en_uag/content/stem_haphel.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/stem_haphel.rst
.. _stem_haphel:

Stem Haphel
===========

Summary
-------

The Haphel stem generally expresses causative action in active voice,
but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the
context and the specific verb.

Article
-------

The Haphel form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd
radical of the
:ref:`verb<verb>`.
(This ה changes in the
:ref:`participle<participle_active>` and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
forms.) The Haphel stem is generally used to express causative action in
active voice. In many cases the
:ref:`noun<noun>`
derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb
associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means
"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain".

.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt

Form
----

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Haphel Perfect Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,הַכְתֵּב (or הַכְתִּב),hakhtabh,he caused to write
  feminine singular third person,הַכְתְּבַת,hakhtebhath,she caused to write
  masculine singular second person,הַכְתֵּבְתְּ,hakhtabhte,you caused to write
  feminine singular second person,הַכְתֵּבְתִּי,hakhtabhtiy,you caused to write
  common singular first person,הַכְתְּבֵת,hakhtebheth,I caused to write
  masculine plural third person,הַכְתִּבוּ,hakhtibhu,they caused to write
  feminine plural third person,הַכְתִּבָה,hakhtibhah,they caused to write
  masculine plural second person,הַכְתֵּבְתּוּן,hakhtebhetun,you caused to write
  feminine plural second person,הַכְתֵּבְתֵּן,hakhtebhten,you caused to write
  common plural first person,הַכְתֵּבְנָא,hakhtebhna',we caused to write

.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperfect/Jussive Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,יְהַכְתֵּב (or יְהַכְתִּב),yehakhtebh,he will cause to write
  feminine singular third person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,she will cause to write
  masculine singular second person,תְּהַכְתֵּב,tehakhtebh,you will cause to write
  feminine singular second person,תְּהַכְתְּבִין,tehakhbebhiyn,you will cause to write
  common singular first person,אֲהַכְתֵּב,'ehakhtebh,I will cause to write
  masculine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבוּן,yehakhtebhun,they will cause to write
  feminine plural third person,יְהַכְתְּבָן,yehakhtebhan,they will cause to write
  masculine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבוּן,tehakhtebhun,you will cause to write
  feminine plural second person,תְּהַכְתְּבָן,tehakhtebhan,you will cause to write
  common plural first person,נְהַכְתֵּב,nehakhtebh,we will cause to write

.. csv-table:: Haphel Infinitive Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
  Infinitive,הַכְתָּבָה,hakhtabhah,cause to write

.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular,הַכְתֵּב (or הַכְתִּב),hakhtebh (or hakhtibh),you must cause to write
  feminine singular,הַכְתִּבִי,hakhtibhiy,you must cause to write
  masculine plural,הַכְתִּבוּ,hakhtibhu,you must cause to write
  feminine plural,הַכְתִּבָה,hakhtibhah,you must cause to write

.. csv-table:: Haphel Participle (active voice) Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular,מְהַכְתֵּב (or מְהַכְתִּב),mehakhtebh (or mhakhtibh),causing to write
  feminine singular,מְהַכְתְּבָה,mehakhtebhah,causing to write
  masculine plural,מְהַכְתְּבִין,mehakhtebhiyn,causing to write
  feminine plural,מְהַכְתְּבָן,mehakhtebhan,causing to write

Function
--------

The Haphel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:

Expresses causative action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb)
or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
The Haphel stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic
verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the
verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_peal>` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses
the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to
come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb
"to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In
Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed
by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element.


Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs are found only in the Haphel stem (and/or
its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Haphel usually
expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good
example is the Aramaic verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Haphel stem
and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will
indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as
well as the appropriate meaning(s).

Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations.
A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Pe'al<stem_peal>` stem,
the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal".
But in the Haphel stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to
exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.

The Haphel stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of
simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other
descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb
will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.