ml_tn/tn_COL.tsv

1	Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
2	front:intro	d9hy				0	Introduction to Colossians Part 1: General Introduction Outline of the Book of Colossians Greeting, thanksgiving, and prayer (1:1-12) The person and work of Christ Deliverance and redemption (1:13-14) Christ: the Image of the invisible God, and the One who is over all creation (1:15-17) Christ is the Head of the Church, and the Church trusts in him (1:18-2:7) Tests of faithfulness Warnings against false teachers (2:8-19) True godliness is not rigid rules and unbending traditions (2:20-23) Teaching and living Life in Christ (3:1-4) Old and new life (3:5-17) Christian family (3:18-4:1) Christian behavior (4:2-6) Closing and greetings Paul thanks Tychicus and Onesimus (4:7-9) Paul sends greetings from his associates (4:10-14) Paul gives directions to Archippus and the Christians in Laodicea (4:15-17) Paul’s personal greeting (4:18) Who wrote the Book of Colossians? Paul wrote the Book of Colossians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. What is the Book of Colossians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the Asia Minor city of Colossae. The main purpose of this letter was to defend the gospel against false teachers. He did this by praising Jesus as the image of God, sustainer of all things, and head of the church. Paul wanted them to understand that only Christ is needed for God to accept them. How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Colossians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Colossae,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Colossae.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with? In the church in Colossae, there were false teachers. Their exact teaching is unknown. But they probably taught their followers to worship angels and to obey strict rules about religious ceremonies. They probably also taught that a person must be circumcised and can only eat certain types of food. Paul said these false teachings came from the minds of men and not from God. How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth? In this letter, Paul frequently spoke of heaven as “above.” He distinguished it from the earth, which Scripture speaks of as being “below.” The purpose of this imagery was to teach Christians to live in a way that honors God who lives in heaven above. Paul is not teaching that the earth or the physical world is evil. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) Part 3: Important Translation Issues How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Colossians in the ULT? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In Colossians, these words usually indicate a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. So Colossians in the ULT uses “believers” or “those who believe in him.” (See: 1:2, 12, 26) Was Jesus created or is he eternal? Jesus was not a created being but has always existed as God. Jesus also became a human being. There is potential for confusion in Colossians 1:15 where it says Jesus “is the firstborn of all creation.” This statement means that Jesus is dominant over all of creation. It does not mean that he was the first thing God created. Translators should be careful not to imply that Jesus is a created being. What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. “May grace be to you, and peace from God our Father” (1:2). Some older versions have a longer reading: “Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.” “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf” (1:7). Some older versions read “for you”: “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, a faithful servant of Christ for you.” “the Father, who has made you able to have a share in the inheritance of the believers in light” (1:12). Some older versions read, “the Father, who has qualified us for a share in the inheritance in light.” “In his Son we have redemption” (1:14). Some older versions read, “In his Son we have redemption through his blood.” “and forgave us all of our trespasses” (2:13). Some older versions read: “and forgave you all of your trespasses.” “When Christ appears, who is your life” (3:4). Some older versions read, “When Christ appears, who is our life.” “It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience” (3:6). The ULT, UST, and many other modern versions read this way. However, some modern and older versions read, “It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming.” “I sent him to you for this, that you might know the matters about us” (4:8). Some older versions read, “I sent him to you for this, that he might know the matters about you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3	1:intro	gtm3				0	Colossians 01 General Notes Structure and formatting As in a typical letter, Paul begins his letter in verses 1-2 by introducing Timothy and himself to the Christians in Colossae. Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Christ has done for the Christian. Special concepts in this chapter Secret truth Paul refers to a “secret truth” in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) Important figures of speech in this chapter Images for Christian living Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of “walking” and “bearing fruit.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Verse 24 is a paradox: “Now I rejoice in my sufferings for you.” People do not usually rejoice when they suffer. But in verses 25-29 Paul explains why his suffering is good. (Colossians 1:24)
4	1:1	h5gl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive		0	Though this letter is from Paul and Timothy to the Colossian believers, later in the letter Paul makes it clear that he is the writer. Most likely Timothy was with him and wrote the words down as Paul spoke. Throughout this letter the words “we,” “our,” and “ours” include the Colossians unless noted otherwise. The words “you,” “your,” and “yours” refer to the Colossian believers and so are plural unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
5	1:1	fny3			ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ	1	“whom God chose to be an apostle of Christ Jesus”
6	1:3	q1su		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	εὐχαριστοῦμεν & τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν & πάντοτε	1	These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7	1:4	km8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἀκούσαντες	1	Paul is excluding his audience. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8	1:4	z6eb			τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	“your belief in Christ Jesus”
9	1:5	n1qz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	διὰ τὴν ἐλπίδα τὴν ἀποκειμένην ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	1	Here “certain hope” stands for what the believer can confidently expect, that is, the things that God has promised to do for all believers. These things are spoken of as if they were physical objects that God was keeping in heaven for the believers to possess later. Alternate translation: “because you are certain that God, who is in heaven, will do the many good things that he has promised you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10	1:5	xn8s			τῷ λόγῳ τῆς ἀληθείας, τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	Possible meanings are (1) “the message about the truth, the gospel” or (2) “the true message, the gospel.”
