180 lines
7.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
180 lines
7.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst
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.. _participle_passive:
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Participle Passive
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==================
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Summary
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-------
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A passive participle is a non-finite verbal form with passive or reflexive voice that can function
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as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. In Biblical Hebrew, passive participles most often function
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as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective.
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Article
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-------
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.. include:: includes/participle_article.txt
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Passive participles express verbal action in either :ref:`passive voice<stem-voice-passive>` or
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:ref:`reflexive voice<stem-voice-reflexive>`. Passive voice means that the person/thing described by the
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participle receives the action expressed by the participle itself. Reflexive voice means that the person/thing described by
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the participle both performs and receives the action expressed by the participle itself.
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.. note:: Only the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem
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has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
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passive (or sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the :ref:`stem formation<stem>`
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and the specific verb.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Passive Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed
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feminine singular Absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed
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masculine plural Absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed
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feminine plural Absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed
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feminine singular Absolute,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed
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masculine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed
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feminine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Passive Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
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feminine singular Absolute,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
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masculine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלִים,moqtalim,being caused to kill
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feminine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Pual Passive Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered
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feminine singular Absolute,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered
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masculine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered
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feminine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael (usually reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
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feminine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
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masculine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
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feminine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself
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Function
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--------
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A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent
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grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the :ref:`active<participle_active>` participle.
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Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles.
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Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
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context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
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future time, or without any specified timeframe.
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.. _participle_passive-adjectival:
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Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew.
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An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective
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or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
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is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
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same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
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The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 149:9
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לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב
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la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**
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to-do to-them judgment **written**
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They will execute the judgment **that is written**
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The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 5:16
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וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים
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wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**
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and-behold your-servants **beaten**
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"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
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The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7
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וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי** עָֽם׃
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we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am
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"and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of**
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people"
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"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity
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**and despised** by the people."
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.. _participle_passive-verbal:
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.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
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Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a main verb or as a predicative adjective,
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because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). In the following example, the participle
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is in the first position, which is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for participles.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 17:2
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עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר
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**'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er
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**being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer
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The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 19:11
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מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת
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mahar 'attah **mumath**
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tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
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tomorrow you **will be killed**
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.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
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Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
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precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew
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:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 38:25
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הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר
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hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor
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she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
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"When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message"
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.. _participle_passive-nominal:
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Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34
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כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃
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kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah
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like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law
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just as **had been written** in the book of the law
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