	40:13	vc3q		Here the word “mind” refers not only to Yahweh’s thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations.
2316	40:14	e7e8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: “He has never received instruction from anyone.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2317	40:14	h7pz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: “No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2318	40:15	xu1z		These words add emphasis to what follows.
2319	40:15	m437	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2320	40:15	bl7h		Possible meanings are (1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or (2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket.
2321	40:15	c6k1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2322	40:17	bap7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he regards them as nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2323	40:18	pv1a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2324	40:18	q6aj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	This is plural and refers to all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2325	40:19	t66l		“A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it”
2326	40:21	ru6j		Isaiah continues speaking to God’s people.
2327	40:21	nm2t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2328	40:21	p4gz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Have people not told you from the beginning?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2329	40:21	w7gd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if the earth were a building for which Yahweh laid the foundation. Alternate translation: “from the time that Yahweh created the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2330	40:22	vwb7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2331	40:22	r4cn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2332	40:22	jtu6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2333	40:23	sfc9		“Yahweh reduces”
2334	40:24	d2lf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2335	40:24	n61k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2336	40:24	pcb5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2337	40:24	d8bi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh’s judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2338	40:25	pts1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2339	40:26	t53r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This is a leading question that anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has created all these stars!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2340	40:26	aiw3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the word “formations” refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2341	40:26	y52j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The phrases “the greatness of his might” and “the strength of his power” form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “By his great might and powerful strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2342	40:26	w46r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “every one is present” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2343	40:27	p5my	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel … vindication’.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2344	40:27	s7bb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Why do you say, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2345	40:27	tsn1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not know what happens to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2346	40:27	r58k		Possible meanings are (1) “my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly” or (2) “my God is not concerned about treating me justly.”
2347	40:28	v4f1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness. See how you translated these in Isaiah 40:21. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2348	40:28	d991	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2349	40:29	gt6k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2350	40:29	l1wl		“Yahweh gives strength”
2351	40:31	gu6x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2352	40:31	vgd6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2353	41:intro	mwf4		Isaiah 41 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Mocking Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
2354	41:1	ihs8		Here “me” refers to God.
2355	41:1	gik7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
2356	41:1	w3dd		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 40:31.
2357	41:1	kfx1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: “then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2358	41:2	ji73	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: “I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2359	41:2	ckc3		“I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him”
2360	41:2	n5yz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2361	41:3	a4li		Yahweh continues speaking to the coastlands and the nations.
2362	41:3	dk7c		“The ruler from the east pursues the nations”
2363	41:3	iyl6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: “by a path on which he moves with great speed” or (2) “feet” represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: “by a path that he has never traveled before” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2364	41:4	xap2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “I have performed and accomplished these deeds.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2365	41:4	lw9z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Here the word “generations” represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2366	41:4	z51k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2367	41:4	rvp7		Possible meanings are (1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or (2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity.
2368	41:5	xi3d		Yahweh continues speaking.
2369	41:5	n6gc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles … people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2370	41:5	z1m3		You can translate “isles” the same way you translated “coastlands” in Isaiah 41:1.
2371	41:5	yg5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2372	41:5	rd3y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: “they come together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2373	41:7	t2rw		an iron block on which a person shapes metal with a hammer
2374	41:7	ny9f		Here the word “welding” refers to the process of fastening the gold to the wood as the workers finish making the idol.
2375	41:7	qdp9		Here “it” refers to the idol that they have made.
2376	41:8	w8df		Yahweh continues speaking.
2377	41:9	ng2r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is bringing the people of Israel back to their land from distant countries. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2378	41:9	unb2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:5. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2379	41:9	ah78	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second states in negative terms what the first states in positive terms. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2380	41:10	sv29		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2381	41:10	y2hx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2382	41:10	m5ra	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “right hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh’s right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: “my righteous power” or (2) Yahweh’s right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: “my victorious power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2383	41:11	fup1		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2384	41:11	i38z		“all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced”
2385	41:11	acy9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2386	41:11	bm8s		“those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish”
2387	41:12	rr8g		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2388	41:13	mcq1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2389	41:14	nw9b		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2390	41:14	d1xa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Here “Jacob” and “men of Israel” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel who are like worms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2391	41:14	x6h1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or (2) that this refers to Israel’s own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2392	41:14	vga7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2393	41:14	s6u3		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
2394	41:15	dv6j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2395	41:15	v5bt		A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff.
2396	41:15	s3j3		This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are “two-edged” means that they are very sharp.
2397	41:15	im62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: “you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2398	41:15	ulv1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2399	41:16	ii6a		Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies.
2400	41:16	z22h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in Isaiah 41:15. This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2401	41:16	mzr8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the wind will blow them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2402	41:17	f1vc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2403	41:19	n27t		Yahweh continues speaking.
2404	41:19	g4uv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2405	41:20	b7ez	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2406	41:21	bhd2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2407	41:23	icg9		Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them (Isaiah 41:21-22).
2408	41:23	qee7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	The words “good” and “evil” form a merism and represent anything. Alternate translation: “do anything at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2409	41:24	yv5h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the idols. Alternate translation: “the person who chooses you idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2410	41:25	bsg2		Yahweh continues speaking.
2411	41:25	rd8b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of appointing a person as if he raised that person up. Alternate translation: “I have appointed one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2412	41:25	s97v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This refers to the east, the direction from which the sun rises. Alternate translation: “from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2413	41:25	i891		Possible meanings are (1) that this person invokes Yahweh for his success or (2) that this person worships Yahweh.
2414	41:25	bb4s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: “he will conquer the rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2415	41:25	q8p3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2416	41:26	u3i7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are (1) that the idols have not done these things and (2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, ‘He is right.’” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and[[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2417	41:26	xn3y		“Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything”
2418	41:27	b6xr		Yahweh continues speaking.
2419	41:28	k8tv		“not one idol”
2420	41:29	i3rp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: “their idols are all worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2421	42:intro	q7al		Isaiah 42 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Special concepts in this chapter Servant Israel is called Yahweh’s servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word “servant” are intended to contrast with one another.
2422	42:1	l3dq		Yahweh continues speaking.
2423	42:1	e7j9		“Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant”
2424	42:1	d5ej		“with whom I am very happy”
2425	42:3	f9m4		Yahweh continues speaking.
2426	42:3	w4sn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2427	42:3	blf9		A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in Isaiah 36:6.
2428	42:3	z56i		“My servant will not break”
2429	42:4	dhd4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:1. Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2430	42:5	kf3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2431	42:5	jxn4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2432	42:6	hg7t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Yahweh’s servant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2433	42:6	l1kx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will … make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2434	42:6	t6si	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2435	42:7	v24a		Yahweh continues describing what his servant will do.
2436	42:7	tip7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: “to enable the blind to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2437	42:7	i2h2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The verb may be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and to release those who sit in darkness from the house in which they are confined” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2438	42:8	cbp4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “nor will I share my praise with carved idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2439	42:8	s62b		This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people.
2440	42:9	rdt7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2441	42:10	c3wi		Yahweh continues speaking.
2442	42:10	qf1v		“and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands”
2443	42:11	liq4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2444	42:11	mtu1		This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in Isaiah 21:16
2445	42:11	sfh4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	a city in Edom (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2446	42:12	gy1u		Yahweh continues speaking.
2447	42:12	bh2u		Here “them” refers to the people along the coastlands.
2448	42:13	bf3l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh is compared with a warrior who is ready to defeat his people’s enemies. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2449	42:13	ys39	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “zeal” refers to the passion that a warrior experiences when he is about to fight a battle. Yahweh stimulating his zeal is spoken of as if he stirred it up like the wind stirs up waves of water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2450	42:14	tc93		Yahweh continues speaking.
2451	42:14	ej6j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh’s inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2452	42:14	x3e1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: “I have kept myself from doing anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2453	42:14	sj5x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh’s activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2454	42:15	c5ek	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2455	42:15	qi5p		A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water.
2456	42:16	hck4		Yahweh continues speaking.
2457	42:16	d8u8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2458	42:16	e56x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they were blind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2459	42:16	l8wt		Possible meanings are (1) “that they have never traveled” or (2) “with which they are unfamiliar.”
2460	42:16	jc1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they walked in darkness, and of his helping them as if he caused light to shine in the darkness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2461	42:17	tfv2		Yahweh continues speaking.
2462	42:17	ayv4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and put them to shame” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2463	42:18	j331		Yahweh continues speaking.
2464	42:18	q3rs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2465	42:19	lx6z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2466	42:19	y1c1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2467	42:20	u76d		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2468	42:20	k16p		“Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean”
2469	42:20	usp5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word “hears” refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: “people hear, but no one understands what they hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2470	42:21	e9j8		“Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious.” The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part.
2471	42:22	hh18		Yahweh continues speaking.
2472	42:22	p3ne	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But the enemy has robbed and plundered this people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2473	42:22	eu68	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the enemy had plundered them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2474	42:22	xx18	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy has trapped them all in pits and held them captive in prisons” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2475	42:23	zs76		Here Isaiah begins speaking.
2476	42:23	gp1t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2477	42:24	p2dz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2478	42:24	q9du	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh … refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2479	42:24	e8z2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2480	42:24	dla2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2481	42:25	al3a		Isaiah continues speaking.
2482	42:25	r4nh		“Therefore Yahweh”
2483	42:25	uby1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2484	42:25	dqe8		“against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people.
2485	42:25	x8pk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2486	42:25	ym86	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2487	42:25	q8m2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “they did not pay attention” or “they did not learn from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2488	43:intro	bc7l		Isaiah 43 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Exodus This chapter pictures Judah’s eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Exile This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2489	43:1	ce9y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the one who created you, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2490	43:2	kq19		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2491	43:2	q1vm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2492	43:2	j81j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2493	43:2	wdj7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will not burn you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2494	43:3	eyx6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel’s enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2495	43:3	jq3n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a nation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2496	43:4	yiz2		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2497	43:4	z7p1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “precious” and “special” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much Yahweh values his people. Alternate translation: “Because you are very precious to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2498	43:4	gpe4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2499	43:5	lxw5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	The directions “east” and “west” form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will bring you and your offspring from every direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2500	43:6	gtn5		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2501	43:6	l7c3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2502	43:6	l9k3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2503	43:7	yc6h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2504	43:7	l8wb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2505	43:8	r5rz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2506	43:9	j9gd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2507	43:9	wm6d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2508	43:9	n7pl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2509	43:10	zvu7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2510	43:10	ja9r		In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not.
