en_uhg/content/adjective.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective.rst
.. _adjective:
Adjective
=========
Summary
-------
.. include:: includes/adjective-summary.rst
.. include:: includes/hebrew/adjective-summary-hebrew.rst
Article
-------
In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives match the :ref:`noun<noun>` they describe in
gender (:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`)
and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`).
However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is :ref:`dual<number_dual>`,
its accompanying adjective will be plural. Also, the gender of some
nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים "women", which is
grammatically-feminine although it appears grammatically-masculine); in
these cases, an accompanying adjective will match the gender of the noun
itself rather than the apparent form. Similarly, for nouns with either :ref:`collective singular<number_singular-collective>`
(as in עַם, meaning "people") or :ref:`majestic plural<number_plural-majestic>` (as in אֱלֹהִים, meaning "God"),
the accompanying adjective may match the implied number rather than the apparent form.

Form
----
The forms of the adjective closely resemble the forms of the :ref:`common noun<noun_common>`.

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Adjective Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular absolute,טוֹב,tov,good
  masculine singular construct,טוֹב,tov,good
  masculine singular determined,הַטּוֹב,hattov,the good
  feminine singular absolute,טוֹבָה,tovah,good
  feminine singular construct,טוֹבַת,tovath,good
  feminine singular determined,הַטּוֹבָה,hattovah,the good
  masculine plural absolute,טוֹבִים,tovim,good
  masculine plural contruct,טוֹבֵי,tove,good
  mascuuline plural determined,הַטּוֹבִים,hattovim,the good
  feminine plural absolute,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
  feminine plural construct,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
  feminine plural determined,הַטּוֹבוֹת,hattovoth,the good

Function
--------

Describes a noun
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. _adjective-attributive:
.. include:: includes/adjective-attributive.rst
.. include:: includes/notes/adjective-number.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:17

  בִתִּ֨י הַגְּדוֹלָ֤ה
  vitti **haggedolah**
  my-daughter **the-old**
  my **older** daughter

.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 10:2

  כִּ֣י עִ֤יר **גְּדוֹלָה֙** גִּבְע֔וֹן
  
  for city **great** Gibeon
  because Gibeon was a **large** city

.. _adjective-predicative:
.. include:: includes/adjective-predicative.rst
.. include:: includes/notes/adjective-congruence.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 14:20

  וַאדֹנִ֣י חָכָ֗ם
  wadoni **hakham**
  And-my-lord **wise**
  My master is **wise**

.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 20:19

  טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
  **towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
  **Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
  The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.

.. _adjective-nominal:
.. include:: includes/adjective-nominal.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 3:2

  רַ֝בִּ֗ים קָמִ֥ים עָלָֽי
  **rabbim** qamim 'alay
  **many** are-rising-up against-me
  **many people** are rising up against me

.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 30:12

  לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ **קְד֣וֹשׁ** יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
  
  Therefore thus he-says **holy-of** Israel
  "Therefore the **Holy One** of Israel says,"

.. _adjective-adverbial:
.. include:: includes/adjective-adverbial.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10

  כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל רִיאשֹׁנָֽה
  
  for to-them it-was the-lot **first**
  For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.

Other uses of adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. _adjective-comparative:
.. include:: includes/adjective-comparative.rst
.. include:: includes/hebrew/adjective-comparative-hebrew.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18

  מַה־\ **מָּת֣וֹק** מִדְּבַ֔שׁ וּמֶ֥ה **עַ֖ז** מֵאֲרִ֑י
  mah-\ **mmathoq** middevash umeh **'az** me'ari
  What\_\ **sweet** than-honey and-what **strong** from-lion
  "What is **sweeter** than honey, and what is **stronger** than a lion"

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:1

  וְהַנָּחָשׁ֙ הָיָ֣ה **עָר֔וּם מִכֹּל֙** חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה
  wehannahash hayah **'arum mikkol** hayyath hassadeh
  And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field
  Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field

.. _adjective-intensive:
.. include:: includes/adjective-intensive.rst
.. include:: includes/hebrew/adjective-intensive-hebrew.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31

  וְהִנֵּה־ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד
  wehinneh-\ **tov me'od**
  And-behold\_\ **good very**
  "Behold, it was **very good**"

.. csv-table:: Example: JON 3:3

  עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים
  'ir-**gedolah lelohim**
  city\_\ **great to-God**
  a **very large** city

.. _adjective-superlative:
.. include:: includes/adjective-superlative.rst
.. include:: includes/hebrew/adjective-superlative-hebrew.rst

.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`

  עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר הַקָּטָ֔ן
  'owd sha'ar **haqqatan**
  Still remains **the-young**
  There remains yet **the youngest**

.. csv-table:: Example: MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`

  טוֹבָ֣ם כְּחֵ֔דֶק
  **tovam** kehedeq
  **good-their** like-brier
  **the best of them** is like a brier

.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a :ref:`prepositional<preposition>` phrase

  הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים
  **hayyafah** bannashim
  **the-fair** among-women
  **the fairest** among women