166 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
166 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_imperfect.rst
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.. _verb_imperfect:
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Verb Imperfect
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==============
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Summary
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-------
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An Imperfect verb is used generally to indicate an action
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that is not complete, or an action that either occurs in the present or
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will occur in the future. However, an Imperfect verb can also be
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used to describe other kinds of actions.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Aramaic the Imperfect conjugation is used generally to describe
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actions that are not completed or actions that occur in the present or
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future. However, the Imperfect conjugation is also used to describe several
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other kinds of actions as determined by the context. These include
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frequentive or durative actions, negative commands, indirect commands,
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potential actions, and actions of greater or lesser desirability
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(similar to :ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>` verbs and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>` verbs).
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The normal Imperfect conjugation with the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") as a prefix is different from the :ref:`Sequential Imperfect<verb_sequential_imperfect>`,
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which utilizes a specialized form of the conjunction and contains a
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different meaning. Sometimes a
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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with Imperfect conjugation occurs within a clause after another :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>`
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(as in Gen 49:27 below, supplying the linking verb *to be*). In these
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cases, the context must determine whether the Imperfect verb is
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functioning as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb to complement the preceding main verb, or whether it is functioning as a
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second main verb.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Pe'al Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִכְתֻּב,yikhtubh,"he will write"
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feminine singular third person,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,"she will write"
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masculine singular second person,תִּכְתֻּב,tikhtubh,you will write
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feminine singular second person,תִּכְתְּבִין,tikhtebhiyn,you will write
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common singular first person,אֶכְתֻּב,'ekhtubh,I will write
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masculine plural third person,יִכְתְּבוּן,yikhtebhun,they will write
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feminine plural third person,יִכְתְּבָנ,yikhtebhan,they will write
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masculine plural second person,תִּכְתְּבוּן,tikhtebhun,you will write
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feminine plural second person,תִּכְתְּבָן,tikhtebhan,you will write
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common plural first person,נִכְתֻּב,nikhtubh,we will write
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.. csv-table:: Hithpe'el Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְכְּתֵב (or יִתְכְּתִב),yithkethebh (or yithkethibh),"he will write himself"
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְכְּתֵב,tithkethebh,"she will write herself"
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְכְּתֵב,tithkethebh,"you will write yourself"
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתְבִין,tithkathbhiyn,"you will write yourself"
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common singular first person,אֶתְכְּתֵב,'ethkethebh,"I will write myself"
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masculine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְבוּן,yithkathbhun,"they will write themselves"
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feminine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְבָן,yithkathbhan,"they will write themselves"
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְבוּן,tithkathbhun,"you will write yourselves"
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְבָן,tithkathbhan,"you will write yourselves"
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common plural first person,נִתְכְּתֵב,nithkethebh,"we will write ourselves"
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.. csv-table:: Pa'el Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְכַתֵּב (or יְכַתִּב),yekhattebh (or yekhattibh),"he will write down"
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feminine singular third person,תְּכַתֵּב,tekhattebh,"she will write down"
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masculine singular second person,תְּכַתֵּב,tekhattebh,"you will write down"
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feminine singular second person,תְּכַתְּבִין,tekhattebhiyn,"you will write down"
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common singular first person,אֲכַתֵּב,'ekhattebh,"I will write down"
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masculine plural third person,יְכַתְּבוּן,yekhattebhun,"they will write down"
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feminine plural third person,יְכַתְּבָן,yekhattebhan,"they will write down"
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masculine plural second person,תְּכַתְּבוּן,tekhattebhun,"you will write down"
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feminine plural second person,תְּכַתְּבָן,thekhattebhan,"you will write down"
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common plural first person,נְכַתֵּב,nekhattebh,"we will write down"
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.. csv-table:: Hithpa'al Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְכַּתַּב,yithkattabh,"he will write himself down"
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְכַּתַּב,tithkattabh,"she will write herself down"
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתַּב,tithkattabh,"you will write yourself down"
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבִין,tithkattebhiyn,"you will write yourself down"
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common singular first person,אֶתְכַּתַּב,'ethkattabh,"I will write myself down"
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masculine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְּבוּן,yithkattebhun,"they will write themselves down"
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feminine plural third person,יִתְכַּתְּבָן,yithkattebhan,"they will write themselves down"
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבוּן,tithkattebhun,"you will write themselves down"
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְכַּתְּבָן,tithkattebhan,"you will write yourselves down"
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common plural first person,נִתְכַּתַּב,nithkattabh,"we will write ourselves down"
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְהַכְתֵּב (or יְהַכְתִּב),yehakhtebh,"he will cause to write"
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feminine singular third person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,"she will cause to write"
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masculine singular second person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,"you will cause to write"
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feminine singular second person,תְּהַכְתְּבִין,tehakhbebhiyn,"you will cause to write"
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common singular first person,אֲהַכְתֵּב,'ehakhtebh,"I will cause to write"
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masculine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבוּן,yehakhtebhun,"they will cause to write"
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feminine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבָן,yehakhtebhan,"they will cause to write"
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masculine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבוּן,tehakhtebhun,"you will cause to write"
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feminine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבָן,tehakhtebhan,"you will cause to write"
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common plural first person,נְהַכְתֵּב,nehakhtebh,"we will cause to write"
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Function
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--------
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The Imperfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:
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Actions in future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Actions in present time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _verb_imperfect-frequentive:
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.. _verb_imperfect-durative:
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Frequentive or durative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may be in past time, present time, future time, or without a
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specified time frame.
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.. _verb_imperfect-negative-directive:
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Direct negative commands (with :ref:`לֹא<particle_negative-lo>` to express an emphatic prohibition)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _verb_imperfect-possibility:
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Potential actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _verb_imperfect-desirability:
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Actions of greater or lesser desirability
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may include instructions, requests, permissions, invitations,
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assurances, wishes, etc.
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