263 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
263 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_perfect.rst
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.. _verb_perfect:
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Verb Perfect
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============
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Summary
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-------
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A Perfect verb usually expresses a completed
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action in the past. However, the Perfect
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conjugation can also be used to describe other kinds of actions.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew a Perfect
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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is normally used to describe actions that have occurred in the past or
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actions that are seen as completed (even in present or future time). However,
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the Perfect conjugation is also used to describe a variety of other kinds
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of actions. Thus, a Perfect verb has the potential to be
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translated with the past tense, the present tense, or even the future
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tense. The context must determine the proper meaning for each instance
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of a Perfect verb.
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When the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") is added to the Perfect conjugation as a prefix, this
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can indicate either the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`
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or the :ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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The meaning of the verb is different in either case, and the context
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must be carefully considered to determine if it is a Perfect
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copulative verb or a Sequential Perfect verb.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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feminine singular third person,קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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masculine singular second person,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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feminine singular second person,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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common singular first person,קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
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common plural third person,קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
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masculine plural second person,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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feminine plural second person,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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common plural first person,קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,נִקְטַל,niqtal,he was killed
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feminine singular third person,נִקְטְלָה,niqtelah,she was killed
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masculine singular second person,נִקְטַלְתָּ,niqtalta,you were killed
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feminine singular second person,נִקְטַלְתְּ,niqtalt,you were killed
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common singular first person,נִקְטַלְתִּי,niqtalti,I was killed
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common plural third person,נִקְטְלוּ,niqtelu,they were killed
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masculine plural second person,נִקְטַלְתֶּם,niqtaltem,you were killed
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feminine plural second person,נִקְטַלְתֶּן,niqtalten,you were killed
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common plural first person,נִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,niqtaltenu,we were killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill
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common singular first person,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill
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common plural third person,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill
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common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הָקְטַל,hoqtal,he was caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,הָקְטְלָה,hoqtelah,she was caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתָּ,hoqtalta,you were caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתְּ,hoqtalt,you were caused to kill
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common singular first person,הָקְטַלְתִּי,hoqtalti,I was caused to kill
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common plural third person,הָקְטְלוּ,hoqtelu,they were caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּם,hoqtaltem,you were caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּן,hoqtalten,you were caused to kill
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common plural first person,הָקְטַלְנוּ,hoqtalnu,we were caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קִטֵּל / קִטַּל,qittel / qittal,he slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,קִטְּלָה,qittelah,she slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,קִטַּלְתָּ,qittalta,you slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,קִטַּלְתְּ,qittalt,you slaughtered
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common singular first person,קִטַּלְתִּי,qittalti,I slaughtered
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common plural third person,קִטְּלוּ,qittelu,they slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּם,qittaltem,you slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּן,qittalten,you slaughtered
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common plural first person,קִטַּלְנוּ,qittalnu,we slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קֻטַּל,quttal,he was slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,קֻטְּלָה,quttelah,she was slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,קֻטַּלְתָּ,quttalta,you were slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,קֻטַּלְתְּ,quttalt,you were slaughtered
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common singular first person,קֻטַּלְתִּי,quttalti,I was slaughtered
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common plural third person,קֻטְּלוּ,quttelu,they were slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,קֻטַּלְתֶּם,quttaltem,you were slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,קֻטַּלְתֶּן,quttalten,you were slaughtered
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common plural first person,קֻטַּלְנוּ,quttalnu,we were slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִתְקַטֵּל,hithqattal,he killed himself
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feminine singular third person,הִתְקַטְּלָה,hithqattelah,she killed herself
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masculine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,hithqattalta,you killed yourself
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feminine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,hithqattalt,you killed yourself
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common singular first person,הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,hithqattalti,I killed myself
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common plural third person,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hithqattelu,they killed themselves
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masculine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,hithqattaltem,you killed yourselves
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feminine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,hithqattalten,you killed yourselves
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common plural first person,הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,hithqattalnu,we killed ourselves
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Function
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--------
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The Perfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of
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actions:
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Completed actions in past time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Perfect conjugation can be translated as simple past action ("he did"), present
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completed action ("he has done"), or past completed action
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("he had done").
