@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ still behaving according to sinful or worldly desires
# are you not living according to the flesh, and are you not walking by human standards?
Paul is rebuking the Corinthians for their sinful behavior. "Walking" here is an idiom for "living." AT: "you should be ashamed because you are behaving according to your sinful desires and you are living by human standards!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
Paul is rebuking the Corinthians for their sinful behavior. "Walking" here is an idiom for "living." AT: "you should be ashamed because you are behaving according to your sinful desires and you are living by human standards!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Paul is shaming the Corinthians for acting like they do not know. (See: [[rc://e
# If then, you will judge the world, are you not able to settle matters of little importance?
Because they will be given greater responsibility later, they should be responsible for lesser things now. AT: "you will judge the world in the future, so you should be able to settle this matter now." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]).
Because they will be given greater responsibility later, they should be responsible for lesser things now. AT: "you will judge the world in the future, so you should be able to settle this matter now." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Possible meanings are 1) "a man" refers to a married man. AT: "a husband" or 2)
# not to touch a woman
Possible meanings are 1) "touch a woman" is a euphemism for having sexual relations. AT: "not to have sexual relations with his wife for a while" or 2) "touch a woman" is a metonym for marry. AT: "not to marry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
Possible meanings are 1) "touch a woman" is a euphemism for having sexual relations. AT: "not to have sexual relations with his wife for a while" or 2) "touch a woman" is a metonym for marry. AT: "not to marry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
# But because of temptations for many immoral acts, each
"Free" here is an idiom which means the ability to live without constantly thinking about." AT: "without needing to worry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Possible meanings are 1) "He should marry his fiancée" or 2) "He should let his
# But if he is standing firm in his heart,
"Heart" here is a synecdoche for one's complete decision. AT: "But if he has made a firm decision, emotionally and mentally" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"Heart" here is a synecdoche for one's complete decision. AT: "But if he has made a firm decision, emotionally and mentally" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
"Bound" here is a metaphor, as if the woman were attached to her husband by ropes. AT: "a woman is attached to her husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Bound" here is a metaphor, as if the woman were attached to her husband by ropes. AT: "a woman is attached to her husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Paul uses a question to emphasize that he knows the Corinthians agree with what he is saying. AT: "We all know that no soldier has to buy his own supplies." or "We all know that every soldier receives his supplies from the government." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]).
Paul uses a question to emphasize that he knows the Corinthians agree with what he is saying. AT: "We all know that no soldier has to buy his own supplies." or "We all know that every soldier receives his supplies from the government." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
# Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its fruit?
"Free from all" here is an idiom meaning the ability to live without thinking of what one must do for others. AT: "I am able to live without serving others," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Free from all" here is an idiom meaning the ability to live without thinking of what one must do for others. AT: "I am able to live without serving others," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This can be stated as a positive. AT: "I want you to know" (See: [[rc://en/ta/ma
# you were led astray to idols who could not speak
"Led astray" here is a metaphor, as if someone pointed the Corinthians from the right direction to the wrong direction. This can be stated in active form. AT: "you believed lies and you worshiped idols who could not speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Led astray" here is a metaphor, as if someone pointed the Corinthians from the right direction to the wrong direction. This can be stated in active form. AT: "you believed lies and you worshiped idols who could not speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Paul says basically the same thing twice for emphasis. AT: "he would realize tha
# The secrets of his heart would be revealed
"The secrets of his heart" here is a synecdoche for "private inner thoughts." This can be stated in active form. AT: "God would reveal to him the secrets of his heart" or "He would recognize his own private inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"The secrets of his heart" here is a synecdoche for "private inner thoughts." This can be stated in active form. AT: "God would reveal to him the secrets of his heart" or "He would recognize his own private inner thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
"Firstfruits" here is a metaphor, comparing Christ to the first of the harvest, offered to God. AT: "the first to be celebrated as if he were harvested from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Firstfruits" here is a metaphor, comparing Christ to the first of the harvest, offered to God. AT: "the first to be celebrated as if he were harvested from death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# Christ, who is the firstfruits of those who died, has been raised
"Firstfruits" here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God at harvest time. AT: "Christ, the first and greatest offering to be made to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Firstfruits" here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God at harvest time. AT: "Christ, the first and greatest offering to be made to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here, "beginning" refers to when they decided to follow Christ. AT: "from when y
