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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_exhortation.rst
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.. _particle_exhortation:
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Particle Exhortation
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====================
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Summary
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-------
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Exhortative particles strengthen the emotion of a command or request.
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Article
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-------
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Exhortation :ref:`particles<particle>` are words that add emotive force to a command or request. These particles are similar to
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:ref:`interjections<particle_interjection>` but function to strengthen a specific call to action, while an interjection is used
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as a more general expression of emotion. Similar to :ref:`demonstrative<particle_demonstrative>` particles, exhortation particles
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are sometime left untranslated, depending on the specific context.
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נָא
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---
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When used with a *command*, נָא is usually translated as "now" in English
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(or left untranslated).
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 51:21
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לָכֵ֛ן שִׁמְעִי־\ **נָ֥א** זֹ֖את
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lakhen shim'i-\ **na** zoth
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Therefore listen\_\ **now** this
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But **now** hear this
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When used as part of a *request*, נָא is usually translated as "please" in
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English (or left untranslated).
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.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 7:2
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אֲדֹנָ֤י יְהוִה֙ סְֽלַֽח־נָ֔א
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'adonay yehwih selah-\ **na**
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Lord Yahweh forgive\_\ **please**
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"Lord Yahweh, **please** forgive"
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In some instances a translation with "now", "please", or "oh" is
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possible, but not necessary. The emotive context of each attestation
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must determine whether to render the word in translation or to leave it
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untranslated.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JON 1:14
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אַל־\ **נָ֣א** נֹאבְדָ֗ה
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'al-**na** novedah
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not\_\ **now** let-us-perish
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do not let us perish
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אָנָּא
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------
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This is a stronger and more emotive form of the particle נָא. The
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two particles are sometimes paired together to express extreme urgency
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or desperation, as in the example below. In some instances, this
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particle could also be classified as an
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:ref:`interjection<particle_interjection>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 118:25
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"אָנָּ֣א יְ֭הוָה הֹושִׁ֘יעָ֥ה **נָּ֑א אָֽנָּ֥א** יְ֝הוָ֗ה הַצְלִ֘יחָ֥ה
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**נָּֽא**\ ׃"
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**'onna** yehwah howshi'ah **na 'anna** yehwah hatslihah **na**
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**Please** Yahweh give-help **oh please** Yahweh make-succeed **oh!**
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"**Please**, Yahweh, give us victory\ **! Please**, Yahweh, give us
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success\ **!**"
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בִּי
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----
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.. note:: This particle appears the same but should not be confused with the
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preposition בְּ with 1st common singular :ref:`suffix_pronominal`.
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When paired with a vocative, the word בִּי strengthens the emotive force
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of the statement that follows. It is used for addressing someone who is
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superior. In English, it can be translated as "oh" or "pray" or
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"please", etc.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 3:26
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בִּ֣י אֲדֹנִ֗י תְּנוּ־לָהּ֙ אֶת־הַיָּל֣וּד הַחַ֔י
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**bi** 'adoni tenu-lah 'eth-hayyalud hahay
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**Oh** my-master give\_to-her [dir.obj]\_the-child living
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"**Oh**, my master, give her the living child"
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