221 lines
10 KiB
ReStructuredText
221 lines
10 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_perfect.rst
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.. _verb_perfect:
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Verb Perfect
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============
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Summary
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-------
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A Perfect verb usually expresses a completed
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action in the past. However, the Perfect
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conjugation can also be used to describe other kinds of actions.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Aramaic a Perfect
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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is normally used to describe actions that have occurred in the past or
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actions that are seen as completed (even in present or future time). However,
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the Perfect conjugation is also used to describe a variety of other kinds
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of actions. Thus, a Perfect verb has the potential to be
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translated with the past tense, the present tense, or even the future
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tense. The context must determine the proper meaning for each instance
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of a Perfect verb.
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When the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") is added to the Perfect conjugation as a prefix, this
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can indicate either the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`
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or the :ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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The meaning of the verb is different in either case, and the context
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must be carefully considered to determine if it is a Perfect
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copulative verb or a Sequential Perfect verb.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Pe'al Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,כְּתַב,ketabh,"he wrote"
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feminine singular third person,כִּתְבַת,kithbhath,"she wrote"
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masculine singular second person,כְּתַבְתְּ (or כְּתַבְתָּ),kithabhte (or kethabhta),"you wrote"
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feminine singular second person,כְּתַבְתִּי,kethabhtiy,"you wrote"
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common singular first person,כִּתְבֵת,kithbheth,"I wrote"
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masculine plural third person,כְּתַבוּ,kethabhu,"they wrote"
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feminine plural third person,כְּתַבָה,kethabhah,"they wrote"
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masculine plural second person,כְּתַבְתּוּן,kethabhtun,"you wrote"
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feminine plural second person,כְּתַבְתֵּן,kethabhten,"you wrote"
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common plural first person,כְּתַבְנָא,kethabhna',"we wrote"
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.. csv-table:: Pe'il Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,כְּתִיב,kethiybh,"he/it is written"
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feminine singular third person,כְּתִיבַת,kethiybhath,"she/it is written"
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masculine singular second person,כְּתִיבְתָּ,kethiybhta,"you are written"
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feminine singular second person,כְּתִיבְתִּי,kethiybhtiy,"you are written"
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common singular first person,כְּתִיבֵת,kethiybheth,"I am written"
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masculine plural third person,כְּתִיבוּ,kethiybhu,"they are written"
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feminine plural third person,כְּתִיָה,kethiyah,"they are written"
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masculine plural second person,כְּתִיבְתּוּן,kethiybhtun,"you are written"
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feminine plural second person,כְּתִיבְתֵּן,kethiybhten,"you are written"
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common plural first person,כְּתִיבְנָא,kethiybhna',"we are written"
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.. csv-table:: Hithpe'el Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִתְכְּתֵב (or הִתְכְּתִב),hithkethebh,"he wrote himself"
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feminine singular third person,הִתְכַּתְבַת,hithkathbhath,"she wrote herself"
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masculine singular second person,הִתְכְּתֵבְתְּ (or הִתְכְּתֵבְתָּ),hithkethebhte (or hithkethebhta),"you wrote yourself"
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feminine singular second person,הִתְכְּתֵבְתִּי,hithkethebhtiy,"you wrote yourself"
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common singular first person,הִתְכַּתְבֵת,hithkathbheth,"I wrote myself"
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masculine plural third person,הִתְכְּתִבוּ,hithkethibhu,"they wrote themselves"
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feminine plural third person,הִתְכְּתִבָה,hithkethibhah,"they wrote themselves"
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masculine plural second person,הִתְכְּתֵבְתּוּן,hithkethebhtun,"you killed yourselves"
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feminine plural second person,הִתְכְּתֵבְתֵּן,hithkethebhten,"you killed yourselves"
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common plural first person,הִתְכְּתֵבְנָא,hithkethebhna',"we killed ourselves"
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.. csv-table:: Pa'el Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,כַּתֵּב (or כַּתִּב),kattebh (or kattibh),"he wrote down"
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feminine singular third person,כַּתְּבַת,kattebhath,"she wrote down"
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masculine singular second person,כַּתֵּבְתְּ,kattebhte,"you wrote down"
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feminine singular second person,כַּתֵּבְתִּי,kattebhtiy,"you wrote down"
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common singular first person,כַּתְּבֵת,kattebheth,"I wrote down"
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masculine plural third person,כַּתִּבוּ,kattibhu,"they wrote down"
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feminine plural third person,כַּתִּבָה,kattibhah,"they wrote down"
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masculine plural second person,כַּתֵּבְתּוּן,kattebhtun,"you wrote down"
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feminine plural second person,כַּתֵּבְתֵּן,kattebhten,"you wrote down"
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common plural first person,כַּתֵּבְנָא,kattebhna',"we wrote down"