2511	43:10	x2gj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2512	43:10	v98y		“none of those gods will exist after me”
2513	43:11	f73s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2514	43:11	m7ei		This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you”
2515	43:12	e51j		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2516	43:13	w2y7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “no one can rescue anyone from my power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2517	43:13	y176	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. It can be translated as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 14:27. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2518	43:14	t4z7		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2519	43:14	e4rv		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
2520	43:14	ly8f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2521	43:14	jrg7		“lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives”
2522	43:14	lpy3		A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
2523	43:16	qd5j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2524	43:17	a8pu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2525	43:17	u8ru	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: “They all died together; they will never live again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2526	43:17	v5sn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2527	43:18	h6ya		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2528	43:18	s5e7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2529	43:19	y1sp		This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
2530	43:19	j15h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2531	43:20	fmk2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2532	43:20	s4u1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	These are examples of the kinds of animals that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in Isaiah 13:21-22. The understood information can be supplied to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “the jackals and the ostriches will honor me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2533	43:22	h7vb		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2534	43:24	ie2f		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2535	43:24	l4vk		This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations.
2536	43:24	up12	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2537	43:24	t4mh		“troubled me with your sins”
2538	43:25	vh3j		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2539	43:25	r2jt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2540	43:25	j91x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Forgiving sins is spoken of as either (1) blotting them out or wiping them away or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away” or “who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2541	43:25	s5fa		“for my own honor” or “for my own reputation”
2542	43:25	l6uz		“remember”
2543	43:26	w2ud	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2544	43:26	xn62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may prove yourselves innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2545	43:27	n7s2		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2546	43:27	m9k5		This refers to the founder of Israel and may represent either Abraham or Jacob.
2547	43:28	c8g9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here to “hand over” represents putting someone under the power of another. The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy to completely destroy Jacob” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2548	43:28	rtm7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase, with which this phrase is parallel. The noun “humiliation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemy to abuse and humiliate Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2549	44:intro	lx1i		Isaiah 44 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh’s power There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh’s power as well. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
2550	44:1	lt14		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2551	44:1	j7v9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob, my servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2552	44:2	a1el	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2553	44:2	aj5d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen, do not fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2554	44:2	m3ac	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This also refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2555	44:3	b7lm		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2556	44:3	r9ge	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people of Israel as if he were causing rain to fall and streams to flow on dry ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2557	44:3	cdy4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Dry ground is spoken of as if it were a thirsty person. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2558	44:3	sw8k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people as if his Spirit were liquid that he pours out on them. Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit to your offspring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2559	44:3	na48	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will pour out my blessing on your children” or “I will give my blessing to your children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2560	44:4	j6m5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2561	44:4	k6eb		A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water.
2562	44:5	w27z		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel
2563	44:5	lfi3		“another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob”
2564	44:5	y4il		“call himself a descendant of Israel”
2565	44:6	q311		“Israel’s Redeemer”
2566	44:6	tts3		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
2567	44:6	j95i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. Possible meanings are (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2568	44:7	zm2k		Yahweh continues speaking.
2569	44:7	r8gi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2570	44:8	nbn1		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2571	44:8	jc9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2572	44:8	fb3i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. This can be translated as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2573	44:8	lr9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2574	44:8	z7iv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2575	44:9	y8gz		Yahweh continues speaking.
2576	44:9	uhp3		“the idols they delight in are worthless”
2577	44:9	ht3n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2578	44:9	fps8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2579	44:10	rn93	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2580	44:10	tu2g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish	The word “worthless” does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: “cast worthless idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2581	44:11	dnp6		Yahweh continues speaking.
2582	44:11	xq1i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2583	44:11	ka7l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2584	44:11	n21m		“Let them all come together before me”
2585	44:11	qc5v		“they will be terrified.” To “cower” is to bend over in fear.
2586	44:12	ui76		Yahweh continues speaking.
2587	44:12	rl3h		“forming the idol” or “creating the idol”
2588	44:13	acg5		A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood.
2589	44:13	gzq3		This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut.
2590	44:13	zt8q		This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol.
2591	44:14	uuw3		“The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down”
2592	44:14	xu2s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	a tall evergreen tree (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2593	44:15	gc6k		“The man uses the wood”
2594	44:15	pw7t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2595	44:18	pm8e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2596	44:18	w7kp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2597	44:18	eri6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2598	44:19	zz51	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2599	44:20	w2em	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2600	44:20	lnq9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2601	44:20	e7xc		“The person who worships idols cannot save himself”
2602	44:21	ach7		Yahweh continues speaking.
2603	44:21	t81a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: “you descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2604	44:21	bng6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2605	44:22	ey1y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these statements mean the same thing. God has removed their sins as quickly and easily as a wind can blow away a cloud. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2606	44:22	n1fa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2607	44:23	p5tq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2608	44:23	pm5m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	“you lowest parts of the earth.” Possible meanings are (1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with “heavens” in the previous phrase or (2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2609	44:24	c6gm		See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
2610	44:24	ye1e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 44:2. Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2611	44:24	qcw6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2612	44:25	nig5		These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future.
2613	44:25	kf5f		This refers to people who say things that are meaningless.
2614	44:26	rga7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2615	44:26	fe6v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares … what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2616	44:26	eu48	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will live there again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2617	44:26	ply1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2618	44:26	e9rr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The phrase “ruins” refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: “I will rebuild what others have destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2619	44:28	ut9k		Yahweh continues speaking.
2620	44:28	nrh6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of Cyrus ruling and protecting the people of Israel as if Cyrus is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2621	44:28	q7mc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2622	44:28	j6ev	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people lay its foundations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2623	45:intro	gu9r		Isaiah 45 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Potter and clay The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to “anoint” or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
2624	45:1	a5da	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh helping Cyrus and causing him to be successful is spoken of as if he were holding his right hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2625	45:2	r3lh		Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
2626	45:2	kyy4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles that would hinder Cyrus’s success as if it were leveling mountains before him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2627	45:2	jjq8		The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have “rough places” or “crooked places.”
2628	45:2	i615		This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates.
2629	45:3	j4lq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	Here “darkness” refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: “treasures in dark places” or “the treasures in secret places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2630	45:4	lb2n		Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
2631	45:4	x9uf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2632	45:5	uj89		Possible meanings are (1) “I will strengthen you for battle” or (2) “I will equip you for battle.”
2633	45:6	rj47	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “from every place on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2634	45:7	w7ux		Yahweh continues speaking.
2635	45:7	fa4k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2636	45:8	bb15	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2637	45:8	lxn8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
2638	45:9	ecu9		Yahweh continues speaking.
2639	45:9	f6zy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: “like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2640	45:9	v32t		Possible meanings are (1) “clay pot” or (2) “piece of broken clay pottery.”
2641	45:9	tc19	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter … on it!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2642	45:10	pin2		Yahweh continues to scold those who argue with him about what he does.
2643	45:10	m3zm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2644	45:10	d6vv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father … You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly … You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2645	45:11	f2x1		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
2646	45:11	riq3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me … my hands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2647	45:11	k97i		This refers to the people of Israel.
2648	45:11	kv1c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the things that I have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2649	45:12	tk49		Yahweh continues speaking.
2650	45:12	ki21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It was I who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2651	45:12	ati8		Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric that he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5.
2652	45:13	t11e		Yahweh continues speaking.
2653	45:13	wzd7		Here the word “righteousness” refers to right action. Possible meanings are (1) that Yahweh has stirred up Cyrus to do the right thing or (2) that Yahweh was right to stir up Cyrus.
2654	45:13	ikq9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of causing Cyrus to act as if it were stirring him from slumber. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2655	45:13	rv5p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles and causing Cyrus to be successful as if he were making the paths smooth on which Cyrus walks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2656	45:13	rhm5		This refers to Jerusalem.
2657	45:13	ye47	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Here the words “price” and “bribe” share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: “he will not do these things for money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2658	45:13	by1u		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
2659	45:14	s5el	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2660	45:14	x113		“The profits of Egypt”
2661	45:14	iqy3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2662	45:14	abe9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2663	45:16	xv24	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2664	45:16	vu1f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “ashamed” and “disgraced” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their idols will leave them all completely ashamed” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2665	45:16	bs61	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Living in continual humiliation is spoken of as if it were walking in humiliation. Alternate translation: “will be continually humiliated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2666	45:17	tdh9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2667	45:17	dq2m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will ever humiliate you again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2668	45:18	wbc3		“not to be empty.” Here the word “waste” refers to an empty, barren place.
2669	45:18	su8c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he designed it so people could live on it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2670	45:19	w8up		Yahweh continues speaking.
2671	45:20	ep69		Yahweh continues speaking
2672	45:20	ns4z		people who have fled from their homes so the enemy will not capture or kill them
2673	45:21	fjw3		Yahweh continues speaking to the refugees (Isaiah 45:20).
2674	45:21	m1fg		Here the word “them” refers to the refugees from among the nations who worship idols.
2675	45:21	jum4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he was the one who told them these things would happen. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who has shown this from long ago. I will tell you who announced it. It was I, Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2676	45:22	fdd5		Yahweh continues speaking.
2677	45:22	mrw2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Turn to me and I will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2678	45:22	zpc4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “all the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2679	45:22	ee2e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here this phrase represents the people who live at “the ends of the earth.” Alternate translation: “you who live at the farthest places of the earth” or “all of you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2680	45:23	yq9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The words “knee” and “tongue” represent the people. Alternate translation: “Every person will kneel before me, and everyone will swear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2681	45:24	b27g		All the people on the earth are speaking.
2682	45:25	kxm4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here the word “justified” does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel” or “Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2683	46:intro	c5i1		Isaiah 46 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
2684	46:1	dtc9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2685	46:1	yx1v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2686	46:1	tyx5		the idols that represented Bel and Nebo
2687	46:2	sa1p		“Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images”
2688	46:2	wq5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2689	46:3	i31a		Here “me” refers to Yahweh.
2690	46:3	pyi8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2691	46:3	zb74	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of helping and rescuing the people of Israel as if he were carrying them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I have carried” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2692	46:4	qb31	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel becoming very old as if it were an old man with gray hair. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2693	46:5	tv2f		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2694	46:5	x46n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. I resemble no one, so that we might be compared.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2695	46:5	v242	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you may compare us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2696	46:7	pr7d		“They” refers to the people who make idols and “it” refers to the idol that they have created.
2697	46:8	c43e		Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
2698	46:10	gk7b		Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
2699	46:10	ew3c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This basically repeats the same idea for emphasis. The verb from the first phrase may be supplied for the second. Alternate translation: “I announce the end from the beginning, and I announce beforehand what has not yet happened” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2700	46:11	f49l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were “a bird of prey.” As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh’s purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2701	46:11	yfg8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2702	46:12	e8tz		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2703	46:12	cq6x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2704	46:13	ykp7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2705	47:intro	ss9a		Isaiah 47 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Babylon This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