11	1:6	wk21		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐστὶν καρποφορούμενον καὶ αὐξανόμενον	1	“Fruit” here is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “This gospel is having good results, more and more” or “This gospel is having increasing results” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12	1:6	z3g5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	ἐν παντὶ τῷ κόσμῳ	1	This is a generalization referring to the part of the world that they knew about. Alternate translation: “throughout the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
13	1:6	ait7			τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ	1	“the true grace of God”
14	1:7	f8t1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν & ἡμῶν	1	The word “our” does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
15	1:7	mjv5			ἐμάθετε ἀπὸ Ἐπαφρᾶ, τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ συνδούλου ἡμῶν, ὅς	1	“gospel. It is exactly what you learned from Epaphras, who is our beloved fellow servant and who” or “gospel. It is exactly what Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, taught you. He”
16	1:7	q8gt			Ἐπαφρᾶ, τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ συνδούλου ἡμῶν, ὅς ἐστιν πιστὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν διάκονος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Here “on our behalf” means that Epaphras was doing work for Christ that Paul himself would have done if he were not in prison.
17	1:7	pz3h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἐπαφρᾶ	1	the man who preached the gospel to the people in Colossae (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18	1:8	k2k9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῖν	1	The word “us” does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
19	1:8	e7ez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν ὑμῶν ἀγάπην ἐν Πνεύματι	1	Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a place in which the believers were located. Alternate translation: “how the Holy Spirit has enabled you to love believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20	1:9	iyq4				0	Because the Spirit has enabled them to love others, Paul prays for them and tells them here how he prays for them.
21	1:9	s83e			διὰ τοῦτο	1	“Because the Holy Spirit has enabled you to love other believers”
22	1:9	f2xd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς & ἠκούσαμεν & καὶ αἰτούμενοι	1	The word “we” does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
23	1:9	u7zh			ἀφ’ ἧς ἡμέρας ἠκούσαμεν	1	“from the day Epaphras told us these things”
24	1:9	w2a7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἵνα πληρωθῆτε τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ	1	Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as though they were containers. Alternate translation: “that God will fill you with what you need to know so that you can do his will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
25	1:9	mzz8			ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ συνέσει πνευματικῇ	1	“, so that the Holy Spirit will make you wise and able to understand what God wants you to do”
26	1:10	cz4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	περιπατῆσαι	1	The word “we” does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
27	1:10	m4hf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περιπατῆσαι ἀξίως τοῦ Κυρίου	1	Walking here signifies behavior in life. Alternate translation: “We have been praying that you will live the way God expects you to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28	1:10	vv4g			εἰς πᾶσαν ἀρεσκείαν	1	“in ways that will please the Lord”
29	1:10	vfp3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καρποφοροῦντες	1	Paul is speaking of the Colossian believers as if they were trees or plants. As a plant grows and bears fruit, so also believers are to keep getting to know God better and doing good deeds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30	1:11	gxv6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	δυναμούμενοι	1	The word “we” refers to Paul and Timothy but not to the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
31	1:11	mzf2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς πᾶσαν ὑπομονὴν καὶ μακροθυμίαν	1	Paul speaks of the Colossian believers as if God would move them into a location of perseverance and patience. In reality, he is praying that they will never stop trusting in God and that they will be completely patient as they honor him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
32	1:12	t5lw			ἱκανώσαντι ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν μερίδα	1	“has allowed you to share”
33	1:12	lt2q			ἱκανώσαντι ὑμᾶς	1	Here Paul is focusing on his readers as receivers of God’s blessings. But he does not mean that he himself has no share in those blessings.
34	1:12	r2zw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῦ κλήρου	1	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
35	1:12	hkf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν τῷ φωτί	1	This idea is opposite to the idea of the dominion of darkness in the next verse. Alternate translation: “in the glory of his presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
36	1:13	g9d3				0	Paul talks about the ways in which Christ is excellent.
37	1:13	mv87			ὃς ἐρρύσατο ἡμᾶς	1	“God has rescued us”
38	1:13	dw5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ σκότους	1	“Darkness” here is a metaphor for evil. Alternate translation: “the evil forces that controlled us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
39	1:13	zav6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ	1	“Son” is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
40	1:14	wh6q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ	1	Paul often speaks as if the believers were “in” Jesus Christ or “in” God. This can be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “by means of whom” or “By means of his Son” or “Because of his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
41	1:14	v5d8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν, τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν	1	The nouns “redemption” and “forgiveness” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “we are redeemed; our sins are forgiven” or “God redeems us; he forgives our sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
42	1:15	j5u9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου	1	“His Son is the image of the invisible God.” Here “image” does not mean a representation of something that is visible. Instead, “image” here means that by knowing the Son, we learn what God the Father is like. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
43	1:15	h945		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως	1	The expression “firstborn” does not refer to when Jesus was born. Instead, it refers to his position as the eternal Son of God the Father. In this sense, “firstborn” is a metaphor meaning “most important.” Jesus is the most important and the unique Son of God. Alternate Translation: “God’s Son, the most important one over all creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44	1:15	af6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	πάσης κτίσεως	1	The noun “creation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate Translation: “all that God created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
45	1:16	kru3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For by him God created all things” or “God caused the Son to create all things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
46	1:16	zl7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ πάντα δι’ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν ἔκτισται	1	This can be stated in active form. God caused the Son to create all things for the Son’s glory. Alternate translation: “For by him and for him God created all things” or “God caused him to create all things for himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
47	1:17	wk9y			αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων	1	“It is he who existed before all things”
48	1:17	m4lp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν	1	Paul is speaking here of the Son controlling all things as if he were physically holding them together. “he holds everything together” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
49	1:18	qsf3			αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ	1	“Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the head”
50	1:18	q8i3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ τοῦ σώματος, τῆς ἐκκλησίας	1	Paul speaks of Jesus’ position over the church as if he were the head on the human body. As the head rules the body, so does Jesus rule the church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
51	1:18	j6uq			ἡ ἀρχή	1	“the originating authority.” He is the first chief or founder.