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.. csv-table:: Pu'al Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,כֻּתַּב,kuttabh,"he/it was written down"
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feminine singular third person,כֻּתְּבַת,kuttebhath,"she/it was written down"
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masculine singular second person,כֻּתַּבְתָּ,kuttabhta,"you were written down"
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feminine singular second person,כֻּתַּבְתִּי,kuttabhtiy,"you were written down"
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common singular first person,כֻּתְּבֵת,kuttebheth,"I was written down"
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masculine plural third person,כֻּתַּבוּ,kuttabhu,"they were written down"
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feminine plural third person,כֻּתַּבַה,kuttabhah,"they were written down"
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masculine plural second person,כֻּתַּבְתּוּן,kuttabhtun,"you were written down"
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feminine plural second person,כֻּתַּבְתֵּן,kuttabhten,"you were written down"
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common plural first person,כֻּתַּבְנָא,kuttabhna',"we were written down"
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.. csv-table:: Hithpa'al Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִתְכַּתַּב,hithkattabh,"he wrote himself down"
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feminine singular third person,הִתְכַּתְּבַת,hithkattkbhath,"she wrote herself down"
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masculine singular second person,הִתְכַּתַּבְתְּ,hithkattabhte,"you wrote yourself down"
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feminine singular second person,הִתְכַּתַּבְתִּי,hithkattabhtiy,"you wrote yourself down"
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common singular first person,הִתְכַּתְּבֵת,hithkattebheth,"I wrote myself down"
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masculine plural third person,הִתְכַּתַּבוּ,hithkattabhu,"they wrote themselves down"
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feminine plural third person,הִתְכַּתַּבָה,hithkattabhah,"they wrote themselves down"
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masculine plural second person,הִתְכַּתַּבְתּוּן,hithkattabhtun,"you wrote yourselves down"
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feminine plural second person,הִתְכַּתַּבְתֵּן,hithkattabhten,"you wrote yourselves down"
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common plural first person,הִתְכַּתַּבְנָא,hithkattabhna',"we wrote ourselves down"
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הַכְתֵּב (or הַכְתִּב),hakhtabh,"he caused to write"”
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feminine singular third person,הַכְתְּבַת,hakhtebhath,"she caused to write"
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masculine singular second person,הַכְתֵּבְתְּ,hakhtabhte,"you caused to write"
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feminine singular second person,הַכְתֵּבְתִּי,hakhtabhtiy,"you caused to write"
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common singular first person,הַכְתְּבֵת,hakhtebheth,"I caused to write"
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masculine plural third person,הַכְתִּבוּ,hakhtibhu,"they caused to write"
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feminine plural third person,הַכְתִּבָה,hakhtibhah,"they caused to write"
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masculine plural second person,הַכְתֵּבְתּוּן,hakhtebhetun,"you caused to write"
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feminine plural second person,הַכְתֵּבְתֵּן,hakhtebhten,"you caused to write"
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common plural first person,הַכְתֵּבְנָא,hakhtebhna',"we caused to write"
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הֻכְתַּב (or הָכְתַּב),hukhtabh (or hokhtabh),"he was caused to write"
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feminine singular third person,הֻכְתְּבַת,hukhtebhath,"she was caused to write"
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masculine singular second person,הֻכְתַּבְתָּ,hukhtabhta,"you were caused to write"
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feminine singular second person,הֻכְתַּבְתִּי,hukhtabhtiy,"you were caused to write"
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common singular first person,הֻכְתְּבֵת,hukhtebheth,"I was caused to wtie"
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masculine plural third person,הֻכְתַּבוּ,hukhtabhu,"they were caused to write"
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feminine plural third person,הֻכְתַּבָה,hukhtabhah,"they were caused to write"
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masculine plural second person,הֻכְתַּבְתּוּן,hukhtabhtun,"you were caused to write"
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feminine plural second person,הֻכְתַּבְתֵּן,hukhtabhten,"you were caused to write"
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common plural first person,הֻכְתַּבְנָא,hukhtabhna',"we were caused to write"
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Function
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--------
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The Perfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of
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actions:
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Completed actions in past time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Perfect conjugation can be translated as simple past action ("he did"), present
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completed action ("he has done"), or past completed action
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("he had done").
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Completed actions in present/future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Imaginary actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action described as a hypothetical situation.
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:ref:`Stative<verb-stative>` actions (describing a state or condition)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This kind of action describes a state or a condition, often (but not always) with a passive :ref:`stem formation<stem>`.
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Performative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action that is performed by speaking it.
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Prophetic actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is a very rare use of the Perfect conjugation, occurring in prophetic
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utterances.
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.. _verb_perfect-copulative:
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Perfect copulative
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This form adds the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") to the normal Perfect conjugation and can express any of
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the above meanings. This form appears identical to the
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:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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