# The old commandment is the word that you heard.
"Word" here is a synecdoche for "message." AT: "The old commandment is the message that you heard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"Word" here is a synecdoche for "message." AT: "The old commandment is the message that you heard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ material possessions like money, food, or clothing
# and shuts up his heart of compassion from him
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "and does not show him compassion" or "and does not willingly help him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "and does not show him compassion" or "and does not willingly help him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The word "heart" here refers to feelings. AT: "we do not feel guilty" (See: [[rc
# if our hearts condemn us
"Hearts" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "if the way we think and the way we intend to act make us feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Hearts" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "if the way we think and the way we intend to act make us feel guilty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He murdered his
The verb "to know" is used in a way that means "to understand." It is a type of knowledge based on one's experiences. Care should be taken when translating this word because it is not the primary definition of the term.
##### Keeps sinning and doing righteousness #####
There are many instructions in this chapter that will change their meaning if they are translated as happening continually or in another way. This passage is especially difficult in light of the fact that the first chapter teaches that Christians inevitably sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]).
There are many instructions in this chapter that will change their meaning if they are translated as happening continually or in another way. This passage is especially difficult in light of the fact that the first chapter teaches that Christians inevitably sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
##### "He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him" #####
Many scholars believe this is about remaining in the will of God and is not a reference to a person's eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]).
Many scholars believe this is about remaining in the will of God and is not a reference to a person's eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This can be stated in active form. AT: "and people still call them that today" (
# 120 talents of gold
"one hundred and twenty talents of gold." A talent is a unit of weight equal to about 33 kilograms. AT: "about 4,000 kilograms of gold." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
"one hundred and twenty talents of gold." A talent is a unit of weight equal to about 33 kilograms. AT: "about 4,000 kilograms of gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]).
The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The abstract noun "foreknowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possib
# for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ
Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# May grace be to you, and may your peace increase
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This refers to love between fellow believers.
# love one another earnestly from the heart
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "love one another earnestly and completely" or "love one another earnestly with right thoughts and good intentions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonomy]]).
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "love one another earnestly and completely" or "love one another earnestly with right thoughts and good intentions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonomy]])
# born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seed
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This is an image used to describe maturity in Christ. It compares the immature C
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### "You are now the people of God" #####
Some scholars believe this indicates the church has replaced Israel in the plans of God. Other scholars believe there are more than one "people of God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]).
Some scholars believe this indicates the church has replaced Israel in the plans of God. Other scholars believe there are more than one "people of God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not
# without a word
"without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
# they will have seen your sincere behavior with respect
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The word "it" refers to the wives' submission to and conduct towards their husba
# the inner person of the heart
Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. AT: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]).
Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. AT: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The words "tongue" and "lips" refer to the person who is speaking. These two phr
# Let him turn away from what is bad
"Turn away" here is an idiom for "change direction from." AT: "Let him change directin from following what is bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Turn away" here is an idiom for "change direction from." AT: "Let him change directin from following what is bad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The phrase "set apart the Lord Christ ... as holy" means to acknowledge Christ's
# in your hearts
"Hearts is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "set apart the Lord Christ as holy in all of your thoughts and the way you act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Hearts is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "set apart the Lord Christ as holy in all of your thoughts and the way you act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people w
##### The people want a king #####
When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]], [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]).
When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]], [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead #####
Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]).
Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the h
##### Special reference #####
The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/uncircumcised]]).
The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/uncircumcised]])
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equip
##### Uncircumcised #####
The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/uncircumcised]]).
The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/uncircumcised]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]).