52	1:18	s12x			πρωτότοκος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν	1	Jesus is the first person to die and come back to life, never to die again.
53	1:20	as3p			διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ	1	“by means of the blood Jesus shed on the cross”
54	1:20	x5av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ	1	Here “blood” stands for the death of Christ on the cross. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
55	1:21	kv5u				0	Paul makes it clear that God has now revealed that Christ exchanges the sin of Gentile believers for his holiness.
56	1:21	imq1			καὶ ὑμᾶς ποτε	1	“There was a time when you Colossian believers also”
57	1:21	wp3t			ἀπηλλοτριωμένους	1	“were like people whom God did not know” or “had pushed God away”
58	1:22	ejt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους, καὶ ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους, κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ	1	Paul is describing the Colossians as though Jesus had physically cleaned them, put them in clean clothes, and brought them to stand before God the Father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
59	1:22	u94j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους	1	Paul uses two words that mean almost the same thing to emphasize the idea of perfection. Alternate translation: “perfect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
60	1:22	lf5a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ	1	This expression of location stands for “in God’s view” or “in God’s mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61	1:23	d9kg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῦ κηρυχθέντος	1	that believers proclaimed (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
62	1:23	q21b			ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν	1	“to every person in the world”
63	1:23	g8iq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὗ ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ Παῦλος διάκονος	1	Paul was actually a servant of God. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I, Paul, serve God by proclaiming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
64	1:24	rcw3			ἀνταναπληρῶ τὰ ὑστερήματα τῶν θλίψεων τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου	1	Paul speaks about the suffering that he continues to experience. He may be acknowledging here that there is much suffering that he and all other Christians must endure before Christ comes again, and that Christ in a spiritual sense joins with them in experiencing these hardships. Paul certainly does not mean that Christ’s sufferings alone were not enough to provide salvation for the believers.
65	1:24	fm9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀνταναπληρῶ & ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου	1	Paul speaks of his body as if it were a container that could hold suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
66	1:24	mge9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑπὲρ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ, ὅ ἐστιν ἡ ἐκκλησία	1	Paul often speaks of the church, the group of all Christian believers, as if it were Christ’s body. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
67	1:25	t6ud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πληρῶσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This means to bring about the purpose of God’s gospel message, which is that it be preached and believed. “Word of God” here is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “to be obedient to what God has instructed” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
68	1:26	f3mt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸ μυστήριον τὸ ἀποκεκρυμμένον	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This is the secret truth that God had hidden” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
69	1:26	z8gv			ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν γενεῶν	1	The words “ages” and “generations” refer to the time period from the creation of the world until the time when the gospel was preached.
70	1:26	a9kw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	νῦν & ἐφανερώθη	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “now God has revealed it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
71	1:27	c8yb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης τοῦ μυστηρίου τούτου	1	Paul speaks of the value of this secret truth about God as if it were a treasure of material wealth. “riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
72	1:27	c7ln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Paul speaks of the believers as if they were actual containers in which Christ is present. This is one of his ways of expressing the union of the believers with Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
73	1:27	mr83			ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς δόξης	1	“so you can confidently expect to share in God’s glory”
74	1:28	va1x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς καταγγέλλομεν, νουθετοῦντες & διδάσκοντες & παραστήσωμεν	1	These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
75	1:28	na8w			νουθετοῦντες πάντα ἄνθρωπον	1	“We warn everyone”
76	1:28	lyz1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον	1	You may need to make explicit to whom they will present every person. Alternate translation: “so that we may present to God every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
77	1:28	uk2i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τέλειον	1	Being complete is a metaphor for being spiritually mature. Alternate translation: “spiritually mature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
78	2:intro	p3uc				0	Colossians 02 General Notes Special concepts in this chapter Circumcision and baptism In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Flesh This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that, while Christians are alive (“in the flesh”), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. Paul also uses “flesh” in this chapter to refer to the physical body. Implicit information Paul mentions several issues in this chapter that imply information about the context of the church in Colossae. It is best to allow the text to remain uncertain over the actual details. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
79	2:1	tt6v				0	Paul continues to encourage the believers in Colossae and Laodicea to understand that Christ is God and that he lives in believers, so they should live in the same way they received him.
80	2:1	dqg5			ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν	1	Paul has exerted much effort in developing their purity and understanding of the gospel.
81	2:1	fn4z			τῶν ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ	1	This was a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church for which Paul was praying.
82	2:1	rj7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	ὅσοι οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί	1	Here “face in the flesh” represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “all those who have never seen me personally” or “all those whom I have never met face to face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
83	2:2	ge1w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	ἵνα & αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν	1	Paul includes the Galatians even though he uses a different pronoun. Alternate translation: “so that their hearts and yours” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
84	2:2	a4px			συμβιβασθέντες	1	This means brought together in a close relationship.