2706	47:1	h2n7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2707	47:1	qpl4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
2708	47:1	u5gc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2709	47:1	iz8h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “throne” refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: “without the power to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2710	47:1	v7zc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer call you dainty and delicate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2711	47:1	gl3j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: “very beautiful” or “very luxurious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2712	47:2	xev9		a large stone used to grind grain
2713	47:3	nic9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2714	47:3	jf7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will be naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2715	47:3	g35e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	Here the word “shame” is a euphemism for one’s private parts. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will see your shame” or “people will see your private parts” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2716	47:4	w7a9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	“Our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. See how you translated “Redeemer” in Isaiah 41:14. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2717	47:4	l2cn		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:24.
2718	47:4	eul3		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:16.
2719	47:5	m7ax		This phrase refers to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how the Chaldeans think fondly of her. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 47:1.
2720	47:5	h2qf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for people will no longer call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2721	47:5	zc1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of Babylon being the capital city of the Babylonian empire as if it were a queen who ruled many kingdoms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2722	47:6	x3uv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2723	47:6	r3nq		Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
2724	47:6	nxq8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel being his special possession as if they were his heritage or inheritance. Alternate translation: “I defiled my people, who are my special possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2725	47:6	f2rz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “hand” represents Babylon’s power or control. Alternate translation: “I put them under your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2726	47:6	b84q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the Babylonians oppressing the old people as if they had treated the old people like cattle and put heavy yokes on their necks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2727	47:7	d71w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Babylon speaks of permanently ruling over many nations as if she were a queen who would rule forever. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2728	47:7	ia5g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of thinking carefully about something as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “You did not consider these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2729	47:8	tb6u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2730	47:8	s8dj		“you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed.
2731	47:8	k74f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2732	47:8	u9jp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2733	47:8	h71w		“I will never become a widow”
2734	47:9	nwu5		“suddenly at the same time”
2735	47:10	eql9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2736	47:10	f9kb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “heart” refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2737	47:11	k9al	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2738	47:11	j3z5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: “You will experience destruction” or “Others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2739	47:11	qe57	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience calamity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2740	47:12	r46s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2741	47:12	zg4g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2742	47:14	cm8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2743	47:14	v2fe	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2744	47:14	ktj7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “hand” represents strength. Alternate translation: “the power of the flame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2745	47:14	z4mb		Yahweh emphasizes that this is a destructive fire by stating that it is not one that people will use to warm themselves.
2746	48:intro	db3q		Isaiah 48 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Exile Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods.
2747	48:1	kwr6		“Listen to my message.” Yahweh is speaking.
2748	48:1	ur9w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “house” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2749	48:1	y5hd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom everyone calls the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2750	48:1	b8ht	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: “are the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2751	48:1	nzc1		“call on the God of Israel”
2752	48:2	lqn2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “you call yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2753	48:2	b2hj		This refers to Jerusalem.
2754	48:2	w8wb		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
2755	48:3	vsr3		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2756	48:3	bj46	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	“Mouth” refers to someone speaking. Alternate translation: “I spoke these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2757	48:4	kh64	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Yahweh compares the tightness of their neck muscles and the hardness of their foreheads to the hardness of iron and bronze. Here, to have a tight neck or a hard forehead is a metaphor that means the people are stubborn. Alternate translation: “it is as if your necks were iron and your heads were bronze” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2758	48:5	l31k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This is saying the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2759	48:6	wn4y		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2760	48:6	vf8u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Israel for not admitting what they should know is true. Alternate translation: “you are stubborn and will not admit what I said is true.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2761	48:8	ltp3		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2762	48:8	e9nm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of explaining something as if it were unfolding it. The word “ears” represents the people who are listening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I did not explain these things to you beforehand” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2763	48:8	i9uv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2764	48:9	l3mk		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2765	48:9	r5sr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of my reputation I will delay my anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2766	48:9	l496	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This part of the sentence means basically the same thing as the first part. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2767	48:10	rn48	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of using affliction to purify his people as if they were precious metals and affliction were a furnace in which he refines them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2768	48:11	sf4g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can never allow his own name to be dishonored. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I cannot allow anyone to profane my name.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2769	48:12	lbc9		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2770	48:12	q7py	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Both of these refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2771	48:12	f7ei	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. Possible meanings are (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 44:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2772	48:13	x9pc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I laid the foundation of the earth, and I spread out the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2773	48:13	a1fq		The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this in Isaiah 24:18.
2774	48:13	u4il	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2775	48:13	rx2t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Standing up when Yahweh calls is a metaphor for being ready to obey him. Yahweh speaks of the earth and the heavens as if they were able to hear him and obey him. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2776	48:13	x82p		Possible meanings are (1) “when I call the earth and the heavens” or (2) “when I call the stars in the heavens.”
2777	48:14	b3gm		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2778	48:14	ery6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: “None of your idols has told this to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2779	48:14	fb8g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Here “ally” refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2780	48:14	iq1y		“Yahweh’s purpose”
2781	48:15	u3l4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2782	48:16	h55k		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2783	48:16	q1tx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2784	48:16	w6nj		Here “me” refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah.
2785	48:17	x4pq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2786	48:17	p3n4		See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
2787	48:17	r13i		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
2788	48:17	zn3h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2789	48:18	jb34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	Yahweh describes something that could have happened but did not. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
2790	48:18	ge2j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	These two phrases share similar meanings. In both, Yahweh speaks of Israel’s experiencing abundant blessings as if those blessings flowed like water. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2791	48:18	abl9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “your salvation would have flowed like the waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2792	48:19	f9ug		Yahweh continues describing a hypothetical situation to the people of Israel.
2793	48:19	ysr5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These both mean that the people would have had more descendants than they could count. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2794	48:19	tp31	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the descendants of the people of Israel as if they were children to which the nation gives birth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2795	48:19	yjm7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The people of Israel being destroyed is spoken of as if their name had been cut off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree, or blotted out. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not have cut off nor blotted out their name” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2796	48:19	icj1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “name” refers to the descendants who would carry on the name of Israel. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2797	48:19	w43e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two expressions in this context refer to destroying the people. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2798	48:20	na7u		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2799	48:20	lf27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2800	48:20	kr2r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2801	48:21	pw4g		This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt.
2802	49:intro	j3n4		Isaiah 49 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter A day of salvation It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
2803	49:1	pv8e		Here “me” refers to Yahweh’s servant.
2804	49:1	wr47	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: “you who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2805	49:2	wz7q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “mouth” represents the words that he speaks. His words are compared to a sharp sword to emphasize that they will be effective. Alternate translation: “He has made my words as effective as a sharp sword” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2806	49:2	cz3k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh’s hand cast a shadow over him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2807	49:2	uz4m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh’s servant being able to carry out Yahweh’s purposes effectively is spoken of as if the servant were a sharp, new arrow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2808	49:2	py5e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2809	49:2	kax8		a case used to carry arrows
2810	49:3	ka59		Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
2811	49:3	l2za		“Yahweh said”
2812	49:3	uwn2		“You are my servant, whom I call Israel”
2813	49:5	x2r8		Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
2814	49:5	ic46	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to bring the people of Israel back to himself” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2815	49:5	p83j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2816	49:6	n48v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The servant bringing Yahweh’s message to the Gentiles and helping them to understand it is spoken of as if Yahweh made the servant a light that shines among the Gentiles. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:6. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2817	49:6	v7h2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2818	49:7	u1wg		See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
2819	49:7	qz3u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here the word “life” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to the one whom people despised, whom the nations hated and held as slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2820	49:7	ec8d		See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
2821	49:8	j5i7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2822	49:8	k1c2		Here “you” refers to Yahweh’s servant.
2823	49:8	x79w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The word “salvation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when the time comes for me to save you” (See:[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2824	49:8	l69w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:6. Alternate translation: “make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2825	49:8	p7as	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “land” represents the cities in the land that had been destroyed. Alternate translation: “to rebuild the ruined places in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2826	49:8	d3pr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that the people of Israel received as a permanent possession. It is implied that the servant is to reassign the land to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “to reassign the desolate land to the people of Israel as their inheritance” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2827	49:9	c25s		Yahweh continues speaking to his servant.
2828	49:9	zkr5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people living freely and prosperously as if they were sheep that had plenty of pasture in which to graze. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2829	49:10	sqc7		Yahweh continues speaking.
2830	49:10	qew7		Here “they” refers to God’s people.
2831	49:10	pc41	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	Here the word “heat” describes the word “sun.” The people suffering from the sun’s heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: “nor will they suffer from the sun’s heat” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2832	49:10	j8sr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them … I will guide them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2833	49:11	y1fv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2834	49:12	xd2x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2835	49:13	y77d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2836	49:14	hil4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The word “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of the city as if it were a woman who complains that Yahweh has forgotten her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2837	49:15	sx95	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to help his people understand that he will never forget about them or stop caring for them. Alternate translation: “A woman would not forget her nursing baby or stop caring for the son she bore.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2838	49:16	f8l6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2839	49:16	z9g7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of his unwavering devotion to Zion as if he had written her name on the palms of his hands. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2840	49:16	fmu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of always thinking about Zion as if her walls were always before him. The word “walls” is a metonym for the city. Alternate translation: “I am continually thinking about your walls” or “I am always thinking about you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2841	49:17	i85i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people who are returning to live in Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Your inhabitants are hurrying back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2842	49:18	r9kr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of Zion as if they were jewelry that the city wears to show her beauty and joy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2843	49:18	ha7m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The last part of the phrase can be clarified from the previous line. Alternate translation: “you will put them on, like a bride wears jewelry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2844	49:19	e1i6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2845	49:19	y3yt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “a waste” and “desolate” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy has destroyed Zion and left it empty. Alternate translation: “Though you were completely desolate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2846	49:19	ppl1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The enemy destroying Zion is spoken of as if they had devoured it. Alternate translation: “those who destroyed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2847	49:20	th6g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the time when the people of Jerusalem were in exile as if the city was bereaved of her children. Those who were born while the people were in exile are spoken of as the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Those who will inhabit you, who were born while the people were in exile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2848	49:20	u1bw		This means that there will be so many people that the city will be too small for them all to live in it.
2849	49:21	bh2w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2850	49:21	pik2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion’s question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2851	49:21	ppt4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2852	49:21	y88k		“I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more”