David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Here "coming" stands for the enthusiastic welcome experienced by Paul and his co
# They tell how you turned to God
"Turned to God" here is an idiom for "changed direction toward." AT: "They tell how you changed direction toward God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Turned to God" here is an idiom for "changed direction toward." AT: "They tell how you changed direction toward God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
# his Son
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (Se
# whom he raised
"Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again" AT: "whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again" AT: "whom God caused to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Paul often thanks God for their acceptance of the gospel message he shared with
# not as the word of man
"Word of man" here is a synecdoche for "a message that comes simply from a man." AT: "(it is) not a message that is made up by a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"Word of man" here is a synecdoche for "a message that comes simply from a man." AT: "(it is) not a message that is made up by a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Paul compares his feeling of despair as a result of the troubles that they exper
# he will continue to deliver us
"Deliver" here is a metaphor for "bring to a safe place." AT: "He will continue the process of bringing us to a safe place." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Deliver" here is a metaphor for "bring to a safe place." AT: "He will continue the process of bringing us to a safe place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Paul speaks of the Corinthians as if they are a letter of recommendation. That t
# written on our hearts
Here the word "hearts" refers to their thoughts and emotions. Possible meanings are 1) Paul and his coworkers are sure about the Corinthians being their letter of recommendation or 2) Paul and his coworkers care very deeply for the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
Here the word "hearts" refers to their thoughts and emotions. Possible meanings are 1) Paul and his coworkers are sure about the Corinthians being their letter of recommendation or 2) Paul and his coworkers care very deeply for the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
# written on our hearts
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Paul clarifies that Christ is the one who has written the letter. AT: "you are a
# delivered by us
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." This can be stated in active form. AT: "that we brought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." This can be stated in active form. AT: "that we brought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# It was written not with ink ... on tablets of human hearts
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The word "secret" describes the things that people do secretly. Things that are
# we do not mishandle the word of God
"Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. This phrase uses two negative thoughts to express a positive thought. AT: "we do not mishandle God's message" or "we use the word of God correctly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. This phrase uses two negative thoughts to express a positive thought. AT: "we do not mishandle God's message" or "we use the word of God correctly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This can be stated in active form. AT: "God clearly sees what kind of people we
# those who boast about appearances but not about what is in the heart
Here the word "appearances" refers to outward expressions of things like ability and status. The word "heart" refers to the inward character of a person. AT: "those who boast about outward appearances, but not about people with good intentions and right desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
Here the word "appearances" refers to outward expressions of things like ability and status. The word "heart" refers to the inward character of a person. AT: "those who boast about outward appearances, but not about people with good intentions and right desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Paul refers to all Christians as forming a temple for God to dwell in. AT: "we a
# I will dwell among them and walk among them.
This is an Old Testament quotation that says the same thing in two different ways. "Walk" is an idom for "live." AT: "I will be with them, being favorable toward them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
This is an Old Testament quotation that says the same thing in two different ways. "Walk" is an idom for "live." AT: "I will be with them, being favorable toward them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
Here "walk" is an idiom for "live" and "flesh" is a metonym for physical life. AT: "we live our lives in physical bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
Here "walk" is an idiom for "live" and "flesh" is a metonym for physical life. AT: "we live our lives in physical bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
This is an idiom. AT: "have not boasted about things over which we have no authority" or "have not boasted only about things over which we have authority." See how these words were translated in [2 Corinthians 10:13](./13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
This is an idiom. See how similar words were translated in [2 Corinthians 10:13](./13.md). AT: "have not boasted about things over which we have no authority" or "have not boasted only about things over which we have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Paul uses many rhetorical question defending himself against accusations from hi
##### Sarcasm #####
Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit" to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]).
Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit" to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Paul is giving instructions in preparation for his upcoming visit to Corinth. He
These two figures are repeatedly used in this chapter. The are intended to contrast with each other. The translator should attempt to use terms that are understood to be opposites of each other.
##### "In the faith" #####
Scholars are divided over the meaning of this phrase. Some believe Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their faith. Other believe Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. From the context, it appears that the former is probable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]).
Scholars are divided over the meaning of this phrase. Some believe Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their faith. Other believe Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. From the context, it appears that the former is probable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
# Shall the shadow go forward ten steps, or go back ten steps?
The source of "the shadow" can be stated clearly. AT: "Do you want Yahweh to make the shadow caused by the sunlight on the stairway to go forward ten steps or to go back ten steps?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]).
