92 lines
3.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
92 lines
3.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst
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.. _stem_hophal:
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Stem Hophal
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Haphel,
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and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Haphel stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Hophal
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:ref:`stem<stem>`
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is the passive form of the
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:ref:`Haphel<stem_haphel>`
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stem formation in Biblical Aramaic. The Hophal stem is usually indicated
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by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the
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:ref:`verb`.
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(The ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>`
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and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the
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meaning of a verb in the Haphel stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to
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be." In Biblical Aramaic, the passive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping
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verbs.
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. note:: every form in the Hophal can have either a qamets hatuf or a
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qibbuts under the first letter (so הָ or הֻ). Here the qamets hatuf is
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used throughout.
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הֻכְתַּב (or הָכְתַּב),hukhtabh (or hokhtabh),he was caused to write
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feminine singular third person,הֻכְתְּבַת,hukhtebhath,she was caused to write
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masculine singular second person,הֻכְתַּבְתָּ,hukhtabhta,you were caused to write
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feminine singular second person,הֻכְתַּבְתִּי,hukhtabhtiy,you were caused to write
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common singular first person,הֻכְתְּבֵת,hukhtebheth,I was caused to wtie
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masculine plural third person,הֻכְתַּבוּ,hukhtabhu,they were caused to write
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feminine plural third person,הֻכְתַּבָה,hukhtabhah,they were caused to write
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masculine plural second person,הֻכְתַּבְתּוּן,hukhtabhtun,you were caused to write
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feminine plural second person,הֻכְתַּבְתֵּן,hukhtabhten,you were caused to write
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common plural first person,הֻכְתַּבְנָא,hukhtabhna',we were caused to write
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מְכַתַּב,mekhattabh,being caused to write
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feminine singular,מְכַתְּבָה,mekhattebhah,being caused to write
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masculine plural,מְכַתְּבִין,mekhattebhiyn,being caused to write
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feminine plural,מְכַתְּבָן,mekhattebhan,being caused to write
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Function
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--------
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Expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the Hiphil stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For most verbs that appear in Haphel stem in Biblical Aramaic, the Hophal
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stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil
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stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the
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:ref:`Pe'al<stem_peal>` stem,
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the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice).
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But in the :ref:`Haphel<stem_haphel>` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`
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action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means
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"to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).
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The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning "to be brought"; in the
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Haphel stem, means "to bring", for example:
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The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning "to be declared"; in the
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Haphel stem, means "to declare", for example:
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