2853	49:21	k6i8		“I was sent away, without a husband”
2854	49:21	h2kt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: “Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2855	49:22	d1yu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. He explains how she is able to have so many children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2856	49:22	wx99	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2857	49:22	ps5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. He also speaks of the people of other nations helping the Israelites to return to Jerusalem as if they were carrying the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2858	49:23	xx8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2859	49:23	q6dc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. The terms “foster fathers” and “nursemaids” refer to men and women who become responsible for the care of children. Alternate translation: “The kings and queens of other nations will provide for your inhabitants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2860	49:23	w8ev		These phrases describe gestures that people used to express complete submission to a superior.
2861	49:23	fx8v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Possible meanings are (1) that this is a literal expression of submission where the person licks the dust off of a superior’s foot or from the ground at the superior’s foot or (2) that this is an idiom that describes a person prostrating himself before a superior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2862	49:23	j5gn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will not be ashamed” or “will not be disappointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2863	49:24	nrw9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2864	49:24	w2vc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2865	49:24	c5s2		valuable items taken from the losers in a battle
2866	49:25	kqr1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2867	49:25	zzu8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2868	49:26	mu96		Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a person.
2869	49:26	qp7y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2870	49:26	l5ym	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “they will drink their friends’ blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: “they will shed so much of their friends’ blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2871	50:intro	w2ie		Isaiah 50 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2872	50:1	ca66	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of Zion as if the city were the mother of the people who lived there and of sending the people into exile as if he were divorcing their mother. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2873	50:1	dz6i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks this rhetorical question so that the people would produce “the certificate of divorce,” which would provide the reason Yahweh sent them into exile. Alternate translation: “Show me the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2874	50:1	wz9n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of sending the people into exile as if he were selling them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2875	50:1	krc1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that he did not sell them because he owed a debt to a creditor. It is implied that this is what the people had thought. Alternate translation: “I did not sell you because I owed a debt to someone.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2876	50:1	k7at	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh gives the reason for sending the people into exile, which he speaks of as if he had sold them and divorced their mother. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you because of your sins, and I divorced your mother because of your rebellion” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2877	50:2	ait1		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2878	50:2	ie1n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: “When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not.” or “When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2879	50:2	s2sd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: “My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!” or “I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2880	50:2	cv6g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: “Was I not strong enough” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2881	50:2	lz41		“Did I not have the power”
2882	50:2	cl62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: “I make the rivers as dry as a desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2883	50:2	d3r6		“their fish die and rot for lack of water.” The word “their” refers to the sea and the rivers.
2884	50:3	y7n5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: “I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2885	50:4	ww6d		Yahweh’s servant begins to speak.
2886	50:4	ahs2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “tongue” represents what he says. Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh has enabled him to speak as one who has learned to speak skillfully. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to be a skillful speaker” or (2) Yahweh has taught him what to say. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to speak what he has taught me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2887	50:4	zzf8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “my ear” refers to Yahweh’s servant. Yahweh enabling him to hear and understand what Yahweh teaches him is spoken of as if Yahweh awakened his ear from sleep. Alternate translation: “he has enabled me to understand what he says” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2888	50:4	v3ta	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The servant compares himself with a student who learns from his teacher. Possible meanings are (1) “like one who learns from his teacher” or (2) “like one whom he has taught” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2889	50:5	m5ss		The servant of Yahweh continues speaking.
2890	50:5	z5m7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh enabling his servant to hear and understand is spoken of as if Yahweh opened his ear. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to hear and understand him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2891	50:5	hk16	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Disobeying what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were turning one’s back toward him. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “I obeyed what he said” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2892	50:6	f2mw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Allowing people to beat him and pluck out his beard is spoken of as if it were giving his back and cheeks to them. Alternate translation: “I allowed people to beat me on my back and to pluck out my beard from my cheeks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2893	50:6	s9l3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Hiding one’s face means to protect oneself. Alternate translation: “I did not defend myself when they mocked me and spat on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2894	50:7	h78s		Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
2895	50:7	e3bh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Even though the servant has been mistreated, he will not be ashamed because he has obeyed Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “therefore I will not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2896	50:7	y168	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “my face” refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: “so I am absolutely determined” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2897	50:7	di16	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh’s calling. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2898	50:8	bbf6		Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
2899	50:8	fkm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand … If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2900	50:9	ti2t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can declare me guilty.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2901	50:9	yj3u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2902	50:10	r1ep		The servant continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2903	50:10	mki5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should … his God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2904	50:10	k89u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “voice” represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: “obeys his servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2905	50:10	v35n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “is suffering and feels helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2906	50:10	kt5t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh, his God” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2907	50:11	w57f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2908	50:11	ftd9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	Here to “lie down” refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: “You will die with great suffering” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2909	51:intro	lu7c		Isaiah 51 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Important figures of speech in this chapter Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Awake In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to “awake,” meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
2910	51:1	amf7		Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh.
2911	51:1	uux8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2912	51:1	xs1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2913	51:1	c1ct	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2914	51:1	p5bj		“cut with a chisel” or “cut”
2915	51:1	hik7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the quarry from which I cut you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2916	51:2	hqq2		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2917	51:2	g6rc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: “Abraham, your forefather” or “Abraham, your ancestor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2918	51:2	tb8v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God speaks of Abraham’s wife as if she were their mother and had given birth to them. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s wife, Sarah, of whom you are all descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2919	51:2	sx5w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This means when he did not have any children yet. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “when he had no children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2920	51:2	n1fl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God speaks of Abraham’s descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: “made his descendants many” or “made him have many descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2921	51:3	s9mz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2922	51:3	cg58	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “waste places” represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: “he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2923	51:3	puy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2924	51:3	v86m		places that have been destroyed
2925	51:3	s4bj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
2926	51:3	mwq3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: “there will be joy and gladness in Zion again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2927	51:4	yie3		Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel.
2928	51:4	r699	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2929	51:4	lwr6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here God’s justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “my law will teach the nations what is right” or “the nations will know my law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2930	51:5	tw5t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The idea of “near” represents “soon.” God’s righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: “I will soon show my righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2931	51:5	g33w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: “I will save people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2932	51:5	m98k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here God’s arm represents his power, and judging represents ruling. Alternate translation: “I will rule the nations with my power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2933	51:5	lfq1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live on the coasts of distant lands across the sea. Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” or “the people who live in the lands across the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2934	51:5	nf7a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here God’s arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: “they will eagerly wait for me to do something” or “they will eagerly wait for me to save them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2935	51:6	w2kt		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2936	51:6	qs6h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: “Look up at the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2937	51:6	d7zs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2938	51:6	qh98	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: “I will save you, you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2939	51:6	s7yc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will never end” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2940	51:7	x85p		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2941	51:7	xj59	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Having God’s law in the heart represents knowing God’s law and wanting to obey it. Alternate translation: “who know and honor my law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2942	51:7	bh59	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and do not lose your courage when they hurt you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2943	51:8	n35v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God speaks of people who abuse those who are righteous as if they were wool garments, and of their being destroyed as if insects ate them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2944	51:8	zf7f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will be forever” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2945	51:8	s8ph	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being “to all generations” represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: “I will save you, and you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2946	51:9	jyd6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	People urgently ask Yahweh’s arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2947	51:9	hn8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2948	51:9	ms86	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: “make yourself strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2949	51:9	ff4z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: “It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2950	51:9	rg6x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2951	51:10	auk6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2952	51:11	vt9l		This is very similar to Isaiah 35:10.
2953	51:11	f427	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2954	51:11	r918	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will be glad forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2955	51:11	ew9a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2956	51:11	r6hp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2957	51:11	b5dr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2958	51:12	r4xy		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2959	51:12	x91f		The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he”
2960	51:12	rzu7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2961	51:12	rjp1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2962	51:12	q2ck	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2963	51:13	mp7z		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2964	51:13	ht5l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2965	51:13	q4ec		See how you translated this name for Yahweh in Isaiah 17:7.
2966	51:13	ysh5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2967	51:13	nx9y		The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 24:18.
2968	51:13	e7k3		“the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction”
2969	51:13	mu4c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here the word “hot” means “strong” or “great.” Alternate translation: “great fury” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2970	51:13	f7jc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2971	51:14	n7t8		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2972	51:14	wg9n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people of Israel who are slaves of the Babylonians. This phrase describes how they work. Alternate translation: “The slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2973	51:14	kmy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to Sheol. Alternate translation: “the pit of Sheol” or “the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2974	51:14	y1k4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “bread” represents food in general. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “nor will he be without food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2975	51:15	i14u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh causing the sea to move and the waves to rise and fall as if he were stirring the sea as one stirs the contents of a bowl with a large spoon. Alternate translation: “who causes the sea to churn” or “who makes the sea move up and down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2976	51:15	mi1u		See how you translated this name for Yahweh in Isaiah 1:9.
2977	51:16	m5qe	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh telling Isaiah what to say as if his words were a physical object Yahweh had placed in Isaiah’s mouth. Alternate translation: “I have told you what to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2978	51:16	s6rx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Yahweh’s “hand” refers to his power. This speaks of Yahweh protecting Isaiah as if his hand were covering him to protect him. Alternate translation: “my power has kept you safe” or “I have protected you and kept you safe” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2979	51:16	vnh9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “plant” means to establish something in the ground. Here Yahweh firmly establishing the heavens is spoken of as if the heavens were a tent that he would spread out and firmly set it in place with tent pegs. Alternate translation: “that I may establish the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2980	51:16	fa33		The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 24:18.
2981	51:17	x64l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
2982	51:17	pj9b		“Be alert and arise.” The repetition of the word “awake” emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep.
2983	51:17	efp6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2984	51:17	r4ck		The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom”
2985	51:17	k9wd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2986	51:17	uw6s		“from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine”
2987	51:17	ca4r		not walking straight, or stumbling while walking
2988	51:18	qz3k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2989	51:19	k1we		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2990	51:19	h1j1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you … There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2991	51:19	a7nx		The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: “desolation and destruction” and “the famine and the sword.”
