257 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
257 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hithpael.rst
|
||
|
||
.. _stem_hithpael:
|
||
|
||
Stem Hithpael
|
||
=============
|
||
|
||
Summary
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
The Hithpael stem is related to the Piel stem formation, and it
|
||
generally expresses the reflexive voice of the meaning of a verb in the
|
||
Piel stem.
|
||
|
||
Article
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
The Hithpael stem is formed from the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
|
||
by adding the reflexive prefix (הִתְ) and changing the vowel under the
|
||
1st radical. Like the Piel and :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
|
||
:ref:`stems<stem>`,
|
||
it usually has a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the
|
||
:ref:`verb<verb>`.
|
||
Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of
|
||
the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. However, the Hithpael stem is
|
||
quite flexible in its use and can express other kinds of verbal action,
|
||
depending on the context and the specific verb.
|
||
|
||
.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
|
||
|
||
Form
|
||
----
|
||
|
||
Paradigm
|
||
~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Perfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,הִתְקַטֵּל,hithqattal,he killed himself
|
||
feminine singular third person,הִתְקַטְּלָה,hithqattelah,she killed herself
|
||
masculine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,hithqattalta,you killed yourself
|
||
feminine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,hithqattalt,you killed yourself
|
||
common singular first person,הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,hithqattalti,I killed myself
|
||
common plural third person,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hithqattelu,they killed themselves
|
||
masculine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,hithqattaltem,you killed yourselves
|
||
feminine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,hithqattalten,you killed yourselves
|
||
common plural first person,הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,hithqattalnu,we killed ourselves
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,יִתְקַטֵּל,yithqattel,he will kill himself
|
||
feminine singular third person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,she will kill herself
|
||
masculine singular second person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,you will kill yourself
|
||
feminine singular second person,תִּתְקַטְּלִי,tithqatteli,you will kill yourself
|
||
common singular first person,אֶתְקַטֵּל,'ethqattel,I will kill myself
|
||
masculine plural third person,יִתְקַטְּלוּ,yithqattelu,they will kill themselves
|
||
feminine plural third person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,they will kill themselves
|
||
masculine plural second person,תִּתְקַטְּלוּ,tithqattelu,you will kill yourselves
|
||
feminine plural second person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,you will kill yourselves
|
||
common plural first person,נִתְקַטֵּל,nithqattel,we will kill ourselves
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטֵּל,wehithqattel,(and) he will kill himself
|
||
feminine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלָה,wehithqattelah,(and) she will kill herself
|
||
masculine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,wehithqattalta,(and) you will kill yourself
|
||
feminine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,wehithqattalt,(and) you will kill yourself
|
||
common singular first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,wehithqattalti,(and) I will kill myself
|
||
common plural third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ,wehithqattelu,(and) they will kill themselves
|
||
masculine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,wehithqattaltem,(and) you will kill yourselves
|
||
feminine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,wehithqattalten,(and) you will kill yourselves
|
||
common plural first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,wehithqattalnu,(and) we will kill ourselves
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,וַיְּתְקַטֵּל,wayyithqattel,(and) he killed himself
|
||
feminine singular third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) she killed herself
|
||
masculine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) you killed yourself
|
||
feminine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי,wattithqatteli,(and) you killed yourself
|
||
common singular first person,וָאֶתְקַטֵּל,wa'ethqattel,(and) I killed myself
|
||
masculine plural third person,וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ,wayyithqattelu,(and) they killed themselves
|
||
feminine plural third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) they killed themselves
|
||
masculine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ,wattithqattelu,(and) you killed yourselves
|
||
feminine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) you killed yourselves
|
||
common plural first person,וַנְּתְקַטֵּל,wannithqattel,(and) we killed ourselves
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Infinitive Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
Infinitive Construct,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself
|
||
Infinitive Absolute,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperative Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,he must kill himself
|
||
feminine singular,הִתְקַטְּלִי,hitqatteli,she must kill herself
|
||
masculine plural,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hitqattelu,they must kill themselves
|
||
feminine plural,הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה,hitqattelnah,they must kill themselves
|
||
|
||
.. note:: The Jussive form in the Hithpael stem is recognizable only for
|
||
select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning "to uncover one's
|
||
own nakedness" in the Hithpael stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has
|
||
dropped out.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Jussive Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,יִתְגַּל,,may he uncover his own nakedness
|
||
feminine singular third person,תִּתְגַּל,,may she uncover her own nakedness
|
||
masculine singular second person,תִּתְגַּל,,may you uncover your own nakedness
|
||
feminine singular second person,תִּתְגַּלִי,,may you uncover your own nakedness
|
||
masculine plural third person,יִתְגַּלוּ,,may they uncover their own nakedness
|
||
feminine plural third person,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may they uncover their own nakedness
|
||
masculine plural second person,תִּתְגַּלוּ,,may you uncover your own nakedness
|
||
feminine plural second person,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may you uncover your own nakedness
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Cohortative Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
common singular,אֶתְקַטֵּלָה,'ethqattelah,let me kill myself
|
||
common plural,נִתְקַטֵּלָה,nithqattelah,let us kill ourselves
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hithpael Participle Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
|
||
feminine singular,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
|
||
masculine plural,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
|
||
feminine plural,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself
|
||
|
||
Function
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
The Hithpael stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal
|
||
action:
|
||
|
||
Expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the Piel stem
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of
|
||
action as the Piel stem (:ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>`, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>`,
|
||
:ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`, :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in
|
||
reflexive voice. A good example is the verb
|
||
יָדַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to know" (simple action,
|
||
active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make
|
||
known" (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the
|
||
verb יָדַע means "to make oneself known" (causative action, reflexive
|
||
voice).
