246 lines
9.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
246 lines
9.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_singular.rst
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.. _number_singular:
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Number Singular
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===============
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Summary
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-------
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The singular form of a term refers to a single item, or a collection of items all of the same kind.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, a word in its singular form usually refers to a single item, or to a collection of items all of the same
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kind. For nouns and adjectives, the singular form is the standard form found in a dictionary or lexicon.
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Form
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----
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Nouns and adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`Masculine<gender_masculine>` singular nouns have no special endings.
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:ref:`Feminine<gender_feminine>` singular nouns usually end in either ־ָה or ־ֶת.
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.. csv-table:: Singular Noun Paradigm
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,סוּס,sus,stallion
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masculine singular construct,סוּס,sus,stallion of
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feminine singular absolute,סוּסָה,susah,mare
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feminine singular construct,סוּסַת,susat,mare of
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.. csv-table:: Singular Adjective Paradigm
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,טוֹב,tov,good
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masculine singular construct,טוֹב,tov,good
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feminine singular absolute,טוֹבָה,tovah,good
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feminine singular construct,טוֹבַת,tovath,good
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Other terms
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Besides nouns, a singular term can be recognized by a variety of changes
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to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
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to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
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kinds of changes that signal a singular form for :ref:`verbs<verb>`, independent :ref:`personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>`,
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and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Suffix Conjugation Singular Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular first person,קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
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second person masculine singular,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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second person feminine singular,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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third person masculine singular,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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third person feminine singular,קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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common singular first person,אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
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second person masculine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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second person feminine singular,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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third person masculine singular,יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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third person feminine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
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.. csv-table:: Independent Personal Pronoun Singular Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אַתָּה,'attah,you
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second person feminine singular,אַתְּ,'at,you
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third person masculine singular,הוּא,hu,he / it
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third person feminine singular,הִיא / הִוא,hi / hiw,she / it
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.. csv-table:: Direct Object Marker with Pronominal Suffix Singular Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
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second person feminine singular,אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
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third person masculine singular,אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
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third person feminine singular,אֹתָהּ,'othah,her / it
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.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix Singular Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
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second person feminine singular,לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
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third person masculine singular,לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
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third person feminine singular,לָהּ / - ָהּ,lah / -ah,(to) her
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Examples
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--------
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:ref:`Nouns<noun>` marked as singular
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _number_singular-common:
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Common Singular
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 1:3
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יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו
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yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**
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He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**
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"The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding trough**"
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:ref:`Proper names<noun_proper_name>` are always singular, but can be either common singular or
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:ref:`collective singular<number_singular-collective>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: OBA 1:1 –– proper name with common singular
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חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
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hazown **'ovadyah**
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Vision-of **Obadiah**
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The vision of **Obadiah**
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 29:1 –– proper names with collective singular and common singular
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וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃
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**weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**
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**and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.
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**the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.
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.. _number_singular-collective:
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Collective Singular
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes a singular noun can refer to an entire kind of item rather than an individual entity. For example, the noun עַם
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"(people") is singular and refers to an entire group of people as a single unit.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 6:7 –– collective singular of עַם
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וְלָקַחְתִּ֨י אֶתְכֶ֥ם לִי֙ לְעָ֔ם
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insert transliteration
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And-I-take [dir.obj]-you to-me for-**people**
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I will take you to myself as my **people**
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With some nouns, the singular form can be used as either a :ref:`common singular<number_singular-common>` or a collective
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singular. For example, the noun עוֹף֙ can mean "bird" or "birds".
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:21 –– common singular of עוֹף
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וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
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we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu
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and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.
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every kind of **bird** that has wings
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:17 –– collective singular of עוֹף
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וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי
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**weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi
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**and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.
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"**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
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head"
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:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` marked as singular
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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An adjective (also :ref:`active<participle_active-adjectival>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-adjectival>` adjectival
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participles) in singular form describes a singular noun (either :ref:`common<number_singular-common>` or
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:ref:`collective<number_singular-collective>`).
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 20:19 –– predicate adjective with common singular
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טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
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**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
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**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
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The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 28:15 –– adjectival participle with common singular
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אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק
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insert transliteration
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lion\_\ **roaring** and-bear **charging**
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Like a **roaring** lion or a **charging** bear
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:ref:`Verbs<verb>` marked as singular
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` (and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`) in singular form
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indicates that the subject of the verb is singular (either :ref:`common<number_singular-common>` or
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:ref:`collective<number_singular-collective>`).
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:20 –– finite verb with collective singular
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וְעוֹף֙ יְעוֹפֵ֣ף עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ
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insert tranliteration
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and-birds **let-them-fly** on\_[def.art]-earth
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and **let** birds **fly** above the earth
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:11 –– verbal participle with collective singular
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עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע
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insert transliteration
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herbs **producing** seed
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plants **yielding** seed
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Participles marked as singular
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Generally, all :ref:`nominal<participle_active-nominal>` and :ref:`adjectival<participle_active-adjectival>`
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participles in plural form use the :ref:`common<number_singular-common>` singular. A :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`
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in plural form indicates that the subject of the participle is plural.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 104:3 –– nominal participle with common singular
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הַֽ֝מְהַלֵּ֗ךְ עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רֽוּחַ
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insert transliteration [NOMINAL PARTICIPLE]
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[def.art]-**walker** on_wings-of_wind
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**you walk** on the wings of the wind
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 28:15 –– adjectival participle with common singular
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אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק
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insert transliteration
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lion\_\ **roaring** and-bear **charging**
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Like a **roaring** lion or a **charging** bear
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:11 –– verbal participle with collective singular
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עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע
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insert transliteration
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herbs **producing** seed
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plants **yielding** seed
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:ref:`Personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>` and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` marked as singular
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 37:2 –– independent personal pronoun with common singular
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וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ
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welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets
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and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land
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"but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew) –– pronominal suffix with common singular
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בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
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**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
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**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
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"**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"
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