151 lines
5.9 KiB
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151 lines
5.9 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/person_second.rst
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.. _person_second:
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Person Second
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=============
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Summary
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-------
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The second person form of a term refers to the person(s) being addressed by a writer or speaker.
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Article
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-------
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In English, the second person pronouns are "you" and "your," used for both singular and plural. In Biblical Hebrew, terms which
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are marked for second personal can change form according to both gender (:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` and
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:ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`) and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`). In Biblical Hebrew,
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:ref:`verbs<verb>`, :ref:`pronouns<pronoun_personal>`, and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` can all be marked
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for third person.
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Neither English nor Hebrew have a formal second person address. In many languages (including German, Spanish, and French),
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a speaker addresses God using an informal address. In some other languages, such as Dutch, a speaker addresses God using a
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formal address. For more information, see `translationAcademy <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_ and
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`translationNotes <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_.
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Form
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----
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In Biblical Hebrew, a term marked for second person can be recognized by a variety of
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changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other, so it is difficult to sum them up
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in a simple, helpful way. The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a second person form.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Suffix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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second person feminine singular,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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second person masculine plural,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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second person feminine plural,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Prefix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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second person feminine singular,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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second person masculine plural,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,you will kill
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second person feminine plural,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Indepdent Personal Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אַתָּה,'attah,you
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second person feminine singular,אַתְּ,'at,you
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second person masculine plural,אַתֶּם,'attem,you
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second person feminine plural,אַתֵּנָה,'attenah,you
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Object Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
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second person feminine singular,אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
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second person masculine plural,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
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second person feminine plural,אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Pronominal Suffix Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
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second person feminine singular,לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
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second person masculine plural,לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
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second person feminine plural,לָכֶן / -כֶן,lakhen / -khen,(to) you
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Examples
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--------
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:ref:`Finite verb<verb-finite>` marked for second person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` (and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`) in second person form
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indicates that the subject of the verb is the person(s) being addressed by the writer/speaker.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:10
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מִמַּ֛עַל לָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֣ר טָמָ֑נְתִּי
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mimma'al la'avanim ha'elleh 'asher **tamanti**
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from-upwards-of to-the-stones the-these that **you-have-buried**.
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over these stones that **you have buried**.
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:ref:`Personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>` marked for second person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A second person indpendent personal pronoun refers either to the person being addressed by the writer/speaker (for singular)
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or to an entire group to which that person belongs (for plural).
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 12:1
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צַדִּ֤יק אַתָּה֙
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tsaddiq **'attah**
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righteous **you**
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**you** are righteous
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:ref:`Pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>` marked for second person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A second person pronominal suffix usually functions either as a personal pronoun (for verbs and prepositions) or as a possessive
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adjective (for nouns).
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As :ref:`attached to a verb<suffix_pronominal-verbs>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 15:2
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וְאִֽם־\ **תִּדְרְשֻׁ֨הוּ֙** יִמָּצֵ֣א לָכֶ֔ם
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we'im-\ **tidreshuhu** yimmatse **lakhem**
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And-if\_\ **you-seek-him** he-will-be-found **by-you**
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"If **you seek him**, he will be found **by you**"
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As :ref:`attached to a noun<suffix_pronominal-nouns>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 29:12
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וּבְיָדְךָ֖ כֹּ֣חַ וּגְבוּרָ֑ה
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**uveyodkha** koah ugevurah
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**and-in-your-hand** power and-strength.
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**In your hand** is power and might.
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As :ref:`attached to a preposition<suffix_pronominal-prepositions>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:20
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שְׁנַ֧יִם מִכֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
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shenayim mikkol yavo'u **'eleykha**
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two of-all will-come **to-you**
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two of every sort will come **to you**
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:16
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לְךָ֣ יֹ֭ום אַף־\ **לְךָ֥** לָ֑יְלָה
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**lekha** yowm 'af-**lekha** laylah
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**To-you** day also\_\ **to-you** night
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"The day is **yours**, and the night is **yours** also"
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