96 lines
3.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
96 lines
3.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/stem_peal.rst
|
|
.. _stem_peal:
|
|
Stem Peal
|
|
=========
|
|
Summary
|
|
-------
|
|
The Pe'al stem is the stem formation that is the simplest of form in
|
|
Biblical Aramaic. The Pe'al stem is generally used to express either simple
|
|
action or stative action.
|
|
|
|
Article
|
|
-------
|
|
In Biblical Aramaic, the Pe'al stem is the simplest of all the verbal
|
|
:ref:`stem formations<stem>` in both form and function. All the other stem formations are
|
|
derived from the Pe'al form. It is the most common form of a
|
|
:ref:`verb<verb>`,
|
|
and it almost always expresses either simple action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice (for
|
|
:ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs) or stative action in :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs,
|
|
which do not have active voice). In English, stative verbs require the
|
|
helping verb "to be" for proper translation value (see example). In
|
|
Biblical Aramaic, the stative nature of the verb is indicated by the verb
|
|
itself without requiring any additional helping verbs.
|
|
|
|
Form
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Paradigm
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Perfect Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
3rd person masculine singular,כְּתַב,ketabh,"he wrote"
|
|
3rd person feminine singular,כִּתְבַת,kithbhath,"she wrote"
|
|
2nd person masculine singular,כְּתַבְתְּ (or כְּתַבְתָּ),kithabhte (or kethabhta),"you wrote"
|
|
2nd person feminine singular,כְּתַבְתִּי,kethabhtiy,"you wrote"
|
|
1st person common singular,כִּתְבֵת,kithbheth,"I wrote"
|
|
3rd person masculine plural,כְּתַבוּ,kethabhu,"they wrote"
|
|
3rd person feminine plural,כְּתַבָה,kethabhah,"they wrote"
|
|
2nd person masculine plural,כְּתַבְתּוּן,kethabhtun,"you wrote"
|
|
2nd person feminine plural,כְּתַבְתֵּן,kethabhten,"you wrote"
|
|
1st person common plural,כְּתַבְנָא,kethabhna',"we wrote"
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Imperfect/Jussive Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
3rd person masculine singular,יִכְתֻּב,yikhtubh,"he will write"
|
|
3rd person feminine singular,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,"she will write"
|
|
2nd person masculine singular,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,you will write
|
|
2nd person feminine singular,תִּכְתְּבִין,tikhtebhiyn,you will write
|
|
1st person common singular,אֶכְתֻּב,'ekhtubh,I will write
|
|
3rd person masculine plural,יִכְתְּבוּן,yikhtebhun,they will write
|
|
3rd person feminine plural,יִכְתְּבָנ,yikhtebhan,they will write
|
|
2nd person masculine plural,תִּכְתְּבוּן,tikhtebhun,you will write
|
|
2nd person feminine plural,תִּכְתְּבָן,tikhtebhan,you will write
|
|
1st person common plural,נִכְתֻּב,nikhtubh,we will write
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Infinitive Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
Infinitive,מִכְתַּב,mikhtabh,"to write"
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Imperative Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular,כְּתֻב,kethubh,"Write!"
|
|
feminine singular,כְּתֻבִי,kethubhiy,"Write!"
|
|
masculine plural,כְּתֻבוּ,kethubhu,"Write!"
|
|
feminine plural,כְּתֻבָה,kethubhah,"Write!"
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Participle (active voice) Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular absolute,כָּתֵב,kathebh,"writing"/"writer"
|
|
feminine singular absolute,כָּתְבָה,kathbhah,"writing"/"writer"
|
|
masculine plural absolute,כָּתְבִין,kathbhiyn,"writing(s)"/"writers"
|
|
feminine plural absolute,כָּתְבָן,kathbhan,"writing(s)"/"writers"
|
|
|
|
|
|
Function
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Expresses simple action
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Expresses stative action
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
|
|
|