85	2:2	kdg8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως	1	Paul speaks of a person who is completely sure that the good news is true as though that person were rich in physical things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86	2:2	qgi2			τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	This is knowledge that can be revealed only by God.
87	2:2	v13e			Χριστοῦ	1	Jesus Christ is the secret truth revealed by God.
88	2:3	w74d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως ἀπόκρυφοι	1	Only Christ can reveal God’s true wisdom and knowledge. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
89	2:3	w4mr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως	1	Paul speaks of God’s wisdom and knowledge as if they were material wealth. Alternate translation: “the very precious wisdom and knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
90	2:3	vd98		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως	1	These words mean basically the same thing here. Paul uses them together to emphasize that all spiritual understanding comes from Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
91	2:4	j8di			παραλογίζηται	1	This means to cause someone to believe something that is not true, so he acts on that belief, and suffers harm as a result.
92	2:4	y4r3			πιθανολογίᾳ	1	speech that will make a person think differently
93	2:5	g1rp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τῇ σαρκὶ ἄπειμι	1	The person’s flesh, or physical body, is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “not physically present with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
94	2:5	bz56		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τῷ πνεύματι σὺν ὑμῖν εἰμι	1	Being with someone in spirit is a metaphor for thinking continually about that person. Alternate translation: “I continually think about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
95	2:5	ev9p			τὴν τάξιν	1	doing things properly
96	2:5	hth1			τὸ στερέωμα & πίστεως ὑμῶν	1	“how nothing and no one can cause you to stop believing”
97	2:6	m3f1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν αὐτῷ περιπατεῖτε	1	Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. The words “in him” refer to being in close relationship with Christ and so doing what pleases him. Alternate translation: “live your lives the way he wants you to” or “live so that people can see that you belong to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
98	2:7	e2x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐρριζωμένοι & ἐποικοδομούμενοι & βεβαιούμενοι & περισσεύοντες	1	These words explain what it means to “walk in him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
99	2:7	fw47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐρριζωμένοι & ἐν αὐτῷ	1	Paul speaks of a person with true faith in Christ as if that person were a tree growing in solid ground with deep roots. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
100	2:7	tb5m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐποικοδομούμενοι ἐν αὐτῷ	1	Paul speaks of a person with true faith in Christ as if that person were a building that has a strong foundation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101	2:7	yh83			βεβαιούμενοι τῇ πίστει	1	“trust in Jesus for everything”
102	2:7	l1is			καθὼς ἐδιδάχθητε	1	This is best stated without naming or otherwise calling attention to the teacher, who was Epaphras (Colossians 1:7). Alternate translation: “just as you learned” or “just as they taught you” or “just as he taught you”
103	2:7	j47d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περισσεύοντες ἐν εὐχαριστίᾳ	1	Paul speaks of thanksgiving as if it were objects that a person could obtain more of. Alternate translation: “be very thankful to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
104	2:8	cbw5				0	Paul urges the believers to be careful not to turn to the words and rules of others because nothing can add to the fullness of God that believers have in Christ.
105	2:8	lm1v			βλέπετε	1	“Make sure that”
106	2:8	ga9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς ἔσται ὁ συλαγωγῶν	1	Paul speaks of the way a person can believe false teachings (because they believe false things or love the wrong things) as if someone had physically caught and held that person by force. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
107	2:8	p3vx			τῆς φιλοσοφίας	1	religious doctrines and beliefs that are not from God’s word but are based on man’s thoughts about God and life
108	2:8	t8xx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κενῆς ἀπάτης	1	Paul speaks of false ideas that produce nothing and so are without value as though they are containers with nothing in them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
109	2:8	l9jt			τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων & τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	1	Both Jewish traditions and pagan (Gentile) belief systems are worthless. “The elements of the world” perhaps refers to evil spirits that claimed to rule the world and that were adored by people. But some interpreters view “the elements of the world” as people’s basic teachings about the world.
110	2:9	ahq5			ἐν αὐτῷ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς Θεότητος σωματικῶς	1	“God’s total nature lives in physical form in Christ”
111	2:10	lbk7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐστὲ ἐν αὐτῷ πεπληρωμένοι	1	Paul speaks of people as though they were containers into which God has placed Christ. Alternate translation: “You are made complete in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
112	2:10	je36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας	1	Christ is the ruler over every other ruler (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
113	2:11	xeq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ καὶ περιετμήθητε	1	Paul is speaking of those who belong to Christ as if they were inside Christ’s body. This can also be made active. Alternate translation: “When you joined the church in baptism, God circumcised you” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
114	2:11	ii43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περιτομῇ ἀχειροποιήτῳ	1	With this metaphor, Paul says that God has made Christian believers acceptable to himself in a way that reminded him of circumcision, the ceremony through which Hebrew male babies were added to the community of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
115	2:12	ln8e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	συνταφέντες αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ βαπτισμῷ	1	Paul speaks of being baptized and joining the assembly of believers as if it were being buried with Christ. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “God buried you with Christ when you joined the church in baptism” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
116	2:12	g1rq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ & συνηγέρθητε	1	With this metaphor, Paul speaks of the new spiritual life of believers that God made possible by making Christ come alive again. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “because you have joined yourself to Christ, God raised you up” or “in him God caused you to live again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
117	2:12	rec6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	συνηγέρθητε	1	Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God raised you up” or “God caused you to live again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
118	2:13	v6vi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας	1	Paul speaks of unresponsiveness to God as if it were death. Alternate translation: “When you Colossian believers were unable to respond to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
119	2:13	f9ms		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας & συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς	1	With this metaphor Paul speaks of coming into new spiritual life as if it were coming back to life physically. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
120	2:13	wh4z			νεκροὺς & ἐν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν	1	You were dead on two accounts: (1) you were spiritually dead, living a life of sin against Christ and (2) you were not circumcised according to the law of Moses.