The source of "the shadow" can be stated clearly. AT: "Do you want Yahweh to make the shadow caused by the sunlight on the stairway to go forward ten steps or to go back ten steps?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Here the word "we" refers to all believers, including Peter and his readers. (Se
# this prophetic word
This refers to the Old Testament. AT: "the scriptures, which the prophets spoke," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
This refers to the Old Testament. AT: "the scriptures, which the prophets spoke," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
# you do well to pay attention to it
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Peter compares the prophetic word to a lamp that gives light in the dark until l
# the morning star rises in your hearts
"Hearts" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." Peter speaks of Christ as the "morning star," which indicates that daybreak and the end of darkness is near. Christ will bring light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. AT: "the morning star becomes supremely important in your thinking and the way you act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Hearts" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." Peter speaks of Christ as the "morning star," which indicates that daybreak and the end of darkness is near. Christ will bring light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. AT: "the morning star becomes supremely important in your thinking and the way you act" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -26,17 +26,13 @@ Peter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need t
This phrase refers to people who recently became believers. The phrase "those who live in error" refers to unbelievers who still live in sin. AT: "people who try to live rightly, instead of living sinfully as they used to and as other people do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
# They promise freedom to them
# They promise freedom to them,but they themselves are slaves of corruption
"Freedom" here represents the ability to live exactly as one wants. AT: "They promise to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
# but they themselves are slaves of corruption
Peter speaks of people who can only do what is corrupt as if corruption controlled them as a master controls a slave. AT: "but they are like slaves of corruption" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
"Freedom" here is an idiom for the ability to live exactly as one wants. AT: "They promise to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live, but they themselves cannot escape their own sinful desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# For a man is a slave to whatever overcomes him
Peter speaks of a person only being able to behave a certain way as if that way had defeated him and made him a slave. AT: "For a man is like a slave to whatever defeats him" or "For if something has control over a person, that person becomes like a slave to that thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Peter speaks of a person as a slave when anything has control over that person, and that thing as the master of that person. AT: "For if something has control over a person, that person becomes like a slave to that thing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Peter speaks of life as a "way" or path. This phrase refers to living a life tha
# turn away from the holy commandment
"Turn away" here is an idiom for "change direction from." AT: "change direction from following the holy commandment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Turn away" here is an idiom for "change direction from." AT: "change direction from following the holy commandment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
# the holy commandment delivered to them
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ This can be stated in active terms. AT: "the holy commandment that God brought t
# delivered
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Peter finishes instructing the believers and ends his letter.
# so that you are not led astray by the deceit of lawless people
"Led astray" here is a metaphor, as if they have moved from the correct path onto the wrong path. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that lawless people do no lead you in the wrong direction with their deceitful words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Led astray" here is a metaphor, as if they have moved from the correct path onto the wrong path. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that lawless people do no lead you in the wrong direction with their deceitful words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Here "house" represents a family. AT: "Obed Edom and his family" (See: [[rc://en
# brought up the ark of God
Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem and going down from it. AT: "moved the ark of God" or "took the ark of God."
Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem and going down from it. AT: "moved the ark of God" or "took the ark of God"
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Here the word "sent" means that David sent a messenger. AT: "So David sent a mes
David was trying to find out who the woman was. The word "he" refers to David, but is a metonym for the messenger that David sent. The messenger was to ask the people for information about her. AT: "the messenger asked the people who knew her about who she was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
# Is not this Bathsheba ... and is she not the wife of Uriah the Hittite
# Is not this Bathsheba ... and is she not the wife of Uriah the Hittite?
This question gives information and can be written as a statement. AT: "This is Bathsheba ... and she is the wife of Uriah the Hittite." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ As Paul continues, he talks about God being just.
# for God to return affliction to those who afflict you
"to return" here is an idiom meaning "to pay back" AT: "for God to pay back with affliction upon those who afflict you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"to return" here is an idiom meaning "to pay back" AT: "for God to pay back with affliction upon those who afflict you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ This can be stated in active form. AT: "we have taught you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/m
# whether by word or by our letter
"By word" here is a synecdoche for "by instructions" or "by teachings." You can make clear the implicit information. AT: "whether by what we taught you in person or by what we wrote to you in a letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"By word" here is a synecdoche for "by instructions" or "by teachings." You can make clear the implicit information. AT: "whether by what we taught you in person or by what we wrote to you in a letter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ To "lose heart" is an idiom that means to get tired, weary, or discouraged. AT:
# If anyone does not obey our word
"Word" here is a synecdoche for "message" or "teaching." AT: "if anyone does not obey our instructions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"Word" here is a synecdoche for "message" or "teaching." AT: "if anyone does not obey our instructions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here "call on the Lord" is an idiom that means to trust and worship the Lord. AT
# out of a clean heart
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "from right thoughts and good intentions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "from right thoughts and good intentions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Paul speaks about people no longer paying attention as if they were physically t
# they will turn aside to myths
"Turn aside" here is an idiom for "change direction toward." AT: "they will change direction toward teachings that are not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Turn aside" here is an idiom for "change direction toward." AT: "they will change direction toward teachings that are not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Peter speaks of death as if it were a person who ties people up with painful cor
# freeing him
"freeing him" here is an idiom meaning that he has been given the ability to do as he wants. AT: "giving him the ability to leave behind the pain that death causes." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"freeing him" here is an idiom meaning that he has been given the ability to do as he wants. AT: "giving him the ability to leave behind the pain that death causes." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Peter continues his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 3:12](./11.md).
