280 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
280 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_qal.rst
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.. _stem_qal:
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Stem Qal
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========
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Summary
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-------
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The Qal stem is the stem formation that is the simplest of form in
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Biblical Hebrew. The Qal stem is generally used to express either simple
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action or stative action.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, the Qal stem is the simplest of all the verbal
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:ref:`stem formations<stem>` in both form and function. All the other stem formations are
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derived from the Qal form. It is by far the most common form of a
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:ref:`verb<verb>`,
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and it almost always expresses either simple action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice (for
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:ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs) or stative action in :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs,
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which do not have active voice). In English, stative verbs require the
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helping verb "to be" for proper translation value (see example). In
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Biblical Hebrew, the stative nature of the verb is indicated by the verb
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itself without requiring any additional helping verbs.
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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Depending on the verb form, there are often two or three different ways
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of conjugating a verb in the Qal stem. Which way is used depends on
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which verb it is.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Perfect Paradigm 1
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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feminine singular third person,קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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masculine singular second person,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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feminine singular second person,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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common singular first person,קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
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common plural third person,קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
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masculine plural second person,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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feminine plural second person,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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common plural first person,קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
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.. csv-table:: Qal Perfect Paradigm 2
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,כָּבֵד,kaved,he was heavy
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feminine singular third person,כָּבְדָה,kavdah,she was heavy
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masculine singular second person,כָּבַדְתָּ,kavadta,you were heavy
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feminine singular second person,כָּבַדְתְּ,kavadt,you were heavy
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common singular first person,כָּבַדְתִּי,kavadti,I was heavy
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common plural third person,כָּבְדוּ,kavdu,they were heavy
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masculine plural second person,כְּבַדְתֶּם,kevadtem,you were heavy
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feminine plural second person,כְּבַדְתֶּן,kevadten,you heavy
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common plural first person,כָּבַדְנוּ,kavadnu,we were heavy
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.. csv-table:: Qal Perfect Paradigm 3
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קָטֹן,qaton,he was small
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feminine singular third person,קָטְנָה,qatnah,she was small
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masculine singular second person,קָטֹנְתָּ,qatonetta,you were small
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feminine singular second person,קָטֹנְתְּ,qatont,you were small
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common singular first person,קָטֹנְתִּי,qatonetti,I was small
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common plural third person,קָטְנוּ,qatnu,they were small
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masculine plural second person,קְטָנְתֶּם,qetantem,you were small
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feminine plural second person,קְטָנְתֶּן,qetanten,you were small
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common plural first person,קָטֹנּוּ,qatonnu,we were small
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperfect Paradigm 1
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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feminine singular third person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
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masculine singular second person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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feminine singular second person,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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common singular first person,אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
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masculine plural third person,יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
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feminine plural third person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
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masculine plural second person,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,you will kill
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feminine plural second person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
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common plural first person,נִקְטֹל,niqtol,we will kill
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperfect Paradigm 2
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִכְבַּד,yikhbad,he will be heavy
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feminine singular third person,תִּכְבַּד,tikhbad,she will be heavy
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masculine singular second person,תִּכְבַּד,tikhbad,you will be heavy
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feminine singular second person,תִּכְבְּדִי,tikhbedi,you will be heavy
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common singular first person,אֶכְבַּד,'ekhbad,I will be heavy
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masculine plural third person,יִכְבְּדוּ,yikhbedu,they will be heavey
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feminine plural third person,תִּכְבַּדְנָה,tikhbadnah,they will be heavy
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masculine plural second person,תִּכְבְּדוּ,tikhbedu,you will be heavy
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feminine plural second person,תִּכְבַּדְנָה,tikhbadnah,you will be heavy
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common plural first person,נִכְבַּד,nikhbad,we will be heavy
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.. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקָטַל,weqatal,(and) he will kill
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feminine singular third person,וְקָטְלָה,weqatlah,(and) she will kill
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masculine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתָּ,weqatalta,(and) you will kill
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feminine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתְּ,weqatalt,(and) you will kill
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common singular first person,וְקָטַלְתִּי,weqatalti,(and) I will kill
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common plural third person,וְקָטְלוּ,weqatlu,(and) they will kill
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masculine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּם,uqetaltem,(and) you will kill
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feminine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּן,uqetalten,(and) you will kill
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common plural first person,וְקָטַלְנוּ,weqatalnu,(and) we will kill