121	2:13	k2hw			χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ παραπτώματα	1	“he forgave us, both us Jews and you Gentiles, of all our trespasses”
122	2:14	w22z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν, ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν	1	Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if it were the way a person, to whom many people owe money or goods, destroys the record of that debt so they do not have to pay him back. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123	2:15	gh24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐδειγμάτισεν ἐν παρρησίᾳ	1	In Roman times, it was common practice for the Roman armies to have a victory parade when they returned home, displaying all the prisoners they had captured and goods they had obtained. God was victorious over the evil powers and authorities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
124	2:15	cg37		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν αὐτῷ	1	Here “the cross” stands for Christ’s death on the cross. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
125	2:16	cii9			ἐν βρώσει, καὶ ἐν πόσει	1	The law of Moses included what one can eat and drink. “for what you eat or what you drink”
126	2:16	b4kd			ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς, ἢ νουμηνίας, ἢ Σαββάτων	1	The law of Moses specified the days to celebrate, to worship, and to offer sacrifice. “for the way you celebrate feast days or new moons or the Sabbath”
127	2:17	ip3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἅ ἐστιν σκιὰ τῶν μελλόντων, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	A shadow shows the shape of an object, but it is not the object itself. In a similar way, the festivals, celebrations, and Sabbath show us something about how God would save people, but those things do not save people. The savior is Christ. Alternate translation: “These are like a shadow of what would happen, but the reality is Christ” or “These are like a shadow of the savior who would come, but the savior is Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
128	2:18	zv2t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς καταβραβευέτω	1	Here Paul refers to false teachers as if they were corrupt judges at an athletic contest who would unjustly disqualify the believers from winning the prizes they deserve, and he speaks of Christ saving a person as if Christ were giving a prize to the winner of such a contest. Alternate translation: “Let no one … disqualify you from winning a prize” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
129	2:18	b5ce		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	θέλων & ταπεινοφροσύνῃ	1	The word “humility” is a metonym for actions one does to make others think that one is humble. Alternate translation: “who wants you to do things to show that you are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
130	2:18	kn5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἃ ἑόρακεν ἐμβατεύων	1	Here Paul speaks about people who claim to have dreams and visions from God and who talk proudly about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131	2:18	p7q4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	φυσιούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ νοὸς τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ	1	Here Paul says that sinful ways of thinking make a person arrogant. Alternate translation: “puffs himself up by means of his fleshly thinking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
132	2:18	wp42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	φυσιούμενος	1	Here a person who boasts is spoken of as if he were an object into which someone had blown air to make it larger than it should be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
133	2:18	if94		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῦ νοὸς τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ	1	Here the idea of flesh stands for the sinful human nature. “the sinful thoughts he naturally thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134	2:19	m2dz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ κρατῶν τὴν κεφαλήν	1	A person not trusting in Christ is spoken of has if they do not hold firmly to the head. Christ is spoken of as if he were the head of a body. Alternate translation: “He does not firmly grasp Christ, who is like the head of a body” or “He does not cling to Christ, who is like the head of a body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
135	2:19	r4ca		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἁφῶν καὶ συνδέσμων ἐπιχορηγούμενον καὶ συμβιβαζόμενον	1	Paul speaks of the church, which is ruled and empowered by Christ, as if it were a human body. Alternate translation: “It is from the head that God supplies the whole body throughout its joints and ligaments and holds it together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
136	2:20	yg7h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰ ἀπεθάνετε σὺν Χριστῷ ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ κόσμου	1	With this metaphor, Paul speaks of a believer as a person who is spiritually united with Christ: as Christ died, so the believer has spiritually died; as Christ has come back to life, so the believer has come back to spiritual life, that is, to responsiveness to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
137	2:20	uu77			ὡς ζῶντες ἐν κόσμῳ δογματίζεσθε	1	“think you must obey the desires of the world”
138	2:20	fe1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ κόσμου	1	the thoughts, desires, and assumptions of the sinful majority of the world’s people (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
139	2:21	v9e7				0	The rhetorical question that begins with the words “why do you live as obligated to the world” in verse 20 ends here.
140	2:21	b392			μὴ ἅψῃ! μηδὲ γεύσῃ! μηδὲ θίγῃς!	1	Paul is quoting what other people have been telling the Colossians. “why do you believe them when they say, ‘Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch’?” or “you should not obey them when they say, ‘Do not handle, nor taste, nor touch’”
141	2:23	y2dc			ἅτινά ἐστιν λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας ἐν ἐθελοθρησκείᾳ καὶ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, ἀφειδίᾳ σώματος	1	“These rules seem wise to unbelieving people because they allow those who follow them to appear humble because they hurt their own bodies”
142	2:23	e7p5			οὐκ ἐν τιμῇ τινι πρὸς πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός	1	“do not help you stop following your human desires”
143	3:intro	qtl2				0	Colossians 03 General Notes Structure and formatting The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6. Special concepts in this chapter Old and new self The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term “old man” probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The “new man” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Character Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) “The things above” Where God dwells is often pictured as being located “above.” Paul says to “seek the things above” and to “think about the things above.” He is implying Christians should seek and think about heavenly and godly things.