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 45:1
|
||
|
||
בְּהִתְוַדַּ֥ע יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל־אֶחָֽיו
|
||
**behithwadda**' yosef 'el-'ehayw
|
||
**when-making-himself-known** Joseph to\_his-brothers
|
||
when Joseph **made himself known** to his brothers
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 8:9 –– *direct* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject
|
||
is also the *direct object* of the verb
|
||
|
||
הִתְאַזְּר֣וּ וָחֹ֔תּוּ
|
||
**hith'azzeru** wahottu
|
||
**gird-yourselves** and-be-dismayed
|
||
**arm yourselves** and be broken in pieces
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:4 –– *indirect* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal
|
||
subject is also the *indirect object* of the verb
|
||
|
||
וַיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט יְהוֹנָתָן אֶת־הַמְּעִיל
|
||
**wayyithpashet** yehonathan 'eth-hamme'il
|
||
**And-he-stripped-off** Jonathan [dir.obj]\_the-robe
|
||
Jonathan **took off** the robe
|
||
|
||
Expresses simple reflexive action
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two
|
||
ways. First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive
|
||
voice. In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the
|
||
reflexive voice of the *Qal* (or perhaps :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>`) stem rather than the
|
||
*Piel* stem. This is the case with the verb אָבַל ("to mourn"), as shown
|
||
in the example below. Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express
|
||
simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature. In these
|
||
rare cases, usually the verb appears *only* in the Hithpael stem in
|
||
Biblical Hebrew. This is the case with the verb אָפַק ("to constrain
|
||
oneself"), as shown in the example below.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 37:34 –– expressing simple action "to mourn" (in reflexive voice,
|
||
meaning *to mourn physically* via bodily actions)
|
||
|
||
וַיִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל־בְּנ֖וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים
|
||
**wayyith'abbel** 'al-beno yamim rabbim
|
||
**And-he-mourned** over\_his-son days many
|
||
**He mourned** for his son many days.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 45:1 –– expressing simple action "to constrain oneself"
|
||
|
||
וְלֹֽא־יָכֹ֨ל יוֹסֵ֜ף לְהִתְאַפֵּ֗ק
|
||
welo-yakhol yosef **lehith'appeq**
|
||
And-not\_he-was-able Joseph **to-restrain-himself**
|
||
Then Joseph could not **control himself**
|
||
|
||
Expresses various other kinds of verbal action
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the
|
||
strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above.
|
||
Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe :ref:`reciprocal<stem-voice-reciprocal>` voice, :ref:`middle<stem-voice-middle>`
|
||
voice, :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice, as well as :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` or other kinds of
|
||
verbal action. A dictionary or
|
||
lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the
|
||
Hithpael stem.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 42:1 –– expressing reciprocal action
|
||
|
||
לָ֫מָּה **תִּתְרָאוּ**\ ׃
|
||
lammah **tithra'u**
|
||
Why **you-look-at-each-other**
|
||
Why **do you look at one another**?
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 31:30 –– expressing passive (or possibly stative) action
|
||
|
||
הִיא **הִתְהַלָּל**\ ׃
|
||
hi **hithhallal**
|
||
she **is-praised**.
|
||
she **will be praised**.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: Gen 3:8 –– the Hithpael form of the verb הָלַךְ expresses
|
||
*reciprocating* action (meaning, *going back and forth*)
|
||
|
||
וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֞וּ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים **מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ** בַּגָּ֖ן
|
||
wayyishme'u 'eth-qol yehwah 'elohim **mithhallekh** baggan
|
||
"And-they-heard [dir.obj]\_sound-of Yahweh God
|
||
**going-back-and-forth** in-the-garden"
|
||
They heard the sound of Yahweh God **walking** in the garden
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 1:37 –– the Hithpael form of the verb אָנַף ("to be angry") is
|
||
always used in reference to Yahweh
|
||
|
||
גַּם־בִּי֙ **הִתְאַנַּ֣ף** יְהוָ֔ה בִּגְלַלְכֶ֖ם
|
||
gam-biy **hith'annaf** yehwah biglalkhem
|
||
Also\_with-me **he-was-angry** Yahweh on-your-account
|
||
Also Yahweh **was angry** with me because of you
|