2992	51:19	mi81	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: “your enemies have left your city empty and ruined” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2993	51:19	b3y4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The words “famine” and “sword” describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The “sword” refers to “war.” Alternate translation: “many of you have died from hunger and war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2994	51:20	sgk9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	This is generalization. Many children will lie in the street, but not necessarily on every street corner. Alternate translation: “they lie on the street” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2995	51:20	jt6u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This speaks of the children being exhausted and helpless as if they were an antelope caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “they are helpless, like an antelope caught in a net” or “as helpless as a trapped antelope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2996	51:20	ead6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	This is an animal, similar to a deer, that has horns and runs very fast. Alternate translation: “deer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2997	51:20	le4u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The “anger of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh punishing his people because of his anger against them. This speaks of the people having been severely punished as if they had become full of Yahweh’s anger. Also, the word “rebuke” can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have been severely punished by Yahweh because he was angry with them and rebuked them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2998	51:21	nr5x		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
2999	51:21	icr5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Yahweh uses the word “one” here to refer to all of the oppressed people. Alternate translation: “you oppressed people and drunken people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3000	51:21	j17a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of the people acting drunk because they are suffering as if they have become drunk from being forced to drink the bowl of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “you who are drunk from drinking the wine of the bowl of Yahweh’s anger” or “you who act drunk, because you have suffered greatly” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3001	51:22	rfp2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh no longer being angry with his people as if his anger were the contents of a cup that he was taking away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer be angry with you. See, it is like I have taken away from you the cup that made you stagger, that is, the cup that was full of my anger, so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3002	51:22	y2ud		This is used to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
3003	51:22	hi9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “cup” refers to what is in the cup. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 51:17. Alternate translation: “the cup of the wine that makes people stagger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3004	51:22	t4db	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of having punished people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 51:17. Alternate translation: “the bowl which is filled with my anger” or “the cup which is filled with my anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3005	51:23	q5ky		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3006	51:23	qgu7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks of Yahweh punishing their enemies as if he were going to force them to drink from the cup filled with his anger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3007	51:23	wu8d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that by putting the cup of his anger in their hand Yahweh will be forcing them to drink what is in the cup. Alternate translation: “I will force your tormentors to drink from the wine of the bowl of my anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3008	51:23	t6ks		The word “tormentors” may be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who have tormented you” or “those who have caused you to suffer”
3009	51:23	xv84	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the way their enemies walked on their back to the way people walk on the street. Alternate translation: “you lay in the streets so your enemies could walk on your backs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3010	52:intro	ac65		Isaiah 52 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
3011	52:1	rzb3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3012	52:1	vfg8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3013	52:1	p8u4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion … people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
3014	52:1	w8h9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3015	52:1	z2jx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “those who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3016	52:1	wn2c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “you” refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: “enter your city to attack you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3017	52:2	l1h5		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3018	52:2	r7rx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, sit up and shake the dirt off of yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3019	52:2	wey6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	It is implied that the people of Jerusalem were wearing chains because they were slaves while exiled in Babylon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3020	52:2	vg9w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: “people of Zion” or “people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3021	52:3	f28v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3022	52:4	bae3		Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people.
3023	52:4	kvl7		“went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
3024	52:4	jx27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3025	52:5	v517	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3026	52:5	h4tq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3027	52:5	b5in	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3028	52:5	pw1c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Possible meanings are (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from Isaiah 52:3 where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3029	52:5	zer1		This refers to the Babylonians who have conquered the people. However, some versions have, “Those who rule over them wail.” For these versions, this passage refers to the leaders of the Israelites in captivity.
3030	52:5	fb49	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who watch the enemy take away my people are continually saying evil things about me” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3031	52:6	b17m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “Therefore my people will truly know who I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3032	52:7	g5yf		Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel.
3033	52:7	gt18	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “feet” represents a messenger who is walking. Alternate translation: “It is beautiful to see a messenger coming over the mountains to announce good news” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3034	52:7	r7l9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Zion” represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3035	52:8	w7al	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “shout loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3036	52:8	pq5s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here “eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “every one of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3037	52:9	ne24		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3038	52:9	d43j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah speaks of the ruins of Jerusalem as if they were a person that could rejoice. This represents the people of Jerusalem who were defeated. Alternate translation: “you people who live among the ruins of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3039	52:9	r2fs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “he has redeemed the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3040	52:10	j5iq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “arm” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh showing all the people of the nations that he is holy and powerful is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who removed his cloak, baring his arms for battle. Alternate translation: “showed his holiness and mighty power” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3041	52:10	w6qd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nations” and “earth” represent the people of all the nations all over the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3042	52:11	vdv5		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3043	52:11	yq7w		This word is repeated to emphasize that the people must indeed leave, although not necessarily right away.
3044	52:11	dd7u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is assumed knowledge that the people of Israel were slaves in Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “go out from the land where you are slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3045	52:11	bel2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “touch nothing that is unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3046	52:11	mu7x		Here “her” represents Babylon.
3047	52:12	vxi2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh protecting his people from their enemies is spoken of as if he were the warriors who go ahead of the people and the warriors who stay behind the people to protect them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3048	52:13	iaj3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. These two phrases “high and lifted up” and “will be exalted” have basically the same meaning and emphasize that Yahweh will honor his servant. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 33:10. Alternate translation: “I will give my servant the greatest honor” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3049	52:14	xyv2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	It is implied that the servant is disfigured because enemies beat him very badly. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “his enemies beat his body so badly that he did not even look like a human anymore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3050	52:15	z9hw		Yahweh continues speaking about his servant.
3051	52:15	qs33	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The servant causing the people of the nations to be acceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if the servant were a priest who sprinkles the blood of a sacrifice to make someone or something acceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3052	52:15	g9pf		The Hebrew word translated “sprinkle” here can also be translated as “surprise” or “startle,” which some versions of the Bible do.
3053	52:15	vtr9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3054	52:15	ccn8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The phrase “shut their mouths” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kings will stop talking” or “kings will be silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3055	52:15	r1l5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that which no one had told them” or “something no one had told them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3056	53:intro	znn5		Isaiah 53 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Special concepts in this chapter Atonement This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])
3057	53:1	l33i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant. Here Isaiah describes events that will happen in the future as if they happened in the past. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
3058	53:1	yul6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The “we” includes him and those in exile. Alternate translation: “It is hard for anyone to believe what we have heard” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3059	53:1	vlz4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Arm refers to God’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has revealed his power to people.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3060	53:2	v5vm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Here “he” refers to God’s servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3061	53:2	a2he	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“parched earth” is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: “out of an impossible situation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3062	53:3	t4ar		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3063	53:3	xp3g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People considered him as nothing and rejected him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3064	53:3	bkb5		“a man knowing all kinds of sadness”
3065	53:3	j3j9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Face” represents a person’s attention or fellowship. Hiding one’s face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: “from whom people turn away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3066	53:3	tj7i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they considered him to be worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3067	53:4	u1xa		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3068	53:4	ypj5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	To “bear” or carry an abstraction like sickness and sorrow represents taking it up. Alternate translation: “he has taken our sicknesses and sorrows upon himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3069	53:4	xe8d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet we thought God was punishing and afflicting him” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3070	53:5	x4y1		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3071	53:5	wc4p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the servant suffered because of the people’s sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed the enemy to stab him and kill him because of our sins” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3072	53:5	u45c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to peace with God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He accepted this punishment so we could live in harmony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3073	53:5	t2bv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he healed us by his suffering of the wounds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3074	53:6	vh4t		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3075	53:6	gyq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Sheep often leave the path on which the shepherd leads them. Isaiah means that we do what we want instead of what God commands. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3076	53:6	yd6v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Our “iniquity” here represents the guilt for our sin. Alternate translation: “the guilt for the sin of every one of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3077	53:7	u5pf		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3078	53:7	qk3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3079	53:7	h2l8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Mouth” represents what a person says. Opening one’s mouth means to speak. Alternate translation: “he did not protest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3080	53:7	ref7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah compares the servant to a lamb and a sheep to emphasize that he will remain silent as people harm and humiliate him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3081	53:7	j5bv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a lamb is silent as a person slaughters it” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3082	53:8	e1nv		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3083	53:8	nfv9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly, judged him, and condemned him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3084	53:8	yy4i		The Hebrew word translated here as “coercion” is interpreted by some versions as “arrest.” For these versions, the thought is that the Servant will be arrested and then judged and condemned.
3085	53:8	nqw6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This question emphasizes that no one thinks about him. Alternate translation: “no one from his generation cared what happened to him.” or “no one among his contemporaries cared what happened to him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3086	53:8	e9ga		Many versions interpret this passage in Hebrew differently: “Who can say anything about his descendants?” or “Who can say anything about his fate?”
3087	53:8	d1b3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	“Cut off” here refers to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But he died” or “But death took him away” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3088	53:8	j24p		“of the people of Israel”
3089	53:9	y3uz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3090	53:10	mv7x		Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
3091	53:10	db99	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here, “offspring” means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant’s sacrifice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3092	53:10	zq6y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This speaks of making him live for more time. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make his servant live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3093	53:10	q44m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accomplish his purpose through his servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3094	53:11	y6hr	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “his life” refers to the servant. Alternate translation: “After the servant has suffered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3095	53:11	z63d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Many versions understand “light” here to stand for life. That is, the servant will become alive again. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3096	53:11	kq9w		Here “my” refers to Yahweh.
3097	53:11	q1ts	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The word “bear” means carry. Possible meanings are (1) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: “he will take their punishment” or “he will be punished for their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])or (2) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing their guilt. Alternate translation: “he will take their guilt upon himself” or “he will be guilty for their sins”
3098	53:12	y3y2		Yahweh continues describing his servant.
3099	53:12	p84g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. “Portion” and “spoils” refer to a king after a victorious battle sharing the plunder or rewards with his army. This means God will greatly honor his servant because of his sacrifice. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3100	53:12	q68p		Many versions interpret this expression as “the many” or “the strong.”
3101	53:12	tiu1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Exposed” means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: “he willingly accepted the possibility of death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3102	53:12	ih2g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allowed people to treat him as a criminal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3103	54:intro	yq8q		Isaiah 54 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness This chapter focuses on Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
3104	54:1	z782	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3105	54:1	qza5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3106	54:1	zw4s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “For the children of the desolate woman will be more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
3107	54:1	vf4r		Here “desolate” means that the woman’s husband had rejected and abandoned her