144	3:1	ya97				0	Paul warns the believers that because they are one with Christ, they ought not do certain things.
145	3:1	r5yh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	εἰ οὖν	1	This is an idiom that means “because.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
146	3:1	t1jv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	συνηγέρθητε τῷ Χριστῷ	1	Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Possible meanings are (1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given the believers in Colossae new spiritual life. Alternate translation: “God has given you new life because you belong to Christ” or (2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Colossae can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “you can be sure that God will give you life as he has caused Christ to come alive again” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
147	3:1	p3fw			τὰ ἄνω	1	“things in heaven”
148	3:3	l9yk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀπεθάνετε γάρ	1	As Christ actually died, so God counts the Colossian believers as having died with Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149	3:3	gkz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ	1	Paul speaks of people’s lives as if they were objects that can be hidden in containers and speaks of God as if he were a container. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are (1) “it is as though God has taken your life and concealed it with Christ in God’s presence” or (2) “only God knows what your true life really is, and he will reveal it when he reveals Christ” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
150	3:4	n4nj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν	1	Christ is the one who gives spiritual life to the believer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
151	3:5	p9w9			ἀκαθαρσίαν	1	impure behavior
152	3:5	e65k			πάθος	1	strong, lustful desire
153	3:5	h5v4			τὴν πλεονεξίαν, ἥτις ἐστὶν εἰδωλολατρία	1	“greed, which is the same thing as idolatry” or “do not be greedy because that is the same as worshiping idols”
154	3:6	s9lm			ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	God’s anger against those who do evil as shown by what he does to punish them.
155	3:7	p4q8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν οἷς καὶ ὑμεῖς περιεπατήσατέ	1	Paul speaks of the way a person behaves as if it were a road or path a person walks on. Alternate translation: “These are the things you used to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
156	3:7	s824		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅτε ἐζῆτε ἐν τούτοις	1	Possible meanings are (1) “when you practiced these things” or (2) “when you lived among the people who disobey God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
157	3:8	d3wr			κακίαν	1	“desire to do wicked deeds”
158	3:8	lgz1			βλασφημίαν	1	speech used to hurt others
159	3:8	f59z			αἰσχρολογίαν	1	words that do not belong in polite conversation
160	3:8	n23c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν	1	Here “mouth” is a metonym for talk. “in your talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
161	3:9	c6tk				0	Paul continues to tell the believers how to live and reminds them that Christians should treat everyone according to the same standard.
162	3:9	vsd8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀπεκδυσάμενοι τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον σὺν ταῖς πράξεσιν αὐτοῦ	1	Here Paul is speaking of a Christian’s rejecting his old sinful life as if it were an old garment that he takes off in order to put on a new garment. It was very common for Israelites such as Paul to speak of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163	3:10	brx6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καὶ ἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν νέον	1	Here Paul is speaking of a Christian’s rejecting his old sinful life as if it were an old garment that he takes off (verse 9) in order to put on a new garment. It was very common for Israelites such as Paul to speak of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
164	3:10	d15v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	εἰκόνα	1	This refers to Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
165	3:11	t2w2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἔνι Ἕλλην καὶ Ἰουδαῖος, περιτομὴ καὶ ἀκροβυστία, βάρβαρος, Σκύθης, δοῦλος, ἐλεύθερος	1	These terms are examples of the categories of people that Paul says do not matter for God. God sees every person alike, not by race, religion, nationality, or social status. Alternate translation: “race, religion, culture, and social status do not matter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
166	3:11	vt4t			βάρβαρος	1	a foreigner who does not know local customs
167	3:11	n7by			Σκύθης	1	This is someone from the land of Scythia, which was outside the Roman Empire. Greeks and Romans used this word for someone who grew up in a place where everyone did wicked things all the time.
