156 lines
5.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
156 lines
5.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_affirmation.rst
|
||
|
||
.. _particle_affirmation:
|
||
|
||
Particle Affirmation
|
||
====================
|
||
|
||
Summary
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
Affirmation particles express a sense of "addition to" or "affirmation
|
||
of" something in a text.
|
||
|
||
Article
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
Biblical Hebrew contains three major particles that, used either
|
||
individually or in combination, express an "affirmation of" or "addition
|
||
to" some aspect of the text. These particles can have a scope as narrow
|
||
as a single word or phrase, or as broad as an entire sentence or
|
||
paragraph.
|
||
|
||
אַף
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
This word is flexible in meaning; sometimes it appears to function more
|
||
like a :ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
|
||
This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
|
||
translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, אַף is
|
||
often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
|
||
"even", "only", "truly", and/or other terms that can convey the general
|
||
concepts of affirmation or addition. Sometimes it is left untranslated,
|
||
in instances where there is no satisfactory way to communicate the sense
|
||
of the word as used in its specific context.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 40:24
|
||
|
||
"אַ֣ף בַּל־נִטָּ֗עוּ **אַ֚ף** בַּל־זֹרָ֔עוּ **אַ֛ף** בַּל־שֹׁרֵ֥שׁ
|
||
בָּאָ֖רֶץ גִּזְעָ֑ם"
|
||
"**'af** bal-nitta'u **'af** bal-zora'u **'af** bal-shoresh ba'arets
|
||
giz'am"
|
||
"**Really** not\_they-are-planted **really** not\_they-are-sown
|
||
**really** not\_taken-root in-the-earth their-stem"
|
||
"**See**, they are barely planted; **see**, they are barely sown;
|
||
**see**, their stem has barely taken root in the earth"
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 65:14 (PSA 65:13 in Hebrew)
|
||
|
||
יִ֝תְרוֹעֲע֗וּ **אַף**\ ־יָשִֽׁירוּ
|
||
yithro'a'u **'af**-yashiru
|
||
They-shout-for-joy **yes**\ \_they-sing.
|
||
"They shout for joy, **and** they sing."
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:16
|
||
|
||
וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֔ף **אַף**\ ־אֲנִי֙ בַּחֲלוֹמִ֔י
|
||
wayyomer 'el-yosef **'af**-'aniy bahalomi
|
||
and-he-said to\_Joseph **also**\ \_I in-my-dream
|
||
"he also said to Joseph, ""I **also** had a dream"
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 14:3
|
||
|
||
אַף־עַל־זֶ֭ה פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑ךָ
|
||
**'af**-'al-zeh paqahta 'enekha
|
||
**Even**\ \_on\_this you-open your-eyes
|
||
"Yahweh, why do you keep watching me to see if I am doing something
|
||
that is wrong?"
|
||
|
||
גַּם
|
||
----
|
||
|
||
Like אַף, this word appears to function sometimes more like a
|
||
:ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
|
||
This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
|
||
translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, גַּם is
|
||
often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
|
||
"indeed", "even", and/or other terms that can convey the general
|
||
concepts of affirmation or addition.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:33
|
||
|
||
גַּם־בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה
|
||
**gam**-barukh yihyeh
|
||
**Indeed**\ \_blessed he.
|
||
"**Indeed**, he will be blessed."
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 21:7
|
||
|
||
מַדּ֣וּעַ רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִחְי֑וּ עָ֝תְק֗וּ **גַּם**\ ־גָּ֥בְרוּ חָֽיִל
|
||
maddua' resha'im yihyu 'othqu **gam**-gavru hayil
|
||
Why wicked live become-old **yes**\ \_become-mighty power?
|
||
"Why do wicked people continue to live, become old, **also** grow
|
||
mighty in power?"
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16
|
||
|
||
גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ **גַּ֛ם** אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃
|
||
**gam**-'anahnu **gam** 'asher-nimtsa haggavia' beyado
|
||
**both**\ \_we **and** who it-was-found the-cup in-his-hand
|
||
**both** we **and** the one in whose sack the cup was found.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:6 –– here the word גַּם is left untranslated
|
||
|
||
וַתִּתֵּ֧ן **גַּם**\ ־לְאִישָׁ֛הּ עִמָּ֖הּ וַיֹּאכַֽל׃
|
||
wattitten **gam**-le'ishah 'immah wayyokhal
|
||
And-she-gave **also** to-her-husband with-her and-he-ate.
|
||
"Then she gave some to her husband, and he ate it."
|
||
|
||
כִּי
|
||
----
|
||
|
||
.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 3:12
|
||
|
||
וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ **כִּֽי**\ ־אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֔ךְ
|
||
wayyomer **ki**-'eheyeh 'immakh
|
||
And-he-said **yes**\ \_I-will-be with-you.
|
||
"God replied, ""I will **certainly** be with you."""
|
||
|
||
אַף כִּי
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
When paired together, these two particles function as a single unit,
|
||
expressing a strong sense of affirmation or addition. Again, this
|
||
compound particle must be translated with extreme sensitivity to the
|
||
context in order to convey its precise nuance.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:1
|
||
|
||
אַ֚ף כִּֽי־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים
|
||
**'af ki**-'amar 'elohim
|
||
**really**\ \_has-said God
|
||
has God **really** said
|
||
|
||
אִם (after oath formulas)
|
||
-------------------------
|
||
|
||
When the word אִם follows oath formulas, it functions as an affirmation
|
||
particle to strengthen the force of the oath, either negatively (as אִם
|
||
alone) or positively (as אִם־לֹא).
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 42:15 —— expressing emphatic negation
|
||
|
||
חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ **אִם**\ ־תֵּצְא֣וּ מִזֶּ֔ה
|
||
he far'oh **'im**-tetse'u mizzeh
|
||
life-of pharaoh **if**\ \_you-will-go-out from-this
|
||
"**by** the life of Pharaoh, you will not leave here"
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 14:28 –– expressing emphatic affirmation
|
||
|
||
חַי־אָ֨נִי֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה **אִם**\ ־לֹ֕א
|
||
hay-'aniy ne'um-yehwah **'im**-lo
|
||
alive\_I saying-of\_Yahweh **if**\ \_not
|
||
"'**as** I live,' says Yahweh, '(...) I will"
|