# whom you delivered up
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "take" or "bring." TA: "whom you brought to Pilate" or "whom you gave to Pilate." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "take" or "bring." TA: "whom you brought to Pilate" or "whom you gave to Pilate." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The words "Repent" and "turn" refer to changing one's way of thinking, turning a
# so that your sins may be blotted out
"Blotted out" here is a metaphor, as if our sins were recorded with ink, but when God forgives our sins, they are removed, or erased. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that God may remove your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Blotted out" here is a metaphor, as if our sins were recorded with ink, but when God forgives our sins, they are removed, or erased. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that God may remove your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# periods of refreshing from the presence of the Lord
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ They did not go into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. AT
# all the words of this Life
This is a reference to the gospel message that the apostles had already proclaimed. Possible meanings are 1) "all this message of eternal life" or 2) "the whole message of this new way of living" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]).
This is a reference to the gospel message that the apostles had already proclaimed. Possible meanings are 1) "all this message of eternal life" or 2) "the whole message of this new way of living" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The agent was either God or the Holy Spirit. This can be stated in active form.
# walking in the fear of the Lord
"Walking" here is an idiom for "living." AT: "living in obedience to the Lord" or "continuing to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
"Walking" here is an idiom for "living." AT: "living in obedience to the Lord" or "continuing to honor the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ It may be helpful to state that they saw that he was healed. AT: "saw the man wh
# and they turned to the Lord
"Turned" here is a metonym for "repented of their sins and became obedient." AT: "and they repented of their sins and became obedient to the Lord." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
"Turned" here is a metonym for "repented of their sins and became obedient." AT: "and they repented of their sins and became obedient to the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This implies that God had commanded this be done. AT: "God commanded" (See: [[rc
# that the word of God should first be spoken to you
This can be stated in active form. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message from God." AT: "that we speak the message from God to you first" or "that we speak the word of God to you first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
This can be stated in active form. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for "message from God." AT: "that we speak the message from God to you first" or "that we speak the word of God to you first" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The word "they" here refers to Paul, Silas ([Acts 15:40](../15/39.md)), and Timo
# they delivered to the churches
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." AT: "they brought to the believers in the churches there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." AT: "they brought to the believers in the churches there" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ It can be stated explicitly what the Lord wants Paul to speak. AT: "do not stop
# Paul lived there ... teaching the word of God among them
This is a concluding statement for this part of the story. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for the entire scriptures. AT: "Paul lived there ... teaching the scriptures among them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
This is a concluding statement for this part of the story. "Word of God" here is a synecdoche for the entire scriptures. AT: "Paul lived there ... teaching the scriptures among them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ This does not mean all the Jews. AT: "that the leaders of the Jews" (See: [[rc:/
# Why should any of you think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead?
Paul uses a question to challenge the Jews present. They believe God can raise the dead but do not think God brought Jesus back to life. This can be expressed as a statement. "Raises the dead" here is an idiom for "gives life to dead people." AT: "You do not think it is beyond reason that God can bring a dead person back to life, do you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
Paul uses a question to challenge the Jews present. They believe God can raise the dead but do not think God brought Jesus back to life. This can be expressed as a statement. "Raises the dead" here is an idiom for "gives life to dead people." AT: "You do not think it is beyond reason that God can bring a dead person back to life, do you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This speaks about the season of winter as if it were a commodity that someone ca
# it faces northeast and southeast
Some versions say "it faces northwest and southwest." The sailors wanted to go to a place where they would be safe from the wind. The "face" of a harbor is a metaphor, like the "mouth" of a harbor, or the entrance of the harbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
Some versions say "it faces northwest and southwest." The sailors wanted to go to a place where they would be safe from the wind. The "face" of a harbor is a metaphor, like the "mouth" of a harbor, or the entrance of the harbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ Here "certain hope" stands for what the believer can confidently expect, that is
# the word of truth, the gospel
"Word of truth" here is a synecdoche for the "message of the gospel." AT: "the message from God, the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]).
"Word of truth" here is a synecdoche for the "message of the gospel." AT: "the message from God, the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
# This gospel is bearing fruit and is growing
"Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." AT: "This gospel is having good results, more and more." or "This gospel is having increasing results." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]).
"Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." AT: "This gospel is having good results, more and more" or "This gospel is having increasing results" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