168	3:11	i964		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ πάντα καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν Χριστός	1	Nothing is excluded or left out of the rule of Christ. Alternate translation: “Christ is all important and lives in all his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
169	3:12	b5ti		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι	1	This can be made active. Alternate translation: “as those whom God has chosen for himself, whom he desires to see live for him alone, and whom he loves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
170	3:12	d217		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθε & σπλάγχνα οἰκτιρμοῦ, χρηστότητα, ταπεινοφροσύνην, πραΰτητα, μακροθυμίαν	1	The “heart” is a metaphor for feelings and attitudes. Here it is spoken of as if it has certain feelings and attitudes, and as if it were clothing to wear. Alternate translation: “have a merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient heart” or “be merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171	3:13	r8iy			ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων	1	“Be patient with one another” or “Accept each other even when you disappoint each other”
172	3:13	rts1			χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς	1	“Treat each other better than they deserve for you to treat them”
173	3:13	p474		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	πρός & ἔχῃ μομφήν	1	The abstract noun “complaint” can be stated as “complain.” Alternate translation: “has a reason to complain against” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
174	3:14	x5g8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν ἀγάπην, ὅ ἐστιν σύνδεσμος τῆς τελειότητος	1	Here “bond of perfection” is a metaphor for something that causes perfect unity among people. Alternate translation: “love one another because it will unite you perfectly together. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
175	3:15	hdg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Χριστοῦ βραβευέτω ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of the peace that Christ gives as if it were a ruler. Possible meanings are (1) “Do everything so that you can have peaceful relationships with each other” or (2) “Allow God to give you peace in your heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
176	3:15	i9hg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν	1	Here “hearts” is a metonym for a people’s minds or inner being. Alternate translation: “in your minds” or “inside of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
177	3:16	w9dv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐνοικείτω ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Paul speaks of Christ’s word as if it were a person capable of living inside other people. “Word of Christ” here is a metonym for the teachings of Christ. Alternate translation: “Be obedient to the instructions of Christ” or “Always trust Christ’s promises” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
178	3:16	h5k9			νουθετοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς	1	“caution and encourage one another”
179	3:16	ubi5			ψαλμοῖς, ὕμνοις, ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς	1	“with all sorts of songs to praise God”
180	3:16	cnj1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν τῇ χάριτι, ᾄδοντες ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν	1	Here “hearts” is a metonym for people’s minds or inner being. Alternate translation: “Sing with thankfulness in your minds” or “Sing and be thankful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
181	3:17	g8p8			ἐν λόγῳ ἢ ἐν ἔργῳ	1	“in speaking or in acting”
182	3:17	uix9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ	1	Acting in the name of a person here is a metonym for acting to help other people think well of that person. Alternate translation: “to honor the Lord Jesus” or “so that others will know you belong to the Lord Jesus and think well of him” or “as if the Lord Jesus himself were doing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
183	3:17	bv84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δι’ αὐτοῦ	1	Possible meanings are (1) because he has done great deeds or (2) because he has made it possible for people to speak to God and so give him thanks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
184	3:18	flu9				0	Paul then gives some special instructions to wives, husbands, children, fathers, slaves, and masters.
185	3:18	tt9u			αἱ γυναῖκες, ὑποτάσσεσθε τοῖς	1	“Wives, obey”
186	3:18	b2y3			ἀνῆκεν	1	“it is proper” or “it is right”
187	3:19	lc4a			μὴ πικραίνεσθε πρὸς	1	“do not be harsh with” or “do not be angry toward”
188	3:21	bvi3			μὴ ἐρεθίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν	1	“do not needlessly make your children angry”
189	3:22	cx6a			ὑπακούετε & τοῖς κατὰ σάρκα κυρίοις	1	“obey your human masters”
190	3:22	iy1n			πάντα & μὴ ἐν ὀφθαλμοδουλεία, ὡς ἀνθρωπάρεσκοι	1	“things. Do not obey only when your master is watching, as though you need only to please people”
191	3:22	r22m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν ἁπλότητι καρδίας	1	“Heart” here is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: “with all honest intentions” or “with sincerity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
192	3:23	arw4			ὡς τῷ Κυρίῳ	1	“as you would work for the Lord”
193	3:24	f3ed			τὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν τῆς κληρονομίας	1	“the inheritance as your reward”
194	3:24	p3pw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κληρονομίας	1	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
195	3:25	u5lx			ὁ & ἀδικῶν, κομιεῖται ὃ ἠδίκησεν	1	The phrase “receive the penalty” means to be punished. Alternate translation: “anyone who does unrighteousness will be punished” or “God will punish anyone who does what is unrighteous”
196	3:25	ak8j			ἀδικῶν	1	who actively does wrong of any kind
197	3:25	c9fx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολημψία	1	The abstract noun “favoritism” can be expressed with the verb “favor.” To favor some people is to judge them by different standards so the result is better for them than for others who do the same actions. Alternate translation: “God does not favor anyone” or “God judges everyone by the same standard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
198	4:intro	nm3y				0	Colossians 04 General Notes Structure and formatting Colossians 4:1 appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4. Special concepts in this chapter “In my own hand” It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself. Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Secret truth Paul refers to a “secret truth” in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
199	4:1	qhd2				0	After speaking to masters, Paul ends his special instructions to the different kinds of believers in the church at Colossae.
200	4:1	ae3y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὴν ἰσότητα	1	These words mean almost the same thing and are used to emphasize the things that are morally correct. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
201	4:1	t9wy			καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔχετε Κύριον ἐν οὐρανῷ	1	God wants the relationship between an earthly master and his slave to be loving the way God, the heavenly master, loves his earthly servants, including the earthly slaves’ masters.
202	4:2	sct4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive		0	Here the word “us” refers to Paul and Timothy but not the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
203	4:2	wx86				0	Paul continues to give instructions to believers on how to live and speak.
204	4:2	pp1c			τῇ προσευχῇ προσκαρτερεῖτε	1	“Keep praying faithfully” or “Keep praying consistently”
205	4:3	ub1i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ Θεὸς ἀνοίξῃ & θύραν	1	Opening a door for someone is a metaphor for giving that person the opportunity to do something. Alternate translation: “God would provide opportunities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
206	4:3	lj4f			ἀνοίξῃ & θύραν τοῦ λόγου	1	“make an opportunity for us tp preach his message”
207	4:3	ce37			τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	This refers to the gospel of Jesus Christ, which was not understood before Christ came.
