220 lines
7.9 KiB
ReStructuredText
220 lines
7.9 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adverb.rst
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.. _adverb:
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Adverb
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======
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Summary
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-------
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.. include:: includes/adverb-summary.rst
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.. include:: includes/hebrew/adverb-summary-hebrew.rst
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.. include:: includes/notes/adverbs-hebrew.rst
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly
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as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words can
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function as adverbs, including an
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:ref:`infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>`, an
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:ref:`adjective<adjective>`, or even a :ref:`noun<noun>`.
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Many :ref:`particles<particle>` are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A
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general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions
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as an adverb; but when a particle appears before the verb, then it
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functions in some other way (usually as a conjunction or a discourse marker). But
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this rule is not universal; sometimes both adverbs and particles
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can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the
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example below (GEN 32:11).
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Describes a verb
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----------------
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There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb.
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Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple
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functions. For example, כֹּה can function as an adverb of place, an
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adverb of time, or an adverb of manner; פֹּה can function as an adverb
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of time or an adverb of place, etc.
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.. _adverb-locative:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-locative.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:5
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"שְׁבוּ־לָכֶ֥ם **פֹּה֙** עִֽם־הַחֲמ֔וֹר וַאֲנִ֣י וְהַנַּ֔עַר נֵלְכָ֖ה
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עַד־כֹּ֑ה"
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"shevu-lakhem **poh** 'im-hahamor wa'ani wehanna'ar nelekhah
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'ad-**koh**"
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"Stay\_to-you **here** with\_the-donkey and-I and-the-lad will-go
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to\_\ **there**."
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"You two stay **here** with the donkey while the boy and I go over
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**there**."
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 31:26
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וְהָֽיָה־\ **שָׁ֥ם** בְּךָ֖ לְעֵֽד׃
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wehayah-\ **sham** bekha le'ed
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it-may-be **there** as-a-witness against-you
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"it may remain **there** to testify about what Yahweh will do to the
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people if they disobey him"
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.. csv-table:: Example: EZE 40:30
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וְאֵֽלַמּ֖וֹת **סָבִ֣יב ׀ סָבִ֑יב** אֹ֗רֶךְ
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we'elammoth **saviv saviv** 'orekh
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And-porticos **surrounding surrounding** length
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There were also porticos **all around** the inner wall
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.. _adverb-temporal:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-temporal.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:11
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וְעַתָּ֥ה הָיִ֖יתִי לִשְׁנֵ֥י מַחֲנֽוֹת
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**and-now** I-have-become to-two companies
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**and now** I have become two camps
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:26
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אָ֣ז הוּחַ֔ל לִקְרֹ֖א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה
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**Then** he-began to-call-out in-name-of Yahweh
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**At that time** people began to call on the name of Yahweh.
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.. _adverb-quantitative:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-quantitative.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:41
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וַיִּ֤חַר לְקַ֙יִן֙ מְאֹ֔ד
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And-it-burned for-Cain **greatly**
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So Cain was **very** angry
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:15
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"וַיִּקְרָ֛א מַלְאַ֥ךְ יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם **שֵׁנִ֖ית**
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מִן־הַשָּׁמָֽיִם"
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"And-he-called-out angel-of Yahweh to\_Abraham **second**
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from\_the-heavens"
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The angel of Yahweh called to Abraham **a second time** from heaven
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.. _adverb-manner:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-manner.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 21:14
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וְלֹֽא־מָצְא֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם כֵּֽן׃
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but-not they-found for-them **thus**
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but there were not **enough** women for all of them.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ZEP 1:14
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מַ֥ר צֹרֵ֖חַ שָׁ֥ם גִּבּֽוֹר׃
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**mar** tsoreah sham gibbor
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**bitterly** cries there hero.
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even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**.
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.. _adverb-sentential:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-sentential.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb
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אַךְ־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ׃
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**'akh**-basar benafsho damo lo thokhelu
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**However**\ \_meat in-its-life its-blood not you-shall-eat
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**But** you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood—in it.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 12:2 –– רַ֥ק as a restrictive adverb
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הֲרַ֤ק אַךְ־בְּמֹשֶׁה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה
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**haraq** 'akh-bemosheh dibber yehwah
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**only** really\_with-Moses spoken Yahweh
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"Is Moses the **only** one to whom Yahweh has spoken messages to tell
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to us?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 15:5 –– רַ֥ק as a restrictive adverb
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רַ֚ק אִם־שָׁמ֣וֹעַ תִּשְׁמַ֔ע בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ
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**raq** 'im-shamoa' tishma' beqol yehwah 'eloheykha
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**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God
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if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God
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.. _adverb-nominal:
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.. include:: includes/adverb-nominal.rst
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16
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יִשָּׁבַ֖ע בֵּאלֹהֵ֣י אָמֵ֑ן
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he-will-swear by-God-of **Amen**
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"Whoever ... will swear by me, the God of **truth**"
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Other words functioning as adverbs
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----------------------------------
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Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs.
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:ref:`Particles<particle>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22
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וְלָקַ֕חַת **גַּ֥ם** אֶת־דּוּדָאֵ֖י בְּנִ֑י
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and-to-take **also** [dir.obj]\_mandrakes-of my-son
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"Do you now want to take away my son's mandrakes, **too**?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:5
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וְכָל־יֵ֙צֶר֙ מַחְשְׁבֹ֣ת לִבּ֔וֹ **רַ֥ק** רַ֖ע כָּל־הַיּֽוֹם
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"and-all-of\_intentions-of thoughts-of his-heart **only** evil
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all-of\_the-day"
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"every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil
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continually"
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:ref:`Infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>` verbs functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:16
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מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל
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mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel
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from-every tree-of\_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat
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From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 3:12
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אָקִ֣ים אֶל־עֵלִ֔י אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי אֶל־בֵּיתֹ֑ו הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה
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"'aqim 'el-'eli 'eth kol-'asher dibbarti 'el-bethow
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**hahel wekhalleh**"
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"I-will-fulfill to\_Eli [dir.obj] all\_that I-have-spoken
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to\_his-house **beginning and-ending**."
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"I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning
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his house, **from beginning to end**."
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:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is called an :ref:`adverbial adjective<adjective-adverbial>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10
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כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל רִיאשֹׁנָֽה
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for to-them it-was the-lot **first**
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For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 1:7
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וַיֹּ֥אמֶר עֵשָׂ֖ו יֶשׁ־לִ֣י **רָ֑ב** אָחִ֕י
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And-he-said Esau 'There-is\_for-me **enough** my-brother'
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"Esau said, ""I have **enough**, my brother."""
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:ref:`Nouns<noun>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is called an adverbial noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 12:11
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וַתֵּשְׁב֖וּ **בֶּֽטַח**\ ׃
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watteshevu **betah**
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and-you-lived **safety**
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and you lived **safely**
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.. csv-table:: Example: HOS 14:4 (in Hebrew: HOS 14:5)
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אֹהֲבֵ֖ם נְדָבָ֑ה
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'ohavem **nedavah**
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I-will-love **free**
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I will love them **freely** |