3108	54:2	j53q		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3109	54:2	u8qg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This continues the metaphor that began in Isaiah 54:1. Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3110	54:3	a221	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: “For you and your descendants will spread out” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3111	54:3	b8xu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “will conquer the people of other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3112	54:4	xjp6		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3113	54:4	zk1l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh telling the people that in the future they will not even think about the shame they experienced when their enemies defeated them is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a woman that she will no longer think about the shame she experienced from being unable to have children and having her husband abandon her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3114	54:5	yck3		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3115	54:5	r46e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh loving and taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were their husband. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3116	54:5	baj2		See how you translated this in Isaiah 17:7.
3117	54:5	qmd4		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:24.
3118	54:5	um8u		See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:16.
3119	54:5	nkc4		See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:14.
3120	54:5	zf3w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is the God of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3121	54:6	mj4h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3122	54:6	c9rt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3123	54:7	n9cy		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3124	54:8	w36x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3125	54:8	lz5y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “hid my face” is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: “I abandoned you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3126	54:8	ued4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3127	54:8	r671	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3128	54:9	xuf9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3129	54:10	z7di	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
3130	54:10	n2al	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3131	54:10	g8ib	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3132	54:10	e3aj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3133	54:10	h5qq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3134	54:11	m1w7		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3135	54:11	dx8e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3136	54:11	n2mb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3137	54:11	dk4c		“without comfort”
3138	54:11	r3g9		Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
3139	54:11	ih34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3140	54:12	v6lh		Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
3141	54:12	d32a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3142	54:13	via6		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3143	54:13	zt6p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3144	54:13	e6ul	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “by me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3145	54:14	e2ru	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as the adjective “right.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3146	54:14	rk6l		No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again.
3147	54:15	h4z4		Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3148	54:15	hxz5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3149	54:15	ii4x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3150	54:17	x962		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3151	54:17	thu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3152	54:17	f69n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3153	54:17	b727	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3154	55:intro	c34c		Isaiah 55 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
3155	55:1	vge8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3156	55:1	y9kd		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah.
3157	55:1	g9yx		The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation.
3158	55:1	wtd4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh’s amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3159	55:2	c9ai		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3160	55:2	ha8z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver … bread, and you should not labor … satisfy” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3161	55:2	wil6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: “pay money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3162	55:2	ua4a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “bread” represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: “for things to eat that are not really food” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3163	55:2	l8h1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3164	55:2	b221	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The word “fatness” refers to meat that has plenty of fat on it and is an idiom for fine food. Alternate translation: “with the best foods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3165	55:3	npj6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Listening to or paying attention to someone is spoken of as if it were turning one’s ears to someone. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3166	55:4	lar1		Possible meanings are (1) this refers to what Yahweh did for King David in the past or (2) it refers to what God will do through one of David’s descendants.
3167	55:5	leh9		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3168	55:5	pxt4		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
3169	55:6	qi9x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh while you can still find him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3170	55:7	c3wy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	The word “wicked” refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: “Let wicked people change the way they live” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3171	55:7	y63b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “let the sinful man leave his thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3172	55:7	wj8e		Possible meanings are (1) “the way he thinks” or (2) “his plans”
3173	55:7	h5ht		“Yahweh will pity him”
3174	55:7	mq71	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: “let him return to our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3175	55:8	faw8		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3176	55:9	gd6x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3177	55:10	i9uz		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3178	55:10	i7ei		This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating.
3179	55:11	xj89	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3180	55:11	mi1p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “the word that I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3181	55:11	q6s2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return “empty” means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: “it will not fail to complete its task” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3182	55:12	z72i		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
3183	55:12	eni2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will lead you along peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3184	55:12	w3uy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh speaks of the mountains, hills, and trees as if they were people with voices and hands, celebrating as Yahweh rescues his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3185	55:13	a7v2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	The words “thornbushes” and “brier” refer to species of plants that have sharp thorns growing on them. The words “cypress” and “myrtle” refer to species of evergreen trees. The thorny plants symbolize desolation, while the evergreens symbolize life and prosperity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3186	55:13	l82f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s fame. Alternate translation: “for his fame” or “for his honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3187	55:13	pj5z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Something ceasing to exist is spoken of as if it were cut off, as a branch is cut off of a tree or a piece of fabric is cut off of clothing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will last forever” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3188	56:intro	y2w8		Isaiah 56 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Beasts The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3189	56:1	f7bp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will soon save you and show you that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3190	56:2	v4ay	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Here “holds it tightly” is an idiom that means to continue to observe something. Alternate translation: “who is careful to always do this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3191	56:2	cv9i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the “hand” represents the whole person and emphasizes the person’s actions or behaviors. Alternate translation: “does not do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3192	56:3	f7kq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means eunuchs may have thought they could not be a part of God’s people because they were deformed by castration (and for this reason could not have children). Israelites did not practice castration; foreigners did, sometimes for punishment. Eunuchs who had accepted the Hebrew faith knew that normally they were not allowed to worship in the temple (Deut. 23:1). The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3193	56:5	l1fz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “inside the walls of my temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3194	56:5	hk5n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will never be forgotten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3195	56:6	avp4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Yahweh’s “name” represents himself. Alternate translation: “who love Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3196	56:7	ub9a		See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
3197	56:7	i34j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will accept on my altar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3198	56:7	w7t2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my house will be a house of prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3199	56:9	v1f8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	God is calling armies of other nations by comparing them to animals to come and attack the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3200	56:10	m4qm		This means Israel’s leaders cannot or perhaps do not want to see what is going on in society.
3201	56:10	tz9w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The leaders are supposed to open their mouths and warn the people, but they do not. Comparing someone to a dog in this society is a great insult. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3202	56:10	r63i		This means the leaders are not bringing God’s word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort.
3203	56:11	tzq4		Yahweh continues describing the evil leaders of his people.
3204	56:11	ub1k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3205	57:intro	miv3		Isaiah 57 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Child sacrifice This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Mocking The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
3206	57:1	r38x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3207	57:1	mfl3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	“die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3208	57:1	u6v1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3209	57:2	zn46		“The righteous enter into peace”
3210	57:2	gu23	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	they die (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3211	57:2	h6t8		“those who have done what is right”
3212	57:3	xix7		God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before.
3213	57:3	r3tv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3214	57:3	z4xi		This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies.
3215	57:4	wik1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: “You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3216	57:4	mbu5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: “You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3217	57:5	xfv6		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3218	57:5	zeb6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3219	57:6	db7z		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3220	57:6	yy1r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: “that is your lot” or “that is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3221	57:6	r76w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Certainly, these things do not please me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3222	57:7	mdj3		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3223	57:7	h9pb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3224	57:7	er5k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3225	57:8	bg7e		“You made a contract with them”
3226	57:9	qkt8		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3227	57:9	ek3t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
3228	57:10	yn3i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3229	57:11	gqf9		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3230	57:11	r1q1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully … about me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3231	57:11	wq9h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3232	57:12	cld8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3233	57:13	may9		Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
3234	57:13	c5vg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He tells the idols to save the people though he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3235	57:13	vdx1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This is saying the same thing in two ways to emphasize that idols are helpless and worthless. Alternate translation: “the wind, or even a breath, will blow them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3236	57:13	s4h7		The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
3237	57:14	d8ms	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes Isaiah 40:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3238	57:15	nf35		The words “high” and “elevated” have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in Isaiah 6:1 and Isaiah 33:10. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 52:13.
3239	57:15	y31b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3240	57:15	z6yj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3241	57:16	h42q		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3242	57:17	kl3t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3243	57:17	n312	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3244	57:18	p57m		Yahweh continues speaking.
3245	57:18	utk3		“their ways.” Here “his” refers to the people of Israel.
3246	57:18	kfr6		“I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior”
3247	57:19	u422	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3248	57:19	nl5v		“I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis.
3249	57:20	w5a6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3250	58:intro	wkw6		Isaiah 58 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Fasting The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster’s attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter “Yet they seek me daily” The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3251	58:1	akw2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means shout loudly. Here “your” refers to Isaiah. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3252	58:1	dw8k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3253	58:3	c1tq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The people of Israel use questions to complain to God because they feel he is ignoring them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3254	58:4	tg4q		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel by answering their challenging question.
3255	58:4	vt4a		“Behold!” or “Pay attention.” Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention.
3256	58:4	i2t9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“wicked fist.” This shows that they fight viciously. “Fist” represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3257	58:5	wb5r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want … under himself.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3258	58:5	acf6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. “A reed” represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3259	58:5	bg7s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3260	58:6	xbv6		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3261	58:6	ba3r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose … break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3262	58:6	d4hx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3263	58:7	mv38	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to … your house.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3264	58:7	g6ne	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3265	58:8	dpx1		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3266	58:8	pk9d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“Break open” here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3267	58:8	n7u7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means God will bless and restore them quickly, as a wound heals quickly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3268	58:8	jj59		This refers to the time when God protected the people of Israel as they escaped from Egypt. This means God will again protect them from their enemies if they will do what is right.
3269	58:8	qu5x		This expression in Hebrew can also be interpreted as the one who gives righteousness or even victory. In this context, this expression would refer to God. A few modern versions have this interpretation.
3270	58:9	sym6		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3271	58:10	c9f8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Your light” represents the acts of kindness that will be examples to everyone, and the “darkness,” the bad deeds, will be overcome by their good deeds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3272	58:11	g6up		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3273	58:11	n3uj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Water” represents all they need for an abundant life even when their surroundings do not have enough. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3274	58:11	spd1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“A watered garden” represents abundance and plenty so they will have all they need. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3275	58:11	e2u3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“A spring of water” represents a source of abundance in a land where water is precious. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3276	58:12	ue2m		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3277	58:12	a2lt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3278	58:13	ha7a		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3279	58:13	dvf4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the people are represented by their “feet.” God did not allow long travels or work on the day of rest. Alternate translation: “you stop traveling and doing what you want to do on the Sabbath, my holy day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3280	58:14	md3q		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3281	58:14	gl7b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to God exalting the nation in reputation and power in response to living righteously. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3282	58:14	g7g6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	The word “mouth” symbolizes what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3283	59:intro	ag3n		Isaiah 59 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh’s deliverance When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
3284	59:1	pss8		“Behold!” or “You should know!” Yahweh tells the people to pay attention.
