155 lines
4.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
155 lines
4.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/preposition.rst
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.. _preposition:
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Preposition
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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A preposition introduces a phrase that describes another word/concept within a sentence, usually a :ref:`noun<noun>` or a :ref:`verb<verb>`.
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However, like :ref:`adverbs<adverb>` and :ref:`particles<particle>`, sometimes a prepositional phrase can describe the sentence as a whole.
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Aramaic has four main prepositions: the prefix בְּ (in, at, by);
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the prefix לְ (to, for); the prefix כְּ (as, like); and the prefix מִ
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(which is a shortened form of the independent preposition מִן, meaning
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"from"). However, there is also a family of other prepositions in
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Biblical Aramaic. It is common in Biblical Aramaic for prepositions to be
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combined together or with a noun to form new words that have their own
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range of meanings (similar to :ref:`compound conjunctions<conjunction-compound>`)
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that may or may not overlap with the meaning of the individual component terms.
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.. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the
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most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of
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ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions
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must always be translated with great sensitivity to the context of each
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use. A dictionary or lexicon will describe the various possible meanings
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of each preposition, but generally will not include a complete list of
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individual uses.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Prefix Preposition (with and without the definite article)
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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normal noun,כֹּל,kol,"all"
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preposition + noun,בְּכָל,bekhal,"in all"
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preposition + pronominal suffix,בַּהּ,bah,"in her"
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Types
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-----
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In Biblical Aramaic, there are 11 general types of prepositions: indirect object; spatial; locative; temporal; instrumental;
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correlative; comparative; directional; causal; explanatory; and direct object.
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However, this are also other types of prepositions in Biblical Aramaic. The specific meanings of individual prepositions can
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be found in a dictionary or lexicon.
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.. _preposition-ind-obj:
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Indirect Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A common use of the preposition לְ (also אֶל, with verbs of speaking) is to indicate the indirect object or recipient of the verbal action.
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When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "to" or "for", or it can be left untranslated.
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.. _preposition-spatial:
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Spatial
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~~~~~~~
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Spatial prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "on", "under", "with", "beside", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. _preposition-locative:
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Locative
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~~~~~~~~
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Locative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to" or "from", etc.
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This is a common use of the prepositions אֶל and מִן.
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.. _preposition-temporal:
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Temporal
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~~~~~~~~
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Temporal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "at", "until", "before", "after", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. _preposition-instrumental:
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Instrumental
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instrumental prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "by", "with", "by means of", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. _preposition-correlative:
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Correlative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Correlative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "like", "as", "according to", etc.
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This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ.
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.. _preposition-comparative:
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Comparative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Comparative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "more than" or "greater than", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition מִן.
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.. _preposition-directional:
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Directional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Directional prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to", "toward", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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.. _preposition-causal:
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Causal
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~~~~~~
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Causal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "for" or "because", etc.
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This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל.
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.. _preposition-explanatory:
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Explanatory
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Explanatory prepositions are often translated into English with terms such as "as", "for", "to", or it can be left untranslated.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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.. _preposition-dir-obj:
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Direct Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A rare use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the direct object of the verb. When used in this way,
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the preposition is almost always left untranslated in English.
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