208	4:3	q4jx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	δι’ ὃ & δέδεμαι	1	Here “chained” is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: “It is for proclaiming the message of Jesus Christ that I am now in prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
209	4:4	hm5w			ἵνα φανερώσω αὐτὸ	1	“Pray that I might be able to speak the message of Jesus Christ clearly”
210	4:5	z3ax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν σοφίᾳ περιπατεῖτε πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω	1	The idea of walking is often used for the idea of conducting one’s life. Alternate translation: “Live in such a way that those who are not believers will see that you are wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211	4:5	b525		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸν καιρὸν ἐξαγοραζόμενοι	1	To “redeem” something means to restore it to it’s rightful owner. Here time is spoken of as something that can be restored and used to serve God. Alternate translation: “do the best things you can with your time” or “put the time to its best use” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
212	4:6	fuv5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι, ἅλατι ἠρτυμένος	1	Food with salt is a metaphor for words that teach others and that others enjoy hearing. Alternate translation: “Let your conversation always be gracious and attractive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
213	4:6	c1w4			εἰδέναι πῶς δεῖ ὑμᾶς & ἀποκρίνεσθαι	1	“so that you may know how to answer questions from anyone about Jesus Christ” or “so that you may be able to treat every person well”
214	4:7	vtb1				0	Onesimus was a slave of Philemon in Colossae. He had stolen money from Philemon and run away to Rome where he became a Christian through the ministry of Paul. Now Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones bringing Paul’s letter to Colossae.
215	4:7	ut91				0	Paul closes with special instructions about certain people as well as greetings to and from individual believers.
216	4:7	xzz4			τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ	1	“everything that has been happening to me”
217	4:7	p7c1			σύνδουλος	1	“fellow servant.” Though Paul is a free man, he sees himself as a servant of Christ and sees Tychicus as a fellow servant.
218	4:8	vyq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν	1	These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
219	4:8	fr1z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	παρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	The heart was thought to be the center of many emotions. Alternate translation: “may encourage you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
220	4:9	yqh9			τῷ πιστῷ καὶ ἀγαπητῷ ἀδελφῷ	1	Paul calls Onesimus a fellow Christian and servant of Christ.
221	4:9	n15d			γνωρίσουσιν	1	“Tychicus and Onesimus will tell”
222	4:9	vb7j			πάντα & τὰ ὧδε	1	They will tell the Colossian believers all that is taking place where Paul is currently living. Tradition says Paul was in Rome under house arrest or in prison at this time.
223	4:10	wmf4			Ἀρίσταρχος	1	He was in prison with Paul in Ephesus when Paul wrote this letter to the Colossians.
224	4:10	cg3a			ἐὰν ἔλθῃ	1	“if Mark comes”
225	4:11	bm6s			Ἰησοῦς, ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰοῦστος	1	This is a man who also worked with Paul.
226	4:11	ci74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οἱ ὄντες ἐκ περιτομῆς οὗτοι, μόνοι συνεργοὶ εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Paul uses “circumcision” here to refer to Jews because, under the Old Testament law, all male Jews had to be circumcised. Alternate translation: “These three men are the only Jewish believers working with me to proclaim God as king through Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
227	4:11	p8e9			ἐκ περιτομῆς οὗτοι, μόνοι	1	“These men—Aristarchus, Mark, and Justus—alone of the circumcision”
228	4:12	et2g				0	Laodicea and Hierapolis were towns close to Colossae.
229	4:12	gg86			Ἐπαφρᾶς	1	Epaphras was the man who had preached the good news to the people in Colossae (Colossians 1:7).
230	4:12	rq61			ὁ ἐξ ὑμῶν	1	“from your city” or “your fellow townsman”
231	4:12	ek51			δοῦλος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	“a committed disciple of Christ Jesus”
232	4:12	p8ff			πάντοτε ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν ταῖς προσευχαῖς	1	“earnestly prays for you”
233	4:12	nuh9			σταθῆτε τέλειοι καὶ πεπληροφορημένοι	1	“you may stand mature and confident”
234	4:13	k8vv			μαρτυρῶ & αὐτῷ, ὅτι ἔχει πολὺν πόνον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν	1	“I have observed that he has worked very hard for you”
235	4:14	hq1k			Δημᾶς	1	This is another co-worker with Paul.
236	4:15	sc5g			τοὺς & ἀδελφοὺς	1	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
237	4:15	zkp3			ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ	1	a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church
238	4:15	wyk3			Νύμφαν, καὶ τὴν κατ’ οἶκον αὐτῆς ἐκκλησίαν	1	A woman named Nympha hosted a house church. Alternate translation: “Nympha and the group of believers that meets in her house”
239	4:17	d39x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	εἴπατε Ἀρχίππῳ, βλέπε τὴν διακονίαν ἣν παρέλαβες ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἵνα αὐτὴν πληροῖς.	1	Paul reminds Archippus of the task God had given him and that he, Archippus, was under obligation to the Lord to fulfill it. The words “Look,” “you have received,” and “you should fulfill” all refer to Archippus and should be singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
240	4:18	an7s				0	Paul closes his letter with a greeting written in his own handwriting.
241	4:18	h3kx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	μνημονεύετέ μου τῶν δεσμῶν	1	Paul speaks of chains when he means his imprisonment. Alternate translation: “Remember me and pray for me while I am in prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
242	4:18	w2vm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν	1	Here “grace” stands for God, who shows grace or acts kindly to believers. Alternate translation: “I pray that our Lord Jesus Christ would continue to act graciously toward you all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])