3285	59:1	q7gn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Hand” represents power and ability. A “short” hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully able” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3286	59:2	d3ku	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3287	59:2	b6lq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	“Face” represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: “your sins have made him turn away from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3288	59:3	a5my		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3289	59:3	brc4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “hands” and “fingers” refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. “Your” is plural. Alternate translation: “For you have committed violent sins” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3290	59:3	h19x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The parts of the body that make speech represent what people say. Alternate translation: “You speak lies and malicious things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3291	59:4	a81n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Conceiving” and “giving birth” emphasize how carefully they plan to do sinful things. Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they work hard to do sinful things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3292	59:5	nqx3		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider’s webs.
3293	59:5	a5v3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. “Poisonous snakes” represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: “They make evil that spreads out to make more evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3294	59:5	np5s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: “produce things and activities that are useless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3295	59:5	ntp8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: “The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3296	59:5	zj3v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone crushes an egg” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3297	59:6	njm8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means their sinful deeds cannot be covered and hidden, just as a web cannot serve as clothing and cover someone. Alternate translation: “Their evil deeds will be exposed as useless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3298	59:6	r1fj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They cannot clothe themselves with their webs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3299	59:6	q53u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	“Hands” represents the ability and power to do these things and therefore their responsibility. Alternate translation: “they are fully responsible for the violence they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3300	59:7	u2rk		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3301	59:7	l2vv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here people are represented by their “feet.” This speaks of them doing something quickly as their feet running to it. Alternate translation: “They are quick to do evil things” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3302	59:7	k2ys	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“roads” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “are all they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3303	59:8	i53h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“paths” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “they never do what is just” or “everything they do is unjust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3304	59:8	lc94	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“Crooked paths” represents the way of life that is corrupt. Alternate translation: “They say and do dishonest things. They are devious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3305	59:9	yen4		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3306	59:9	ps1q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. “Far” represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: “justice is gone and very difficult to get” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3307	59:9	ir1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God’s goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3308	59:10	bg1w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3309	59:11	wv6x		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3310	59:11	jgk8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3311	59:12	ihk9		Isaiah continues speaking.
3312	59:12	c6ut	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3313	59:12	dxj1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3314	59:12	ujp4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah describes the sins as a person who goes before God to declare that the people are guilty. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3315	59:12	w614	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“With us” represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: “for we are aware of our transgressions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3316	59:14	shd5		Isaiah continues speaking.
3317	59:14	wi7i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people drive justice back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3318	59:14	e1d8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3319	59:15	g3ak	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3320	59:16	j6z8		Isaiah continues speaking.
3321	59:16	qym5		“Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.”
3322	59:16	ngp8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Yahweh’s “arm” represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his own power to save the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3323	59:16	cty4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	“Righteousness” here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he did right as he always would do” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3324	59:17	c6gq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	“breastplate,” “helmet,” “garments,” and “mantle” are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3325	59:17	c42q		a loose, flowing robe
3326	59:18	s3p1		Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen.
3327	59:19	hr5t		Isaiah continues speaking.
3328	59:19	j5p8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation and character. Alternate translation: “fear Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3329	59:19	a6vs	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3330	59:19	s4n5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3331	59:19	v9b2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3332	59:20	sbk2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3333	59:21	yj33		“the message I have given you to speak”
3334	60:intro	w59w		Isaiah 60 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Israel’s restoration This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
3335	60:1	z5e6		Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3336	60:1	dli2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3337	60:2	u9cn		Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. He continues the metaphor about “light” (Isaiah 60:1).
3338	60:2	ty2x	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these phrases mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They refer to “spiritual darkness.” This means all the other people of the world will not know Yahweh or how to please him. This is a metaphor for divine judgment. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3339	60:2	kp9c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means the light of God’s presence will appear for the people of Israel, and it will show the way they should go. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3340	60:2	s5ca	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will see his glory on you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3341	60:4	x1z5		Here Yahweh begins speaking.
3342	60:4	ex8l		“They” refers to the rest of the people of Israel who will come together to return to Jerusalem.
3343	60:4	b3v9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will carry your daughters in their arms” or “they will carry your daughters on their hips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3344	60:5	ku6b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that they will be very happy because of what will happen in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3345	60:5	rnt2		This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea.
3346	60:5	dn2d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3347	60:6	s2i2		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3348	60:6	sn7y		“the young camels”
3349	60:6	vu2u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3350	60:7	g7av	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3351	60:7	vl7c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3352	60:7	pi4p		This refers to their need for sacrifices.
3353	60:7	ec9a		“I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar”
3354	60:8	tl1p		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3355	60:8	af2u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: “Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3356	60:9	vl72	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: “The people from the coastlands” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3357	60:9	liy6		This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages.
3358	60:9	z7pl		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
3359	60:9	ywq6		“Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel”
3360	60:10	cy6u		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3361	60:11	eas5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here “day” and “night” together mean “all the time.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut them” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3362	60:11	c5un	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3363	60:12	q5kz		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3364	60:12	hdc5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy the people of those nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3365	60:13	v72j		This refers to Lebanon being famous for its beautiful trees, especially cypress and cedar. The exact identification of all the trees is not known.
3366	60:13	e35k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This refers to Yahweh’s temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3367	60:14	py1v		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3368	60:14	gb24		See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
3369	60:15	ihk5		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3370	60:15	an1x		“with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land”
3371	60:16	njt8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3372	60:16	ygm4		See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:14.
3373	60:16	fef8		See how you translated this in Isaiah 49:26.
3374	60:17	dg7a		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3375	60:17	uwa8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	Yahweh will give more valuable building materials to them now. Alternate translation: “instead of wood, I will bring bronze, and instead of stones, I will bring iron” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3376	60:17	nbx6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Yahweh describes “peace” and “justice” as human rulers. This means there will be complete peace and justice in the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3377	60:18	f499	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There will no longer be reports of violence in your land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3378	60:18	ik17	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The physical objects have the names of spiritual qualities. The city of Jerusalem will be a safe place, and the people there will praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3379	60:19	wq86		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3380	60:20	l1pb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both verses repeat this same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3381	60:20	d6du	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The moon will not literally disappear. This exaggeration is saying that the light of the sun and the moon will be much less bright than the light of Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
3382	60:21	ppu9		Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
3383	60:21	h3th	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These phrases mean approximately the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3384	60:21	eqv7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh is comparing the people to young shoots coming up that he planted as if he was a gardener. Yahweh has placed his people in the land of Israel. This gives hope to the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3385	60:21	w3n1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to something made by the skill of his handicraft. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3386	60:21	sit8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that all people may glorify me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3387	60:22	zuc9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3388	61:intro	vsb3		Isaiah 61 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) Special concepts in this chapter Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
3389	61:1	s7f8		“Spirit” here is the Holy Spirit of Yahweh who compels or motivates the person. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:2 or in Isaiah 42:1.
3390	61:1	xr6t		This refers to poor people, those in great sorrow, or oppressed people who have problems they cannot overcome by themselves.
3391	61:1	n6cg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3392	61:2	gds9		Isaiah continues speaking.
3393	61:2	pj2e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3394	61:2	b53s		“time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people”
3395	61:3	c4hv		Isaiah continues speaking.
3396	61:3	d5cz		Isaiah repeats this for emphasis.
3397	61:3	a7bm		“a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head.
3398	61:3	qss6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3399	61:3	x9dy		“in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning”
3400	61:3	s3uu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3401	61:3	d2mz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3402	61:4	k3bl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Isaiah continues speaking using parallelisms in each line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3403	61:6	zly8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking to the people of Israel with each line a parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3404	61:6	r8ff	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3405	61:7	x7le		This probably refers to a double portion of land.
3406	61:7	wxd5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share … you will … your land … will be yours” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3407	61:9	p3mg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These two clauses mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from other nations will know their descendants” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3408	61:9	kx41	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: “their offspring will be known among the peoples” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3409	61:10	w34d		“I” refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored.
3410	61:10	u9w7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people of God speaking as one person now have salvation and righteousness as their distinct appearance visible to all. “Garments” and “robe” are clothing that everyone can see. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3411	61:10	k3wx	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This comparison emphasizes that the speaker is extremely happy, joyful, celebrating. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3412	61:10	j7bv		See how you translated this in Isaiah 61:3.
3413	61:11	q4ad	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	This is saying the same thing in two ways. The fact that whatever God says he will do is certainly going to happen is compared to the fact that seeds sprout after planting. Alternate translation: “Just as seeds sown in a garden sprout from the soil and grow” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3414	61:11	zgl9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This expression describes these virtues as growing from seed like plants do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3415	62:intro	q3u6		Isaiah 62 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
3416	62:1	dja1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “Zion” and “Jerusalem” both represent the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For the sake of the people of Jerusalem I will not be silent” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3417	62:1	b9bc		It is most likely that “I” refers to Isaiah.
3418	62:1	q71s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3419	62:3	qm2v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh’s hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3420	62:4	dd4g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3421	62:4	uk2d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer say about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3422	62:4	rz8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor will people any longer say about your land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3423	62:4	s67z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3424	62:5	fh9p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Here “sons” refers to the people of Israel and “you” refers to Judah, the land of Israel. This means the people will take possession of the land as a man takes possession of his young wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3425	62:5	pn1w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This emphasizes God’s happiness about his relationship with his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3426	62:6	me2g		Here “I” may refer to Isaiah or to Yahweh.
3427	62:6	yi1t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to prophets, officials, or possibly angels, who are constantly praying for the people of Jerusalem like watchmen who constantly guard the city. See how you translated “watchmen” in Isaiah 52:8 and Isaiah 56:10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3428	62:6	v43n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	This means they are continually pleading to Yahweh or calling to each other. Alternate translation: “they are earnestly praying to Yahweh throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3429	62:7	b9v2		Here “him” refers to Yahweh.
3430	62:8	bnu9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: “by his power and authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3431	62:8	tb4w		This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies.
3432	62:8	jw3p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3433	62:9	lt1b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3434	62:10	f159		The phrase “come through” is repeated to show urgency.
3435	62:10	m5im	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to Isaiah 40:3 and Isaiah 57:14. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3436	62:10	dxb2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	“Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3437	62:10	cv7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3438	62:11	u2wh		“Take notice!”
3439	62:11	e6rw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in Isaiah 40:28. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3440	62:11	sa9m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“Daughter” represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3441	62:11	n3g6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 40:10. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3442	62:12	q31l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3443	63:intro	g5yz		Isaiah 63 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Imagery The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])
3444	63:1	qz61	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3445	63:1	vv2a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3446	63:1	j2ug		Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
