en_uhg/content/stem_hophal.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst

.. _stem_hophal:

Stem Hophal
===========

Summary
-------

The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally
expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.

Article
-------

The Hophal
:ref:`stem<stem>`
is the passive form of the
:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`
stem formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Hophal stem is usually indicated
by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the
:ref:`verb`.
(The ה changes in the
:ref:`participle<participle_active>`
and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the
meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree
whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the
Hophal, the
:ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
or even the :ref:`Qal Passive<stem_qal_passive>`
stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to
be." In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is
expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping
verbs.

.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt

Form
----

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. note:: every form in the Hophal can have either a qamets hatuf or a
          qibbuts under the first letter (so הָ or הֻ). Here the qamets hatuf is
          used throughout.

.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,הָקְטַל,hoqtal,he was caused to kill
  feminine singular third person,הָקְטְלָה,hoqtelah,she was caused to kill
  masculine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתָּ,hoqtalta,you were caused to kill
  feminine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתְּ,hoqtalt,you were caused to kill
  common singular first person,הָקְטַלְתִּי,hoqtalti,I was caused to kill
  common plural third person,הָקְטְלוּ,hoqtelu,they were caused to kill
  masculine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּם,hoqtaltem,you were caused to kill
  feminine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּן,hoqtalten,you were caused to kill
  common plural first person,הָקְטַלְנוּ,hoqtalnu,we were caused to kill

.. csv-table:: Hophal Imperfect Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,יָקְטַל,yoqtal,he will be caused to kill
  feminine singular third person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,she will be caused to kill
  masculine singular second person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,you will be caused to kill
  feminine singular second person,תָּקְטְלִי,toqteli,you will be caused to kill
  common singular first person,אָקְטַל,'oqtal,I will be caused to kill
  masculine plural third person,יָקְטְלוּ,yoqtelu,they will be caused to kill
  feminine plural third person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,they will be caused to kill
  masculine plural second person,תָּקְטְלוּ,toqtelu,you will be caused to kill
  feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,you will be caused to kill
  common plural first person,נָקְטַל,noqtal,we will be caused to kill

.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill
  feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill
  masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill
  feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill
  common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill
  common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill
  masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill
  feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill
  common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill

.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill
  feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill
  masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill
  feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill
  common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill
  masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill
  feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill
  masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill
  feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill
  common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill

.. csv-table:: Hophal Infinitive Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  Infinitive Absolute,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed

The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative
are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Hebrew.

.. csv-table:: Hophal Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
  feminine singular,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
  masculine plural,טָמָקְלִים,tomaqlim,being caused to kill
  feminine plural,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill

Function
--------

The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:

Expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the Hiphil stem
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew, the Hophal
stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil
stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the
:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice).
But in the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`
action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means
"to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).

The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning "to be brought"; in the
Hiphil stem, means "to bring", for example:

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 33:11

  קַח־נָ֤א אֶת־בִּרְכָתִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר **הֻבָ֣את** לָ֔ךְ
  qah-na 'eth-birkhathiy 'asher **huvath** lakh
  Take\_please [dir.obj]\_my-blessing that **it-was-brought** to-you
  Please accept my gift that **was brought** to you

The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning "to be declared"; in the
Hiphil stem, means "to declare", for example:

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:20

  וַיֻּגַּ֥ד לְאַבְרָהָ֖ם
  **wayyuggad** le'avraham
  **and-it-was-reported** to Abraham
  Abraham **was told**

Expresses simple action in passive voice
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` action. (This
can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical
Hebrew; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a
passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the
:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to
pour out". In the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_Hiphil>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple
action "to pour". In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the
simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the *Qal*
stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these
cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:26 –– the Hophal stem of יָצַק ("to pour") means "to be poured"

  ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ
  **hutsaq** hen besfethotheykha
  **it-is-poured-out** grace by-your-lips
  grace **is poured** onto your lips

Expresses various kinds of passive or :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific
contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A
dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.

For example, the Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth")
refers to someone's birthday:

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:20

  וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֗י י֚וֹם **הֻלֶּ֣דֶת** אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה
  wayhi bayyom hashelishi yom **hulledeth** 'eth-par'oh
  "and-it-happened in-the-day the-third day-of **having-been-born**
     [dir.obj]\_Pharaoh"
  It came about on the third day that it was Pharaoh's **birth**\ day.

The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד ("to found, establish")
refers to the foundation of a building:

.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:3

  וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ **הוּסַ֣ד** שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה לִבְנ֖וֹת אֶת־בֵּ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים
  we'elleh **husad** shelomoh livnoth 'eth-beth ha'elohim
  "and-these **being-founded-of** Solomon to-build [dir.obj]\_house-of
     the-God"
  "Now these are the dimensions **of the foundation** that Solomon laid
     for the house of God."