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.. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיִּקְטֹל,wayyiqtol,(and) he killed
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) she killed
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) you killed
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּקְטְלִי,wattiqteli,(and) you killed
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common singular first person,וָאֶקְטֹל,wa'eqtol,(and) I killed
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masculine plural third person,וַיִקְטְלוּ,wayiqtelu,(and) they killed
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) they killed
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּקְטְלוּ,wattiqtelu,(and) you killed
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) you killed
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common plural first person,וַנִּקְטֹל,wanniqtol,(and) we killed
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.. csv-table:: Qal Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Construct 1,קְטֹל,qetol,kill
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Infinitive Construct 2,שְׁכַב,shekhav,lie down
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Infinitive Absolute,קָטוֹל,qatol,kill
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperative Paradigm 1
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,קְטֹל,qetol,you must kill
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feminine singular,יִקְטְלִי,yiqteli,you must kill
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masculine plural,יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,you must kill
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feminine plural,קְטֹלְנָה,qetolenah,you must kill
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperative Paradigm 2
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,כְּבַד,kevad,you must be heavy
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feminine singular,כִּבְדִי,kivdi,you must be heavy
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masculine plural,כִּבְדוּ,kivdu,you must be heavy
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feminine plural,כְּבַדְנָה,kevadnah,you must be heavy
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**Jussive 1**
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.. note:: The jussive form in the Qal stem is recognizable only for select
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verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (to uncover), where the 3rd
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radical (ה) has dropped out.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Jussive Paradigm 1
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִגֶל,yigel,may he uncover
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feminine singular third person,תִּגֶל,tigel,may she uncover
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masculine singular second person,תִּגֶל,tigel,may you uncover
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feminine singular second person,תִּגֶלִי,tigeli,may you uncover
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masculine plural third person,יִגֶלוּ,yigelu,may they uncover
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feminine plural third person,תִּגֶלְנָה,tigelnah,may they uncover
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masculine plural second person,תִּגֶלוּ,tigelu,may you uncover
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feminine plural second person,תִּגֶלְנָה,tigelnah,may you uncover
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**Jussive 2**
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Here the sample verb is קוּם (to rise up), where the 2nd radical (a
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shureq vowel) shortens to a holem vowel.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Jussive Paradigm 2
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יָקֹם,yaqom,may he rise up
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feminine singular third person,תָּקֹם,taqom,may she rise up
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masculine singular second person,תָּקֹם,taqom,may you rise up
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feminine singular second person,תָּקֹמִי,taqomi,may you rise up
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masculine plural third person,יָקֹמוּ,yaqomu,may they rise up
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feminine plural third person,תְּקֹמֶינָה,teqomeynah,may they rise up
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masculine plural second person,תָּקֹמוּ,taqomu,may you rise up
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feminine plural second person,תְּקֹמֶינָה,teqomeynah,may you rise up
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**Jussive 3**
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Here the sample verb is שִׂים (to set), where the 2nd radical (a
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hireq-yod vowel) shortens to a tsere vowel.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Jussive Paradigm 3
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יָשֵׂם,yasem,may he set
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feminine singular third person,תָּשֵׂם,tasem,may she set
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masculine singular second person,תָּשֵׂם,tasem,may you set
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feminine singular second person,תָּשֵׂמִי,tasemi,may you set
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masculine plural third person,יָשֵׂמוּ,yasemu,may they set
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feminine plural third person,תְּשֵׂמֶינָה,tesemeynah,may they set
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masculine plural second person,תָּשֵׂמוּ,tasemu,may you set
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feminine plural second person,תְּשֵׂמֶינָה,tesemeynah,may you set
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.. csv-table:: Qal Cohortative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular,אֶקְטֹלָה,'eqtolah,let me kill
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common plural,נִקְטֹהלָה,niqtohlah,let us kill
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.. csv-table:: Qal Participle 1 (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,קֹטֵל,qoten,killing / killer
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feminine singular absolute,קֹטֶלֶת / קֹטְלָה,qotelet / qotelah,killing / killer
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masculine plural absolute,קֹטְלִים,qotelim,killing / killers
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feminine plural absolute,קֹטְלוֹת,qoteloth,killing / killers
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.. csv-table:: Qal Participle 2 (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,כָּבֵד,kaved,being heavy
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feminine singular absolute,כָּבֶדֶת / כָּבְדָה,kavedet / kavdah,being heavy
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masculine plural absolute,כָּבְדִים,kavdim,being heavy
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feminine plural absolute,כָּבְדוֹת,kavdoth,being heavy
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.. csv-table:: Qal Participle 3 (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,קָטֹן,qaton,being small
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feminine singular absolute,קָטֶנֶת / קָטְנָה,qateneth / qatnah,being small
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masculine plural absolute,קָטְנִים,qatnim,being small
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feminine plural absolute,קָטְנוֹת,qatnoth,being small
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.. csv-table:: Qal Passive Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed
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feminine singular absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed
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masculine plural absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed
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feminine plural absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed
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Examples
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--------
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 16:2 –– expressing simple action (dynamic verb)
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וַתֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל־אַבְרָ֗ם
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**wattomer** saray 'el-'avram
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**And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram
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So Sarai **said** to Abram
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:11 –– expressing stative action (stative verb)
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וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס
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**wattimmale** ha'arets hamas
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**and-it-was-full** the-earth violence
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**and it was filled** with violence.
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