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:7 — Perfect conjugation translated as simple past action
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כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
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ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah
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for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Yahweh.
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because **they** did not **listen** to Yahweh's voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:10 — Perfect conjugation translated as present completed action
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מִמַּ֛עַל לָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֣ר טָמָ֑נְתִּי
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mimma'al la'avanim ha'elleh 'asher **tamanti**
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from-over to-the-stones the-these that **you-buried**.
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over these stones that **you have buried**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:5 — Perfect conjugation translated as past completed action
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כָּל־שְׁאֵרִ֣ית יְהוּדָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר־\ **שָׁ֗בוּ** מִכָּל־הַגּוֹיִם֙
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kol-she'erith yehudah 'asher-**shavu** mikkol-haggoyim
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"whole\_remnant-of Judah that\_\ **they-returned**
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from-all\_the-nations"
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all the remnant of Judah who **had returned** from all the nations
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Completed actions in present/future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 28:15
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עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־\ **עָשִׂ֔יתִי** אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי לָֽךְ
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'ad 'asher 'im-**'asithi** 'eth 'asher-dibbarti lakh
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until then when **I-have-done** [dir.obj] what\_I-have-spoken to-you.
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**I will do** all that I have promised to you.
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Imaginary actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action described as a hypothetical situation.
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.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 1:12
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כִּ֤י **אָמַ֙רְתִּי֙** יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה
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ki **'amartiy** yesh-li thiqwah
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if **I-said** there-is\_for-me hope
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"If **I said**, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,'"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 14:30
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אַ֗ף כִּ֡י לוּא֩ אָכֹ֨ל **אָכַ֤ל** הַיּוֹם֙ הָעָ֔ם
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'af ki lu' 'akhol **'akhal** hayyom ha'am
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Oh if only eating **they-had-eaten** the-day the-people
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How much better if the people **had eaten** freely today
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:ref:`Stative<verb-stative>` actions (describing a state or condition)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This kind of action describes a state or a condition, often (but not always) with a passive :ref:`stem formation<stem>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: LAM 1:1
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אֵיכָ֣ה׀ **יָשְׁבָ֣ה** בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙
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'ekhah **yoshvah** vadad ha'ir
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How **it-sits** lonely the-city
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The city ... **is now sitting** all alone.
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Performative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action that is performed by speaking it.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 23:11
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הַשָּׂדֶה֙ **נָתַ֣תִּי** לָ֔ךְ
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hassadeh **nathatti** lakh
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the-field **I-give** to-you
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**I give** you the field
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Prophetic actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is a very rare use of the Perfect conjugation, occurring in prophetic
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utterances.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 11:9
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כִּֽי־\ **מָלְאָ֣ה** הָאָ֗רֶץ דֵּעָה֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה
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ki-\ **mol'ah** ha'arets de'ah 'eth-yehwah
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for\_\ **it-will-be-full** the-earth-of knowledge [dir.obj]\_Yahweh
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"for the earth **will be full** of knowledge of Yahweh"""
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.. _verb_perfect-copulative:
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Perfect copulative
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This form adds the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") to the normal Perfect conjugation and can express any of
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the above meanings. This form appears identical to the
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:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 12:32
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וְהֶעֱמִיד֙ בְּבֵ֣ית אֵ֔ל אֶת־כֹּהֲנֵ֥י
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**wehe'emid** beveth 'el 'eth-kohane
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**and-he-set-up** in-Bethel [dir.obj]\_priests
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**and he placed** priests in Bethel
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 1:2
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בָּנִים֙ גִּדַּ֣לְתִּי וְרֹומַ֔מְתִּי
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banim giddalti **werowmamti**
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sons I-made-great **and-I-raised-up**
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I have nourished **and brought up** children
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