3447	63:2	tzm5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3448	63:2	nmf4		A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
3449	63:3	ky69	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3450	63:4	ebb5		“the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance”
3451	63:4	z515		Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man’s vengeance.
3452	63:4	p1bl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “year” refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: “the time for my redemption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3453	63:5	jj1f		Yahweh continues speaking.
3454	63:5	f8a2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “arm” represents power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3455	63:6	xdg5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3456	63:6	v3ih	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here “blood” represents the life of Yahweh’s enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3457	63:7	e55q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3458	63:7	d6e5		Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
3459	63:7	x88u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3460	63:9	gd1d		“Through all our suffering.” Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
3461	63:9	xq2j		Here “he” refers to Yahweh.
3462	63:9	zj13		This is a representative who is sent from God’s presence.
3463	63:9	cf9k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3464	63:10	trm9		“but we rebelled.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
3465	63:10	ff3h		“Yahweh’s Holy Spirit”
3466	63:11	tt31		“we said.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
3467	63:11	xc8g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3468	63:11	gjt5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Leaders are sometimes referred to as “shepherds.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3469	63:12	iq2k		The people of Israel continue speaking.
3470	63:12	zbm6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “right hand” represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God’s power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3471	63:13	ymx4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3472	63:14	d9fd		The people of Israel continue speaking.
3473	63:14	vw1c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3474	63:14	mt35	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3475	63:15	fet4		The people of Israel continue speaking.
3476	63:15	z3pw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3477	63:15	ul1l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep your pity and compassion from us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3478	63:16	sb9w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. “Abraham” and “Israel” represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3479	63:16	n4aq		This refers to the name also called “Jacob.”
3480	63:17	h7k1		The people of Israel continue speaking.
3481	63:17	w2gk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3482	63:17	dfb6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: “why do you make do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3483	63:17	pqt9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3484	63:18	ka89		The people of Israel continue speaking.
3485	63:19	j3dn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. The word “name” refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: “who never belonged to your family” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3486	63:19	kcq5		Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.”
3487	64:intro	pn57		Isaiah 64 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. Special concepts in this chapter Repentance This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
3488	64:1	k72d		The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh (Isaiah 63:11).
3489	64:1	vzg6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	Isaiah introduces this desire for Yahweh’s presence in their past history with a strong exclamation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
3490	64:1	ea39	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	If Yahweh had shown himself very dramatically by tearing open the sky. The words “split open” refer to ripping a piece of cloth apart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3491	64:1	gnw8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	The mountains would have trembled as in an earthquake. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
3492	64:2	re9g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This possibly emphasizes how easily God’s presence would have caused the mountains and the people to tremble. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
3493	64:3	r6lb		The people of Israel continues speaking to Yahweh.
3494	64:4	ien9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Here the “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor has anyone seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3495	64:5	w5xb		The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
3496	64:5	e2mb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This is an idiom that means “remember.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3497	64:6	y1pd		The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
3498	64:6	r68s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	A “menstrual rag” is a cloth that a woman uses during the time of month when she bleeds from her womb. This means all their attempts to please God fail. This sentence was meant to be shocking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3499	64:6	pe9q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Isaiah compares the people of Israel to leaves that dry up when dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3500	64:6	zx8k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means their sins, as a community, are the reason for their failure. Isaiah compares the iniquities to the wind as the force for their suffering Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3501	64:7	j4vi	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This means God gave up on his people and let them suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3502	64:7	bhp2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the power of those who are punishing the people for their iniquities. Alternate translation: “as you punish us for our iniquities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3503	64:8	shy2		The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
3504	64:8	j691	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means God created the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3505	64:9	jl2l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This refers to remembering the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3506	64:9	i877	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Isaiah asks Yahweh to pay attention to their situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3507	64:10	ie3k		The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
3508	64:10	gfj3		This emphasizes that the cities have been destroyed and no one lives there.
3509	64:11	ev92	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, by fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3510	64:12	x5p8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	They use questions to express their frustration because God has not yet come to help them. Alternate translation: “Please do not hold back, Yahweh! Please do not remain silent and continue to humiliate us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3511	65:intro	mm3j		Isaiah 65 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter is Yahweh’s response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) Special concepts in this chapter Judgment and hope This chapter records that Yahweh’s judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
3512	65:1	fu52		Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
3513	65:2	k5z1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“Spreading out my hands” here is a person’s gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: “I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3514	65:3	t8a2		Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
3515	65:3	y6w2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3516	65:4	ga3p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3517	65:4	u4tg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3518	65:5	yf6i		Yahweh continues speaking to and about the people of Israel.
3519	65:5	yf97	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person’s breathing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3520	65:5	kfu5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3521	65:6	s3ji		Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
3522	65:6	e8dl		“Take notice and pay attention”
3523	65:6	ju68	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3524	65:8	u28s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3525	65:8	p137	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: “when you find juice in a cluster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3526	65:8	y5df	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I will spare some of them who are righteous” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3527	65:9	v8br		Yahweh continues speaking.
3528	65:9	vkn1		This refers to the highest locations of Jerusalem and all of Judea.
3529	65:10	pzz2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This was a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3530	65:10	gc1h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3531	65:11	mw8c		Yahweh continues speaking.
3532	65:11	cm1c		See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
3533	65:11	h947		People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship.
3534	65:11	crn4		wine mixed with spices
3535	65:11	u2ws		These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.”
3536	65:12	cb1l		Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
3537	65:12	kk9r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	“The sword” represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh’s call. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3538	65:12	ah6h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3539	65:13	eb2d		Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
3540	65:13	hu21	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	“Take notice and pay attention” Yahweh repeats this for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3541	65:14	l9nc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These clauses mean the same and the repetition is for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3542	65:14	l647	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3543	65:15	mbr1		Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
3544	65:16	x8rm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3545	65:16	b3zy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3546	65:16	xcx8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	“hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3547	65:17	ru1m		Yahweh continues speaking.
3548	65:17	au5p		“Notice! Pay attention!”
3549	65:17	dn4a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3550	65:17	v792	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not even think about what happened in the past” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3551	65:18	cdz7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	Here “you” refers to all of God’s servants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3552	65:19	wla8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will hear weeping and cries of distress any longer in her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3553	65:20	n372		Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
3554	65:20	ars5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	“100 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3555	65:20	qsz1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider him a young person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3556	65:20	fte4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider this person as cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3557	65:22	x44j		Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
3558	65:22	t1rr		“for my people will live as long as trees live”
3559	65:23	ea83	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3560	65:24	y69k		Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
3561	65:25	pu4h		See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
3562	66:intro	d1a4		Isaiah 66 General Notes Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24. Special concepts in this chapter In the end In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
3563	66:1	ym2c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh compares heaven to a throne and the earth to a footstool to emphasize how great he is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3564	66:1	fgf8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that humans cannot build a place for him to dwell. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3565	66:2	h4r7		Yahweh continues speaking.
3566	66:2	z6n3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Yahweh is represented by his hand which emphasizes his power and authority. Alternate translation: “I have made all these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3567	66:2	js74	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3568	66:2	d8bv		Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith.
3569	66:3	us65		Yahweh continues speaking.
3570	66:3	r9v8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3571	66:3	k536		“They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh”
3572	66:4	m1x2		Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people.
3573	66:4	l9qg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3574	66:5	ssi3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh” or “May Yahweh glorify himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3575	66:5	x6r8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but I will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3576	66:6	ksm5		Yahweh describes the punishment for the hypocrisy of the worshipers.
3577	66:6	ym61	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The sound represents the real fighting that is going on in the temple as Yahweh is carrying out the punishment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3578	66:7	a59i		Yahweh continues speaking.
3579	66:7	iy8c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3580	66:8	mnx2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3581	66:9	prd7		Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother (Isaiah 66:7-8).
3582	66:9	ykq2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3583	66:10	jpw5		Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were newly born children (Isaiah 66:7-8).
3584	66:11	m27u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3585	66:12	di1p		Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother (Isaiah 66:7-8).
3586	66:12	j2n7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3587	66:12	l5d2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3588	66:12	u5js	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3589	66:13	w86z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I will comfort you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3590	66:14	rk3u		Isaiah is speaking to God’s faithful people.
3591	66:14	fy26	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	“Bones” refers to the whole body. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3592	66:14	pe4z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	“Tender grass” grows fast and strong and compares to the health and vigor of God’s faithful people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3593	66:14	gt3n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Here “hand” refers to his power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his power to his servants” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3594	66:15	akv1		Isaiah continues speaking to God’s faithful people.
3595	66:15	cfq3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh’s appearances in the Old Testament are often accompanied by fire that represents Yahweh’s anger and judgment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3596	66:15	b53l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Storms represent Yahweh’s powerful actions to make his judgment effective. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3597	66:16	dhc5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	“Sword” is one weapon that represents all of warfare and killing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3598	66:16	bx7h	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will kill many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3599	66:17	b5sf		Isaiah continues speaking.
3600	66:17	rj5b		“They” are those who worship Yahweh but go against his laws.
3601	66:17	nv79	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	This is a place where people would go to worship idols. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3602	66:17	jx7b		This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols.
3603	66:17	bs95	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3604	66:18	nhd3		Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
3605	66:18	ej4u		Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before.
3606	66:19	k1r5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3607	66:20	m4dq		Here “they” refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites.
3608	66:20	lip4		See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
3609	66:22	g5ni		See how you translated this in Isaiah 65:17.
3610	66:24	ju6e		Yahweh finishes speaking.
3611	66:24	ivj5		Here “they” refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh.
3612	66:24	a8i9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3613	66:24	le39	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh’s punishment on the wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3614	66:24	md8u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Fire also represents Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3615	66:24	t9vq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “will burn forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
3616	66:24	e7xk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	This expression represents all created living beings that shrink from the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

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Introduction to Isaiah

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of the Book of Isaiah

What is the Book of Isaiah about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

When was the Book of Isaiah written?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?

What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?

What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?

Isaiah 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Woe

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Metaphors

Rhetorical Questions

Isaiah 02 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Latter days

Idolatry

Isaiah 03 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Judgment

Special concepts in this chapter

Exile

Isaiah 04 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

More women than men

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Branch of Yahweh

Isaiah 05 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Woe

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Allegory

Isaiah 06 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Heaven

Isaiah’s call

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Inevitability

Isaiah 07 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

“Young woman”

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Israel

Isaiah 08 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Trust in Yahweh

Isaiah 09 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Messiah

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Fulfillment of prophecies

Isaiah 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Yahweh’s sovereignty

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Rhetorical Questions

Isaiah 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

Messiah

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Ambiguity

Isaiah 12 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

“That day”

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

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