228 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
228 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_sequential_imperfect.rst
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.. _verb_sequential_imperfect:
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Verb Sequential Imperfect
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=========================
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Summary
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-------
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A Sequential Imperfect verb functions generally like a
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verb with *Perfect conjugation*, but it also connects to an earlier verb
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to form either a sequence of time or a sequence of thought.
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Article
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-------
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The Sequential Imperfect conjugation of a
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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looks similar to the normal :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>` verb,
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but it is a separate verbal form and must be treated as such. A
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Sequential Imperfect verb does not function like a normal
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Imperfect verb, but it functions similar to a :ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`
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verb. The difference is an added sense of being connected to an earlier
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verb to form a sequence of time or a sequence of thought. In Hebrew
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narratives, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation also serves the function
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of controlling the flow of a story and often occurs at the beginning of a
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sentence.
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The endings of the Sequential Imperfect conjugation are the same as the
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normal Imperfect conjugation but the sequential form also has an extra
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prefix, which is a *specialized* form of the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`.
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The difference between the Sequential Imperfect and the normal
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Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction is in the vowel pattern. The
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normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction looks exactly like what
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one would expect: a normal conjunction (וְ) is added to the beginning of
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a normal Imperfect verb (יִקְטֹל) to make a single word
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(וְיִקְטֹל). However, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation looks different
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(וַיִּקְטֹל). In contrast to the normal Imperfect conjugation with the
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conjunction, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation usually contains (1) a
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vowel (usually pathach) under the conjunction instead of the shewa, and
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(2) a daghesh in the prefix consonant of the verbal form (see table
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below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: Imperfect conjugation + conjunction (וְ) vs. Sequential Imperfect conjugation
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Verbal root,Imperfect conjugation + conjunction (וְ),Sequential Imperfect conjugation
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כתב,וְיִכְתֹּב,וַיִּכְתֹּב
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פעל,וְיִפְעַל,וַיִּפְעַל
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קרא,וְיִקְרָא,וַיִּקְרָא
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיִּקְטֹל,wayyiqtol,(and) he killed
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) she killed
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) you killed
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּקְטְלִי,wattiqteli,(and) you killed
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common singular first person,וָאֶקְטֹל,wa'eqtol,(and) I killed
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masculine plural third person,וַיִקְטְלוּ,wayiqtelu,(and) they killed
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) they killed
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּקְטְלוּ,wattiqtelu,(and) you killed
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) you killed
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common plural first person,וַנִּקְטֹל,wanniqtol,(and) we killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיִּקָּטֵל,wayyiqqatel,(and) he was killed
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) she was killed
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) you were killed
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטְלִי,wattiqqatli,(and) you were killed
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common singular first person,וָאֶקָּטֵל,wa'eqqatel,(and) I was killed
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masculine plural third person,וַיִּקָּטְלוּ,wayyiqqatlu,(and) they were killed
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) they were killed
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטְלוּ,wattiqqatlu,(and) you were killed
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) you were killed
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common plural first person,וַנִּקָּטֵל,wanniqqatel,(and) we were killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיַּקְטֵל,wayyaqtil,(and) he caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) she caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) you caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וַתַּקְטִילִי,wattaqtili,(and) you caused to kill
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common singular first person,וָאַקְטֵל,wa'aqtil,(and) I caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,וַיַּקְטִילוּ,wayyaqtilu,(and) they caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) they caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וַתַּקְטִילוּ,wattaqtilu,(and) you caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) you caused to kill
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common plural first person,וַנַּקְטֵל,wannaqtil,(and) we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill
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common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill
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common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּקַטֵּל,wayyeqattel,(and) he slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) she slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) you slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וַתְּקַטְּלִי,watteqatteli,(and) you slaughtered
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common singular first person,וָאֲקַטֵּל,wa'eqattel,(and) I slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּקַטְּלוּ,wayyeqattelu,(and) they slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) they slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וַתְּקַטְּלוּ,watteqattelu,(and) you slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) you slaughtered
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common plural first person,וַנְּקַטֵּל,wanneqattel,(and) we slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּקֻטַּל,wayyequttal,(and) he was slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) she was slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) you were slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלִי,wattequtteli,(and) you were slaughtered
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common singular first person,וָאֲקֻטַּל,wa'aquttal,(and) I was slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּקֻטְּלוּ,wayyequttelu,(and) they were slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) they were slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלוּ,wattequttelu,(and) you were slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) you were slaughtered
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common plural first person,וַנְּקֻטַּל,wannequttal,(and) we were slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּתְקַטֵּל,wayyithqattel,(and) he killed himself
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) she killed herself
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) you killed yourself
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי,wattithqatteli,(and) you killed yourself
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common singular first person,וָאֶתְקַטֵּל,wa'ethqattel,(and) I killed myself
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ,wayyithqattelu,(and) they killed themselves
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) they killed themselves
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ,wattithqattelu,(and) you killed yourselves
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) you killed yourselves
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common plural first person,וַנְּתְקַטֵּל,wannithqattel,(and) we killed ourselves
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Function
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--------
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The Sequential Imperfect conjugation indicates any one of these kinds of
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verbal actions:
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Completed actions, or actions in the past
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:1
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וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם
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**wayyomer** yehwah 'el-'avram
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**and-he-said** Yahweh to\_Abram
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**Now** Yahweh **said** to Abram
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 13:1
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וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם
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**wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim
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**and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt
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**So** Abram **went up** from Egypt
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:ref:`Stative<verb-stative>` actions
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This kind of action describes a state or condition, often (but not always) with a passive :ref:`stem formation<stem>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:19
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וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב אַבְרָהָ֖ם בִּבְאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע
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**wayyeshev** 'avraham biv'er shava'
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**and-he-remained** Abraham in-Beer Sheba
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**and** Abraham **lived** at Beersheba.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:8
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וַיִּגְדַּ֥ל הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַיִּגָּמַ֑ל
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**wayyigdal** hayyeled **wayyiggamal**
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**And-he-grew** the-child **and-he-was-weaned**
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The child **grew and was weaned**
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Actions that are paired together in a sentence (often with the verb היה)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 1:6
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וַיְהִ֣י הַיּ֔וֹם **וַיָּבֹ֙אוּ֙** בְּנֵ֣י הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים
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**wayhi** hayyom **wayyavo'u** bene ha'elohim
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**and-it-came** the-day **and-they-went** sons-of the-God
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**And then came** the day **when** the sons of God **came**
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.. csv-table:: Example: JUD 19:27
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וַיָּ֨קָם אֲדֹנֶ֜יהָ בַּבֹּ֗קֶר **וַיִּפְתַּח֙** דַּלְת֣וֹת הַבַּ֔יִת
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**wayyaqom** 'adoneyha babboqer **wayyiftah** dalthoth habbayith
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"**and-he-rose-up** her-lord in-the-morning **and-he-opened** doors-of
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the-house"
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"Her master **rose up** in the morning **and opened** the doors of the
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house"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:28
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וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒ **וַיֹּ֨אמֶר** לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים
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wayvarekh 'otham 'elohim wayyomer lahem 'elohim
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**And-he-blessed** them God **and-he-said** to-them God
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God **blessed** them **and** God **said** to them
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