141 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
141 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/verb_jussive.rst
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.. _verb_jussive:
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Verb Jussive
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============
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Summary
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-------
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A jussive verb is used to express direct negative commands, indirect commands,
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and other similar actions with varying degrees of desirability as determined by the context.
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In Biblical Aramaic, the Jussive form is nearly indistinguishable from the Imperfect form.
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Article
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-------
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A Jussive verb does not carry the full force of a command ("He
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*must* do this!"), but it conveys a stronger meaning than a simple
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suggestion or statement of possibilty ("He *could* do this."). The
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meaning is somewhere in the middle. In English, a Jussive is often
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translated with the helping verb "may" or "let," depending on the
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context ("*May* he do this!" or "*Let* him do this!"). Thus, the Jussive
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verb functions as an indirect command. The reader must examine the
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context to determine the strength of desirability being expressed in
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each specific instance.
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Biblical Aramaic does not use the Imperative form to express negative
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commands. Rather, negative commands are expressed using the Jussive form.
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In cases where the Jussive form is being used to express a negative command, the verb will
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appear in a 2nd person form rather than a 3rd person form. When used in
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this way, the Jussive form takes the :ref:`negative particle<particle_negative>` :ref:`particle_negative-al`
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in nearly all instances.
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.. csv-table:: Pe'al Jussive/Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִכְתֻּב,yikhtubh,"let him write"
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feminine singular third person,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,"let her write"
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masculine singular second person,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,"let you write"
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feminine singular second person,תִּכְתְּבִין,tikhtebhiyn,"let you write"
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common singular first person,אֶכְתֻּב,'ekhtubh,"let me write"
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masculine plural third person,יִכְתְּבוּן,yikhtebhun,"let them write"
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feminine plural third person,יִכְתְּבָנ,yikhtebhan,"let them write"
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masculine plural second person,תִּכְתְּבוּן,tikhtebhun,"let you write"
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feminine plural second person,תִּכְתְּבָן,tikhtebhan,"let you write"
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common plural first person,נִכְתֻּב,nikhtubh,"let us write"
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.. csv-table:: Hithpe'el Jussive/Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְכְּתֵב (or יִתְכְּתִב),yithkethebh (or yithkethibh),"let him write himself"
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְכְּתֵב,tithkethebh,"let her write herself"
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְכְּתֵב,tithkethebh,"let you write yourself"
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתְבִין,tithkathbhiyn,"let you write yourself"
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common singular first person,אֶתְכְּתֵב,'ethkethebh,"let me write myself"
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masculine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְבוּן,yithkathbhun,"let them write themselves"
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feminine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְבָן,yithkathbhan,"let them write themselves"
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְבוּן,tithkathbhun,"let you write yourselves"
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְבָן,tithkathbhan,"let you write yourselves"
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common plural first person,נִתְכְּתֵב,nithkethebh,"let us write ourselves"
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.. csv-table:: Pa'el Jussive/Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְכַתֵּב (or יְכַתִּב),yekhattebh (or yekhattibh),"let him write down"
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feminine singular third person,תְּכַתֵּב,tekhattebh,"let her write down"
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masculine singular second person,תְּכַתֵּב,tekhattebh,"let you write down"
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feminine singular second person,תְּכַתְּבִין,tekhattebhiyn,"let you write down"
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common singular first person,אֲכַתֵּב,'ekhattebh,"let me write down"
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masculine plural third person,יְכַתְּבוּן,yekhattebhun,"let them write down"
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feminine plural third person,יְכַתְּבָן,yekhattebhan,"let them write down"
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masculine plural second person,תְּכַתְּבוּן,tekhattebhun,"let you write down"
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feminine plural second person,תְּכַתְּבָן,thekhattebhan,"let you write down"
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common plural first person,נְכַתֵּב,nekhattebh,"let us write down"
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.. csv-table:: Hithpa'al Jussive/Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְכַּתַּב,yithkattabh,"let him write himself down"
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְכַּתַּב,tithkattabh,"let her write herself down"
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתַּב,tithkattabh,"let you write yourself down"
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבִין,tithkattebhiyn,"let you write yourself down"
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common singular first person,אֶתְכַּתַּב,'ethkattabh,"let me write myself down"
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masculine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְּבוּן,yithkattebhun,"let them write themselves down"
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feminine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְּבָן,yithkattebhan,"let them write themselves down"
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבוּן,tithkattebhun,"let you write themselves down"
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבָן,tithkattebhan,"let you write yourselves down"
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common plural first person,נִתְכַּתַּב,nithkattabh,"let us write ourselves down"
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Jussive/Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְהַכְתֵּב (or יְהַכְתִּב),yehakhtebh,"let him cause to write"
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feminine singular third person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,"let her cause to write"
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masculine singular second person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,"let you cause to write"
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feminine singular second person,תְּהַכְתְּבִין,tehakhbebhiyn,"let you cause to write"
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common singular first person,אֲהַכְתֵּב,'ehakhtebh,"let me cause to write"
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masculine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבוּן,yehakhtebhun,"let them cause to write"
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feminine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבָן,yehakhtebhan,"let them cause to write"
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masculine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבוּן,tehakhtebhun,"let you cause to write"
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feminine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבָן,tehakhtebhan,"let you cause to write"
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common plural first person,נְהַכְתֵּב,nehakhtebh,"let us cause to write"
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Examples
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--------
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 10:11
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יֵאבַ֧דוּ מֵֽאַרְעָ֛א
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**ye'bhadhu** me'ar'a'
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**let-them-perish** from-the-earth
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**they will perish** from the earth
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 4:16
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חֶלְמָ֤א וּפִשְׁרֵא֙ אַֽל־יְבַהֲלָ֔ךְ
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chelema' uphishre' 'al-**yebhahelakh**
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the-dream and-the-interpretation not_**let-it-trouble-you**
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**do** not **let** the dream or its interpretation **alarm you**
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 5:10
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אַֽל־יְבַהֲלוּךְ֙ רַעְיוֹנָ֔ךְ
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'al-**yebhahelukh** ra'yonakh
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not_**let-it-trouble-you**
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**Do** not **let** your thoughts **trouble you**
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 5:10
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וְזִיוָ֖יךְ אַל־יִשְׁתַּנּֽוֹ
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veziyvaykh 'al-**yishtanno**
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and-your-countenance not_**let-it-be-changed**
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and **do** not **let** the look on your face **change**
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 5:12
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כְּעַ֛ן דָּנִיֵּ֥אל יִתְקְרֵ֖י
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ke'an daniyye'l **yithqerey**
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now Daniel **let-him-be-called**
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Now **call for** Daniel |