225 lines
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225 lines
10 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_pual.rst
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.. _stem_pual:
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Stem Pual
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=========
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Summary
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-------
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The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel, and it generally
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expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Pual
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:ref:`stem<stem>`
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is the passive form of the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>`
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formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Pual stem is usually indicated by a
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daghesh in the middle consonsant of the
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:ref:`verb`
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and a qibbuts vowel under the first consonant. Generally speaking, the
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Pual stem expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the meaning of a verb in the
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Piel stem. Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should
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be classified as belonging to the Pual, the :ref:`Hophal<stem_hophal>`,
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or the :ref:`Qal Passive<stem_qal_passive>` stems.
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In English, passive action is expressed using the helping verb "to be."
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In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed
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by the Pual form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Pual Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קֻטַּל,quttal,he was slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,קֻטְּלָה,quttelah,she was slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,קֻטַּלְתָּ,quttalta,you were slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,קֻטַּלְתְּ,quttalt,you were slaughtered
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common singular first person,קֻטַּלְתִּי,quttalti,I was slaughtered
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common plural third person,קֻטְּלוּ,quttelu,they were slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,קֻטַּלְתֶּם,quttaltem,you were slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,קֻטַּלְתֶּן,quttalten,you were slaughtered
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common plural first person,קֻטַּלְנוּ,quttalnu,we were slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקֻטַּל,yequttal,he will be slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,she will be slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,you will be slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,תְּקֻטְּלִי,tequtteli,you will be slaughtered
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common singular first person,אֲקֻטַּל,'aquttal,I will be slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,יְקֻטְּלוּ,yequttelu,they will be slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,they will be slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,תְּקֻטְּלוּ,tequttelu,you will be slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,you will be slaughtered
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common plural first person,נְקֻטַּל,nequttal,we will be slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקֻטַּל,wequttal,(and) he will be slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וְקֻטְּלָה,wequttelah,(and) she will be slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתָּ,wequttalta,(and) you will be slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתְּ,wequttalt,(and) you will be slaughtered
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common singular first person,וְקֻטַּלְתִּי,wequttalti,(and) I will be slaughtered
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common plural third person,וְקֻטְּלוּ,wequttelu,(and) they will be slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּם,wequttaltem,(and) you will be slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּן,wequttalten,(and) you will be slaughtered
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common plural first person,וְקֻטַּלְנוּ,wequttalnu,(and) we will be slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּקֻטַּל,wayyequttal,(and) he was slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) she was slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) you were slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלִי,wattequtteli,(and) you were slaughtered
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common singular first person,וָאֲקֻטַּל,wa'aquttal,(and) I was slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּקֻטְּלוּ,wayyequttelu,(and) they were slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) they were slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלוּ,wattequttelu,(and) you were slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) you were slaughtered
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common plural first person,וַנְּקֻטַּל,wannequttal,(and) we were slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Absolute,קֻטֹּל,quttol,be slaughtered
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The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative
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are not found in the Pual stem in Biblical Hebrew.
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.. csv-table:: Pual Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered
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feminine singular,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered
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masculine plural,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered
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feminine plural,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered
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Function
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~~~~~~~~
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The Pual stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses the passive voice of the Piel stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Pual stems in Biblical
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Hebrew, the Pual stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem
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(:ref:`simple<stem-voice-active>`, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>`, :ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`,
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:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in passive voice.
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A good example is the verb בָּקַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb בָּקַע means "to cut open" or "to break open" (simple action,
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active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel<stem_Piel>` stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to *rip*
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open" (intensive action, active voice). Thus, in the Pual stem, the verb
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בָּקַע means "to be ripped open" (intensive action, passive voice).
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Pual stem of בָּקַע, meaning "to be ripped open"; in Piel stem,
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means "to rip open", for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 9:4
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"וַיִּקְח֞וּ ... וְנֹאד֥וֹת יַ֙יִן֙ בָּלִ֔ים **וּמְבֻקָּעִ֖ים**
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וּמְצֹרָרִֽים"
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wayyiqhu ... wenodoth yayin balim **umevuqqa'im** umetsorarim
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"and-they-took ... and-skins-of wine worn-out **and-ripped-open**
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and-repaired"
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"They also took old wine skins that were worn, **torn**, and had been
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repaired."
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Pual stem of אָסַף, meaning "to be gathered"; in Piel stem,
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means "to gather", for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: EZK 38:12
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וְאֶל־עַם֙ **מְאֻסָּ֣ף** מִגּוֹיִ֔ם
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we'el-'am **me'ussaf** miggoyim
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and-to\_people **being-gathered** from-nations
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and against the people **gathered** from the nations
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Expresses :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action in :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Some verbs use the Pual stem to express simple action in passive voice
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(rather than the :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stem).
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This can be true even if the verb also appears in the Piel stem in
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Biblical Hebrew; in such cases, the Pual form does NOT function as a
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passive of the Piel stem. A good example is the verb יָלַד. In the Qal
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stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple action "to give birth". In the
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Piel stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the causative action "to cause to
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give birth" (meaning, *to serve as a midwife*). But in the Pual stem,
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the verb יָלַד expresses the simple passive "to be born" (that is, the
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passive of the *Qal* stem rather the *Piel* stem).
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The Pual stem of יָלַד ("to give birth") means "to be born" in the Piel,
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for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:26
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וּלְשֵׁ֤ת גַּם־הוּא֙ **יֻלַּד**\ ־בֵּ֔ן
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ulesheth gam-hu' **yullad**-ben
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and-to-Seth even\_him **was-born**\ \_son
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A son **was born** to Seth
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Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific
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contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A
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dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these rare
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instances of the Pual stem.
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For example, in the Pual stem, the verb אָכַל ("to eat") means "to be consumed"
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by fire ֹor sword:
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 3:2
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:delim: tab
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וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל
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wehinneh hasseneh bo'er ba'esh wehasseneh 'enennu **'ukkal**
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"and-behold the-bush was-burning in-the-fire and-the-bush was-not
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**being-consumed**"
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"and behold, the bush was burning, but the bush was not **burned up**"
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The Pual form of the verb שָׁלַשׁ means "to be three (years old)" or
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"to have three parts":
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 15:9
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:delim: tab
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"**קְחָ֥ה לִי֙ עֶגְלָ֣ה **מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת** וְעֵ֥ז **מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת
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וְאַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ"
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"qehah liy 'eglah **meshullesheth** we'ez **meshullesheth** we'ayil
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**meshullash**"
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"Take to-me heifer **being-three** and-female-goat **being-three**
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and-ram **being-three**"
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"Bring me a heifer **three years old**, a female goat
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**three years old**, a ram **three years old**"
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The Pual :ref:`passive participle<participle_passive>` of יָדַע ("to know") means an
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*acquaintance* (that is, "one who is known"):
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 88:18 (PSA 88:19 in Hebrew)
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מְֽיֻדָּעַ֥י מַחְשָֽׁךְ
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**meyudda'ay** mahshakh
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**one-who-is-known-to-me** darkness
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My only **acquaintance** is the darkness
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