258 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
258 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_niphal.rst
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.. _stem_niphal:
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Stem Niphal
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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The Niphal stem generally expresses passive or reflexive voice, but it
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can also express other kinds of action depending on the context and the
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specific verb.
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Article
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-------
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The Niphal form is a verbal
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:ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a נִ prefix before
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the 1st radical of the
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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(This נ changes in multiple conjugations, see paradigms below.) The
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Niphal stem is extremely flexible in its use in Biblical Hebrew.
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Generally speaking, the Niphal stem expresses either :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` or
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:ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice; but it can also express :ref:`middle<stem-voice-middle>` voice,
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:ref:`reciprocal<stem-voice-reciprocal>` voice, :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action, or
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even :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` action, depending on the context and the specific verb.
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Some verbs express passive voice in the Niphal stem; some verbs express
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reflexive voice in the Niphal stem; for some verbs, the Niphal stem
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might express either passive voice or reflexive voice, depending on
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the context; and so on.
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,נִקְטַל,niqtal,he was killed
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feminine singular third person,נִקְטְלָה,niqtelah,she was killed
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masculine singular second person,נִקְטַלְתָּ,niqtalta,you were killed
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feminine singular second person,נִקְטַלְתְּ,niqtalt,you were killed
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common singular first person,נִקְטַלְתִּי,niqtalti,I was killed
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common plural third person,נִקְטְלוּ,niqtelu,they were killed
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masculine plural second person,נִקְטַלְתֶּם,niqtaltem,you were killed
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feminine plural second person,נִקְטַלְתֶּן,niqtalten,you were killed
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common plural first person,נִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,niqtaltenu,we were killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקָּטֵל,yiqqatel,he will be killed
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feminine singular third person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,she will be killed
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masculine singular second person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,you will be killed
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feminine singular second person,תִּקָּטְלִי,tiqqatli,you will be killed
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common singular first person,אֶקָּטֵל,'eqqatel,I will be killed
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masculine plural third person,יִקָּטְלוּ,yiqqatlu,they will be killed
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feminine plural third person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,they will be killed
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masculine plural second person,תִּקָּטְלוּ,tiqqatlu,you will be killed
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feminine plural second person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,you will be killed
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common plural first person,נִקָּטֵל,niqqatel,we will be killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְנִקְטַל,weniqtal,(and) he will be killed
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feminine singular third person,וְנִקְטְלָה,weniqtelah,(and) she will be killed
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masculine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתָּ,weniqtalta,(and) you will be killed
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feminine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתְּ,weniqtalt,(and) you will be killed
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common singular first person,וְנִקְטַלְתִּי,weniqtalti,(and) I will be killed
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common plural third person,וְנִקְטְלוּ,weniqtelu,(and) they will be killed
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masculine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּם,weniqtaltem,(and) you will be killed
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feminine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּן,weniqtalten,(and) you will be killed
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common plural first person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,weniqtaltenu,(and) we will be killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיִּקָּטֵל,wayyiqqatel,(and) he was killed
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) she was killed
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) you were killed
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטְלִי,wattiqqatli,(and) you were killed
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common singular first person,וָאֶקָּטֵל,wa'eqqatel,(and) I was killed
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masculine plural third person,וַיִּקָּטְלוּ,wayyiqqatlu,(and) they were killed
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) they were killed
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטְלוּ,wattiqqatlu,(and) you were killed
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) you were killed
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common plural first person,וַנִּקָּטֵל,wanniqqatel,(and) we were killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Construct,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,be killed
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Infinitive Absolute,הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל,hiqqatol / niqtol,be killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,you must be killed
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feminine singular,הִקָּטְלִי,hiqqatli,you must be killed
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masculine plural,הִקָּטְלוּ,hiqqatlu,you must be killed
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feminine plural,הִקָּטַלְנָה,hiqqatalnah,you must be killed
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.. note:: The jussive form in the Niphal stem is recognizable only for
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select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (to uncover), where the 3rd
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radical (ה) has dropped out.
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִגָּל,yiggal,may he be uncovered
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feminine singular third person,תִּגָּל,tiggal,may she be uncovered
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masculine singular second person,תִּגָּל,tiggal,may you be uncovered
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feminine singular second person,תִּגָּלִי,tiggali,may you be uncovered
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masculine plural third person,יִגָּלוּ,yiggalu,may they be uncovered
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feminine plural third person,תִּגָּלְנָה,tiggalnah,may they be uncovered
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masculine plural second person,תִּגָּלוּ,tiggalu,may you be uncovered
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feminine plural second person,תִּגָּלְנָה,tiggalnah,may you be uncovered
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Cohortative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular,אֶקָּטֵלָה,'eqqatelah,let me be killed
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common plural,נִקָּטֵלָה,niqqatelah,let us be killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed
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feminine singular,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed
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masculine plural,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed
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feminine plural,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed
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Function
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~~~~~~~~
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The Niphal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses passive voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Passive voice means that the subject of the verb is *receiving* the
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action rather than *performing* the action. In English, passive voice is
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expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Hebrew, the
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passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of
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the verb itself without any helping verbs.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 21:18
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וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ
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**wayyiqqaver** began-betho
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**and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house
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**and he was buried** in the garden of his own house
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Expresses reflexive voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is *both* performing
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*and* receiving the action. In English, reflexive voice is expressed
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using a reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb, "I tell *myself*".
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In Biblical Hebrew, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional
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words.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 1:21
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הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את
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**hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth
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**Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this
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**Separate yourselves** from among this community
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Expresses middle voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Middle voice means that the subject receives the action but also is
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(partially) involved in performing the action. This kind of action
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stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:5
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וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם
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**wenifqehu** 'enekhem
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**and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes
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your eyes **will be opened**
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Expresses reciprocal voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both
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performing the action for another and receiving the action from another.
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In English, reciprocal voice is expressed using the phrase "each other"
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as the object of the verb, "They tell each other." In Biblical Hebrew,
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the reciprocal nature of the action is expressed by the Niphal form of
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the verb itself without any additional words.
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Reciprocal voice must be distinguished from reflexive voice. The phrase
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"They tell themselves" is reflexive: the subject "they" is a unified
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group and the action could be expressed reflexively for each individual
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as "he tells himself, and he tells himself, and she tells herself, etc."
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The phrase "They tell each other" is reciprocal: each member of the
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group is telling something to another member of the group, and each
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member of the group is being told something by another member of the
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group.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 3:23
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נֶֽחֶרְבוּ֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים
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**nehervu** hammelakhim
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**they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings
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the kings **have killed each other**
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Expresses :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express different meanings in different
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stem formations. A good example is the Hebrew verb רָאָה. In the Qal
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stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to seֶe". But in the
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Niphal stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to appear". A
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dictionary or lexicon will indicate the different meanings for these
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verbs in the various stem formations.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:7
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וַיֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם
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**wayyera** yehwah 'el-'avram
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**And-he-appeared** Yahweh to\_Abram
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Yahweh **appeared** to Abram
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Expresses :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express stative action in the *Niphal*
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stem rather than the *Qal* stem. This is a very rare use of the Niphal
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stem. Stative action is expressed most often using the Qal stem in
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Biblical Hebrew.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:6
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וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם בָּאָ֑רֶץ
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**wayyinnahem** yehwah ki-'asah 'eth-ha'adam ba'arets
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"**And-he-was-sorry** Yahweh that\_he-had-made [dir.obj]\_the-mankind
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on-the-earth"
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Yahweh **regretted** that he had made mankind on the earth
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