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8.7 KiB
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189 lines
8.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_jussive.rst
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.. _verb_jussive:
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Verb Jussive
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============
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Summary
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-------
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A jussive verb is used to express indirect commands, direct negative
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commands limited by time, and other similar actions with varying degrees
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of desirability as determined by the context.
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Article
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-------
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The Jussive form looks very similar to the :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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but functions in the sentence more like an
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:ref:`Imperative<verb_imperative>`.
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Jussive
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:ref:`verbs<verb>`
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usually appear in :ref:`third person<person_third>`
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forms. (Similarly, Imperative verbs appear only in :ref:`second person<person_second>`
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forms, and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>` verbs appear only in the :ref:`first person<person_first>`,
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forms.) A Jussive verb does not carry the full force of a command ("He
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*must* do this!"), but it conveys a stronger meaning than a simple
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suggestion or statement of possibilty ("He *could* do this."). The
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meaning is somewhere in the middle. In English, a Jussive is often
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translated with the helping verb "may" or "let," depending on the
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context ("*May* he do this!" or "*Let* him do this!"). Thus, the Jussive
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verb functions as an indirect command; the reader must examine the
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context to determine the strength of desirability being expressed in
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each specific instance.
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Biblical Hebrew does not use the Imperative form to express negative
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commands. Rather, negative commands are always expressed using either
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the Imperfect conjugation form or the Jussive form. In cases where the
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Jussive form is being used to express a negative command, the verb will
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appear in a 2nd person form rather than a 3rd person form. When used in
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this way, the Jussive form takes the :ref:`negative particle<particle_negative>` :ref:`particle_negative-al`
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in nearly all instances.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,may he kill
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feminine singular third person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,may she kill
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masculine singular second person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,may you kill
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feminine singular second person,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,may you kill
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masculine plural third person,יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,may they kill
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feminine plural third person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,may they kill
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masculine plural second person,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,may you kill
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feminine plural second person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,may you kill
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקָּטֵל,yiqqatel,may he be killed
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feminine singular third person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,may she be killed
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masculine singular second person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,may you be killed
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feminine singular second person,תִּקָּטְלִי,tiqqatli,may you be killed
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masculine plural third person,יִקָּטְלוּ,yiqqatlu,may they be killed
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feminine plural third person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,may they be killed
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masculine plural second person,תִּקָּטְלוּ,tiqqatlu,may you be killed
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feminine plural second person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,may you be killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יַקְטֵל,yaqtel,may he cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqteli,you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may she cause to kill
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masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtelu,may they cause to kill
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feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may they cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtelu,you will be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יָקְטַל,yoqtal,may he be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,may she be caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,may you be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,תָּקְטְלִי,toqteli,may you be caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,יָקְטְלוּ,yoqtelu,may they be caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,may they be caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,תָּקְטְלוּ,toqtelu,may you be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,may you be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקַטֵּל,yiqattel,may he slaughter
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feminine singular third person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,may she slaughter
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masculine singular second person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,may you slaughter
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feminine singular second person,תְּקַטְּלִי,tiqatteli,may you slaughter
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masculine plural third person,יְקַטְּלוּ,yiqattelu,may they slaughter
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feminine plural third person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,may they slaughter
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masculine plural second person,תְּקַטְּלוּ,tiqattelu,may you slaughter
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feminine plural second person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,may you slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Pual Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקֻטַּל,yequttal,may he be slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,may she be slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,may you be slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,תְּקֻטְּלִי,tequtteli,may you be slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,יְקֻטְּלוּ,yequttelu,may they be slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,may they be slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,תְּקֻטְּלוּ,tequttelu,may you be slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,may you be slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְקַטֵּל,yithqattel,may he kill himself
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,may she kill herself
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,may you kill yourself
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְקַטְּלִי,tithqatteli,may you kill yourself
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masculine plural third person,יִתְקַטְּלוּ,yithqattelu,may they kill themselves
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feminine plural third person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,may they kill themselves
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְקַטְּלוּ,tithqattelu,may you kill yourselves
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,may you kill yourselves
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Function
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--------
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The Jussive form can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:
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Indirect commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:14
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יְהִ֤י מְאֹרֹת֙ בִּרְקִ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם
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**yehi** me'oroth birqia' hashamayim
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**Let-there-be** luminaries in-expanse-of the-heavens
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**Let there be** lights in the sky
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Direct negative commands (2nd person forms with negative particle אַל)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 41:8
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זְכֹ֥ר מִ֝לְחָמָ֗ה אַל־תּוֹסַֽף
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zekhor milhamah 'al-**tosaf**
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Remember battle not\_\ **repeat**!
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you will remember the battle and **do it** no **more**.
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Actions of greater or lesser desirability
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may include instructions, requests, permissions, invitations,
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assurances, wishes, etc.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 24:51
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וּתְהִ֤י אִשָּׁה֙ לְבֶן־אֲדֹנֶ֔יךָ
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**uthehi** 'ishah leven-'adoneykha
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**and-let-her-be** wife to-son-of your-lord
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**so she may be** the wife of your master's son
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 45:11
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וְיִתְאָ֣ו הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ יָפְיֵ֑ךְ
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**weyith'aw** hammelekh yofyekh
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**and-let-him-desire** the-king your-beauty
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In this way the king **will desire** your beauty
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 104:20
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תָּֽשֶׁת־חֹ֭שֶׁךְ **וִ֣יהִי** לָ֑יְלָה
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tasheth-hoshekh **wihi** laylah
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You-bring\_darkness **and-let-it-be** night
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You make the darkness **of the night**
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